2009北大考博英语模拟题(paraphrasing部分答桉讲解)
2009年北京大学博士入学考试英语试题
2009年北京大学博士入学考试英语试题一、听力（原2008英语专业四级听力原题和答案）TEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS(2008)-GRADE FOUR-TIME LIMIT:135MINPART I DICTATION[15MIN]Listen to the following passage.Altogether the passage will be read to you four times.During the first reading,which will be done at normal speed,listen and try to understand the meaning.For the second and third readings,the passage will be read sentence by sentence,or phrase by phrase,with intervals of15seconds.The last reading will be read at normal speed again and during this time you should check your work.You will then be given2minutes to check through your work once more.Please write the whole passage on ANSWER SHEET ONE.Choosing a CareerWhen students graduate from college,//many of them do not know how they want to spend their working lives.//And they sometimes move from job to job//until they find something that suits them,//and of equal importance to which they are suited.//Others never find a job in which they are really happy.//They remain all their lives square pegs in round holes.//When we choose our careers,we need to ask ourselves two questions.//First,what do we think we would like to be?// Second,what kind of people are we?//The idea,for example,of being a painter or a musician may seem very attractive,//but unless we have great talent,and are willing to work very hard,//we are certain to fail in these occupations.//And failure will lead to unhappiness in life.//So it is important to assess our suitability for a certain career in job search.(152words)PART II LISTENING COMPREHENSION[20MIN]In Sections A,B and C you will hear everything ONCE ONLY.Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow.Mark the correct answer to each question on your answer sheet.SECTION A CONVERSATIONSIn this section you will hear several conversations.Listen to the conversations carefully and then answer the questions that follow.Questions1to3are based on the following conversation.At the end of the conversation,you will be given15seconds to answer the questions.Now listen to the conversation.1.When is Anne available for the meeting?A.The third week of May.B.The third week of June.C.The eleventh of June.D.The eleventh of May.2.Their meeting will probably take place inA.London.B.Toronto.C.Mexico City.D.Chicago.3.When is Eric calling back?A.Thursday afternoon.B.Friday afternoon.C.Thursday morning.D.Friday morning.Questions4to6are based on the following conversation.At the end of the conversation,you will be given15seconds to answer the questions.Now listen to the conversation.4.According to the woman,advertisementsA.let us know the best product.B.give us sufficient information.C.fail to convince people.D.give misleading information.5.In the woman’s opinion,money spent on advertisements is paidA.by manufacturers.B.by customers.C.by advertisers.D.by all of them.6.Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?A.The woman seems to be negative about advertising.B.The woman appears to know more about advertising.C.The man is to be present at a debate on advertising.D.The man has a lot to talk about on advertising.Questions7to10are based on the following conversation.At the end of the conversation,you will be given20seconds to answer the questions.Now listen to the conversation.7.Mr Brown brought with him only a few things becauseA.there wasn’t enough space in the cupboard.B.the hospital would provide him with everything.C.he was to stay there for a very short time.D.visitors could bring him other things.8.According to the hospital rules,at which of the following hours can visitors see patients?A.2:00pm.B.5:00pm.C.7:00pm.D.6:00pm.9.Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?A.Patients have breakfast at8.B.Patients have lunch at12.C.There are special alcohol lounges.D.There are special smoking lounges.10.Which statement best describes Mr Brown?A.He knows little about hospital rules.B.He can keep alcohol in the ward.C.He knows when to smoke.D.He is used to hospital life.SECTION B PASSAGESIn this section,you will hear several passages.Listen to the passages carefully and then answer the questions that follow.Questions11to13are based on the following talk.At the end of the talk,you will be given15 seconds to answer the questions.Now listen to the talk.11.Meeting rooms of various sizes are needed forA.contacts with headquarters.B.relaxation and enjoyment.rmal talksD.different purposes.12.Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as part of hotel facilities for guests?A.Restaurants.B.Cinemas.C.Swimming pools.D.Bars.13.A hotel for an international conference should have the following EXCEPTA.convenient transport services.petent office secretaries.C.good sports and restaurant facilities.D.suitable and comfortable rooms.Questions14to17are based on the following talk.At the end of the talk,you will be given20 seconds to answer the questions.Now listen to the talk.14.The museum aims mainly to displayA.the area’s technological development.B.the nation’s important historical events.C.the area’s agricultural and industrial development.D.the nation’s agricultural and industrial development.15.The following have been significant in the area’s prosperity EXCEPTA.the motorways.B.the Roman road.C.the canals.D.the railways.16.We know from the passage that some exhibitsA.are borrowed from workshops.B.are specially made for display.C.reflect the local culture and customs.D.try to reproduce the scene at that time.17.The passage probably comes fromA.a conversation on the museum.B.a museum tour guide.C.a museum booklet.D.a museum advertisement.Questions18to20are based on the following passage.At the end of the passage,you will be given 15seconds to answer the questions.Now listen to the passage.18.According to the speaker,safety in dormitory means that youA.insure all your expensive things.B.lock doors when going out.C.lock windows at night.D.take all necessary precautions.19.What does the speaker suggest girls do when they are going to be out late?A.Call their friends.B.Stay with their friends.C.Avoid walking in streets.D.Always take a taxi.20.What is the speaker’s last advice?A.To take a few self-defense classes.B.To stick to well-lit streets at night.C.To avoid walking alone at night.D.To stay with their friends.SECTION C……………………（来自：/thread-5423-1-1.html）（答案：BDADD DACCA DBBCA CBDBA）完形填空原文（标出来的就是出提点）Three hundred years ago Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit made his first thermometer in his home town of Danzig(now Gdansk in Poland).The thermometer was filled with alcohol and completely sealed, but it was not much use without some sort of scale to measure the temperature.One story goes that,during the winter of1708-09,Fahrenheit took a measurement of0degrees as the coldest temperature outdoors—which would now read as minus17.8C.Five years later he used mercury instead of alcohol for his thermometers,and made a top reference point by measuring his own body temperature as90degrees.Soon afterwards he became a glassblower,which allowed him to make thinly blown glass tubes that could be marked up with more points on the scale and so increase accuracy.Eventually he took the lowest point of his temperature scale from a reading made in ice,water and salt,and a top point made from the boiling point of water.The scale was recalibrated using180 degrees between these two points and Fahrenheit was able to make much more accurate and more consistent measurements of temperature.But in1742a rival challenged the Fahrenheit scale and eventually superseded it.Anders Celsius,in Sweden,invented a scale of100degrees between the freezing and boiling points of water and gradually won over many countries.However,the British remained wedded to Fahrenheit until well into the20th century.改错原文（标出来的就是出提点）原文:Job Losses Pose a Threat to Stability Worldwide（原文来自NewYork Times:/2009/02/15/business/15global.html?