美国文学史课件9 Jack London
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美国文学史PPT课件
2. 19th_century American Literature 1) Romanticism; 2)Realism; 3)Naturalism 3. American Literature of the 20th century and the
present 1)modernism; 2)postmodernism
— John Updike: “Bitter Bamboo”
What is the implication of Updike’s comment ? Do you agderstanding about American literature and culture at present?
B) Simple, fresh, direct, plain, a touch of nobility
7
Periodization of American Literature Key Themes in American Literature
8
Periodization of American Literature
A General Introduction to American Literature
1
Discussions
China, experts agree, is the nation of the future […] The commercial and intellectual success its emigrants have enjoyed in nations from Malaysia to the United States all augur (预示) impending global dominance. In literature, however, the Chinese mainland, as far as Western ears go, is pretty quiet. […] Bookstores, the Times reports, are bustling, but nearly half the purchases consist of textbooks and half the translations are of American books.
present 1)modernism; 2)postmodernism
— John Updike: “Bitter Bamboo”
What is the implication of Updike’s comment ? Do you agderstanding about American literature and culture at present?
B) Simple, fresh, direct, plain, a touch of nobility
7
Periodization of American Literature Key Themes in American Literature
8
Periodization of American Literature
A General Introduction to American Literature
1
Discussions
China, experts agree, is the nation of the future […] The commercial and intellectual success its emigrants have enjoyed in nations from Malaysia to the United States all augur (预示) impending global dominance. In literature, however, the Chinese mainland, as far as Western ears go, is pretty quiet. […] Bookstores, the Times reports, are bustling, but nearly half the purchases consist of textbooks and half the translations are of American books.
杰克 伦敦ppt课件
那时正是美国大萧条的1904年，他参加了从旧金山到华盛 顿去请愿的失业者队伍，向东海岸进发。他途中因故脱离 了队伍，便偷乘火车在北美大陆流浪，跟车警、乘务员捉 迷藏，周游全国，以此为乐。他曾经被捕，罚作了三十天 苦役，亲眼见到了美国监狱里骇人听闻的现实。出狱后他 偷乘西去的列车到了加拿大西海岸，再从那做水手南下， 回到旧金山。这次特别形式的旅游给了他丰富的人生体验， 尤其是贫困的流浪汉的体验。他明白了一个道理：最能够 关心穷苦人的往往是穷苦人。他对读书一直就有兴趣，就 连在做蚝贼时也在他的小艇上读过许多书。流浪归来他开 始大量阅读。他读过圣西门、傅立叶、蒲鲁东的作品，明 白了私有财产的罪恶；他甚至读马克思的《共产主义宣 言》，大体懂得了共产主义是怎么回事。为了读书他十九 岁时进了奥克兰中学，准备考大学，同时加入了社会党。 他参加工人集会，发表激烈的演说，主张破坏现有的社会 秩序，并曾经因此被捕。在奥克兰中学读书时他在学校的 报纸上发表了小说《小笠原群岛》，连载了两个月，这样， 他从事文学的兴趣更浓厚了。
人物评价
列宁认为他的文章富有激情，带者原始的活力，并在临终 前对《热爱生命》《墨西哥人》作出高度评价。同时这两 篇小说被认为是世界上最杰出的短篇小说之一，杰克 伦敦 也由于《铁蹄》一书授予”美国无产阶级之父“的光荣荣 誉。 美国传记小说家伊尔文·斯通在他的《马背上的水手》里 称他是美国无产阶级文学之父。
角度一理论依据
逆境给人宝贵的磨炼机会，只有经得起环境考验的人,才能算 是真正的强者。自古以来的伟人,大多是抱着不屈不挠的精神, 从逆境中挣扎奋斗过来的。 ——松下幸之助 逆境展示奇才，顺境隐没英才。——霍勒斯 人的生命似洪水在奔流，不遇着岛屿、暗礁，难以激起美 丽的浪花。——奥斯特洛夫斯基
美国文学史及作品选读(级)PPT
● When he was born, his family declined. He was aware of his ancestors’ misdeeds and thus “blackness of Hawthorne” formed. He thought that the reason of his family’s decline is his ancestors’ misdeeds. And he didn’t agree with the optimism held by Transcendentalists towards human nature. He wrote lots of works on everlasting evil side in human nature.
● Like Emerson, Hawthorne thinks that man’s eyes should pierce the veil of surfaces to discover the human nature.
