海洋特色英语与文化课后翻译
海洋特色英语U6听力原文
Not all the CO2 actually stays there. A lot of it goes into the ocean. For example, about a million tons of CO2 will enter the ocean in one hour today. As CO2 enters the ocean, it combineproduced. The main concerns are that some of the organisms that live in the ocean will be negatively affected and affected in pretty dramatic ways. The whole ocean food chain could be affected at some point.
So the syringe is essentially sucking a very precise amount of seawater into this system. We’re adding some acid to it, so that all the CO2 becomes gas. We’re then measuring the CO2, and this is the record that we’ve collected just very recently. The blue line shows us the CO2 in the ocean.
Here in Peru, the CO2 levels are just very, very high. And so we’re actually seeing that here from the samples we collected. Part of that reason is because of upwelling of CO2-rich water. And when that water comes to the surface it has very high CO2. So studying what’s happening here is kind of a window into what other places might look like twenty or thirty years from now.
海洋文化与英语
海洋文化对英语词汇的影响一、海洋文化与英语词汇迄今为止，关于文化的定义有很多。
文化人类学意义上的“文化”可以说是广义“文化”，它包括了人类所创造的全部成果，也可以包括人类生活各方面的表现。
因而可以说文化是人类在历史发展进程中所创造的物质财富和精神财富的总和。
文化学家通常把文化分为三个层面：表层为物质文化，它是通过人们制作的各种实物产品表现出来的，包括建筑物、服饰、食品、用品、工具等；中层为制度文化，它是通过人们共同遵守的社会规范和行为准则表现出来的，包括制度、法规、以及相应的设施和风俗习惯等；深层即精神文化，它是通过人们思维活动所形成的方式和产品表现出来的，既包括价值观念、思维方式、审美趣味、道德情操、宗教信仰，也包括哲学、科学、文学艺术方面的成就和产品。
文化的创造离不开语言，语言的变化和发展又往往离不开文化的变化和发展。
语言是人类用来表达思想，传递感情的交际工具。
语言以不同地区、不同民族、不同社会集团的社会成员的共同认可为前提。
以约定俗成的方式，形成各种语音符号和书写符号，加上各种组合规则和表现形式，反映了使用该语言的民族的自然环境、历史背景、经济发展和风土人情。
总之，民族语言与民族文化紧密联系在——起，民族语言也就是一定的民族文化的组成部分。
任何文化的特点都离不开一定的地理环境，每种文化都因共地域、气候、环境的特点而具有不同的特征。
英国所处的地理环境和历史背景，构成了鲜明的海洋文化，因而它的语言也充分展示了海洋文化的特点。
关于海洋文化，曲金良先生是这样表述的：海洋文化是和海洋有关的文化；就是源于海洋而生成的文化，也即人类对海本身的认识、利用和固有海洋而创造的精神的、行为的、社会的和物质的文明生活内涵。
所以，海洋文化既与航海的工具有关，而且与民族的航海实践，生活习俗和思维方式有关。
英语笔译海洋
英语笔译海洋English:The translation of ocean-related content requires a deep understanding of marine science, environmental protection, and oceanography. It is not just about converting words from one language to another, but also conveying the essence, tone, and cultural nuances of the original text. Translating ocean-related materials often involves technical terminology, scientific jargon, and regulatory frameworks specific to the maritime industry. Therefore, a proficient translator in this field must possess a strong background in marine sciences, be familiar with international regulations and conventions related to the oceans, and have the ability to accurately convey the complex concepts and technical details in both languages. In addition, cultural differences in attitudes towards the ocean and marine life require sensitive handling to ensure that the translated content resonates with the target audience in a meaningful way.中文翻译:海洋相关内容的翻译需要对海洋科学、环境保护和海洋学有深刻的理解。
海洋文化翻译
101.The Four SeasIt is said that if one theory orviewpoint is right, it could be said as“it is always truth wherever it is.” Whena group of strangers gather together,others will regard them as who comes fromeverywhere. While those who have personal loyalty always emphasize their most popular catch phrase, “within the four seas all men are brothers.” However, the meaning of “the four seas” is not the same all times. The ancients thought that the sky is round and the earth is square with seas surrounding it. Therefore, “four seas” initially means “all around the country” or “all over the world”. What “the four seas” means in the sentence “It is applicable everywhere (the four seas).” is just the meaning mentioned above. Later, people regarded seas as divisions of the land and