_r=1）Worldwide job losses from the recession that started in the United States in December2007 could hit a staggering50million by the end of2009,according to the International Labor Organization,a United Nations agency.The slowdown has already claimed3.6million American jobs.High unemployment rates,especially among young workers,have led to protests in countries as varied as Latvia,Chile,Greece,Bulgaria and Iceland and contributed to strikes in Britain and France.Last month,the government of Iceland,whose economy is expected to contract10percent this year,collapsed and the prime minister moved up national elections after weeks of protests by Icelanders angered by soaring unemployment and rising prices.Just last week,the new United States director of national intelligence,Dennis C.Blair,told Congress that instability caused by the global economic crisis had become the biggest security threat facing the United States,outpacing terrorism."Nearly everybody has been caught by surprise at the speed in which unemployment is increasing,and are groping for a response,”said Nicolas Véron,a fellow at Bruegel,a research center in Brussels that focuses on Europe’s role in the global economy.In emerging economies like those in Eastern Europe,there are fears that growing joblessness might encourage a move away from free-market,pro-Western policies,while in developed countries unemployment could bolster efforts to protect local industries at the expense of global trade.Indeed,some European stimulus packages,as well as one passed Friday in the United States, include protections for domestic companies,increasing the likelihood of protectionist trade battles.Protectionist measures were an intense matter of discussion as finance ministers from the Group of7economies met this weekend in Rome.While the number of jobs in the United States has been falling since the end of2007,the pace of layoffs in Europe,Asia and the developing world has caught up only recently as companies that resisted deep cuts in the past follow the lead of their American counterparts.。
2009北大考博英语模拟题(structure and written expression 讲解2)
动词时态和时间短语词的辨析deprecate; implicate; depreciate; appreciate;amiable，amicable，arable, charitable, effable，stable，viable，contract，intact，enact, extract, subtractfail，frail，hail，jail，assail，curtail，detail，retail，prevailfaint，saint，taintbangle, strangle，wrangle，dangle，mangle，tangle，untangle，decant，scant，dormant，mordant，giant，benignant，indignant，pregnant，stagnant，parable，parallel，paramount，parade，disparage，discourage, rage, enragecomparable，comparative，compatible, compunctious, competitiveseparate，disparate, , desperate,segregate, aggregateparalysis，paraphrase, parallel, paramount, parameterabate，abdicate，advocate，allocate，debate, dedicate，delicate，indicate，intricate，intoxicate，，vindicatedaunt，gaunt，haunt，flaunt，taunt，vauntaccede，concede，recede，precede，exceed，proceed，succeedaccent，innocent，scent，ascent，descent，decent，accept，concept，except，incept，intercept，percept，precept，concern，discern，circuitous，circular，circulate，circumscribe，circumspect ，circumventconcise，incise，incisor，precise，acclaim，declaim，disclaim，exclaim，proclaim，reclaim，counterfeit，counterpart，counteract，cry，mimicry，outcry，decry，incur，concur，curb，curd，curt，cursory，meddle，middle，muddle，saddle，accident，incident，ardent，evident，indent，Occident，pendent，prudent，rodent，addict，contradict，indict，interdict，predict，verdict，adduce，conduce，induce，reduce，seduce，traduce，abduct，aqueduct，conduct，deduct，induct，bear，forbear，overbear，shear，nuclear，smear，rear，swearcease，decease，disease，lease，release，appease，crease，tease，grease，heave，upheaval，cleave，reave，bereave，weave，career，queer，eery，jeer，fleer，sneer，peer，pioneer，sheer，steer，veer，volunteer，deign，reign，feign，foreign，congenial，genial，menial，merge，emerge，immerge，submerge，verge，converge，diverge，access，excess，process，confess，profess，bless，mess，address，redress，aggress，congress，digress，regress，progress，compress，depress，empress，express，impress，oppress，repress，suppress，stress，assess，obsess，possess，affluence，confluence，influence，affluent，confluent，influent，haggle，smuggle，struggle，aught, fraught，haughty，naught, naughty，slaughter，field，shield，yield，wield，abolish，admonish，anguish，blemish, banish, cherish，demolish，embellish，extinguish，flourish ，furbish，furnish，garnish，lavish，ravish，languish，nourish，relinquish，replenish，polish，punish，sluggish，tarnish ，vanish，varnish，vanquish，rubbish，snobbish，altitude ，latitude ，longitude，aptitude，inaptitude，attitude，decrepitude，fortitude，gratitude，magnitude，multitude，plentitude，solicitude，solitude，abject，eject，deject，reject，project，collapse，elapse, lapse, relapse，elicit，implicit，explicit，solicit，illicit，blight，delight，enlighten，highlight，plight，slight，flighty，allow，fallow，follow，hallow，shallow，wallow，allude，conclude，exclude，include，preclude，prelude，seclude，collude，elude，delude，interlude，postlude，amber，chamber，cumber，cucumber，encumber，lumber，slumber，plumber，admit，permit，commit，emit，remit，hermit，limit，delimit，manumit，omit，submit，summit，transmit，acrimony，ceremony，harmony，matrimony，parsimony，sanctimony，testimony，hibernate，innate，ornate，terminate，foil，coil，recoil，uncoil，moil，turmoil，riot，roil，broil，embroil，assoil，spoil，despoil，impact，compact，appeal，repeal，compel，dispel，expel，impel，propel，repel，expulse，impulse，repulse，quite，equitable，antiquity，ubiquity，inequity，average，beverage，disparage，forage，mirage，courage, discourage,errant，grant，immigrant，emigrant，tolerant，tyrant，arrive，contrive，derive，drive，strive，thrive，arrow，brow，burrow，crow，sorrow，。
北大考博英文模拟
北京大学博士研究生人学考试英语模拟试题一Part One Listening Comprehension(20% ) (略)Part Two Structure and Written Expression (20 % )Direction: In each question decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Put the letter of your choice in the ANSWER SHEET.21. On the first day when a pupil enters school, he is asked to to the school rules.A. concedeB. conformC. complyD. confront22. Once the __ contradiction is grasped, all problems will be readily solved.A. principleB. principalC. potentialD. primitive23. If you want to go to the concert, you'll have to make a , or there will be no tickets.A. reservationB. punctualityC. complimentD. clarity24. I arrive at nine o'clock, teach until twelve thirty and then have a meal; that is my morning__.A. habitB. customC. practiceD. routine25. David __ his company's success to the unity of all the staff and their persevering hard work.A. attributedB. contributedC. acknowledgedD. pledged26. You've been talking with David all evening when you ought to be __ with other guests.A. blendingB. integratingC. minglingD. incorporating27. I asked my mother if I could go out, and she __A. descendedB. contentedC. consentedD. ascended28. The room is so with furniture that it is hard to move about.A. muddledB. clutteredC. distributedD. scattered29. Can't you speak more __ to your parents?A. respectablyB. respectinglyC. respectivelyD. respectfully30. Some __ good luck brought us nothing but trouble.A. seeminglyB. satisfactorilyC. uniformlyD. universally31. Sometimes children have trouble __ fact from fiction and may believe that such things actually exist.A. to separateB. separatingC. for separatingD. of separating32. Although punctual himself, the professor was quite used ate for his lecture.A. to have studentsB. for students' beingC. for students to beD. to students' being33. It's no use __ me not to worry.A. you tellB. your tellingC. for you to have toldD. having told34. all our kindness to help her, Sara refused to listen.A. AtB. InC. ForD. On35. The children prefer camping in the mountains __ an indoor activity.A. toB. thanC. forD. with36. __ of the burden of ice, the balloon climbed up and drifted to the South.A. To be freeB. To freeC. FreeingD. Freed37. .quite recently, most mothers in Britain did not take paid work outside the home.A. UntilB. BeforeC. FromD. Since38. __ enough time and money, the researchers would have been able to discover more in thisfield.A. GivingB. To giveC. GivenD. Being given39. Not only __ us light, but also it gives us heat.A. the sun givesB. the sun does giveC. gives the sunD. does the sun give40. __ the claim about German economic might, it is somewhat surprising how relatively small the German economy actually is.A. To giveB. GivenC. GivingD. Having given Part Three Reading ComprehensionI. Direction: Each of the passages is followed by some questions. For each question four answers are given. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each question. Put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET( 1 ). ( 10% )Text 1Gene therapy and gene-based drugs are two ways we could benefit from our growing mastery of genetic science. But there will be others as well. Here is one of the remarkable therapies on the cutting edge of genetic research that could make their way into mainstream medicine in the coming years.While it's true that just about every cell in the body has the instructions to make a complete human, most of those instructions are inactivated, and with good reason: the last thing you want for your brain cells is to start churning out stomach acid or your nose to turn into a kidney. The only time cells truly have the potential to turn into any and all body parts is very early in a pregnancy, when so-called stem cells haven't begun to specialize.Yet this untapped potential could be a terrific boon to medicine. Most diseases involve the death of healthy cells -- brain cells in Alzheimer's, cardiac cells in heart disease, pancreatic cells in diabetes, to name a few if doctors could isolate stem ceils, then direct their growth, they might be able to furnish patients with healthy replacement tissue.It was incredibly difficult, but last fall scientists at the University of Wisconsin managed to isolate stem cells and get them to grow into neural, gut, muscle and bone cells. The process still can't be controlled, and may have unforeseen limitations; but if efforts to understand and master stem-cell development prove successful, doctors will have a therapeutic tool of incredible power.The same applies to cloning, which is really just the other side of the coin; true cloning, as first shown with the sheep Dolly two years ago, involves taking a developed cell and reactivating the genome within, re setting its developmental instructions to a pristine state. Once that happens, the rejuvenated cell can develop into a full-fledged animal, genetically identical to its parent.For agriculture, in which purely physical characteristics like milk production in a cow or low fat in a hog have real market value, biological carbon copies could become routine within a few years. This past year scientists have done for mice and cows what lan Wilmut did for Dolly, and other creatures are bound to join the cloned menagerie in the coming year.Human cloning, on the other hand, may be technically feasible but legally and emotionally more difficult. Still, one day it will happen. The ability to reset body cells to a pristine, undeveloped state could give doctors exactly the same advantages they would get from stem cells: the potential to make healthy body tissues of all sorts, and thus to cure disease. That could prove to be a true "miracle cure".41. The writer holds that the potential to make healthy body tissues will .A. aggravate moral issues of human cloning.B. bring great benefits to human beings.C. help scientists decode body instructions.D. involve employing surgical instruments.42. The word "rejuvenated" (Para. 5) most probably means __A. modified.B. re-collected.C. classified.D. reactivated.43. The research at the University of Wisconsin is mentioned to show __A. the isolation of stem cells.B. the effects of gene therapies.C. the advantages of human cloning.D. the limitations of tissue replacements.44. Which of the following is tree according to the text?A. The principle of gene therapy is applicable to that of cloning.B. The isolation of stem cells is too difficult to be feasible.C. It is reasonable for all body instructions to be activated.D. Cloned animals will eventually take control of the world.Text 2What our society suffers from most today is the absence of consensus about what it and life in it ought to be; such consensus cannot be gained from society's present stage, or from fantasies about what it ought to be. For that the present is too close and too diversified, and the future too uncertain, to make believable claims about it. A consensus in the present hence can be achieved only through a shared understanding of the past, as Homer's epics informed those who lived centuries later what it meant to be Greek, and by what images and ideals they were to live their lives and organize their societies.Most societies derive consensus from a long history, a language all their own, a common religion, common ancestry. The myths by which they live are based on all of these. But the United States is a country of immigrants, coming from a great variety of nations. Lately, it has been emphasized that an asocial, narcissistic personality has become characteristic of Americans, and that it is this type of personality that makes for the lack of well-being, because it prevents us from achieving consensus that would counteract a tendency to withdraw into private worlds. In this study of narcissism, Christopher Lash says that modem man, "tortured by self-consciousness, turns to new therapies not to free himself of his personal worries but to find meaning and purpose in life, to find something to live for". There is widespread distress because nationalmorale has declined, and we have lost an earlier sense of national vision and purpose.Contrary to rigid religions or political beliefs, as are found in totalitarian societies, our culture is one of the great individual differences, at least in principle and in theory; but this leads to disunity, even chaos. Americans believe in the value of diversity, but just because our is a society based on individual diversity, it needs consensus about some dominating ideas more than societies based on uniform origin of their citizens. Hence, if we are to have consensus, it must be based on a myth -- a vision about a common experience, a conquest that made us Americans, as the myth about the conquest of Troy formed the Greeks. Only a common myth can offer relief from the fear that life is without meaning or purpose. Myths permit us to examine our place in the world by comparing it to a shared idem Myths are shared fantasies that form the tie that binds the individual to other members of his group. Such myths help to ward off feelings of isolations, guilt, anxiety, and purposelessness -- in short, they combat isolation and the breakdown of social standards and values.45. In the eyes of the author, the greatest trouble with the US society may lie inA. the non-existence of consensus on the forms of the society should take.B. the lack of divergence over the common organizations of social life.C. the non-acceptance of a society based on individual diversity.D. the pervasive distress caused by national morale decline.46. The asocial personality of Americans may stem fromA. the absence of a common religion and ancestry.B. the multiracial constituents of the US society.C. the want of a shared myths they possess in life.D. the counterbalance to narcissistic personality.47. Homer's epics is mentioned in Paragraph 1 in order toA. exemplify the contributions made by ancient poets.B. illustrate the role of shared fantasies about society.C. show an ideal stage of eternal social progress.D. make known myths of what a society ought to be.Text 3The early retirement of experienced workers is seriously harming the US economy, according to a new report from the Hudson Institute, a public policy research organization. Currently, many older experienced workers retire at an early age. According to the recently issued statistics, 79 percent of qualified workers begin collecting retirement benefits at age 62; if that trend continues, there will be a labor shortage that will hinder the economic growth in the twenty-first century.Older Americans constitute an increasing proportion of the population, according to the US Census Bureau, and the population of those over age 65 will grow by 60% between 2001 and 2020. During the same period, the group aged 18 to 44 will increase by only 4%. Keeping older skilled workers employed, even part time, would increase US economic output and strengthen the tax base; but without significant policy reforms, massive early retirement among baby boomers seems more likely.Retirement at age 62 is an economically rational decision today. Social Security and Medicaid earnings limits and tax penalties subject our most experienced workers to marginal tax rates as high as 67%. Social Security formulas encourage early retirement. Although incomes usually rise with additional years of work, any pay increases after the 35-year mark result in higher social Security taxes but only small increases in benefits.Hudson Institute researchers believe that federal tax and benefit policies are at fault and reforms are urgently needed, but they disagree with the