● For Hawthorne, as for Emerson, external reality, nature, objects, tangible forms are merely symbols of a deeper, more inward, ultimately spiritual reality, and Hawthorne’s language, like Emerson’s, is an attempt to extract the secret meaning from reality.
● He graduated from Bowdoin College. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow and Mr. Pierce, the 14th American president were his classmates.
美国文学史课件9 Jack London
The
Fiction
Before Adam 幻想小说 《亚当以前》 Jerry of the Islands 《群岛猎犬杰瑞》 The House of Mapuhi 《马普希的房子》 The White Silence 《沉寂的雪原》 Lost Face 《丢脸》
An Odyssey of the North 北方的奥德赛
Martin Eden Call Of the Wild The Sea lf
Questions
Naturalism (1890s)
The historical background of Naturalism a. the spread of industrialization created extremes of wealth and poverty. slum
Crane’s Maggie: A Girl of the Streets is the first American naturalistic work. Norris’s McTeague is the manifesto of American naturalism. Dreiser’s Sister Carrie is the work in which naturalism attained maturity. These writers’ detailed description of the lives of the downtrodden and the abnormal, their frank treatment of human passion and sexuality, and their portrayal of men and women over-whelmed by blind forces of nature still exert a powerful influence on modern writers.
Fiction
Before Adam 幻想小说 《亚当以前》 Jerry of the Islands 《群岛猎犬杰瑞》 The House of Mapuhi 《马普希的房子》 The White Silence 《沉寂的雪原》 Lost Face 《丢脸》
An Odyssey of the North 北方的奥德赛
Martin Eden Call Of the Wild The Sea lf
Questions
Naturalism (1890s)
The historical background of Naturalism a. the spread of industrialization created extremes of wealth and poverty. slum
Crane’s Maggie: A Girl of the Streets is the first American naturalistic work. Norris’s McTeague is the manifesto of American naturalism. Dreiser’s Sister Carrie is the work in which naturalism attained maturity. These writers’ detailed description of the lives of the downtrodden and the abnormal, their frank treatment of human passion and sexuality, and their portrayal of men and women over-whelmed by blind forces of nature still exert a powerful influence on modern writers.
美国文学史及作品选读PPT9
(F. Scott Fitzgerald) <<Back
2 Francis Se has been an outstanding novelist in his life time and admired by lots of people. He was once an idol signifying success, wealth, beauty and youth. However, his life was not as happy as the public imagined. He never failed to remain detached and foresee the failure and tragedy of the ―Dollar Decade‖. He is the spokesman of ―the roaring 1920s‖, ―the Jazz Age‖—―Inside he knew it well, outside he saw it ironically.‖)
◆ ―Tales of the Jazz Age‖ : a legend of ―Americans adolescence before pain set in‖ (The 1920s was called ―the Jazz Age‖ because of this book; Fitzgerald became ―the angel of the twenties‖) ◆ ―All the Sad Young Man‖ ◆ ―Taps at Reveille‖
2.1 Works
● Novels
◆ ―This Side of Paradise (life in Princeton, frustration of young men): representing the triumph of matter over form
2 Francis Se has been an outstanding novelist in his life time and admired by lots of people. He was once an idol signifying success, wealth, beauty and youth. However, his life was not as happy as the public imagined. He never failed to remain detached and foresee the failure and tragedy of the ―Dollar Decade‖. He is the spokesman of ―the roaring 1920s‖, ―the Jazz Age‖—―Inside he knew it well, outside he saw it ironically.‖)
◆ ―Tales of the Jazz Age‖ : a legend of ―Americans adolescence before pain set in‖ (The 1920s was called ―the Jazz Age‖ because of this book; Fitzgerald became ―the angel of the twenties‖) ◆ ―All the Sad Young Man‖ ◆ ―Taps at Reveille‖
2.1 Works
● Novels
◆ ―This Side of Paradise (life in Princeton, frustration of young men): representing the triumph of matter over form
Jack London.ppt
几乎所有的内容都是我原创的
请你们认真听啦!
