欧盟数字单一市场
欧盟单一数字市场战略进展及启示

欧盟单一数字市场战略进展及启示作者:张华来源:《现代管理科学》2019年第03期摘要:科技迅猛发展使数字经济成为继农业革命、工业革命之后,人类社会进步历程中充满机遇与挑战的又一重要变革时期。
在数字经济浪潮带领之下,世界各国把握机遇,纷纷开展数字经济相关发展战略。
欧盟于2015年5月6日发布《单一数字市场战略》。
在这一战略指引之下,欧盟全面布局、规范欧盟数字经济的发展,既为欧洲经济的复苏提供动力,又为世界数字经济健康有序的发展提供重要的参考。
关键词:单一数字市场战略;欧洲经济一体化;数字经济在全球经济相互依存、相互影响的今天,数字经济对国际格局变化产生影响,成为衡量国际竞争力的重要依据。
数字经济的增长潜力吸引各国以积极发展数字经济,力争在风云变幻的国际舞台上把握竞争优势。
欧盟充分认识到数字经济的战略意义,积极设计、实施数字经济发展战略。
一、发展数字经济为欧盟突破经济困境提供有效途径欧盟自1957年《罗马条约》签订以后,经济一体化取得长足发展,成为世界经济舞台上一支举足轻重的力量。
国际经济环境风云变幻,欧盟经济面临前所未有的挑战。
数字经济正是欧盟把握数字经济发展契机,促进经济繁荣的重要举措。
1. 欧盟经济发展面临难题。
经济全球化使世界经济更紧密地联系到一起,加深了世界之间的联系,使国家间的经济关系更加密切。
一方面,为国家之间的经济交流带来便利,促进各国共享世界经济发展的成果;另一方面,经济波动的传导速度、涉及范围也大大超过从前。
2008年美国爆发金融危机,影响波及世界,引发全球经济危机。
在全球化影响下,欧洲经济是难以独善其身的,呈现增长放缓趋势。
2011年“欧债危机”爆发进一步对欧洲经济造成严重的冲击。
这既暴露出欧盟应对危机的能力不足,也反映出欧盟治理结构的缺陷。
传统工业低迷、人口老龄化以及高福利等因素制约着欧盟经济的发展。
欧盟需要寻找新的发展路径,带领欧洲走出经济危机阴影,重振欧洲经济。
2. 欧盟经济一体化面临挑战。
欧洲的战略发展趋势

欧洲的战略发展趋势
欧洲的战略发展趋势是多样化的,但以下是一些主要的趋势:
1. 欧洲一体化:欧盟成员国继续加强一体化的努力,以共同行动和政策来解决各种挑战,如经济发展、移民和安全等。
欧洲一体化的目标是建立一个更加紧密和统一的欧盟。
2. 数字化转型:欧洲各国在数字化方面取得了显著进展,并将此作为创新和经济增长的关键领域。
欧洲正在推动数字单一市场,加强数字技术的发展和应用,以提高经济竞争力。
3. 气候变化和可持续发展:欧洲国家在减少碳排放和应对气候变化方面扮演重要角色。
欧洲正在推动可持续发展的战略,促进可再生能源的开发和使用,并采取措施实现低碳经济。
4. 安全合作:面对恐怖主义和其他安全挑战,欧洲国家加强了安全合作,包括情报分享、边境安全和反恐行动。
欧洲还加强了军事合作,推动欧洲国防一体化的进程。
5. 外交和国际合作:欧洲国家以一个声音在国际事务中发声,并加强了与其他地区和国际组织的合作。
欧洲在推动多边主义、维护自由贸易和推动人权等全球议题方面发挥着重要作用。
总之,欧洲的战略发展趋势包括一体化、数字化转型、可持续发展、安全合作和外交国际合作。
这些趋势旨在增强欧洲的竞争力、应对挑战并维护自身和平与繁荣。
欧洲推动数字经济发展加速数字化转型

欧洲推动数字经济发展加速数字化转型近年来,数字经济成为全球经济发展的重要动力,也带来了许多新的机遇和挑战。
作为一个成熟的经济体系,欧洲一直致力于推动数字经济的发展,并加速数字化转型。
本文将探讨欧洲推动数字经济发展的举措,以及数字化转型对欧洲经济的影响。
首先,欧洲采取了一系列政策和措施来促进数字经济的发展。
欧盟于2016年发布了“数字单一市场战略”,旨在打破数字市场的壁垒,加强欧洲数字经济的一体化。
该战略包括了一系列举措,如降低电子商务的壁垒、提供跨境数字服务等。
此外,欧洲各国也纷纷出台了本国的数字经济发展战略和政策,包括鼓励创新研发、支持数字技术企业等。
其次,欧洲注重数字技术的研发和应用。
欧洲拥有世界领先的科研机构和技术人才,他们在数字技术的研究和创新方面具有竞争力。
欧洲的科技巨头,如德国的SAP、英国的ARM等,在数字经济领域起到了重要的推动作用。
同时,欧洲也鼓励企业和公共机构采用数字技术来提高效率和创新能力,比如数字化的生产流程、智能交通系统等。
再次,欧洲各国加强数字化基础设施的建设。
欧洲的数字经济需要强大的网络和通信基础设施来支撑,因此欧洲各国都在加强宽带网络的建设和覆盖范围。
同时,欧洲也在推动5G技术的发展,并将其应用于各个领域,从智能城市到工业生产等。
数字化基础设施的建设不仅对数字经济的发展至关重要,也对整个社会的转型和创新起到了重要的支持作用。
此外,数字化转型对欧洲经济产生了深远的影响。
首先,数字经济的发展为欧洲带来了新的经济增长点。
数字技术的应用促进了传统产业的升级和创新,提高了生产效率和产品质量。
以德国为例,该国的工业4.0战略推动了工业的数字化转型,使得德国的制造业保持了全球竞争力。
其次,数字化转型对就业市场和劳动力需求造成了新的影响。
一方面,数字经济的发展带来了新的就业机会,需要更多具备数字技术能力的人才;另一方面,数字化转型加速了自动化和机器人技术的应用,可能导致一部分传统岗位的消失。
欧盟的数字经济市场与竞争政策

欧盟的数字经济市场与竞争政策近年来,数字经济的迅猛发展对全球经济格局产生了深远的影响。
欧洲联盟(European Union,简称EU)作为世界上最大的单一市场之一,也在积极推动数字经济的发展,并制定相应的竞争政策以维护市场秩序。
本文将重点论述欧盟的数字经济市场和竞争政策。
一、数字经济市场的发展现状随着信息技术的飞速发展,数字经济在欧盟地区迅猛兴起。
据统计数据显示,欧盟地区的数字经济在过去十年中年均增长率超过了10%。
此外,欧盟的数字经济也在就业和创新方面发挥了积极的作用。
数字化的转型带动了就业岗位的增加,并且促进了创新领域的发展。
然而,欧盟数字经济市场也面临着一些挑战。
一方面,数字经济的发展不平衡,有些国家的数字经济程度较高,而有些国家相对滞后。
另一方面,数字经济中存在着市场壁垒、数据保护和隐私等问题,这些问题对数字经济市场的健康发展提出了挑战。
二、欧盟的数字经济市场政策为了推动数字经济市场的健康发展,欧盟采取了一系列政策措施。
首先,欧洲委员会通过了《数字欧洲2020战略》,旨在发展数字化经济和推动数字技术的发展和应用。
其次,欧盟还加强了对数字经济市场的监管,确保市场的公平竞争和消费者的合法权益。
此外,欧盟还推动了数字技术的创新和应用,并鼓励跨国合作,以实现数字经济市场的整合和发展。
三、欧盟的数字经济竞争政策为了维护数字经济市场的竞争秩序,欧盟制定了一系列的竞争政策。
首先,欧盟委员会对涉嫌垄断行为的公司进行调查,并依法采取相应的制裁措施。
其次,欧盟加大了对市场支配地位滥用行为的打击力度,特别是针对互联网巨头的垄断行为。
此外,欧盟还制定了数据保护和隐私政策,以保障消费者的合法权益。
然而,欧盟的竞争政策也受到一些争议和挑战。
一些人认为,欧盟应该更加开放和包容,鼓励创新和竞争,而不是过度干预市场。
此外,由于数字经济的迅猛发展,一些新兴行业和技术的监管问题也愈发复杂,欧盟在这方面还需要进一步加强政策制定和监管的针对性和灵活性。
欧盟推动数字经济发展

上海信息化80他山之石OVERSEA VIEW数字技术正对全球经济环境和经济活动产生重大影响。
近年来,欧盟将数字经济列为未来发展优先战略,通过完善现有政策手段,建立数字化统一市场等措施,提高欧盟经济国际竞争力和影响力。
数字经济增速趋缓目前,欧盟委员会《数字经济与社会指数2016》(Digital Economy and Society Index,DESI)运用宽带连接、人力资本、互联网应用、数字技术融合、数字公共服务五项主要指标,对2015年欧盟数字经济发展状况做出评估。
总体而言,欧盟整体及各成员国正朝着数字经济社会发展,但增长速度趋缓。
数据显示,2015年,欧盟“数字经济与社会指数”平均得分为0.52(分值介于0到1之间,分数越高代表经济和社会的数字化程度越高),仅比上年高出0.02分。
