词汇作业及答案(名词)
1.The ______ has become extremely tense. A war could break out any time between the two sides.
A. pollution
B. friendship
C. condition
D. situation
答案：D 紧张的形势此处应为一种外部的形势，情况。所以选D。
2. The old man formed the _____ of storing money under the bed.
A.tradition
B.habit
https://www.360docs.net/doc/247872876.html,e
D.custom
正确答案：B.
答案解析：form the habit of doing sth.意为“形成了做......的习惯"。habit指个人的习惯,而custom则指社会的风俗习惯。tradition“传统"。
3.It is clear that the whole world is passing through a social revolution in which a central _____ must be taken by scientists and technologists.
A.process
B.attention
C.measure
D.part
正确答案：D.
答案解析：考词汇搭配时，如果是从句，大家一定要对由in which ，with whom 等等，这种介词提前的定语从句十分敏感，此题只有part 有和介词in的搭配：take part in 其它全可以轻易否定。
本题译文：显然，整个世界正经历着一场社会革命；科学家和技术人员必定是这场革命地主要参加者。
4.The young man made a _________to his parents that he would try to earn his own living after graduation.
A.prediction
B.promise
C.plan
D.contribution
正确答案：B.
答案解析：名词考查，此题可以根据题意来选择，这个年轻人对他的父母承诺毕业以后他要独立，短语搭配make a promise做出承诺符合题意。A 预测，V. Predict 预测 B promise n/v 承诺
5.—Hi, this way, please.
—OK.I sometimes have no sense of ______ when I arrive at the intersection.
A.position
B.direction
C.situation
D.condition
正确答案：B.
答案解析：需根据句意来分析。have no sense of direction 意为“没有方向感”。
6.Our Party has always devoted great attention to improving the living _____ of the working people.
A.cost
B.situation
C.level
D.condition
正确答案：D.
答案解析：living condition生活条件。Improve living condition 改善生活条件大家再熟悉一个搭配living standards 生活水平一般搭配的是raise living standards 提高生活水平
7.The _____ of his clothes indicated too clearly that he had been playing football.
A.state
B.condition
C.occasion
D.situation
正确答案：A.
答案解析：state n. 状况，状态。例如：in a poor state of health. Situation处境，形势工作：He was in a hopeless situation. condition 情况，条件。（多用复数）occasion 场合，时机。On....occasion 在什么场合。特别注意！！！：Occasion 虽表场合，给人一种地点的感觉，但它却只有时间性没有地点性例：I met him on the occasion when it was my father‘s birthday！
8.I could tell he was surprised from the _____ on his face.
A.appearance
B.view
C.sight
D.expression
正确答案：D.
答案解析：expression此处意指“表情”。固定搭配Facial expression 面部表情。V. Express 1.表达前缀ex出，外press压、按；将心里的意思向外压----即表达的意思。第2层常用意思--快递---生活中常见：营养快线Nutri-express 结过快递包的都知道上面**express company 快递公司咱高铁快速就是express train 高速公路：expressway = highway
9.2005年浙江高考真题
I am sure David will be able to find the library—he has a pretty good _________ of direction.
A.idea
B.feeling
C.experience
D.sense
10. 2008年高考综合测试题词汇
The most important _____ of his speech was that we should all work whole-heartedly for the people.
A.element
B.spot
C.sense
D.point
正确答案：D.
答案解析：point(=chief idea of sth. said, done, or planned)要点；论点，主旨：I don't see your point.(我不明白你的意思。)He said nothing to the point.(他说的不切题。) 讲point 漏掉一个搭配：to the point 正中要害，恰到好处，切题
11. There was a good _____ of the countryside from the front of the bus.
A.sight
B.view
https://www.360docs.net/doc/247872876.html,ndscape
D.scenery
正确答案：B.
答案解析：view在本句中意指“风景”，landscape意思是风景，风景画scenery风景侧重自然风光view侧重一个人从某一角度看到的景象，由指从高处，远处的一个角度得到的风景。如：It is a large room with a view of the doctor's well-kept garden./we can get a good view of the countryside from the top of the mountain。
12.He did not find a job yet because he had no _____ to men who could help him.
A.approach
B.way
C.access
D.means
正确答案：C.