Jack London
——走进杰克·伦敦
六年级六班 韩宁芙
目录
• 杰克·伦敦不同时期的照片 • 初识杰克·伦敦 • 写作风格 • 最著名的作品 • 《热爱生命》节选·赏析 • 无与伦比的人生——走进杰克·伦敦 • 杰克·伦敦之死 • 总结
“斯拿克” 号上的
《野性的呼唤》
• 整个故事以阿拉斯加淘金热为背景，讲述了在北方险恶的 环境下，巴克为了生存，如何从一条驯化的南方狗发展到 似狗非狗、似狼非狼的野蛮状态的过程。巴克是一条硕大 无比的杂交狗，它被人从南方主人家偷出来并卖掉，几经 周折后开始踏上淘金的道路，成为一条拉雪橇的苦役犬。 在残酷的驯服过程中，它意识到了公正与自然的法则；恶 劣的生存环境让它懂得了狡猾与欺诈，后来它自己将狡猾 与欺诈发挥到了让人望尘莫及的地步。经过残酷的、你死 我活的斗争，它最后终于确立了领头狗的地位。在艰辛的 拉雪橇途中，主人几经调换，巴克与最后的一位主人桑顿 结下了难分难舍的深情厚谊。这位主人曾将他从极端繁重 的苦役中解救出来，而它又多次营救了它的主人。最后， 在它热爱的主人惨遭不幸后，它便走向了荒野，响应它这 一路上多次聆听到的、非常向往的那种野性的呼唤，并且 成为了狼群之首。
个人主义
• 个人主义反抗权威以及所有试图控制个人 的行动——尤其是那些由国家或“社会” 施加的强迫力量上。因此个人主义直接的 反抗将个人地位置于社会或共同体之下的 集体主义。个人主义经常被人与利己主义 相混淆，但事实上个人主义与利己主义是 不相同的。
《海狼》
“魔鬼”号船长“海狼”拉森，一个完全的利 己主义、达尔文主义者，有强壮的身体和灵活的 头脑，以野蛮人的方式与野蛮人殴斗，又以文明 人的方式与文明人交谈。他的头脑中满是野蛮的 思想，他读书只是为了从中找出可以支持自己观 点的论据：人为什么要活着？“按“海狼”的说 法：“生命像是酵母。酶母，一种活动的东 西……大的吞小的才可以维持他们的活动，弱肉 强食才能保持他们的力量。 水手为了要吃要喝而 活动，因为可以继续活动，就是这个样。他们为 吃饱肚子而生活，为生活而吃饱肚子，这是一个 循环。”
请你们认真听啦!
Jack London
——走进杰克·伦敦
六年级六班 韩宁芙
目录
• 杰克·伦敦不同时期的照片 • 初识杰克·伦敦 • 写作风格 • 最著名的作品 • 《热爱生命》节选·赏析 • 无与伦比的人生——走进杰克·伦敦 • 杰克·伦敦之死 • 总结
“斯拿克” 号上的
《野性的呼唤》
• 整个故事以阿拉斯加淘金热为背景，讲述了在北方险恶的 环境下，巴克为了生存，如何从一条驯化的南方狗发展到 似狗非狗、似狼非狼的野蛮状态的过程。巴克是一条硕大 无比的杂交狗，它被人从南方主人家偷出来并卖掉，几经 周折后开始踏上淘金的道路，成为一条拉雪橇的苦役犬。 在残酷的驯服过程中，它意识到了公正与自然的法则；恶 劣的生存环境让它懂得了狡猾与欺诈，后来它自己将狡猾 与欺诈发挥到了让人望尘莫及的地步。经过残酷的、你死 我活的斗争，它最后终于确立了领头狗的地位。在艰辛的 拉雪橇途中，主人几经调换，巴克与最后的一位主人桑顿 结下了难分难舍的深情厚谊。这位主人曾将他从极端繁重 的苦役中解救出来，而它又多次营救了它的主人。最后， 在它热爱的主人惨遭不幸后，它便走向了荒野，响应它这 一路上多次聆听到的、非常向往的那种野性的呼唤，并且 成为了狼群之首。
个人主义
• 个人主义反抗权威以及所有试图控制个人 的行动——尤其是那些由国家或“社会” 施加的强迫力量上。因此个人主义直接的 反抗将个人地位置于社会或共同体之下的 集体主义。个人主义经常被人与利己主义 相混淆，但事实上个人主义与利己主义是 不相同的。
《海狼》
“魔鬼”号船长“海狼”拉森，一个完全的利 己主义、达尔文主义者，有强壮的身体和灵活的 头脑，以野蛮人的方式与野蛮人殴斗，又以文明 人的方式与文明人交谈。他的头脑中满是野蛮的 思想，他读书只是为了从中找出可以支持自己观 点的论据：人为什么要活着？“按“海狼”的说 法：“生命像是酵母。酶母，一种活动的东 西……大的吞小的才可以维持他们的活动，弱肉 强食才能保持他们的力量。 水手为了要吃要喝而 活动，因为可以继续活动，就是这个样。他们为 吃饱肚子而生活，为生活而吃饱肚子，这是一个 循环。”
《美国文学》课件.ppt
3
• When he woke up, he noticed that his joints were stiff and that his beard had grown a foot long. Returning to his village, he found it changed almost beyond recognition.