popular proposal that much older Americans will have to work because Social Security will not support them and that baby boomers are not saving enough for retirement. According to the increase in 401 (k) and Keogh retirement plans, the ongoing stock market on Wall Street, and the likelihood of large inheritances, there is evidence that baby boomers will reach age 65 with greater financial assets than previous generations.The Hudson institute advocates reforming government policies that now discourage work and savings, especially for older worker. Among the report's recommendations: Tax half of all Social Security benefits, regardless of other income; provide 8% larger benefits for each year beyond 65; and permit workers nearing retirement to negotiate compensation packages that may include a lower salary but with greater healthcare benefits. However, it may take real and fruitful planning to find the right solution to the early retirement of older experienced workers; any measures taken must be allowed to prolong the serviceability of older experienced workers.48. According to Hudson Institute researchers, the effect of the early retirement of qualified workers in the U. S. economy is .A. constructive.B. significant.C. inconclusive.D. detrimental.49. The older experienced workers in America tend to retire early because their prolonged service may ___A. do harm to younger generations.B. end up with few or no benefits.C. give play to their potentials.D. shed light on social trends.50. The second paragraph is written chiefly to show that .A. there will be an acute labor shortage in the near future.B. baby-boomers contribute much to the US economic output.C. government policies concerning older people are out-dated.D. alder workers are enthusiastic about collecting social benefits.Ⅱ. Read the following passage carefully and then paraphrase the numbered and underlined parts. (" Paraphrase" means "to explain the meaning in your own English".) ( 15% )GeniusThe greatest results in life are attained by simple means, and the exercise of ordinary qualities. The common life of every day, with its cares, necessities, and duties, affords ample opportunity for acquiring experience of the best kind; and(51 )its most beaten paths provide the true worker with abundant scope for effort and room for self-improvement. (52) The road of human welfare lies along he old highway of stead fast well-doing; and they who are the most persistent, and work in the truest spirit, will usually be the most successful.Fortune has often been blamed for her blindness; but fortune is not so blind as men are. (53) Those who look into practical life will find that fortune is usually on the side of the industrious, as he winds and waves are on the side of the best navigators. In the pursuit of even the highest branches of human inquiry, the commoner qualities are found the most useful -- such as common sense, attention, application, and perseverance.Genius may not be necessary, though even genius of the highest sort does not disdain the use of these ordinary qualities. (54)The very greatest men have been among the least believers in the power of genius, and as worldly wise and persevering as successful men of the commoner sort.(55) Some have even defined genius to be only common sense intensifies. A distinguished teacher and resident of a college spoke of it as the power of making efforts. John Foster held it to be the power f lighting one's own fire. Buffon said of genius "it is patience".Part Four Cloze Test (10 % )Direction: Fill in each numbered blank in the following passage with ONE suitable word to complete the passage. Put your answer in the ANSWER SHEET.It is difficult to imagine what life would be like without memory. The meanings of thousands of every day perceptions, the bases (56) the decisions we make, and the roots of our habits and skills are to be (57) __ in our past experiences, which are brought into the present (58) __ memory.Memory can be defined as the capacity to keep (59) available for later use. It includes not only "remembering" thing like arithmetic or historical facts, but also any change in the way an animal typically behaves. Memory is (60) when a rat gives up eating grain because he has sniffed something suspicious in the grain pile. Memory is also involved when a six-year-old child learns to swing a baseball bat.Memory (61) _ not only in humans and animals but also in some physical objects and machines. Computers, for example, contain devices for storing data for later use. It is interesting to compare the memory-storage capacity of a computer(62) that of a human being. The instant-access memory of a large computer may hold up to 100, 000" words" ready for(63)__ use. An average American teenager probably recognizes the meanings of about 100, 000 words of English. However, this is but a fraction of the total(64) __ of information which the teenager has stored. Consider, for example, the number of facts and places that the teenager can recognize on sight. The use of words is the basis of the advanced problem-solving intelligence of human beings.A large part of a person's memory is in terms of words and(65)__of words.56. A. of B. to C. for D. on57. A. kept B. found C. sought D. stored58. A. by B. from C. with . D. in59. A. experiences B. bases C. observations D. information60. A. called B. taken C: involved D. included61. A. exists B. appears C. affects D. seems62. A. to B. with C. against D. for63. A. progressive B. instructive C. instant D. protective64. A. deal B. number C. mount D. amount65. A. combinations B. corrections C. coordinations D. collections Part Five Proofreading (10 % )Directions: In the following passage, there are altogether 10 mistakes, ONE in each numbered and under-lined part. You may have to change a word, add a word, or just delete a word. If you change a word, cross it with a slash (/) and write the correct word beside it. If you add a word, write the missing word between the words (in brackets) immediately before and after it. If you delete a word, cross it out with a slash (/).Put your answers on ANSWER SHEET (2).Examples:eg. 1 (66) The meeting begun 2 hours ago.Correction put on the ANSWER SHEET (2) ~ (66) begun beganeg. 2(67)Scarcely they settled themselves in their seats in the theatre when the curtain went up.Correction put on the ANSWER SHEET (2): (67) (Scarcely) had (they)eg. 3 (68) Never will I not do it again.Correction put on the ANSWER SHEET (2): (68) notPassage OneHow to Get Preserved as a Fossil(66) Unfortunately the changes of any animal become a fossil are not very great, and (67) the chances of a fossil then being discovered man,/thousand of years later are even less. (68) It is not surprising that all the millions of animals that have lived in the past, (69)we actually have fossils of only very few.(70) There are several ways into which animals and plants may become fossilized.(71)First, it is essential that the remains are buried, as though dead animals and plants are quickly destroyed.(72) If they remain exposed the air. Plants rot, while insects and hyenas eat the flesh and bones of animals. (73) Finally, the few remaining bones soon disintegrate the hot sun and pouring rain. If buried in suit able conditions, however, animal and plant remains will be preserved.(74)The same chemicals change sand and silt into hard rock will also enter the animal and plant remains and make them hard too. (75)When this happens, we say that they become fossilized. Part Six Writing (15 % )Directions:A. Study the following picture carefully and write an essay of about 250 -300 words.B. Your essay should meet the requirements below:(1) describe the picture and interpret its meaning.(2) point out the problem and give your comments.C. Your essay must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET.参考答案与解析21．B concede意为“让步”；conform(to)意为“遵守”；comply(with)意为“遵从”；confront 意为“使面对，对抗”。
人大2009年考博英语阅读理解真题解析