答案解析：have access to进入的路；能接近，进入,了解或使用。虽approach也能搭配to 但根据题意,此句中不是指身体上的“接近或靠近”,而是指“能接触到”的某人故选access更切题意
13.Despite such a big difference in attitude what one eats, there is no doubt that people in the west regard the Chinese food as something special.
A.on
B.that
C.about
D.towards
这题是讲义上的，我换了一下空而已，做错了麻烦自己面壁三秒钟！呵呵！D
14.The ______on his face told me that he was angry.
A.impression
B.sight
C.appearance
D.expression
答案; D facial expression 。Face 常与expression搭配其它意思不符
15.His letter was so confusing that I could hardly make any ______ of it.
A.explanation
B.meaning
C.sense
D.guess
正确答案：C.
答案解析：sense 这词补充一点：make sense 意为“意思清楚”、“有道理”。口语中老外用的特多。虽高考中未考过，但补充进来以防万一。同时提高口语表达。你解释什么东西给外国人听，他没明白，你换一种方式表达，他明白了。他就会说：This make sense！这样我弄懂了。
16.2006年湖北武汉高考真题
The war was the result of their ___for more land.
A.idea
B.mind
C.hope
D.desire
正确答案：D.
答案解析：desire n 欲望愿望。V 渴望，要求
句意为：战争是他们贪欲土地的结果。
17.When college students _____ future employment, they often think of status, income, and prestige.
A.demand
B.assume
C.apply
D.anticipate
正确答案：D.
答案解析：anticipate 预料，期望，预望：The first question is one the John has anticipated. 第一个问题是约翰已经预料到的) assume 假想，臆断，设想Let us assume he is still alive！让我们设想他还没死V. apply 申请APPLICATION n 申请，申请书
18.He put in a special _____ for an extra day's holiday so that he could attend his daughter's wedding.
A.request
B.demand
C.inquiry
D.proposal
正确答案：A.
答案解析：request请求，V/n put in a request for (提出请求)。Inquiry=enquiry n询问，
proposal n建议，均不和题意。
19 I'd like to take _____ of this opportunity to thank you all for your cooperation.
A.profit
B.benefit
C.advantage
D.interests
正确答案：C.
答案解析：take advantage of(=make use of sth. 好好利用take advantage of sb 还可以指占某人便宜哦~~~ profit 利润
20.Electricity, like other forms of ______, has greatly increased in price in recent years.
A.pressure
B.force
C.strength
D.energy
正确答案：D.
答案解析：energy 除了精力，有能源的意思。所以太阳能也能用solar energy表示，只是solar power 用得多点。从常识来考虑，electricity 属于energy。electric power 电力。苏州国家电网就在烽火路这边，英文名：Suzhou power supply Co., Ltd 结合全句的语境，只有D最合适。
21 The government has lost a great deal of _____ because of the large increase in food pries.
A.strength
B.support
C.agreement
D.vote
正确答案：B.
答案解析：lose support失去支持。vote作为“选票”解时，是可数名称，所以不能与a great deal of搭配。
22. I have such a bad cold that I have lost all _____ of smell.
A.degree
B.sense
C.strength
D.scent
正确答案：B.
答案解析：sense 意为“(五官的)感觉”，如: People have five senses: sight，hearing，smell，taste and touch. scent 气味，香味.
23.I paid him ￡50 for the painting, but its true ______ must be at least ￡500.
A.price
B.money
C.value
D.importance
答案：C 错选A的同学没注意到50才是给出的price。500确实它的价值。
24.There is a 20 minute parking _____ here, so we must get back to the car very quickly.
A.freedom
B.limit
C.allowance
D.prohibition
正确答案：B.
答案解析：parking limit 意为在停车场“停车的时间限制”。a 20 minutes parking limit (停车时间限制为20分钟).freedom 自由附加一点小知识，每每在表达自由女神像时有同学会说：the statue of freedom goddess 这是不正确的表达正确的表达为：The statue of liberty liberate 是自由，是解放。Liberation 解放，自由。人民解放军就是：people's liberation army allowance 不要被allowance 前半部分动词“allow--允许”迷惑。90%我们是用来表示“津贴，补助”这词大家认识就OK。Prohibition 禁止，禁令V. prohibit
25.--- Could you move over a little and make some_______ for me
--- Sure. Please.