7
3) What does “this legendary superstition” refer to? (Para. 2) 4) What is “the general purport of this legendary superstition”? (Para. 3—Para. 4)
8
5) Is the “Legend of Sleepy Hollow” the story of the Headless Horseman? If not, what does the “Legend of Sleepy Hollow” deal with?
10
Literary Terms: 1.Protagonist: The leading character in a play or story, originally the leader of the CHORUS in the AGON (“contest”) of Greek drama, faced with the ANTAGONIST, the opposition.
9
6) How many major characters are mentioned in the “legend”? Who are they? And what’s the relationship between them? Who is the protagonist? And who is the antagonist?
• When he woke up, he noticed that his joints were stiff and that his beard had grown a foot long. Returning to his village, he found it changed almost beyond recognition.
7
3) What does “this legendary superstition” refer to? (Para. 2) 4) What is “the general purport of this legendary superstition”? (Para. 3—Para. 4)
8
5) Is the “Legend of Sleepy Hollow” the story of the Headless Horseman? If not, what does the “Legend of Sleepy Hollow” deal with?
10
Literary Terms: 1.Protagonist: The leading character in a play or story, originally the leader of the CHORUS in the AGON (“contest”) of Greek drama, faced with the ANTAGONIST, the opposition.
9
6) How many major characters are mentioned in the “legend”? Who are they? And what’s the relationship between them? Who is the protagonist? And who is the antagonist?
美国文学史第9部分
he narrator tells us that he met Ethan Frome while working for a power plant in rural Massachusetts. Frome is the most striking character in town, a tall and lame man and the narrator becomes obsessed with learning Frome's story. By chance the narrator is forced to take shelter at Frome's home, and there he gets the clue to Frome's tragedy. The narrator presents his vision of Frome's story to us. Twenty-four years ago Frome is a young man. Although he briefly pursued higher education in the sciences, the death of his father necessitated his return to the family farm. His mother was ill, and his cousin Zeena came to care for her. After his mother died, Ethan married Zeena out of loneliness. Zeena became more sickly and fussy as time passed, and their marriage has been loveless. But a year ago, Zeena's cousin, Mattie Silver, came to help Zeena with the housework. Ethan has fallen in love with her.
美国文学ppt课件
James Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851)
The Leatherstocking Tales were a series of novels about the frontier lives of American settlers.
The Pioneers was the first of The Leatherstocking Tales. The other four stories are The Last of the Mohicans, The
An Introduction to British and American Culture
William Faulkner (1897-1962)
The Sound and the Fury Light in August Absalom, Absalom! Go Down, Moses
An Introduction to British and American Culture
Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849)
The Raven (1844) was one of his most enduring works.
The Fall of the House of Usher The Masque of Red Death Legia
An Introduction to British and American Culture
Charaters: Hester Prynne, Roger Chillingworth, Arthur Dimmesdale
An Introduction to British and American Culture
美国文学史总结PPT课件
人之福，也是众人之父“a common blessing and father to them all”
2019/9/12
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John Winthrop
John Winthrop:《新英格兰历史》“The History of New England”. 1630年登上“阿贝亚”（Arbella）to Massachusetts并开始写日记keep a journal
其还是美国第一位主要作家the first major writer非凡表达能力，简洁明了，有点幽默，还是一位讽 刺天才as an author he had power of expression, simplicity, a subtle humor. He was also sarcastic.
美国早期文学主要为the narratives and journals of these settlements采用in diaries and in journals(日记和日志)，他们写关于the land with dense forests and deep-blue lakes and rich soil.
2019/9/12
10
Edward Taylor
清教徒诗人中最杰出的一位the best of the Puritan poets 他的作品遵循了十七世纪中期一些杰出诗人风格和形式his work followed they
style and forms of the leading English poets of the mid-seventeenth century。 他大部分作品关于宗教的，大部分诗歌直接以赞美诗为基础进行创作的most of
2019/9/12
2019/9/12
6
John Winthrop
John Winthrop:《新英格兰历史》“The History of New England”. 1630年登上“阿贝亚”（Arbella）to Massachusetts并开始写日记keep a journal
其还是美国第一位主要作家the first major writer非凡表达能力，简洁明了，有点幽默，还是一位讽 刺天才as an author he had power of expression, simplicity, a subtle humor. He was also sarcastic.
