冲压模具技术外文翻译(含外文文献)
前言
在目前激烈的市场竞争中，产品投入市场的迟早往往是成败的关键。模具是高质量、高效率的产品生产工具，模具开发周期占整个产品开发周期的主要部分。因此客户对模具开发周期要求越来越短，不少客户把模具的交货期放在第一位置，然后才是质量和价格。因此，如何在保证质量、控制成本的前提下加工模具是值得认真考虑的问题。模具加工工艺是一项先进的制造工艺，已成为重要发展方向，在航空航天、汽车、机械等各行业得到越来越广泛的应用。模具加工技术，可以提高制造业的综合效益和竞争力。研究和建立模具工艺数据库，为生产企业提供迫切需要的高速切削加工数据，对推广高速切削加工技术具有非常重要的意义。本文的主要目标就是构建一个冲压模具工艺过程，将模具制造企业在实际生产中结合刀具、工件、机床与企业自身的实际情况积累得高速切削加工实例、工艺参数和经验等数据有选择地存储到高速切削数据库中，不但可以节省大量的人力、物力、财力，而且可以指导高速加工生产实践，达到提高加工效率，降低刀具费用，获得更高的经济效益。
1.冲压的概念、特点及应用
冲压是利用安装在冲压设备（主要是压力机）上的模具对材料施加压力，使其产生分离或塑性变形，从而获得所需零件（俗称冲压或冲压件）的一种压力加工方法。冲压通常是在常温下对材料进行冷变形加工，且主要采用板料来加工成所需零件，所以也叫冷冲压或板料冲压。冲压是材料压力加工或塑性加工的主要方法之一，隶属于材料成型工程术。
冲压所使用的模具称为冲压模具，简称冲模。冲模是将材料（金属或非金属）批量加工成所需冲件的专用工具。冲模在冲压中至关重要，没有符合要求的冲模，批量冲压生产就难以进行；没有先进的冲模，先进的冲压工艺就无法实现。冲压工艺与模具、冲压设备和冲压材料构成冲压加工的三要素，只有它们相互结合才能得出冲压件。
与机械加工及塑性加工的其它方法相比，冲压加工无论在技术方面还是经济方面都具有许多独特的优点，主要表现如下；
(1) 冲压加工的生产效率高，且操作方便，易于实现机械化与自动化。这是
因为冲压是依靠冲模和冲压设备来完成加工，普通压力机的行程次数为每分钟可达几十次，高速压力要每分钟可达数百次甚至千次以上，而且每次冲压行程就可能得到一个冲件。
（2）冲压时由于模具保证了冲压件的尺寸与形状精度，且一般不破坏冲压件的表面质量,而模具的寿命一般较长,所以冲压的质量稳定,互换性好,具有“一模一样”的特征。
（3）冲压可加工出尺寸范围较大、形状较复杂的零件，如小到钟表的秒表，大到汽车纵梁、覆盖件等，加上冲压时材料的冷变形硬化效应，冲压的强度和刚度均较高。
（4）冲压一般没有切屑碎料生成，材料的消耗较少，且不需其它加热设备，因而是一种省料，节能的加工方法，冲压件的成本较低。
但是，冲压加工所使用的模具一般具有专用性，有时一个复杂零件需要数套模具才能加工成形，且模具制造的精度高，技术要求高，是技术密集形产品。所以，只有在冲压件生产批量较大的情况下，冲压加工的优点才能充分体现，从而获得较好的经济效益。
冲压加工在现代工业生产中，尤其是大批量生产中应用十分广泛。相当多的工业部门越来越多地采用冲压法加工产品零部件，如汽车、农机、仪器、仪表、电子、航空、航天、家电及轻工等行业。在这些工业部门中，冲压件所占的比重都相当的大，少则60%以上，多则90%以上。不少过去用锻造=铸造和切削加工方法制造的零件，现在大多数也被质量轻、刚度好的冲压件所代替。因此可以说，如果生产中不能采用冲压工艺，许多工业部门要提高生产效率和产品质量、降低生产成本、快速进行产品更新换代等都是难以实现的。
2.冲压的基本工序及模具
由于冲压加工的零件种类繁多，各类零件的形状、尺寸和精度要求又各不相同，因而生产中采用的冲压工艺方法也是多种多样的。概括起来，可分为分离工序和成形工序两大类；分离工序是指使坯料沿一定的轮廓线分离而获得一定形状、尺寸和断面质量的冲压（俗称冲裁件）的工序；成形工序是指使坯料在不破裂的条件下产生塑性变形而获得一定形状和尺寸的冲压件的工序。
上述两类工序，按基本变形方式不同又可分为冲裁、弯曲、拉深和成形四种基本工序，每种基本工序还包含有多种单一工序。
在实际生产中，当冲压件的生产批量较大、尺寸较少而公差要求较小时，若用分散的单一工序来冲压是不经济甚至难于达到要求。这时在工艺上多采用集中的方案，即把两种或两种以上的单一工序集中在一副模具内完成，称为组合的方法不同，又可将其分为复合-级进和复合-级进三种组合方式。
复合冲压——在压力机的一次工作行程中，在模具的同一工位上同时完成两种或两种以上不同单一工序的一种组合方法式。
级进冲压——在压力机上的一次工作行程中，按照一定的顺序在同一模具的不同工位上完面两种或两种以上不同单一工序的一种组合方式。
复合-级进——在一副冲模上包含复合和级进两种方式的组合工序。
冲模的结构类型也很多。通常按工序性质可分为冲裁模、弯曲模、拉深模和成形模等；按工序的组合方式可分为单工序模、复合模和级进模等。但不论何种类型的冲模，都可看成是由上模和下模两部分组成，上模被固定在压力机工作台或垫板上，是冲模的固定部分。工作时，坯料在下模面上通过定位零件定位，压力机滑块带动上模下压，在模具工作零件（即凸模、凹模）的作用下坯料便产生分离或塑性变形，从而获得所需形状与尺寸的冲件。上模回升时，模具的卸料与出件装置将冲件或废料从凸、凹模上卸下或推、顶出来，以便进行下一次冲压循环。
3.冲压技术的现状及发展方向
随着科学技术的不断进步和工业生产的迅速发展，许多新技术、新工艺、新设备、新材料不断涌现，因而促进了冲压技术的不断革新和发展。其主要表现和发展方向如下：
(1)冲压成形理论及冲压工艺方面冲压成形理论的研究是提高冲压技术的基础。目前，国内外对冲压成形理论的研究非常重视，在材料冲压性能研究、冲压成形过程应力应变分析、板料变形规律研究及坯料与模具之间的相互作用研究等方面均取得了较大的进展。特别是随着计算机技术的飞跃发展和塑性变形理论的进一步完善，近年来国内外已开始应用塑性成形过程的计算机模拟技术，即利用
有限元（FEM）等有值分析方法模拟金属的塑性成形过程，根据分析结果，设计人员可预测某一工艺方案成形的可行性及可能出现的质量问题，并通过在计算机上选择修改相关参数，可实现工艺及模具的优化设计。这样既节省了昂贵的试模费用，也缩短了制模具周期。
研究推广能提高生产率及产品质量、降低成本和扩大冲压工艺应用范围的各种压新工艺，也是冲压技术的发展方向之一。目前，国内外相继涌现出精密冲压工艺、软模成形工艺、高能高速成形工艺及无模多点成形工艺等精密、高效、经济的冲压新工艺。其中，精密冲裁是提高冲裁件质量的有效方法，它扩大了冲压加工范围，目前精密冲裁加工零件的厚度可达25mm，精度可达IT16~17级；用液体、橡胶、聚氨酯等作柔性凸模或凹模的软模成形工艺，能加工出用普通加工方法难以加工的材料和复杂形状的零件，在特定生产条件下具有明显的经济效果；采用爆炸等高能效成形方法对于加工各种尺寸在、形状复杂、批量小、强度高和精度要求较高的板料零件，具有很重要的实用意义；利用金属材料的超塑性进行超塑成形，可以用一次成形代替多道普通的冲压成形工序，这对于加工形状复杂和大型板料零件具有突出的优越性；无模多点成形工序是用高度可调的凸模群体代替传统模具进行板料曲面成形的一种先进技术，我国已自主设计制造了具有国际领先水平的无模多点成形设备，解决了多点压机成形法，从而可随意改变变形路径与受力状态，提高了材料的成形极限，同时利用反复成形技术可消除材料内残余应力，实现无回弹成形。无模多点成形系统以CAD/CAM/CAE技术为主要手段，能快速经济地实现三维曲面的自动化成形。