thus makes the Chinese coastal areas and territorial seas another name ---“the four seas”. For example, the saying “the four seas united in Shangshu•Yugong means that places outside China are the four seas. Then in the book Liji•Jiyi, it was for the first time to mentioned about the East China Sea, the South China Sea, the West China Sea and the North China Sea. However,people did not clearly mention the sea areas included in these four seas. Generally, the futurity named the seas surrounding China as “the Four Seas”. And there were different saying of it along times. Accordingly, the North China Sea what the ancients called is probably the Bohai Sea nowadays, the East China Sea is the Yellow Sea now and there is a county named Donghai(named of the East China sea) in Jiangsu Province, the ancient the South China Sea is the East China Sea today and it may be changed with times. And the current the South China Sea, in and after Han Dynasty, is called “Zhanghai”. It is because the islets, as a foil in the island, can let people see a glorious view of the tide.The ancients were not only in the name of “the Four Seas”geographically, but also in Chinese mythology novel, such as The Legend of Deification and Pilgrimage to the West . What’s more, it also appeared in opera dramas such as Lu Yi Sends His Letters and Zhang Yu Boils the Sea. It is also believed that both the good and the evil in the seas around the different personalities , such as the East China Sea Dragon King Ao Guang, the South China Sea Dragon King Ao Qin, the North Sea Dragon King Ao Shun and the West Sea Dragon king Ao Run,leaped for Jade Emperor of Heaven, helping to manipulate climate on the earth.101.东南西北话“四海”常听人说，某一理论或观点正确，叫做“放之四海而皆准”；互不相识的一群人聚集到一起，也常常称他们是来自五湖四海；讲义气、重情感的人，挂在嘴边的口头禅就是“四海之内皆兄弟”。
文化特色英语词语翻译
总需求aggregate demand总供给aggregate supply企业文化corporate/entrepreneurial culture企业形象corporate image (Cl); enterprise image跨国公司cross-national corporation创业精神enterprising spirit; pioneering spirit外资企业foreign-funded enterprise猎头公司head-hunter假日经济holiday economy人力资本human capital航空和航天工业aerospace industry飞机制造工业aircraft industry电子工业electronic industry汽车制造工业car industry娱乐业entertainment industry信息产业information industry知识密集型产业knowledge-intensive industry国有大中型企业large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises 轻工业light industry博彩业lottery industry制造业manufacturing industry垄断行业monopoly industries市场多元化market diversification市场经济market economy市场监管market supervision购买力purchasing power熊市bear market牛市bull market城镇化urbanization房地产real estate首付down-payment业主home owner个人购房贷款individual housing loan经济全球化economic globalization经济特区special economic zones (SEZ)经济增长economic growth泡沫经济bubble economy 关税tariff纳税人tax payer宏观经济macro economy货币投放量the size of money supply流动性过剩excess liquidity经济过热overheated economy通货膨胀inflation抑制通货膨胀curb inflation注入流动性to inject liquidity贴现率discount rate存款准备金率reserve requirement ratio (RRR)公开市场业务open market operation (OMO)逆回购reverse repurchase agreement; reverse repo引导降低市场借贷成本to guide the market borrowing costs to a lower level 稳健的货币政策prudent monetary policy微调货币政策to fine-tune monetary policy硬着陆hard landing软着陆soft landing二十国集团Group of Twenty (G2O)财政部长Finance Minister全年预期经济增长目标the expected growth target for the whole year经济活力economic vitality大规模经济刺激计划a massive economic stimulus package结构改革structural reform硬资产hard assets软资产soft assets有形资产tangible assets经济走廊economic corridor整顿市场秩序to rectify the market order反垄断antitrust; anti-monopoly定价浮动price fluctuations谋求利益最大化to maximize profit债务审计audit of debt地方性政府债务local government debt/liability公共财政体制改革an overhaul of the public finance system债务管理debt management信用支持credit