A.place
B.seat
C.room
D.ground
答案：C
26. When I hurriedly got to the airport;the lady at the window told me that there were no________left on that plane.
A.places
B.seats
C.space
D.room
正确答案：B. 飞机上没位置了。不是没空间了。
27. The storm sweeping over this area now is sure to cause _____ of vegetables in the coming days.
A.rarity
B.scarcity
C.invalidity
D.variety
正确答案：B.
答案解析：此题较难. Rarity 我在课堂上造过句子用过adj.---rare。那么这里是它的名词,意味稀有的，少见的。Scarcity是adj. "scarce缺乏的，不足的"的名词形式。(=the state of being scarce)缺乏；不足（指原本充足之物暂时在数量上的缺乏）。例如：The scarcity of fruit was caused by the drought.(水果的供应不足是干旱所引起的。)rarity(=sth. uncommon, unusual or sth. valued because rare)珍稀，稀少：Snow is a rarity around the equator.(雪在赤道周围是罕见之物。)invalidity无效性是adj. Valid有效的的名词形式加否定前缀in，坐过火车的同学知道：出站时出站口会有一行标语：please show your valid ticket before you out。出站前请出示有效车票！本题译文：目前席卷这一地区的暴风雨今后肯定会引起蔬菜短缺。
英语词汇学及答案
英语词汇学 第一部分选择题 I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers .Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket（30％） 1. Degradation can be illustrated by the following example[ ] A. lewd → ignorant B. silly → foolish C. last → pleasure D. knave → boy 2. Homophones are often employed to create puns for desired effects of: [ ] A. humour B. sarcasm C. ridicule D. all the above 3. The four major modes of semantic change are _____. [ ] A. extension, narrowing, elevation and degradation B. extension, generalization, elevation and degradation C. extension, narrowing, specialization and degradation D. extension, elevation, amelioration and degradation 4. The use of one name for that of another associated with it is rhetorically called _____. [ ] A. synecdoche B. metonymy C. substitution D. metaphor 5. Idioms adjectival in nature function as _____. [ ] A. adjectives B. attributes C. modifiers D. words 6. Grammatical context refers to _____ in which a word is used. [ ] A. vocabulary B. grammar C. semantic pattern D. syntactic structure 7. In the idiom 'in good feather', we change 'good' into 'high, full' without changing meaning. This change of constituent is known as _____ . [ ] A. addition B. replacement C. position-shifting D. variation 8. The word "laconic" is _____. [ ] A. onomatopoeically motivated B. morphologically motivated C. semantically motivated D. etymologically motivated 9. CCELD is distinctive for its _____. [ ] A. clear grammar codes B. language notes
英语词汇学考试重点整理
Explain the following terms 一1) free morpheme/ A free morpheme is one that can be uttered发出，表达alone with meaning. It can exist on its own without a bound morpheme. In the traditional sense, a free morpheme is a word. 例如hand ,eat, get 2) bound form/never used as sentences. – ess in countess, lioness and duchess –ish in boyish, childish and greenish –s in hats, books and cups 3) function words/ function words are often short words, they do not have much lexical meaning and some of them have no lexical meaning of their own; They are often short words such as determiners限定词, conjunctions连词, prepositions介词, auxiliaries辅助物, and so forth. 如to, the , of , by 4) content words实词/ They are used to name objects, qualities, actions, processes or states, and have independent lexical meaning. They are the nouns, main verbs, adjectives形容词and adverbs副词of a language. 二1) syntheti c综合的language / inflectional grammatical markers, French, German and Russian. 2) analytic language/word order, prepositions or auxiliary verbs , English and Chinese 3) Indo-European family of languages/ Europe and parts of Southern Asia Eight groups 三1) morphemes /The morpheme is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible可分的or analyzable into smaller forms. 2) allomorphs/variants变体of the same morphem如im-, ir-, il- : allomorphs of the morpheme in- 3) root / is the basic unchangeable part of a word, and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word. work able, work er, work ed, and work ing 4) stem /A stem is of concern only when dealing with inflectional morphology. Inflectional (but not derivational) affixes are added to it. It is the part of word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed. 如undesirables, undesirable; desired, desire 5) base / A base is any form to which affixes of any kind can be added. Desirable, desire - base and root, not stem; undesirable, desirable-base, not root and stem 6) inflectional affixes/A inflectional affix serves to express such meanings as plurality复数, tense, and the comparative比较的or superlative 最高的degree. 如-s, -ed, -er, -est 7) derivational affixes / When they are added to another morpheme, they derive a new word. re+write, mini+car, super+market, modern+ize, work+er 8) compounding 复合法/Compounding is a word-formation process consisting of combining two or more bases to form a compound word 9) derivation 派生法/Derivation or affixation is generally defined as a word-formation process by which new words are created by adding a prefix or a suffix or both to the base 10) conversion 转化法/Conversion is a word-formation process in which a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix. 11) initialism/It is a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term, or a phrase. 12) acronym首字母缩略词/Acronyms are words formed from the initial letters of the name of an organization or a scientific term, etc. Acronyms differ from initialisms in that they are pronounced as words rather than as sequences of letters. 13) blending拼缀/Blending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by