从主要指标增长情况看,仅数字技术融合、宽带连接、互联网应用增速有所上升,其中数字技术融合增速相对突出,而数字公共服务和人力资本发展几乎停滞(见图1)。
2015年,欧盟委员会发布“数字单一市场”战略,并提出一系列行动方案和改革建议。
近一年来,该战略在推进欧盟网络互联互通、数字技能以及公共服务等方面已取得成效。
欧盟推动数字经济发展文/陈 骞欧盟各成员国数字经济发展水平和发展速度并不一致。
除瑞典外,欧盟其他成员国得分均较上年有所增长。
丹麦(0.68)、荷兰(0.673)、瑞典(0.672)和芬兰(0.669)领先于其他欧盟成员国。
表现较差的国家为罗马尼亚(0.35)、保加利亚(0.37),增长最快的国家为图1 欧盟“数字经济与社会指数”主要指标增长情况Copyright©博看网 . All Rights Reserved.他山之石OVERSEA VIEW克罗地亚(从0.37上升至0.42)、葡萄牙(从0.49上升至0.53)。
表1总结了欧盟各成员国数字经济发展特征。
出台区域数字经济整体战略为打破欧盟成员国间的数字经济市场隔阂,早在2015年5月初,欧盟委员会就对外公布了“数字单一市场(Digital SingleMarket)”战略,旨在推动欧盟成员国政策和资源整合,打造一个统一的数字商品、资本和服务市场。
欧盟《数字化单一市场版权指令》解读

XIAO Y anzhu, FU W enqi
Abstract In 20 1 6, the European Commission presented the Directive on Copyright in the Digitd Single M arket in order to adapt European Union copyright rules to the great changes caused by the rapid development of digital technologies.This paper gives an interpretation of three key issues in the Directive, i.e., the introduction of three new mandatory copyright exceptions, the improvement of copyright licensing, and the better operation of copyright market, aiming to provide reference for Chinese copyright law legislation and enforcement.It proposes that China shouht make clear its basic positions on the Directive, improve its copyright law system in line with its realities, and provide legal help for Chinese libraries’ copyright claims and services. K eywords digital single market; copyright directive; copyright law; copyright exceptions; copyright licensing
美国和欧盟的数字经济政策

美国和欧盟的数字经济政策美国和欧盟的数字经济政策数字经济已经成为当代社会的重要组成部分,对国家和地区的经济发展起到了至关重要的作用。
在全球范围内,美国和欧盟作为两个经济强国,其数字经济政策备受关注。
本文将就美国和欧盟的数字经济政策进行探讨和比较。
一、美国的数字经济政策美国一直以来都是全球数字经济的领头羊,其数字经济政策积极推动了科技创新和数字产业的发展。
美国的数字经济政策主要体现在以下几个方面:1. 技术创新促进与政府支持美国鼓励科技创新是其数字经济政策的核心。
美国政府通过资金投入、税收政策、知识产权保护等手段,积极支持科技创新。
例如,美国政府设立了多个科研机构和科技基金,向科研人员和初创企业提供资金支持,推动技术创新的快速发展。
2. 信息技术基础设施完善为了促进数字经济的发展,美国不断加强信息技术基础设施的建设。
在网络基础设施方面,美国通过建设高速宽带网络,提供优质的网络服务,推动了数字经济的快速发展。
此外,美国在数据中心建设、云计算等方面也保持领先地位,为数字经济的发展提供了有力支持。
3. 数据开放与共享美国政府倡导数据开放与共享,推动数据在数字经济中的流动与应用。
美国政府通过信息公开政策、开放数据平台等举措,鼓励民众、企业和政府部门共享数据资源,并促进数据的创新应用。
数据的开放与共享为美国数字经济的发展带来了更多的机遇和活力。
4. 法律法规健全与保护隐私权美国注重制定和执行与数字经济相关的法律法规,既保护了创新发展空间,又保护了公众隐私权。
美国通过创造友好的商业环境、保护知识产权和隐私权,促进了数字经济的长期健康发展。
二、欧盟的数字经济政策欧盟作为一个经济联盟,也十分重视数字经济的发展。
欧盟的数字经济政策相对于美国来说有一些特点,主要体现在以下几个方面:1. 促进数字市场的统一欧盟致力于建立一个统一的数字市场,打破成员国之间的壁垒,促进数字产品和服务的流动与交易。
欧盟通过制定统一的法规、标准和政策,消除数字市场的地域壁垒和技术壁垒,进一步促进欧洲数字经济的发展。
欧盟:建设数字单一市场

欧盟:建设数字单一市场作者:闫德利来源:《中国信息化》2019年第03期欧盟是欧洲一体化的产物,是欧洲国家的联合。
欧盟数字化具有有别于单个国家的特征,也有理念上的重大差别。
主要体现在两个方面:一是努力破除成员国之间的壁垒,建设数字单一市场;二是把规范摆到更突出的位置,在用户隐私和竞争政策方面进行严格的规制。
欧盟主要的数字政策如下表所示。
一、从信息社会到数字单一市场欧盟委员会于2000年发布《里斯本战略》,于2010年发布《欧洲2020战略》,这是指导欧盟发展的两个十年纲领性文件。
与之相对应,欧盟推出信息社会战略和数字单一市场战略,分别作为《里斯本战略》和《欧洲2020战略》的重要组成部分,以推动数字欧洲发展。
(一)信息社会战略:eEurope、i2010早在世纪之交,欧盟理事会就提出:“世界经济正从工业社会迈向信息社会……然而欧洲走向数字时代的步伐还不够快。
”为加快建设信息社会,欧盟先后出台eEurope和i2010战略。
eEurope战略在1999年启动。
2000年6月,欧盟理事会发布《eEurope 2002年行动计划》(eEurope 2002 Action Plan),旨在使信息社会惠及所有欧洲人。
2002年6月,欧盟理事会发布《eEurope 2005行动计划》(Action Plan for eEurope 2005),旨在将连接转化为生产力。
2005年,欧盟委员会通过《i2010:欧洲信息社会2010》(i2010: European Information Society 2010)的五年发展规划。
它是新修订的《里斯本战略》的一部分,旨在完善欧盟现有的政策手段,推动数字经济的发展。
(二)数字单一市场战略eEurope和i2010战略的实施,使欧盟信息社会取得长足进展。
随着《欧洲数字议程》的发布,欧盟数字战略进入第二个十年,打造数字单一市场(Digital Single Market,简称DSM)成为欧盟数字战略的首要目标。