support多元文化论cultural pluralism文化适应acculturation社会保障social security班车shuttle bus相定迁户a relocated unit or household大龄青年single youth above the normal matrimonial age独生子女the only child in a family单亲single parent福利彩票welfare lotteries家政服务household management service民工migrant laborers名人celebrity农村剩余劳动力surplus rural labor/laborers青春期puberty全民健身运动nationwide fitness campaign全国人口普查nationwide census社会保险social insurance暂住证temporary residence permit/card青少年犯罪juvenile delinquency性骚扰sexual harassment走私smuggling*性另歧视gender/sexual discrimination年龄歧视age discrimination工作歧视job discrimination享乐主义hedonism文盲illiteracy贫富分化disparity between the rich and the poor盗版pirated/illegal copies一国两制One Country, Two Systems三个代表the Three Represents Theory两会（人大、政协）Two Conferences (NPC and CPPCC) 南南合作South-South Cooperation南北对话North-South Dialog人大常委会People’s Congress Standing Committee法制观念awareness of law法制国家a country with an adequate legal system改革开放reform and opening-up公务员civil servants官僚主义作风the bureaucratic style of work和谐并存harmonious coexistence计划生育family planning计划生育基本国策the basic state policy of family planning 4青才申文明建设the construction of spiritual civilization 居委会neighborhood committee科教兴国national rejuvenation through science and education可持续发展sustainable development廉洁高效honesty and high efficiency两岸关系cross-straits relations两岸谈判cross-straits negotiations领土完整territorial integrity民族精神national spirit普选制general election system求同存异seek common ground while shelving differences人大代表NPC member物质文明和精神文明material and spiritual civilization小康社会a well-off society小康水平a well-off standard一个中国原则the one-China principle与时俱进keep pace with the times综合国力overall national strength共同愿望common desire“走出去”（战略）going global不结盟non-alignment单边主义unilateralism多边政策multilateralism多极世界multipolar world人口老龄化aging of population人口出生率birth rate社区月服务community service道德法庭court of ethics盗用公款embezzlement成人夜校night school for adults在职进修班on-job training courses政治思想教育political and ideological education毕业生分酉己graduate placement; assignment of graduate充电update one’s knowledge初等教育elementary education大学城college town大学社区college community高等教育higher education高等教育“211 工程”the “211 Project”for higher education 高等学府institution of higher education综合性大学comprehensive university文科院校colleges of (liberal) arts理工科大学college / university of science and engineering师范学院teachers’college; normal college高分低能high scores and low abilities高考(university/college) entrance examination高校扩招the college expansion plan教育界education circle教育投入input in education九年义务教育nine-year compulsory education考研take the entrance exams for postgraduate schools课外活动extracurricular activities必修课required/compulsory course选修课elective/optional course基础课basic courses专业课specialized courses课程表school schedule教学大纲teaching program; syllabus学习年限period of schooling学历record of formal schooling学分credit启发式教学heuristic teaching人才交流talent exchange人才战competition for talented people商务英语证书Business English Certificate (BEC)适龄儿重入学率enrollment rate for children of school age升学率proportion of students entering schools of a higher grade; enrollment rate硕博连读a continuous academic project that involves postgraduate and doctoral study 素质教育quality-oriented education填鸭式教学cramming method of teaching希望工程Project Hope走读生extern; non-resident student住宿生boarder研究生graduate student; post-graduate (student)应届毕业生graduating student; current year’s graduate校园数字化campus digitalization校园文化campus culture学汉语热enthusiasm in learning Chinese学历教育education with record of formal schooling学龄儿重school-ager学前教育preschool education学生减负alleviate the burden on students应试教育exam-oriented education职业道德work ethics; professional ethics爷己者招待会press conference国家教委State Education Commission国家统计局State