(2)冲模是实现冲压生产的基本条件.在冲模的设计制造上,目前正朝着以下两方面发展:一方面,为了适应高速、自动、精密、安全等大批量现代生产的需要，冲模正向高效率、高精度、高寿命及多工位、多功能方向发展，与此相比适应的新型模具材料及其热处理技术，各种高效、精密、数控自动化的模具加工机床和检测设备以及模具CAD/CAM技术也在迅速发展；另一方面，为了适应产品更新换代和试制或小批量生产的需要，锌基合金冲模、聚氨酯橡胶冲模、薄板冲模、钢带冲模、组合冲模等各种简易冲模及其制造技术也得到了迅速发展。
精密、高效的多工位及多功能级进模和大型复杂的汽车覆盖件冲模代表了现代冲模的技术水平。目前，50个工位以上的级进模进距精度可达到2微米，多
功能级进模不仅可以完成冲压全过程，还可完成焊接、装配等工序。我国已能自行设计制造出达到国际水平的精度达2~5微米，进距精度2~3微米，总寿命达1亿次。我国主要汽车模具企业，已能生产成套轿车覆盖件模具，在设计制造方法、手段方面已基本达到了国际水平，但在制造方法手段方面已基本达到了国际水平，模具结构、功能方面也接近国际水平，但在制造质量、精度、制造周期和成本方面与国外相比还存在一定差距。
4.冲压标准化及专业化生产方面
模具的标准化及专业化生产，已得到模具行业和广泛重视。因为冲模属单件小批量生产，冲模零件既具的一定的复杂性和精密性，又具有一定的结构典型性。因此，只有实现了冲模的标准化，才能使冲模和冲模零件的生产实现专业化、商品化，从而降低模具的成本，提高模具的质量和缩短制造周期。目前，国外先进工业国家模具标准化生产程度已达70%~80%，模具厂只需设计制造工作零件，大部分模具零件均从标准件厂购买，使生产率大幅度提高。模具制造厂专业化程度越不定期越高，分工越来越细，如目前有模架厂、顶杆厂、热处理厂等，甚至某些模具厂仅专业化制造某类产品的冲裁模或弯曲模，这样更有利于制造水平的提高和制造周期的缩短。我国冲模标准化与专业化生产近年来也有较大发展，除反映在标准件专业化生产厂家有较多增加外，标准件品种也有扩展，精度亦有提高。但总体情况还满足不了模具工业发展的要求，主要体现在标准化程度还不高（一般在40%以下），标准件的品种和规格较少，大多数标准件厂家未形成规模化生产，标准件质量也还存在较多问题。另外，标准件生产的销售、供货、服务等都还有待于进一步提高。
Introduction
In the current fierce market competition, the product to market sooner or later is often the key to the success or failure. Mould is a product of high quality, high efficiency production tool, mold development cycle of the main part of the product development cycle. So the customer requirements for mold development cycle shorter, many customers put the mould delivery date in the first place, and then the quality and price. Therefore, how to ensure the quality, control the cost under the premise of processing mould is a problem worthy of serious consideration. Mold processing technology is an advanced manufacturing technology, has become an important development direction, in the aerospace, automotive, machinery and other industries widely used. Mold processing technology, can improve the comprehensive benefit and competitiveness of manufacturing industry. Research and establish mold process database, provide production enterprises urgently need to high speed cutting processing data, to the promotion of high-speed machining technology has very important significance. This article's main goal is to build a stamping die processing, mold manufacturing enterprises in the actual production combined cutting tool, workpiece and machine tool with the actual situation of enterprise itself accumulate to high speed cutting processing instance, process parameters and experience of high speed cutting database selectively to store data, not only can save a lot of manpower and material resources, financial resources, but also can guide the high speed machining production practice, to improve processing efficiency, reduce the tooling cost and obtain higher economic benefits.
1.Stamping the concept, characteristics and applications
Stamping is using stamping equipment installed in the (mainly) on the mold to pressure on the material, make its produce a separation or plastic deformation, to obtain the required parts (commonly known as stamping or stamping parts) of a pressure processing method. Stamping is usually at room temperature to cold deformation processing of materials, and mainly adopts sheet metal to processed into
the required parts, so also called cold stamping or sheet metal stamping. Stamping is material pressure processing or one of the main methods of plastic processing, belonging to material molding engineering technique.