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Digital Single MarketAbout Digital Single MarketThe Digital Agenda presented by the European Commission forms one of the seven pillars of the Europe 2020 Strategy which sets objectives for the growth of the European Union (EU) by 2020. The Digital Agenda proposes to better exploit the potential of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in order to foster innovation, economic growth and progress.The European Commission's Digital Agenda forms one of the seven pillars of the Europe 2020 Strategy which sets objectives for the growth of the European Union (EU) by 2020.The Digital Agenda's main objective is to develop a digital single market in order to generate smart, sustainable and inclusive growth in Europe, and it is made up of seven pillars.Achieving the digital single marketMore and more of us manage our lives online, and we need know that we are fully protected, and we are getting what we expect: high quality service throughout the EU. EU law gives us the right to travel, work or trade anywhere in the EU – whether we're going on holiday or setting up a business – but the Internet does not stop at the border. We should benefit from the best content, deals and services, wherever we are in the EU, without being geo-blocked. Businesses should be able to market and share their bright ideas across the EU. In May 2015 the European Commission will come forward with a Digital Single Market strategy. Read more.Enhancing interoperability and standardsThe EU must enhance the interoperability of devices, applications, data repositories, services and networks. In order to do this, it is essential that the Commission continues the review of its standard- setting policy. It must also promote appropriate rules for intellectual property rights. Read more.Strengthening online trust and securityEurope must strengthen its policy to combat cybercrime, child pornography and breaches of privacy and personal data security. The Commission presented measures on network and information security and the fight against cyber attacks in 2013 which will soon become EU law. We want to know what's happening to our personal data, and we need to know that the rules of the game are the same in all 28 countries of the EU.In parallel, Member States should take measures to establish a well- functioning network at national level and carry out large-scale cyber attack simulations. National alert platforms should be adapted to the Europol cybercrime platform. Read more.Promoting fast and ultra fast Internet access for allEurope needs competitively priced fast and ultra fast Internet access for all. To achieve this, the EU must establish next generation access networks (NGAs). The Commission is channelling some of its public funds, via different instruments, to invest in broadband infrastructure. Read more.Investing in research and innovation We must invest in world-class ICT research and innovation in order to boost growth and jobs via innovative Public-Private Partnerships and by exploiting the opportunities available through Horizon 2020 research funding programs. We must catch up with our main competitors in ICT research and digital innovation. Read more.Promoting digital literacy, skills and inclusionAlthough the Internet is part of daily life for many of us, some parts of the population are still excluded from media literacy in the digital environment. And we are facing a crisis of a shortage of employees with digital skills across the EU. Read more.In order to promote employment in the ICT field, and in jobs which require digital skills, the Commission created the Grand Coalition for Digital Jobs and Skills in 2013. This is a multi-stakeholder partnership that endeavours to facilitate collaboration among business