美国早期文学主要为the narratives and journals of these settlements采用in diaries and in journals(日记和日志)，他们写关于the land with dense forests and deep-blue lakes and rich soil.
2019/9/12
10
Edward Taylor
清教徒诗人中最杰出的一位the best of the Puritan poets 他的作品遵循了十七世纪中期一些杰出诗人风格和形式his work followed they
style and forms of the leading English poets of the mid-seventeenth century。 他大部分作品关于宗教的，大部分诗歌直接以赞美诗为基础进行创作的most of
2019/9/12
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b. Frank Norris (1870-1902) the declaration of Naturalism--- McTeague (1899) 《麦克提格》 the trilogy--- The Octopus (1901) 《章鱼》 The Pit (1903) 《粮食交易所》 The Wolf (1902. unfinished) 《狼》
b. farmers were still going westward, but frontiers ere about the close. They had to depend on the transcontinental railway to transport their products. c. the spread of Darwin’s theory of evolution changed people’s ideology.
Jack London 1876-1916
杰克伦敦
The Outline
Historical background Definition
Naturalism
Representative Writers
Characteristics The contribution of it
Life
Байду номын сангаас
of Jack London The works of Jack London Theme Style Subject Evaluation The
America’s
literary naturalists dismissed the validity of comforting moral truths. They attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness, presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were determined by their environment and heredity. The pessimism and deterministic ideas of naturalism pervaded the works of such American writers as Stephen Crane, Frank Norris, Jack London and Theodore Dreiser.
Martin Eden
The novel is somewhat semi-autobiographical, Martin Eden is a sailor who works and reads hard so as to become rich and famous and break into polite society. He writes and repeatedly rejected by publishers, but, perseverance leads to final success. He reaches the top, only to find that his dream has not been worth realizing at all. In listlessness and despair, a death-wish, the desire for total annihilation, gets hold of him. He drowns himself when out at sea. Taken as a whole, Jack London’s works are a penetrating criticism of America of the time in which they were written.
Martin Eden Call Of the Wild The Sea Wolf
Questions
Naturalism (1890s)
The historical background of Naturalism a. the spread of industrialization created extremes of wealth and poverty. slum
c. Theodore Dreiser (1871-1945) Jennie Gerhardt (1911) 《珍妮姑娘》 The Financier () 《金融家》 The Titan (1914) 《巨头》 The Genius (1915) 《天才》 Sister Carrie (1900) 《嘉丽妹妹》 An American Tragedy (1925) 《美国悲剧》
d. O’ Henry (1862-1910) “The Gift of the Magi” 《麦琪的礼物》 “The Whirligig of Life” 《生活的波折》
As far as genre is concerned, London belongs to naturalistic writer. He believed in individualistic struggle, too Born in San Francisco, reared by a family without fixed occupation or residence, he lived along Oakland waterfront described in Martin Eden, and attended school only until he was 14. Then he did some odd jobs: newspaper boy, worker, sailor …and once been a tramp trip through the U.S. and Canada. In 1896, he went to University of California pursuing his study for a semester.
The
Fiction
Before Adam 幻想小说 《亚当以前》 Jerry of the Islands 《群岛猎犬杰瑞》 The House of Mapuhi 《马普希的房子》 The White Silence 《沉寂的雪原》 Lost Face 《丢脸》
An Odyssey of the North 北方的奥德赛
The People of the Abyss 《深渊里的人们》a factual account of life in the slums of east London
The War of the Classes 《阶级战争》 The Iron Heel 《铁蹄》 Revolution 《革命》 The Law of Life 《生命法则》 The League of the Old Men 老头子同盟
The definition
Naturalism
was an outgrowth of Realism that responded to theories in science, psychology, human behavior and social thought current in the late nineteenth century. It had been shaped by the war, by the social upheavals that undermined the comforting faith of an earlier age, and by the disturbing teachings of Darwinism.
Representative writers
a. Stephen Crane (1871-1900) Maggie, A Girl of the Streets (1893) 《街头女郎玛琪》(the first Naturalism novel) The Red Badge of Courage (1895) 《红色英勇勋章》
Crane’s Maggie: A Girl of the Streets is the first American naturalistic work. Norris’s McTeague is the manifesto of American naturalism. Dreiser’s Sister Carrie is the work in which naturalism attained maturity. These writers’ detailed description of the lives of the downtrodden and the abnormal, their frank treatment of human passion and sexuality, and their portrayal of men and women over-whelmed by blind forces of nature still exert a powerful influence on modern writers.