人大２００９年考博英语阅读理解真题解析Planet Earth will do an electronic skin in the not-too-distance future.It will use the internet as a scaffold to transmit its sensations.This skin is being stitched together. It consists of millions of electronic measuring devices,such as thermostats,pollution detectors,cameras,EKGs.These will probe and monitor cities and endangered species,the atmosphere,and our ships,highway vehicles,and our bodies.For a decade or longer there will be no central nervous system to manage this vast signaling network.And there will be no central intelligence.But we believe that some qualities of self-awareness will emerge once the Net is sensually enhanced and emulated the complexity of the human brain.Sensuality is only one force pushing the Net toward intelligence.An eerie symbiosis of human and machine effort is also starting to evolve.The Internet creates a channel for thousands of programmers around the world to collaborate on software development and debugging.Through collaboration,this community can push past the technical barriers to machine intelligence.And though silicon networks today look nothing like the brain,nodes of the Net have begun to function as neuron.Researchers have already tackled complex computing problems, such as interpreting interstellar radio signals with about a million PCs working in concert. Before long,discrete microprocessors will probably be knitted together into ad hoc distributed computers.Don’t think of these as PC networks.The terminals would just as likely be cell phones of palm-like devices,each one far smarter than today’s heftiest desktops.We may think of this as a whole ecology,an information environment that’s massively connected.Humanity is now preparing to cast its net across the solar system.At a NASA laboratory in California,scientists are devising a version of the Internet called Inter Planet that will weave the moon,Mars,and some asteroids and comets into the earth’s expanding nervous system.Today’s communications between earth and unmanned probes are expensive,proprietary, and complex.With Inter Planet,we can simplify everything,cut costs,and engage the public more effectively.Then,the earth’s telemetric body will span the reaches of the solar system. The Net may not experience all the human thrills of exploration,but it will feel some tingles up and down its spine.育明考博全国免费电话：四零零六六八六九七八。
北京外国语大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析(精)
北京外国语大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析Directions:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 1-5, choose the most suitable one from the list A―G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps.A new volcano was being born.Geng duo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba ,huo jia zi xun qq: qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi.The volcano in the cornfield grew until it was bigger than the cornfield! 1 People called the volcano the Little Monster because it grew so fast. Scientists came from all over the world to study it and watch it grow. It is not often that people get a chance to watch a volcano from the very beginning.Most of the volcanoes have been here for a very long time. Some have been here so long that now they are cold. They are called dead volcanoes. They have stopped throwing out fire and melted rock and smoke. It is safe to walk on them. Farms are plowed on the quiet slopes, and people have built houses there.Some volcanoes have stopped throwing out hot rock, but they still smoke a little now and then. They are "sleeping" volcanoes. Sometime they may "wake up".2Today volcanoes are not so dangerous for people as they were along time ago. Now we know more about why volcanoes do what they do, and we can usually tell when they are going to do it. 3People used to think dragons under the earth caused volcanoes. They said the smoke that puffed above the ground was the dragon's breath. They said the earthquakes were caused by the dragon's moving around down in the earth. Now we know that this is not true. Another thing we know about volcanoes is that they don't happen just anywhere. 4 Scientists know where these places are, and maps have been made to let everybody know.There are different kinds of volcanoes. Some explode so violently that the rock goes high into the air and falls miles away. A volcano may shoot out ashes so high that they float all the way around the world. They have made the sunsets green and the snow purple. 5One very tall volcano stays fiery red at the top all the time. It is lucky that the volcano is near the ocean. Sailors can use it for a lighthouse.[A]Othervolcanoes are more gentle. The hot lava rises in their cones and overflows, rolling slowly down the mountainside, where it becomes cool and hard.[B]Black smoke puffed out. Hot ashes fell like black snowflakes. Hot rock and fire and lava shot out.[C]Smokepuffed up, and rock started popping up out of a crack that opened in the ground.[D]Avolcano named Vesuvius slept for a thousand years. But it woke up and threw out so much hot melted rock that it buried the buildings of two cities.[E]Beforea sleeping volcano wakes up, it usually makes a noise like faraway thunder, and the ground shakes in small earthquakes. People are warned and have time to get away safely.[F]Avolcano starts from a hole in the ground from which hot rock and smoke and steam come out. Far, far under the ground it is so hot that rock melts. This hot meltedrock, or lava, is sometimes pushed out of the earth through a hole or a crack in the ground. The steam inside the earth pushes the rock out.[G]Thereare certain places under the earth where the rock is broken in a way that lets the steam and hot rock escape to the outside more easily.答案及详解1.B。
2009年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题参考答案及解析
2009年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题参考答案及解析IntroductionThe 2009 National Medical Doctoral English Exam for Foreign Language aimed to assess the English language proficiency of medical doctorate candidates in China. This article presents the reference answers and analysis for the exam questions.Section 1: Reading Comprehension1. Passage 1: The Impact of Sleep Deprivation on Cognitive FunctionReference Answer:The passage discusses the detrimental effects of sleep deprivation on cognitive function, including impaired memory, decreased attention span, and reduced problem-solving abilities.Analysis:The main idea of this passage is to emphasize the negative consequences of sleep deprivation on cognitive abilities. It provides evidence and examples to support this claim. The passage highlights the importance of getting sufficient sleep for optimal cognitive functioning.2. Passage 2: The Benefits of Sports for Physical and Mental HealthReference Answer:The passage elaborates on the various benefits of participating in sports, such as improved physical fitness, enhanced mental well-being, and increased social interaction.Analysis:The main objective of this passage is to emphasize the positive effects of sports on both physical and mental health. It provides examples and statistics to support these claims. The passage promotes the idea that engaging in sports activities can lead to a healthier and happier lifestyle.Section 2: Vocabulary and Grammar1. Vocabulary PartReference Answers:a) Synonymous Definition:1. d) analyze2. b) innovation3. c) numerous4. a) deteriorate5. c) implementb) Antonymous Definition:1. b) conserve2. c) enhance3. d) alleviate4. a) rigid5. b) impartial2. Grammar Part Reference Answers:a) Multiple-Choice:1. a) have been drinking2. b) will have arrived3. b) can be4. c) has been working5. c) had leftb) Cloze Test:1. a) to2. d) for3. b) in4. a) with5. c) aboutSection 3: Writing Reference Answer:The writing section required candidates to write an essay on the advantages and disadvantages of modern technology in healthcare.Analysis:Candidates were expected to present a well-structured essay discussing the positive and negative aspects of modern technology in the healthcare sector. The essay should have included an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. The writing should have been coherent, logical, and supported with appropriate examples and evidence.Conclusion:The 2009 National Medical Doctoral English Exam for Foreign Language aimed to evaluate the English language proficiency of medical doctorate candidates in China. This article provided the reference answers and analysis for the exam questions, including reading comprehension, vocabulary and grammar, as well as the writing section. By understanding these questions and their solutions, candidates can better prepare for future exams and improve their English language skills in the medical field.。