Used by stamping mold known as the stamping die, die for short. Die is the material (metal or non-metallic) processing into salt pieces of special tools required. Is of vital importance to the die in stamping, did not conform to the requirements of punching die, stamping production batch is difficult; No advanced punching die, stamping process of advanced cannot achieve. Stamping process and die, stamping equipment and materials to form the three elements of stamping processing, can only draw stamping them together.
Compared with other methods of mechanical processing and plastic processing, stamping processing both in technology and economy has many unique advantages. Main show is as follows:
(1) the stamping process of high production efficiency, and easy to operate, easy to realize mechanization and automation. This is because the stamping is depend on the die and stamping equipment to complete the processing, ordinary press stroke times per minute can reach dozens of times, high pressure to can reach more than hundreds of times or even one thousand times per minute, and every time stamping stroke can get one piece.
(2) when the mold to ensure the stamping precision stamping parts of the size and shape, and generally does not destroy the surface of the stamping parts quality, and the life of the mould are long, so the stamping quality is stable, good compatibility, has the characteristics of "the same".
(3) stamping machining size range is larger, more complex shape parts, such as small to watch the stopwatch, big to auto longeron, covering parts, etc., and stamping material hardening effect of cold deformation, the strength and stiffness of stamping was high.
(4) stamping generally no chip broken material, material consumption is less, and do not need other heating equipment, it is a kind of material, machining method
of energy saving, stamping parts of the cost is low.
However, stamping process used by mould generally has specificity, sometimes need several sets of mould to a complex parts processing and forming, and mold manufacturing of high precision, high technical requirements, is the technology intensive product. Therefore, only under the condition of the stamping production batch is bigger, can fully embody the advantages of stamping processing, in order to gain good economic benefits.
Stamping processing in the modern industrial production, especially they are widely used in the mass production. Quite a number of industrial sector increasingly by stamping parts processing products, such as automobile, agricultural machinery, instruments, meters, electronic, aviation, aerospace, electrical appliances, light industry, etc. In the industrial sector, the ratio of stamping parts are quite big, less is more than 60%, more than 90% above. A lot in the past with forging = manufacturing parts, casting and machining method now most also replaced by light weight, good stiffness of stamping. Therefore, if you don't dare use stamping process in production, many industrial department to improve production efficiency and product quality, reduce production cost and rapid product update is difficult to achieve.