and education providers, public and private actors to take action attracting young people into ICT education, and to retrain unemployed people. In order to overcome unequal access to digital literacy by European citizens, Member States should promote e-accessibility in particular when applying the Audiovisual Media Services Directive.ICT-enabled benefits for EU societyThe EU must exploit the potential offered by the use of ICTs in the following areas:•climate change, through partnerships with emitting sectors,•managing ageing population, through e-health and telemedicine systems and services,•digitisation of content, through Europeana,•intelligent transport systems, by applying the proposed Directive. Read more.1. Achieving the digital single market About Shaping the Digital Single MarketThe Digital Single Market denotes the strategy of the European Commission to ensure access to onlineactivities for individuals and businesses under conditions of fair competition, consumer and data protection, removing geo-blocking and copyright issues.A Digital Single Market (DSM) is one in which the free movement of persons, services and capital is ensured and where the individuals and businesses can seamlessly access and engage in online activities under conditions of fair competition, and a high level of consumer and personal data protection, irrespective of their nationality or place of residence.On 10 May 2017, the Commission published a mid-term review of the Digital Single Market Strategy. It presents and evaluates the progress in implementing the Strategy since 2015 and highlights where further actions are needed.The European Commission has identified the completion of the Digital Single Market (DSM) as one of its 10 political priorities. Vice- President Andrus Ansip leads the project team "A Connected Digital Single Market".Ongoing Digital Single Market Public consultations help to define the objectives for the implementation.The Digital Single Market strategyThe Digital Single Market strategy was adopted on the 6 May 2015. It includes 16 specific initiatives which have been delivered by the Commission by January 2017. Legislative proposalsare currently being discussed by the co-legislator, the European Parliament and the Council.A Digital Single Market creates opportunities for new startups and allows existing companies to reach a market of over 500 million people. Completing a Digital Single Market can contribute EUR 415 billion per year to Europe's economy, create jobs and transform our public services.Furthermore, it offers opportunities for citizens, provided they are equipped with the right digital skills. Enhanced use of digital technologies improve citizens' access to information and culture andimprove their job opportunities. It can promote modern open government.The PillarsThe Digital Single Market Strategy is built on three pillars:1. Access: better access for consumers and businesses to digitalgoods and services across Europe;2. Environment: creating the right conditions and a level playingfield for digital networks and innovative services to flourish;3. Economy & Society: maximising the growth potential of the digitaleconomy.Digital Single Market's achievements Download the full pdf version of the factsheet in English - French - German.See the Commission priority on the Digital Single Market.The mid-term review of the Digital Single Market StrategyThe Digital Single Market strategy has delivered the main legislative proposals set as