英语词汇学教程(练习答案)(1)解析
《英语词汇学教程》（2004 年版）练习答案 Chapter 1 7. Choose the standard meaning from the list on the right to match each of the slang words on the left. a. tart: loose woman b. bloke: fellow c. gat: pistol d. swell: great e. chicken: coward f. blue: fight g. smoky: police h. full: drunk i. dame: woman j. beaver: girl 8. Give the modern equivalents for the following archaic words. haply = perhaps albeit = although methinks = it seems to me eke = also sooth = truth morn = morning troth = pledge ere = before quoth = said hallowed = holy billow = wave / the sea bade = bid 12. Categorize the following borrowed words into denizens, aliens, translation loans, and semantic loans. Denizens: kettle, die, wall, skirt, husband Aliens: confrere, pro patria, Wunderkind, mikado, parvenu Translation loans: chopstick, typhoon, black humour, long time no see Semantic loans: dream Chapter 2 1. Why should students of English lexicology study the Indo-European Language Family? The Indo-European Language Family is one of the most important language families in the world. It is made up of most of the languages of Europe, the Near East and India. English belongs to this family and the other members of the Indo-European have more or less influence on English vocabulary. Knowledge of the Indo-European Language Family will help us understand English words better and use them more appropriately. 2. Make a tree diagram to show the family relations of the modern languages given below.
词汇学相关的一些名词解释 (1)
Compounding is a process of word formation by which two independent words are put together to make one word. The word formed in this way is called compound Blending is a process of word formation by which a word is created by combining parts of other words. Words formed in this way are called blends. From morphological viewpoints, there are four types of blending: Acronymy is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms. Words formed in this way are called initialisms or acronyms, depending on the pronunciation of the words. Initialisms are words formed by the initial letters of words and pronounced as lettersEEC: European Economic Community Acronyms are words formed by the initial letters of words and pronounced as words:OPEC: Organisation of Petroleum Export Countries According to Leonard Bloomfield’s point of view, a word is a minimum free form, that is to say, the smallest form that may appear in isolation. There are two types of linguistic forms: one is the bound form, the other is the free form. A bound form is one which cannot occur on its own as a separate word, e.g. the various affixes: de-, -tion, -ize, etc. A free form is one which can occur as a separate word. For example, the word lovely contains the free form love and the suffix –ly. The suffix –ly in the word lovely, of course, i s not a free for m, because it cannot stand by itself. So we call it a bound form. A word is a minimum free form The morpheme can be considered as the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words. 1)Morphemes are commonly classified into two forms according to their character: one is free form, and the other is bound form. 2)Free morphemes自由词素are morphemes which can occur as separate words. That is to say, a free morpheme can stand alone as a word. 3)Bound morphemes粘着词素are morphemes which cannot stand alone as words. They are mainly affixes. That is to say, a bound morpheme is one that must appear with at least one other morpheme, bound or free in a word. 4)2) Morphemes may be classified into two categories according to their lexical and grammatical relationships: 5)lexical morphemes and grammatical morphemesLexical morphemes are morphemes used for the construction of new words as in compound words Grammatical morphemes are morphemes used to express grammatical relationships between a word and its context, such as plurality or past tense There are three types of words according to morphology:Simple words,Compound words,Complex words Conversion Conversion is a main type of word-formation assigning the base to a different word
英语词汇学课后答案张维友编
《英语词汇学教程》（2004年版）练习答案 【Chapter 1】 7．tart: loose woman bloke: fellow gat: pistol swell: great chicken: coward blue: fight smoky: police full: drunk dame: woman beaver: girl 8. haply = perhaps albeit = although methinks = it seems to me eke = also sooth = truth morn = morning troth = pledge ere = before quoth = said hallowed = holy billow = wave/ the sea bade = bid 【Chapter 2】 Ex.1 The Indo-European Language Family is one of the most important language families in the world. It is made up of most of the languages of Europe, the Near East and India. English belongs to this family and the other members of the Indo-European have more or less influence on English vocabulary. A knowledge of the Indo-European Language Family will help us understand English words better and use them more appropriately. 2. Indo-European Language Family Balto-Slavic Indo-Iranian Celtic Italian Hellenic Germanic
(完整word版)英语词汇学复习大纲整理