2.The basic process of stamping and mold
Because there are many different kinds of stamping parts processing, all kinds of spare parts of shape, size, and the requirement of accuracy but also each are not identical, and therefore used in the production of stamping process methods are varied. In summary, can be divided into two categories, separation process and forming process; The outline of electrodes in the separation process is directed along a certain line of separation and get a certain shape, size and cross section quality of stamping process (commonly known as blanking pieces); Electrodes in the forming process is
directed under the condition of not burst produce plastic deformation and to obtain a certain shape and size of the stamping process.
The above two kinds of process, according to the basic deformation in different ways and can be divided into cutting, bending, deep drawing and forming four basic processes, each of the basic process also contains a variety of single process.
In actual production, when the stamping production batch with fewer larger, size and tolerance requirement is small, if use dispersed to stamping is not the economy or even a single process is difficult to meet the requirements. Then use concentrated more on craft scheme, where two or more single process focused on the finish, a pair of mold is called combination method is different, and it can be divided into compound - level into and composite - level into three combinations.
Compound stamping - in a press work trip, in the mold of the same station at the same time to complete two or more than two different single process of a kind of combination method.
Progressive stamping - in a pressure on a working trip, in a certain order in the same mould of different location on the surface of two or more than two different single process of a kind of combination.
Compound - progressive -- on a pair of die with composite and the level into the combination of the two ways of working procedure.
The type of punching die structure is very much also. Usually according to the nature of the process can be divided into the blanking die, bending die, drawing die and forming mould, etc.; According to the process of combination can be divided into progressive die die, compound die and the single process, etc. But no matter what type of punching die, can be regarded as the upper die and lower die of two parts, the upper die was fixed in press a table or on the plate, is a fixed part of the die. Work, billet next mold surface parts with location positioning, press on the slider to drive mould press, in the mold working parts (punch and die) under the action of billet and produce a separation or plastic deformation, so as to obtain the required shape and
size of the stamping. Recovery of upper die, mold unloading and a device to salt pieces or waste discharged from the convex and concave die, or push, top out, stamping for the next cycle.
3.Stamping technology present situation and developing direction
Along with the advance of science and technology and the rapid development of industrial production, many new technologies, new processes, new equipment, new materials constantly emerging, and thus to promote the continuous innovation and development of stamping technology. The main performance and the development direction is as follows:
(1). Stamping theory and stamping process in stamping theory research is to improve the stamping technology. At present, the research on theory of stamping very seriously, in material performance research, stamping law of stress and strain analysis, the deformation of sheet metal forming process research and the interaction between billet and mold and so on have made greater progress. Especially with the rapid development of computer technology and the theory of plastic deformation of further perfect, has been used at home and abroad in recent years, the plastic forming process of computer simulation technology, the use of finite element method (FEM) and value analysis method to simulate the metal plastic forming process, according to the analysis results, designers can predict the feasibility of a forming process and the possible quality problems, and through the revision related parameters on the computer, which can realize the optimization of technology and die design. This saves expensive test, also shortened the mould cycle.
Research promotion can increase productivity and product quality, reduce costs and expand the scope of application of all kinds of new technology, stamping process is also one of the development direction of stamping technology. At present, both at home and abroad have sprung up precision stamping process, the soft mould forming process, high energy mould multi-point forming technology such as high speed forming process and precision stamping process for a new, efficient and
economic.Among them, the fine blanking is one of the effective methods to improve the quality of blanking pieces, it expanded the stamping processing range, at present the thickness of fine blanking processing parts can be up to 25 mm, precision can reach IT16 grade ~ 17; Using liquid, rubber, polyurethane, etc as the soft mode of flexible punch or die forming technology, can work out with ordinary processing methods are difficult to machining materials and complex shape parts, under the condition of specific production has obvious economic effect; Explosion energy efficient, such as forming methods for processing complicated in all sizes, shapes, small bulk, high strength and high accuracy of sheet metal parts, has very important practical significance; Using super molding superplasticity of metal materials, can be used instead of a forming multichannel common stamping process, for processing complicated shape and large sheet metal parts has prominent advantages; No mold multi-point forming process is highly adjustable punch group instead of traditional moulds for sheet metal surface forming a kind of advanced technology, our country has independent design and manufacture of the international leading level of
multi-point forming equipment, to solve the multi-point press forming method, which can change the deformation path and stress state, improves the forming limit of material, at the same time use repeatedly forming technology can eliminate the residual stress in the material, forming springback is realized. No mold multi-point forming (MPF) system with CAD/CAM/CAE technology as main means, rapid economy to realize the automation of 3 d surface shape.