priority, specifically in the topics of e-commerce, copyright, audiovisual and media services, telecoms review, ePrivacy, harmonisation of digital rights, affordable parcel delivery, harmonised VAT rules.In order to ensure a fair, open and secure digital environment, the Commission has identified three main emerging challenges:1. to ensure that online platforms can continue to bring benefit toour economy and society,2. to develop the European Data Economy to its full potential, and3. to protect Europe's assets by tackling cybersecurity challenges. In addition, the review explores a number of important policy areas critical for unlocking the true value of the data economy:•digital skills,•digitising industry and services (e.g. connected cars, FinTech),•High Performance Computing,•artificial intelligence,•modernising public services and egovernment,•health and care.The mid-term review also focuses on the investments needed in digital infrastructures and services, not forgetting the global dimension of the European Digital Single Market.2. Enhancing interoperability and standardsEfficient communication allows professionals to share information and best practices maximising the benefit for patients and final users. To improve and develop the services, healthcare providers and policy makers needto widen effective cooperation strategies.The eHealth Action Plan 2012-2020, published by the European Commission, aims at making use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) to improve healthcare in Europe. The Action Plan focuses on developing common standards to enhance interoperable healthcare systems among member states. The stakeholders will play an active role in the implementation of eHealth solutions. Benefits of interoperable eHealth solutions•For healthcare professionals: improved quality and safety of care through strengthened coordination; up- to-date patientstatus information and evidence-based clinical guidelines tosupport decision-making procedures;•For patients: enhanced safety of treatments received, delivery of care at the point of need, integrated care including qualityand safe treatment abroad, e.g. in an emergency situation inanother EU Member State;•For users: interoperable systems result in significantly lower implementation and integration costs. For example, a MRIimage from a hospital can be exchanged and used by variousprofessionals and structures without the need to repeat tests;•For healthcare businesses: the use of a common eHealth EU Interoperability Framework (EIF) can help expand a digitalsingle market for healthcare, opening up competition andreducing costs for developers. In this sense, cooperation is vital:a thorough and wide collaboration allows sharing costs andreduces future reinvestments to update systems.What are we doing?The European Commission has already put in place several activities to improve EU interoperability & standardisation in healthcare. During the period 2013-2020, the Commission will use the Connecting Europe Facility (CEF) and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) funding programmes to push for a large-scale diffusion of innovative tools, the replicability of good practices and services for health, ageing and wellbeing, with a particular attention on improving equal access to services.3.Strengthening online trust and securityThe European Commission's initiatives aim to improve online security, trust and inclusion. Trust and securityare at the core of the Digital Single Market