1 B a s i c C o n c e p t s 基本概念 1.1 the definition of a word （ alone in a sentence. A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.） 1.2 sound and meaning ：symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary and conventional . A dog is called a dog not because the sound and the three letters that make up the word just automatically suggest the animal in question. 1.3 sound and form ： 1.4 vocabulary 1.5 classification of words 词汇分类 basic word stock 基本词汇 nonbasic vocabulary 非基本词汇 by use frequency 按使用频率分： basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary 基本词汇和非基本词汇 by notion 按概念分： content words and functional words 实义词和功能词 by origin 按起源分： native words and borrowed words 本地词和外来词 all national character 全民性 stability 稳定性 productivity 多产性 polysemy 一词多义 collocability 搭配性 terminology 术语 jargon 行话 slang 俚语 argon 黑话 dialectal words 方言词 archaism 古语词 neologism 新词 neutral in style 文体上中性 frequent in use 使用频繁 native words 本地词 borrowed words 外来词 denizens 同化词 aliens 异形词 translation-loans 译借词 1. No enough letters: alphabet from Latin 2. Pronunciation changed more rapidly 3. Early scribes: change spelling for easier recognition 4. Borrowing: different rules of pronunciation and spelling obvious characteristics 明显的特点 (Functional words do not have notions of their own and their main function is to express the relation between notions, words, etc.)
(完整版)英语词汇学英语词汇学习题3及答案
试题三 第一部分选择题 I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket.(30%) 1.According to the degree of similarity, homonyms can be classified into ( ) A. perfect homonyms B. homonyms C. homophones D. all the above 2.Transfer as a mode of semantic change can be illustrated by the example ( ) A. ad for “advertisement” B. dish for “food" C. fond for “affectionate” D. an editorial for “an editorial article" 3.It is a general belief that the meaning does not exist in the word itself, but it rather spreads over ( ) A. the reader’s interpretation B. the neighbouring words C. the writer's intention D. the etymology of the word 4.Which of the following is a prefix of time and order? A. extra- B. pro- C. re- D. semi- 5.Which of the following dictionaries is not a specialized dictionary? A. The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology B. Chamber's Encyclopedic English Dictionary C. Longmont Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs D. Webster's New Dictionary of Synonyms 6.Which of the following statements is Not true? A. Reference is the relationship between language and the world. B. The relationship between a word and its referent is arbitrary. C. Concept is universal to all men alike. D. Sense denotes the relationships outside the language. 7.The words which occur before or after a word and may affect its meaning form ( ) A. physical context B. grammatical context C. lexical context D. linguistic context 8."Smith is an architect. He designed World Trade Center. "The clue provided in the context is ( ) A. definition B. explanation C. example D. hyponym 9.The term "vocabulary" is used in different ways because of all the following reasons EXCEPT that ( ) A. it can refer to the common core of a language B. it can refer to the total number of the words in a language C. it can represent all the words used in a certain historical period D. it can stand for words in given dialect or field 10.The idiom "a dark horse" is a ( ) A. simile B. metaphor
完全版英语词汇学名词解释_共6页
第一章word 1.Word --- A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic funtion. 第三章formation 1 1. Morpheme --- A morpheme is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words. 2. Allomorph --- Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word. Such alternative morphs are know as allomorphs. 3. Free morphemes (Free root) --- They are morphemes which are independent of other morphemes. 4. Bound Morphemes --- They are morphemes which cannot occur as separate words. 5. Bound root --- A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root, it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words. 6. Affixes --- Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function. 7. Inflectional affixes --- Affixes attaches to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are known as inflectional morphemes. 8. Derivational affixes --- Derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words. 9. Prefixes --- Prefixes are affixes that come before the word. 10. Suffixes --- suffixes are affixes that come after the word. 11. Roo t --- A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analysed without total loss of identity. 12. Stem --- a stem can be defined as a form to which affixes of any kind can be added. 第四章formation 2 1. Affixation --- affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems. 2. Prefixation --- is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems. Suffixation--- is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems. 3. Compounding（Compositon）-- is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems. 4. Conversion-- is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. 5. Blending-- is the formation of new words by combined by parts of two words or a word plus a plus a part of another word. 6. Clipping- is the formation of new words by shortening a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remain instead.