(2) die is the realization of the basic conditions of stamping production. In die design and manufacture, at present is developing towards the following two aspects: on the one hand, in order to adapt to high speed, automatic, precise, security, and so on large quantities of the need of modern production, punching die and life expectancy is high efficiency, high precision, high transfer, multi-function direction, by contrast to adapt to the new die material and heat treatment technology, all kinds of high efficiency, precision, CNC automatic mould machine and testing equipment and mould CAD/CAM technology is in rapid development; Upgrading, on the other hand,
in order to adapt to the product and the need of trial production and small batch production, zinc base alloy die, polyurethane rubber punching die, die plate and steel belt punch, such as the simple combination die die and manufacturing technology has been developing rapidly.
Precision, high efficiency of multistep progressive die and the multi-function and large complex automotive covering parts die represents the modern technology of progressive die. At present, more than 50 location precision progressive die into the distance can be up to 2 microns, multifunctional and can not only complete the whole stamping process of progressive die, but also can complete the welding, assembly process, etc. In China has been able to design and produce precision has reached the international level of 2 ~ 5 microns, into from 2 ~ 3 micron precision, total life over 100 million times. Major automobile mould enterprises in our country, has been able to production of complete sets of car covering mould, in terms of design and manufacturing methods and means has basically reached the international level, but in terms of manufacturing methods has basically reached the international level, mould structure and function was close to the international level, but in manufacturing quality, accuracy, manufacturing cycle and cost when there is a certain gap compared with abroad.
4.Stamping standardization and specialization of production
Mould standardization and specialization of production, has been widely and mould industry. Because die sheet small batch production, the die parts both have certain complexity and precision, and has certain representativeness structure. Only to implement the standardization of die, therefore, can make the die and punch parts production implementation of specialization and commercialization, so as to reduce the cost of the mold, improve the mould quality and shorten the manufacturing cycle. At present, foreign advanced industrial countries mould standardization production degree has reached 70% ~ 80%, and the working parts of the mold factory need to design and manufacture, most of the mold parts are purchased from standard parts
factory, make the productivity increased significantly. Mold factory specialized degree is not regular higher and higher, division of labor is more and more thin, such as there are mould frame works, plunger, plant, heat treatment, etc., and even some mold factory specialized manufacture of certain products only blanking die or bending die, so that more conducive to the improvement of manufacturing and shorten manufacturing cycle. Die standardization and specialization production in our country also has great development in recent years, in addition to reflect outside the standard parts professional manufacturers have more increase, standard varieties have extended, precision is also improved. Overall situation but also to meet the demands of the development of mould industry is mainly manifested in the standardization degree is not high (generally below 40%), less standard varieties and specifications, most standard parts manufacturers did not form large-scale production, standard quality and have more problems. In addition, sales of standard parts production, supply, service and so on all has yet to be further improved.
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拉深是从凸缘型坯料考虑的，即通过模具上冲头的向下作用使材料被水平拉深。一个凸缘板料上的单元体在半径方向上被限定，而板厚保持几乎不变。板料成形的原理如图2所示。 拉延通常是用来描述在板料平面上的两个互相垂直的方向被拉长的板料的单元体的变形原理的术语。拉延的一种特殊形式，可以在大多数成形加工中遇到，即平面张力拉延。在这种情况下，一个板料的单元体仅在一个方向上进行拉延，在拉长的方向上宽度没有发生变化，但是在厚度上有明确的变化，即变薄。 图2 板料成形原理 弯曲时当板料经过冲模，即冲头半径加工成形时所观察到的变形原理，因此在定向的方向上受到改变，这种变形式一个平面张力拉长与收缩的典型实例。 在一个压力机冲程中用于在一块板料上冲出一个或多个孔的一个完整的冲压模具可以归类即制造商标准化为一个单工序冲孔模具，如图3所示。
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虹膜识别外文翻译文献 虹膜识别外文翻译文献 (文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译) 外文： The first chapter 1.1 The research background of iris recognition Biometrics is a technology for personal identification using physiological characteristics and behavior characteristics inherent in the human body. Can be used for the biological characteristics of biological recognition, fingerprint, hand type face, iris, retina, pulse, ear etc.. Behavior has the following characteristics: signature, voice, gait, etc.. Based on these characteristics, it has been the development of hand shape recognition, fingerprint recognition, facial recognition, iris recognition, signature recognition and other biometric technology, many techniques have been formed and mature to application of. Biological recognition technology in a , has a long history, the ancient Egyptians through identification of each part of the body size measure to carry out identity may be the earliest human based on the earliest history of biometrics. But the modern biological recognition technology began in twentieth Century 70 time metaphase, as biometric devices early is relatively expensive, so only a higher security level atomic test, production base.due to declining cost of microprocessor and various electronic components, precision gradually improve, control device of a biological recognition technology has been gradually applied to commerce authorized, such as access control, attendance management, management system, safety certification field etc.. All biometric technology, iris recognition is currently used as a convenient and accurate.