Strategy.The EU cybersecurity strategy, adopted in 2013, outlines the principles that will guide the EU action in this domain - for example the importance of access to the internet, and the protection of fundamental rights online. Following the review of the strategy in 2017, the European Commission has put forward a series of measures that will further improve EU cyber resilience and response.In the ePrivacy domain, the main objective is the protection of the confidentiality and the security of communications, which is rooted in the fundamental right to the respect of private and family life (including communications), as enshrined in the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights.The Commission is working with social networking sites, the internet industry, parents, and other groups to build a better internet for kids. The Safer Internet Programme funds projects which empower and protect children and young people onlineEurope's e-Inclusion policy ensures that no one is left behind and promotes the use of ICTs to overcome exclusion, and improve employment opportunities, quality of life, social participation and cohesion.A reliable system of electronic signatures that work across EU countries through trust services and eId is vital for safe electronic commerce and efficient delivery of online public services4.Promoting fast and ultra fast Internet access for allThe Commission has proposed a set of measures to ensure everyone in the EU will have the best possible internet connection, so they can participate fully in the digital economy.Delivering on its Digital Single Market strategy, the Commission adopted on 14 September 2016 a set of initiatives and legislative proposals to place the EU at the forefront of internet connectivity.Download the telecoms visual summary (pdf)A new rule book for providers of internet access and communicationservices - the European Electronic Communications CodeThe European Electronic Communications Code sets EU-wide common rules and objectives on how the telecom industry should be regulated. It applies to providers of networks and/or services and defines how they can be regulated by national Regulators. It brings the rules up to date, to take account of technological developments (more internet use, less traditional telephony) and to safeguard consumer choice. Common EU broadband targets for 2025In order to address future broadband needs, the Commission proposes that by 2025 all schools, transport hubs and main providers of public services as well as digitally intensive enterprises should have access to internet connections with download/upload speeds of 1 Gigabit of data per second. In addition, all European households, rural or urban, should have access to networks offering a download speed of at least 100 Mbps, which can be upgraded to 1 Gigabit and all urban areas as well as major roads and railways should have uninterrupted 5G wireless broadband coverage, starting with fully- fledged commercial service in at least one major city in each EU Member State already by 2020.A plan to foster European industrial leadership in 5th generation (5G) wireless technologyThe 5G Action Plan proposes an EU framework for Member Statesand industrial sectors to cooperate in the development and introduction of 5G wireless technologies in the European Union with the goal to stimulate the necessary investments.A voucher scheme for public authorities who want to offer free Wi- Fi access to their citizens (WiFi4EU)。