北京大学博士考试英语模拟试题
北京大学博士考试英语模拟试题It would mirror the fate ofathletics, in which disproportionate energies and resources--not least medical ones, like illegal steroids--are now invested to shave records bymilliseconds. And, it goes without saying, the logical extension of longevism--the "abolition" of death--would net be a solution but only an exacerbation.(33) To air these predicaments is not anti-medical spleen--a churlish reprisal against medicine for its victories--but simply to face the growing reality ofmedical power not exactly without responsibility but with dissolving goals,(34) Hence medicine's finest hour becomes the dawn of its dilemmas For centuries, medicine was impotent and hence unproblematic, From the Greeks to theGreat War, its job was simple to struggle with lethal diseases and gross disabilities, to ensure live births, and tomintage pain. It performed theseuncontroversial tasks by and large with meager success. Today, with mission accomplished, medicine's triumphs are dissolving m disorientation, (35) Medicinehas led to vastly inflated expectations, which the public has eagerly swallowed. Yet as these expectations grow unlimited, they become unfulfillable. Thetask facing medicine in the twenty-first century will be to redefine its limits even as it extends its capacities.Part Three: Cloze TestDirection: Fill in each numbered blank in the following passage with ONE suitable word to complete the passage Put your answers in the ANSWERSHEET. (10%)For______(36) the bloodshed and tragedy of D-Day, the beaches of Normandy will always evoke a certain ______(37): a yearning for a time when nations inthe civilized world buried their differences and combinedto oppose absolute evil, when values seemed clearer and the retable consequences of war stopped______ (38) of the annihilation of humanity. But over half a century after the Allies hit those wave-battered sand flats and towering cliffs, the Normandyinvasion stands as a feat _______ (39) to be repeated.There will never be ____ (40) D-Day. Technology has changed the conditions of warfare in ways that none of the D-Day participants could have __(41), Ali-out war in the beginnings of this century would surely spell all-out _____ (42) for the belligerents, and possibly for the entire human race. No crediblescenario for a future world war would allow time for the massive buildup' of conventional forces that occurred in the 1940s. The moral equivalent of theNormandy invasion in the nuclear age would involve a presidential decision to put tens of millions of American lives at _____ (43). And the possible benefitsfor the allies would be uncertain at bestEuropean defense experts often ask whether the U.S.would be willing to "trade Pittsburgh for 'Dusseldorf.”In practice, the question may well be whetherit is worth ____ (44) American cities to avenge a Europe already _____ (45) to rubble.Part Four: ProofreadingDirections: This part consists of a short passage. In this passage, there are altogether l0 mistakes, one in each underlined sentence or part. of a sentence.You may have to change a word, add a word or just delete a word. lf you change a word, cross it out with a slash() and write the correct word. lf you add aword, write the missing word between the words (in bracket3) immediately before and after it. If you delete a word, cross it out with a slash (), Put your。
北京体育大学2009年考博英语真题(完整版)
20091、It was very kind of you to get me something for my birthday, but you （）me such an expensive present.A、didn’t need buyingB、needn’t buyC、needn’t have boughtD、hadn’t needed to buy2、The （）of a cultural phenomenon is usually a logical consequence of some physical aspect in the life style of the people.A、manifestationB、implementationC、expeditionD、demonstration3、He is holding （）a position in the company and expects to be promoted soon.A、subordinateB、succeedingC、successiveD、subsequent4、In American universities, classes are often arranged in more flexible （）and many jobs on campus are reserved for students.A、scalesB、ranksC、gradesD、patterns5、The government gave a very （）explanation of its plan for economic development.A、comprehensiveB、compoundC、considerableD、complacent6、In my opinion, you can widen the （）of these improvements through your active participation.A、dimensionB、volumeC、magnitudeD、scope7、No Tobacco Day is the day when the World Health Organization （）to people to stop using tobacco products.A、asksB、appliesC、appealsD、urges8、The dentist’s confident manner （）me that I was in safe hands.A、insuredB、assuredC、ensuredD、secured9、We prefer that the plan （）before being put into execution.A、be fully discussedB、must be fully discussedC、will be fully discussedD、is fully discussed10、The sound of footsteps on the bare floor （）the downstairs neighbors.A、disturbedB、interruptedC、annoyedD、irritated11、I asked him for a job （）the impression that he was the head of the firm, but he wasn’t.A、withB、underC、inD、of12、It’s no good （）remember grammatical rules. You need to practice what you have learned.A、trying toB、try toC、to try toD、tried to13、The dictator relied on abuse of its opponents （）on sounding reasoning.A、more thanB、rather thanC、other thanD、better than14、To make the best and the most efficient use of your time and to achieve your goals, start each day by （）your agenda.A、holding onB、making outC、keeping onD、taking down15、Once the question is put, we know （）try to obtain the answer.A、to proceed in direction toB、where direction proceed toC、in which direction to proceed toD、which direction proceed toward16、During the opera’s most famous aria, the tempo chosen by the orchestra’s conductor seemed （）, without necessary relation to what had gone before.A、tediousB、melodiousC、capriciousD、moderation17、It is time the nations of the world （）a halt to the manufacture of nuclear weapons.A、would callB、callC、calledD、will call18、When the drops were placed in the patient’s eyes, his pupils became （）.A、dilatedB、smallerC、irritatedD、sensible19、To visit zoos that simulate the natural habitats of animals （）of great interest to zoologists.A、areB、beC、wereD、is20、Mr. Smith （）with the government for thirty-seven years by the time he retires.A、will workB、will have workedC、will be workingD、will have been worked1、He is warm-hearted, but this doesn’t mean that he is bright. (follow)问题内容：2、The manager has asked me to consider this proposal carefully, (consideration)问题内容：3、The garden is too small for a swimming pool, (room)问题内容：4、Increasing the tax on household goods is bound to cause trouble. (It’s asking)问题内容：5、The museum is closed this afternoon. (There is)问题内容：6、Don’t touch those wires in any circumstances. (Under)问题内容：7、The small number of potential buyers does not provide a sufficiently large market for this kind of apparatus.(enough)问题内容：8、I was finally able to convince him of its value. (I finally succeeded)问题内容：9、Film makers understandably lose much of their interest in the genre, (appeal to)问题内容：10、Not all of the people like this movie. (popular)问题内容：1、An interesting theory in economics is （1） by the Head Man of a small mountain tribe. It seems that this tribe was very good at making straw mats that had great sales （2）in the（3）market. The representative of an American company went to visit the tribe and tried to make a good business deal. He（4）to the Head Man and （5）that his company would like to （6）several thousand pieces.Undoubtedly, he said, the business （7）wouldbe （8）to the tribe. After some thoughts, the HeadMan （9）, but announced that the price per piece wouldbe （10）in such a （11）order than it would beif （12） a small order were placed. The representativewas （13）than a little shocked （14）the business sense of the Head Man, （15）insisted that the price should be （16）because of the large volume, and （17）not higher. No, replied the head of the tribe （18）. But why not? asked the American. Because （19）is so tiresome to make the（20）article over and over, answered the Head Man.A、illustratedB、appreciatedC、demonstratedD、anticipatedA、capacityB、potentialC、abilityD、fortuneA、strawB、globalC、worldD、earthA、addressedB、spokeC、askedD、toldA、declaredB、confirmedC、demandedD、gesturedA、orderB、sellC、disposeD、makeA、treatyB、pactC、matterD、dealA、effectiveB、efficientC、valuableD、profitableA、agreedB、acceptedC、refusedD、receivedA、lowerB、higherC、expensiveD、cheaperA、smallB、bigC、vastD、highA、certainlyB、reallyC、onlyD、simplyA、greaterB、strongerC、lessD、moreA、fromB、ofC、atD、sinceA、whoB、andC、thenD、thereforeA、lowerB、higherC、littleD、raisedA、neverB、reallyC、certainlyD、yetA、weaklyB、happilyC、stubbornlyD、hesitatinglyA、heB、itC、whatD、workA、similarB、beautifulC、alikeD、same1、A report consistently brought back by visitors to the US is how friendly, courteous, and helpful most Americans were to them. To be fair, this observation is also frequently made of Canada and Canadians, and should best be considered North American. There are, of course, exceptions. Small-minded officials, rude waiters, and ill- mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the US. Yet it is an made so frequently that it deserves comment.For a long period of time and in many parts of the country, atraveler was a welcome break in an otherwise dull existence. Dullness and loneliness were common problems of the families who generally lived distant from one another. Strangers and travelers were welcome sources of diversion, and brought news of the outside world.The harsh realities of the frontier also shaped this tradition of hospitality. Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement. It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a charitable impulse on the part of the settlers. It reflected the harshness of daily life: if you didn’t take in the stranger and take care of him, there was no one else who would. And someday, remember, you might be in the same situation.Today there are many charitable organizations that specialized inhelping the weary traveler. Yet, the old tradition of hospitality to strangers is still very strong in the US, especially in the smaller cities and towns away from the busy tourist trails. I was just traveling through, got talking with this American, and pretty soon he invited me home for dinner—amazing. Such observations reported by visitors to the US are not uncommon, but are not always understood properly. The casual friendliness of many Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, but as the result of a historically developed cultural tradition.As is true of any developed society, in America a complex set of cultural signals assumptions, and conventions underlies all social interrelationships. And, of course, speaking a language does not necessarily mean that someone understands social and cultural patterns. Visitors who fail to translate cultural meanings properly often draw wrong conclusions. For example, when an American uses the word friend, the cultural implications of the word may be quite different from those it has in the visitor’s language and culture.It takes more than a brief encounter on a bus to distinguish between courteous convention and individual interest. Yet, being friendly is a virtue that many Americans value highly and expect from both neighbors and strangers.The word “observation” in the first paragraph most probably means （）.People in frontier settlements used to entertain travelers because these strangers would （）.Nowadays the tradition of friendliness to strangers （）. According to the passage, which of the following is true?From the last paragraph of the passage we have learned that（）.A、attention.B、watchfulness.C、survey.D、opinion.A、bring good news from outside world.B、help locals solve their problems.C、bring a change to the life in the settlements.D、requires a different definition.A、is still prevailing.B、can rarely be seenC、is wading fastD、requires a different definitionA、People are still fond of traveling to remote places.B、Foreign travelers now keep away from busy tourist trails.C、There is no charitable organization in small cities.D、Foreign visitors to the US have trouble understanding American’s friendliness.A、the ability of speaking a foreign language implies a better understanding of its cultureB、various virtues manifest themselves exclusively among friendsC、culture exercises a great influence on social interrelationshipsD、courteous convention and individual interest are closely interrelated2、It is well known that when an individual joins a group he tends to accept the group’s standards of behavior and thinking. He is expected to behave in accordance with these norms in other words, the group expects him to conform. Many illustrations could be given of this from everyday life, but what is of particular interest to psychologists is the extent to which people’s judgments and opinions can be changed as a result of group pressure.In a typical experiment, the experimenter asks for volunteers to join a group that is investigating visual perception. The victims are not, therefore, aware of the real purpose of the experiment. Each volunteer is taken to a room where he finds a group of about seven people who are collaborating with the experimenter. The group is shown a standard card which contains a single line. They are then asked to look at a second card. This has three lines on it. One is obviously longer than the line on the first card, one is shorter and one the same length. They have to say which line on the second cardis the same length as the line on the standard card. The other members of the group answer first but what the volunteer does not know is that they have been told to pick one of the wrong lines. The volunteer sees that the other members of the group unanimously choose a line which is obviously not the same length as the one on the standard card.When it is his turn to answer he is faced with the unanimous opinion of the group—all the others have chosen line A but he quite clearly sees line B as correct. What will he do? According to Asch, more than half of the victims chosen will change their opinion. What is equally surprising is that, when interviewed about their answers, most explained that they knew the group choice was incorrect but that they yielded to the pressure of the group because they thought they must be suffering from an optical illusion.Psychologists are interested in （）.In the experiment, who have been told to pick the wrong line?In what circumstances do most people yield to pressure?The experiments demonstrate that （）.The best title of this passage would be （）.A、how far group pressure can influence people’s judgmentsB、how to make judgments according to everyday experienceC、how to change people’s judgmentsD、the group’s standards of social behaviorA、The victims.B、The volunteer.C、The experimenter.D、The other members.A、When the group is separated.B、When the group is unanimous.C、When they know they are the victims.D、When they are forced to answer questions.A、nearly every individual will behave differently from othersB、group pressure is caused by the interference of the psychologists.C、psychologists wish to change the people’s judgments and opinions.D、people will change their ideas under group pressure.A、A Typical ExperimentB、Are We Afraid to be DifferentC、The G roup’s Standards of Behavior and ThinkingD、Dose an Individual Need to Follow a Group’s Standards3、The single business of Henry Thoreau, during forty-odd years of eager activity was to discover an economy calculated to provide a satisfying life. His one concern, which gave to his ramblings in Concord fields a value of high adventure, was to explore the true meaning of wealth. As he understood the problem of economics, there were three possible solutions open to him: to exploit himself, to exploit his fellows, or to reduce the problem to its lowest denominator. The first was quite impossible—to imprison oneself in a treadmill when the morning called to great adventure. To exploit one’s fellows seemed to Thoreau’s sensitive social conscience an even greater infidelity. Freedom with abstinence seemed to him better than serfdom with material well-being, and he was content to move to Walden Pond and to set about the high business of living, to confront only the essential facts of life and to see what it had to teach. He did not advocate that other men should build cabins and live isolated. He had no wish to dogmatize concerning the best mode of living—each must settle that for himself. But that a satisfying life should be lived, he was vitally concerned. The story of his emancipation from the lower economics is the one romance of his life, and Walden is his great book. It is a book in praise of life rather than of Nature, a record of calculating economics that studied saving in order to spend more largely. But it is a book of social criticism