He
came from the bottom of society and through hard work and study and sheer will power, made his way up to the summit of the social hierarchy. He was well self-educated in natural law and determinism. He wrote in quick succession and sold well. He also wrote socialistic treatises. But when he became a millionaire, he found fashionable society life empty and distasteful. He died, exhausted and in despair.
b. farmers were still going westward, but frontiers ere about the close. They had to depend on the transcontinental railway to transport their products. c. the spread of Darwin’s theory of evolution changed people’s ideology.
Jack London 1876-1916
杰克伦敦
The Outline
Historical background Definition
Naturalism
Representative Writers
Characteristics The contribution of it
Life
Байду номын сангаас
of Jack London The works of Jack London Theme Style Subject Evaluation The
America’s
literary naturalists dismissed the validity of comforting moral truths. They attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness, presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were determined by their environment and heredity. The pessimism and deterministic ideas of naturalism pervaded the works of such American writers as Stephen Crane, Frank Norris, Jack London and Theodore Dreiser.
Martin Eden
The novel is somewhat semi-autobiographical, Martin Eden is a sailor who works and reads hard so as to become rich and famous and break into polite society. He writes and repeatedly rejected by publishers, but, perseverance leads to final success. He reaches the top, only to find that his dream has not been worth realizing at all. In listlessness and despair, a death-wish, the desire for total annihilation, gets hold of him. He drowns himself when out at sea. Taken as a whole, Jack London’s works are a penetrating criticism of America of the time in which they were written.
Martin Eden Call Of the Wild The Sea Wolf
Questions
Naturalism (1890s)
The historical background of Naturalism a. the spread of industrialization created extremes of wealth and poverty. slum
c. Theodore Dreiser (1871-1945) Jennie Gerhardt (1911) 《珍妮姑娘》 The Financier () 《金融家》 The Titan (1914) 《巨头》 The Genius (1915) 《天才》 Sister Carrie (1900) 《嘉丽妹妹》 An American Tragedy (1925) 《美国悲剧》
d. O’ Henry (1862-1910) “The Gift of the Magi” 《麦琪的礼物》 “The Whirligig of Life” 《生活的波折》
As far as genre is concerned, London belongs to naturalistic writer. He believed in individualistic struggle, too Born in San Francisco, reared by a family without fixed occupation or residence, he lived along Oakland waterfront described in Martin Eden, and attended school only until he was 14. Then he did some odd jobs: newspaper boy, worker, sailor …and once been a tramp trip through the U.S. and Canada. In 1896, he went to University of California pursuing his study for a semester.
The
Fiction
Before Adam 幻想小说 《亚当以前》 Jerry of the Islands 《群岛猎犬杰瑞》 The House of Mapuhi 《马普希的房子》 The White Silence 《沉寂的雪原》 Lost Face 《丢脸》
An Odyssey of the North 北方的奥德赛
The People of the Abyss 《深渊里的人们》a factual account of life in the slums of east London
The War of the Classes 《阶级战争》 The Iron Heel 《铁蹄》 Revolution 《革命》 The Law of Life 《生命法则》 The League of the Old Men 老头子同盟
The definition
Naturalism
was an outgrowth of Realism that responded to theories in science, psychology, human behavior and social thought current in the late nineteenth century. It had been shaped by the war, by the social upheavals that undermined the comforting faith of an earlier age, and by the disturbing teachings of Darwinism.
Representative writers
a. Stephen Crane (1871-1900) Maggie, A Girl of the Streets (1893) 《街头女郎玛琪》(the first Naturalism novel) The Red Badge of Courage (1895) 《红色英勇勋章》
Crane’s Maggie: A Girl of the Streets is the first American naturalistic work. Norris’s McTeague is the manifesto of American naturalism. Dreiser’s Sister Carrie is the work in which naturalism attained maturity. These writers’ detailed description of the lives of the downtrodden and the abnormal, their frank treatment of human passion and sexuality, and their portrayal of men and women over-whelmed by blind forces of nature still exert a powerful influence on modern writers.
He
came from the bottom of society and through hard work and study and sheer will power, made his way up to the summit of the social hierarchy. He was well self-educated in natural law and determinism. He wrote in quick succession and sold well. He also wrote socialistic treatises. But when he became a millionaire, he found fashionable society life empty and distasteful. He died, exhausted and in despair.