机械类数控车床外文翻译外文文献英文文献车床.doc
Lathes Lathes are machine tools designed primarily to do turning, facing and boring, Very little turning is done on other types of machine tools, and none can do it with equal facility. Because lathes also can do drilling and reaming, their versatility permits several operations to be done with a single setup of the work piece. Consequently, more lathes of various types are used in manufacturing than any other machine tool. The essential components of a lathe are the bed, headstock assembly, tailstock assembly, and the leads crew and feed rod. The bed is the backbone of a lathe. It usually is made of well normalized or aged gray or nodular cast iron and provides s heavy, rigid frame on which all the other basic components are mounted. Two sets of parallel, longitudinal ways, inner and outer, are contained on the bed, usually on the upper side. Some makers use an inverted V-shape for all four ways, whereas others utilize one inverted V and one flat way in one or both sets, They are precision-machined to assure accuracy of alignment. On most modern lathes the way are surface-hardened to resist wear and abrasion, but precaution should be taken in operating a lathe to assure that the ways are not damaged. Any inaccuracy in them usually means that the accuracy of the entire lathe is destroyed. The headstock is mounted in a foxed position on the inner ways, usually at the left end of the bed. It provides a powered means of rotating the word at various speeds . Essentially, it consists of a hollow spindle, mounted in accurate bearings, and a set of transmission gears-similar to a truck transmission—through which the spindle can be rotated at a number of speeds. Most lathes provide from 8 to 18 speeds, usually in a geometric ratio, and on modern lathes all the speeds can be obtained merely by moving from two to four levers. An increasing trend is to provide a continuously variable speed range through electrical or mechanical drives. Because the accuracy of a lathe is greatly dependent on the spindle, it is of heavy construction and mounted in heavy bearings, usually preloaded tapered roller or ball types. The spindle has a hole extending through its length, through which long bar stock can be fed. The size of maximum size of bar stock that can be machined when the material must be fed through spindle. The tailsticd assembly consists, essentially, of three parts. A lower casting fits on the inner ways of the bed and can slide longitudinally thereon, with a means for clamping the entire assembly in any desired location, An upper casting fits on the lower one and can be moved transversely upon it, on some type of keyed ways, to permit aligning the assembly is the tailstock quill. This is a hollow steel cylinder, usually about 51 to 76mm(2to 3 inches) in diameter, that can be moved several inches longitudinally in and out of the upper casting by means of a hand wheel and screw. The size of a lathe is designated by two dimensions. The first is known as the swing. This is the maximum diameter of work that can be rotated on a lathe. It is approximately twice the distance between the line connecting the lathe centers and the nearest point on the ways, The second size dimension is the maximum distance between centers. The swing thus indicates the maximum work piece diameter that can be turned in the lathe, while the distance between centers indicates the maximum length of work piece that can be mounted between centers. Engine lathes are the type most frequently used in manufacturing. They are heavy-duty machine tools with all the components described previously and have power drive for all tool movements except on the compound rest. They commonly range in size from 305 to 610 mm(12 to 24 inches)swing and from 610 to 1219 mm(24 to 48 inches) center distances, but swings up to 1270 mm(50 inches) and center distances up