【西大2017版】[0057]《英语词汇学》网上作业题及答案
[0057]《英语词汇学》 第一次作业 [论述题] Exercise 1 Definitions Define the following terms with illustrative examples. 1. aliens 2. denizens 3. homophones 4. metonymy 5. dialect 6. backformation 7. acronym 8. semantic loan 9. bilingual dictionary 10. polysemy 参考答案： Exercise 1 Definitions 1. aliens Aliens are words borrowed from a foreign language without any change of the foreign sound and spelling. These words are immediately recognizable as foreign in origin. For examples, "coup d'état”, "résumé”, "régime”, etc. are all Aliens of French borrowings. 2. denizens Denizens are easily associated with already existing native words. They are successfully assimilated. They are foreign words which have been conformed to native English in accent, form (spelling) and even in adoption of an English affix. E.g. uncertain (the English prefix un- + certain, French by origin). 3. homophones Homophones are words identical in sound but different in spelling and meaning, e.g. sun, son; piece and peace; etc. 4. metonymy Metonymy is one way of meaning transference whereby the name of one thing is changed for that of another, to which it is related by association of ideas. For example, when I say "I am reading Shakespeare (meaning Shakespeare's works), I am using metonymy. 5. dialect Dialect refers to a variety of a language peculiar to some districts and having no normalized literary form. For example, Shanghai dialect is spoken peculiarly in Shanghai but there's no literary work peculiarly written in Shanghai dialect. 6. back formation
大学英语词汇学期末考试 重点复习资料整理 权威版 后附试题
2012词汇学复习资料 The development of the English Vocabulary 1.Indo-European Language Family The Indo-European Language Family is considered as one of the most important language families. It includes most languages of Europe, the Near East, and India. Those languages, which are believed to have originated from this language family and developed alone different lines, show various degrees of similarity to one another. They fall into eight principal groups, which can be grouped into an Eastern Set东部诸语族: Balto-Slavic波罗的-斯拉夫语, Indo-Iranian印度伊朗语族, Armenian 亚美尼亚语族and Albanian阿尔巴尼亚语族; a Western Set: 西部诸语族Celtic凯尔特语族, Italic 意大利语族, Hellenic希腊语族, Germanic日尔曼语族. All the languages in both sets shed some influence on English to a greater or lesser extent because each has lent words into the English vocabulary. Prussian普鲁士语 Lithuanian立陶宛语 Polish波兰语 Balto-Slavic波罗的-斯拉夫语Czech捷克斯洛伐克语 Bulgarian保加利亚语 Slovenian斯洛文尼亚语 Russian Albanian阿尔巴尼亚 Persian波斯语 Hindi北印度语 Indo-Iranian印度伊朗语系Bengali孟加拉语 Romany，吉卜赛语 Armenian亚美尼亚语 Portuguese Spanish Italic意大利语族Italian Roumanian罗马尼亚语 French Indo-European Language Family Irish Celtic凯尔特语Breton Scottish Norwegian挪威语 Icelandic，冰岛语 Danish丹麦语 Germanic Swedish瑞典语 日尔曼语言English Dutch Flemish German Hellenic，古希腊语- Greek