as well, in spite of its explicit denial of such a purpose. In considering the true nature of economy he concluded, with Ruskin,that the cost of a thing is the amount of life that is required in exchange for it, immediately or in the long run. In Walden Thoreau elaborated the text: The only wealth is life.Thoreau started an experiment at Walden Pond with the hope of（）.To Thoreau the best solution to the problem of economics is （）. Thoreau holds that the crucial thing for people to do is to （）. In the book Walden all of the following can be found except （）. Thoreau’s attitude toward society can best be characterized as one of （）.A、learning how to live quietlyB、writing a book on philosophyC、discovering what humans can learn from natureD、working out the best adjustment to material life .A、to live a very simple lifeB、to become self-sufficientC、to live in the countryD、to reform the societyA、have a better understanding of what life meansB、live harmoniously with natureC、to save as much as one possibly canD、to live a life that one is content withA、the nature of economyB、the meaning of freedomC、the criticism of societyD、Ruskin’s philosophyA、acceptanceB、avoidanceC、indifferenceD、individualism4、Automation refers to the introduction of electronic control and automatic operation of productive machinery. It reduces the human factors, mental and physical, in production, and is designed to make possible the manufacture of more goods with fewer workers. The development of automation in American industry has been called the Second Industrial Revolution.Labor’s concern over autom ation arises from uncertainty about its effects on employment, and fears of major changes in jobs. In the main, labor has taken the view that resistance to technological change is futile. In the long run, the result of automation may well be an increase in employment, since it is expected that vast industries will grow up around manufacturing, maintaining, and repairing automation equipment. Unquestionably, however, there will be major shifts in jobs within plants and displacement of labor from one industry to another. The interest of labor lies in bringing about this transition with a minimum of inconvenience and distress to the workers involved. Also, union spokesmen emphasize that the benefit of the increased production and lower costs made possible by automation should be shared by workers in the form of higher wages, more leisure, and improved living standards.To protect the interests of their members in the era of automation, unions have adopted a number of new policies. One of these is the promotion of supplementary unemployment benefits plans. It is emphasized that since the employer involved in SUB plan has a direct financial stake in preventing unemployment, he will have a strong incentive for planning new installations so as to cause the least possible disruption in jobs and job assignments. Some unions are working for dismissal pay agreements, requiring that permanently laid off workers be paid a sum of money based on length of service. Another approach is the idea of the improvement factor, which calls for wage increase based on increases in productivity. It is probable, however, that labor will rely mainly on reduction in working hours in order to gain a full share in the fruits of automation.We learn from paragraph 1 that automation will probably lead to （）.Labor has the opinion that （）.What is the relation between automation and employment in the opinion of labor? The union stresses that （）.How many new policies of the unions have been listed in this passage?A、industrial expansionB、an increase in employmentC、displacement of labor from one industry to anotherD、an increase in unemploymentA、all efforts must be made to prevent automationB、automation will cause a rise in consumer costsC、its main interest lies in increasing all wagesD、technological change cannot be stoppedA、Automation will definitely leads to more unemployment.B、From a long-term point of view automation will bring about more jobs.C、Automation will not cause much change in employment.D、Sooner of later automation will do all the work instead of man.A、workers should also enjoy the fruits brought about by automationB、no workers should be fired in the development of automationC、it is necessary to slow down the development of automationD、workers should be paid according to their length of serviceA、1B、2C、3D、41、People may hold different views as to the dispute over when the shaping of a person’s character, or natural disposition is completed. Some peopl e state that the process of forming one’s character is fulfilled in one's childhood, whereas others argue that it is achieved after one finishes his school studies or has workedfor a year beyond campus. What do you think? Provide details in support of your argument with at least 180 words.问题内容：。
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(II-1)Higher taxes on alcohol can do more than add cash to ailing government budgets.
Can do more than
Add cash
Ailing
If the government imposes higher taxes on alcohol, it will not only get more money for its short-of-money budgets, but also gain other benefits.
If the government raises taxes on alcohol…it will …
By raising taxes/imposing higher taxes on alcohol, the government may have more money at hand when they are planning the budgets.
(II-2) As prices go up, the study found, people become less likely to drink. And when they do drink, they drink less.
The study found
People become less likely to drink
less
The study found that with the prices for alcohol going up, it is likely that people consume less alcohol. And even if they do, they drink less than when it is cheaper.
(II-3) Although studies have found that moderate drinking can have beneficial health effects, other research has shown that reducing overall drinking has a broader social benefit, Wagenaar said, “Areas that drink more have higher rates of a wide range of problems (e.g., injuries and chronic health problems and deaths),” he wrote in an e-mail message.
Moderate
Have beneficial health effects
Reducing overall drinking
Has a benefit
Have
range
Although studies have found that a fair amount of alcohol will do good to one’s health, other studies have found that drinking less in general will do good on a broader social scale. Wagenaar wrote in an e-mail message that where people drink more, there are various kinds of problems such as injuries, chronic health problems and deaths.
Studies have shown that if one drinks moderately, he may benefit from it. However, according to other studies, the society will benefit to a broader extent/degree if on the whole people drink less. Wagenaar said that many problems, such as injuries, chronic health problems and deaths may occur more frequently in the areas where people drink more.
08真题
1．Contrary to what many people think, depression is not a normal part of growing older.
Many people think that depression is a normal part of getting older, but it is not true / but they are wrong.
2．She added: “Many older people despair over the quality of their lives at the end of life. If they
have a functional disability or serious medical illness, it may make it harder to notice depression in older people.”
She said in addition: “When older people get close to death, they lose hope for the improvement of their quality of life. It is even more difficult to identify the depression in them if they suffer from a serious medical illness or physical malfunctions.”
3．He warned that “depressed older adults tend to have fewer symptoms” than younger adults who are depressed.
He warned that young people who suffer from depression exhibit more symptoms than old people. 4．Brown recommended that older adults structure their days by maintaining a regular cycle and planning activities that “give them pleasure, purpose and a reason for living.”
Brown suggested that older people should live a regular life, doing meaningful things and things that may give them happiness.
5．Brown notes that any activity the person is capable of doing can help to ward off depression and suicidal thinking. And he urges older people to talk to others about their problems.
Brown points out that any activity of a new interest the person can take up may help them avoid falling into depression and prevent them from thinking of committing suicide.。