模具毕业设计外文翻译7081204
(此文档为word格式，下载后您可任意编辑修改！) 冷冲模具使用寿命的影响及对策 冲压模具概述 冲压模具--在冷冲压加工中，将材料(金属或非金属)加工成零件(或半成品)的一种特殊工艺装备，称为冷冲压模具(俗称冷冲模)。冲压--是在室温下，利用安装在压力机上的模具对材料施加压力，使其产生分离或塑性变形，从而获得所需零件的一种压力加工方法。 冲压模具的形式很多，一般可按以下几个主要特征分类： 1?根据工艺性质分类 (1)冲裁模沿封闭或敞开的轮廓线使材料产生分离的模具。如落料模、冲孔模、切断模、切口模、切边模、剖切模等。 (2)弯曲模使板料毛坯或其他坯料沿着直线(弯曲线)产生弯曲变形，从而获得一定角度和形状的工件的模具。 (3)拉深模是把板料毛坯制成开口空心件，或使空心件进一步改变形状和尺寸的模具。 (4)成形模是将毛坯或半成品工件按图凸、凹模的形状直接复制成形，而材料本身仅产生局部塑性变形的模具。如胀形模、缩口模、扩口模、起伏成形模、翻边模、整形模等。2?根据工序组合程度分类 (1)单工序模在压力机的一次行程中，只完成一道冲压工序的模具。 (2)复合模只有一个工位，在压力机的一次行程中，在同一工位上同时完成两道或两道以上冲压工序的模具。 (3)级进模(也称连续模) 在毛坯的送进方向上，具有两个或更多的工位，在压力机的一次行程中，在不同的工位上逐次完成两道或两道以上冲压工序的模具。 冲冷冲模全称为冷冲压模具。 冷冲压模具是一种应用于模具行业冷冲压模具及其配件所需高性能结构陶瓷材料的制备方法，高性能陶瓷模具及其配件材料由氧化锆、氧化钇粉中加铝、错元素构成，制备工艺是将氧化锆溶液、氧化钇溶液、氧化错溶液、氧化铝溶液按一定比例混合配成母液，滴入碳酸氢铵，采用共沉淀方法合成模具及其配件陶瓷材料所需的原材料，反应生成的沉淀经滤水、干燥，煅烧得到高性能陶瓷模具及其配件材料超微粉，再经过成型、烧结、精加工，便得到高性能陶瓷模具及其配件材料。本发明的优点是本发明制成的冷冲压模具及其配件使用寿命长，在冲压过程中未出现模具及其配件与冲压件产生粘结现象，冲压件表面光滑、无毛刺，完全可以替代传统高速钢、钨钢材料。 冷冲模具主要零件冷冲模具是冲压加工的主要工艺装备，冲压制件就是靠上、下模具的相对运动来完成的。 加工时由于上、下模具之间不断地分合，如果操作工人的手指不断进入或停留在模具闭合区，便会对其人身安全带来严重威胁。 1
中英金融服务贸易国际竞争力比较研究【文献综述】
毕业论文文献综述 国际经济与贸易 中英金融服务贸易国际竞争力比较研究 金融服务贸易国际竞争力相关理论综述 服务贸易是以服务作为交易标的的一种贸易行为。《服务贸易总协定》(GATS)所界定的国际服务贸易是指以过境交付、境外消费、商业存在和自然人流动这四种形式进行的各国间的服务交易。该定义已成为有一定权威性和指导性的定义为各国接受。 根据《服务贸易总协定》中的服务部门清单，可以将服务贸易分为12类：商业性服务，销售服务，金融服务，娱乐服务，通讯服务，教育服务，卫生服务，运输服务，建筑服务，环境服务，旅游服务和其他服务。而对于金融服务贸易，国内外并没有确切的定义。本文将对金融服务贸易国外及国内有代表性的研究进行综述。 一、GATS与OECD对金融服务贸易的定义 根据GATS的定义，金融服务贸易是指由一成员国的金融服务提供者所提供的任何金融性质的服务。它包括两个部分：所有保险和保险相关的服务、银行和其他金融服务（保险除外），其中其他金融服务指证券和金融信息服务。 经济合作和发展组织（OECD）对金融服务贸易的定义为由金融机构提供服务的收入，或者接受付出的支持，包括得到的和付出的直接投资收益（未分配收益和利息）；从其他金融投资得到的和付出的收益（得到的和付出的利息和红利）；得到的、付出的手续费和佣金。 可见，经济合作和发展组织对金融服务贸易的界定强调了金融服务贸易交易的提供方，而忽略了金融服务贸易的消费方。金融服务贸易的发展主要是以此换取其他贸易领域的发展，而且金融服务贸易可以促进本国金融业与国际金融业的接轨，从而在国际竞争中促进本国金融业的发展。 二、国外对金融服务贸易相关研究 对于金融服务贸易研究，国外学者从不同角度出发，有不同的看法。 列为恩（1996）认为，各种金融服务可以实现五种基本功能：方便商品和劳务的交易；易于风险管理；加速资源流动；获取信息，评估企业和配置资本；提供公司法人治理。同时，更多的相关文献表示，金融中介可以降低由于信息不对称产生的管理成本（戴蒙德1984；威廉森1987）也可以对规模经济产生积极的效应。 莫施里安（Moshirian 1994）认为，金融服务贸易和制造业类似，一些基本要素赋予了
数控激光加工的技术水平以及应用外文文献翻译、中英文翻译
英文文献 Numerical control laser processing technology and application Pick to: as the main symbol of science and Technology development in the 20th century and the modern information society one of the pillars of optoelectronic Technology, Laser Technology, Laser Technology) and the development of Laser industry attaches great importance to by the advanced countries in the world. Numerical control and integrated the Laser and the optical system of the computer numerical control technology, advanced and high precision and automation of the workpiece positioning, the combination of formation, development and production of machining center has become a Laser machining, Laser Processing) is an important trend of development. Key words: CNC; Laser machining, Laser Processing); Level; application Before: laser is regarded as one of the most important scientific discoveries of the twentieth century, as soon as it was caused the great attention of materials scientists. In November 1971, gm pioneered the use of a 250 w CO2 laser to improve wear resistance materials using laser radiation test and research, and in 1974 successfully completed automobile redirector shell
服务贸易外文翻译
关于杭州中心地区服务业竞争力及其发展 战略的评价（节选） 郑建壮，中国浙江省浙江大学城市学院 江海霞，中国浙江省浙江工业大学 摘要：服务行业的竞争力是直接反映在区服务业的发展水平和潜在能力之中的。本文研究了杭州服务行业的发展现状，从中心区的角度构建了一个服务行业的评价指标体系，并分析了杭州每个中心城区服务业的可持续发展的优势和劣势。最后，文章给杭州的服务行业竞争力的提高提出了战略建议。 关键词：中心地区，服务业，竞争力 1. 引言 20世纪80年代以来，全球经济已呈现从“工业经济”转向于“服务经济”的变化趋势。服务业已成为全球经济好转的一个关键的引擎（2005年李和王），它在改善国家经济、增加就业率、调整产业结构和提高生活水平等方面的重要作用是显而易见的。一般来说一个地区的服务行业发展主要集中于中部地区，而不是郊区，因为中心区一般被视为一个城市经济发展的“心脏”，它在地理位置、交通和文化等方面都占有有利因素，不仅可增强生产要素、人口和产业聚集的力量，也有利于市场的发展。因此，中部地区正在成为服务行业的主要区域（李2007）。本文在分析杭州中心城区的服务业竞争力的基础上，进行了相关的评价，旨在寻找到一种有效的策略以提高城市的服务行业发展。 2. 服务产业竞争力的文献研究 大部分关于服务行业的竞争力的学术研究都是基于它们的地区竞争能力之上的。因此，服务业的竞争力可以简单地定义为“服务行业在竞争中获取和利用资源的能力”。国外的研究学者更倾向于特定的服务行业的竞争力分析与研究，如商业服务行业（2001年Rubalcaba和加戈）、保险业（哈德威克和窦1998）、知识密集服务（1999年Windrum和汤姆林森）。然而，在中国，学者们的研究重点则集中于一个特定的区域，而不是一个特定的行业，如中国的31个主要省份（吴2003），中国六大发展先进的省份（2004年刁、庄），中国16个主要省份（2005年苏、张）。由于很多的因素都可以影响服务业的竞争力和复杂性，大多数中国学者认为，我们应该建立一个多层次的综合评价指标体系，如“总目标指导指数”。
指纹识别系统(文献综述)
曲阜师范大学 杏坛学院 指纹识别技术综述 课题名称指纹识别技术 专业班级通信工程310班 学号 201112302022 姓名张喆 指导老师周崇波
目录 1.1 课题背景 (5) 1.2 目的和意义 (6) 1.3 理论基础 (7) 1.4 指纹识别技术的具体表现 (7) 1.4.1 在涉及国家刑事领域的应用 (7) 1.4.2 在经济生活方面 (7) 1.4.3 在公共事务管理方面 (8) 2.1 本课题目标 (8) 2.2 功能需求 (8) 2.3性能需求 (9) 2.4 开发工具的选择 (9) 2.5 系统设计原则 (9) 指纹识别系统总体设计 (10) 2.6系统总体设计 (10) 2.6.1指纹图像的获取 (10) 2.6.2 指纹图像预处理 (11) 2.6.3 特征的提取 (12) 2.6.4模板匹配 (12) 2.6.5 本章小结 (12) 指纹图像预处理之一 (13) 2.7.1 引言 (13) 2.7.2 系统算法描述 (13) 2.7.3 归一化 (14) 2.7.4 产生方向图 (14) 2.7.5 图像增强算法 (17) 2.7.6 图像分割 (19) 2.7.7 二值化 (24) 2.7.8细化算法 (25) 2.7.9指纹的匹配 (26) 2.8 本章小结 (26) 第三章实验结果与分析 (28) 3.1 评估标准 (28)
3.2 实验结果 (28) 3.2.1 图像分割算法结果比较 (29) 3.2.2图像增强算法结果比较 (30) 3.3 本章小结 (30) 第四章结论 (31) 致谢 (31) 参考文献 (32)
数控机床刀具设计论文中英文资料外文翻译文献综述
数控机床刀具设计 中英文资料 英语原文： Design Of Tool Machine Prop Research significance The original knife machine control procedures are designed individually, not used tool management system, features a single comparison, the knife only has to find the tool knife, knife positioning the shortest path, axis tool change, but does not support large-scale tool. Automatic knife in the knife election, in the computer memory knife-election on the basis of using the Siemens 840 D features, and the election procedures knife more concise, and complete the space Daotao View. ATC use the knife rapid completion of STEP-7 programming, and have been tested in practice. In the positioning of the knife, PLC controlled modular design method, which future production of similar machines will be very beneficial, it is easy to use its other machine. Automatic tool change systems will be faster growth, reduced tool change time, increase the positioning accuracy tool is an important means to help NC technology development. Tool and inventory components of modern production is an important link in the management, especially for large workshop D features, and the election procedures knife more concise, and complete the space Daotao View. ATC use the knife rapid completion of STEP-7 programming, and have been tested in practice. In the positioning of the knife, PLC controlled modular design method, which future production of similar machines will be very beneficial, it is easy to use its oth management. The traditional way of account management, and low efficiency, high error rate, and not sharing information and data, tools and the use of state can not track the life cycle, are unable to meet the current information management needs. With actual production, we have to establish a workshop tool for the three-dimensional tool storage system to meet the knife workshop with auxiliary storage and management needs. The system uses optimization technology, a large number of computer storage inventory information, timely, accurate, and comprehensive tool to reflect the inventory situation. The entire system uses a graphical interface, man-machine dialogue tips from the Chinese menu, select various functions can be realized and the importation of all kinds of information. Management system using online help function. Through the workshop management, network management and sharing of information. Have automated inventory management, warehousing management tool, a tool for the management and statistical functions. 1.System components and control structure The entire system, including the structure and electrical machinery control systems. 1.1.1Mechanical structure and working principle Tool from the stent, drive, drive system, Turret, shielding, control system, and electrical components. Support from the column, beam, the upper and lower guide Central track, and track support component.