Statistical Bureau职业培训job training职业文盲functional illiterate智力引进recruit/introduce (foreign) talents智商intelligence quotient (IQ)助学行动activity to assist the impoverished students网络世界cyber world网络文化cyber culture网络犯罪cyber crime网上购物online shopping高产优质high yield and high quality高科技园high-tech park工业园区industrial park火炬计划Torch Program (a plan to develop new and high technology) 信息港info port信息革命information revolution电子货币e-currency人工智能artificial intelligence (AI)生物技术bio-technology克隆cloning基因工程genetic engineering转基因食品genetically modified food (GM food)试管婴儿test-tube baby基因哭变genetic mutation网络出版e-publishing三维电影three-dimensional movie光谷optical valley虚拟银行virtual bank信息化informationization信息高速公路information superhighway新兴学科new branch of science; emerging discipline纳米nanometer个人数字助理personal digital assistant (PDA)生态农业environment-friendly agriculture技术密集产品technology-intensive product数码科技digital technology同步卫星geostationary satellite神舟五号载人飞船manned spacecraft Shenzhou V风云二号气象卫星Fengyun II meteorological satellite登月舱lunar module多任务小卫星small multi-mission satellite (SMMS)多媒体短信服务Multimedia Messaging Service ( MMS)电子商务e-business; e-commerce电子管理e-management办公自动化Office Automation (OA)信息高地information highland信息检索information retrieval电话会议teleconference无土栽培soilless cultivation超级杂交水稻super-hybrid rice科技发展scientific and technological advancement重点项目key project国家重点工程national key projects南水北调South-to-North water diversion西电东送West-East electricity transmission project西气东输West-East natural gas transmission project网络造谣fabricating online rumors恶意侵害他人名誉maliciously harming the reputation of others 停止月服务closure/shutdown of service公司歇业closure of business道路封闭road closure人为操作差错man-made operational mistakes生态系统ecosystem森林生态系统forest ecosystem海洋生态系统marine ecosystem垄断价格to monopolize the price垄断市场to monopolize/forestall/captive/corner the market限购私用汽车to curb the purchase of vehicles for private use 汽车限购vehicle purchase restrictions汽车购买配额vehicle purchase quotas车牌摇号a lottery for license plates牌照单双号限行odd-even license plate system黑名单制度a blacklist system执业医师practicing physician; licensed doctors二代身份证2nd-generation ID cards防伪技术anti-forgery technology非法交易illegal transaction冒名顶替identification fraud洗钱money laundering挂失to report the loss补办to re-apply/post-register户籍household registration居住证residence permit山洪暴发flash floods水位water level低洼地区low-lying areas淹没农田to inundate crops大桥蜂塌bridge collapse最严重受灾地区worst-hit/worst-stricken area直接经济损失direct economic loss应急系统emergency response system闯红灯running red light遮挡、污损号牌blocking or defacing license plates 扣分处罚point penalty酒驾drunk driving终身禁驾lifetime ban from driving京剧Peking opera秦腔Qin opera功夫Kungfo太极Tai Chi口技ventriloquism木偶戏puppet show皮影戏shadowplay折子戏opera highlights杂技acrobatics相声witty dialogue comedy刺绣embroidery苏绣Suzhou embroidery泥人clay figure书法calligraphy中国画traditional Chinese painting水墨画Chinese brush painting中国结Chinese knot中国古代四大发明the four great inventions of ancient China火药gunpowder印刷术printing造纸术paper-making指南针the compass青铜器bronze ware瓷器porcelain; china唐三彩tri-color glazed pottery of the Tang Dynasty景泰蓝cloisonne秋千swing武术martial arts儒家思想Confucianism儒家文化Confucian culture道教Taoism墨家Mohism法家Legalism佛教Buddhism孔子Confucius孟子Mencius老子Lao Tzu庄子Chuang Tzu墨子Mo Tzu孙子Sun Tzu象形文字pictographic characters文房四宝（笔墨纸观）the Four Treasures of the Study (brush, ink stick, paper, and ink stone) 《大学》The Great Learning《中庸》The Doctrine of the Mean《论语》The Analects of Confucius《孟子》The Mencius《孙子兵法》The Art of War《三国演义》Three Kingdoms《西游爷己》Journey to the West《红楼梦》Dream of the Red Mansions《水浒传》Heroes of the Marshes《山海经》The Classic of Mountains and Rivers《资治通鉴》History as a Mirror《春秋》The Spring and Autumn Annals《史记》Historical Records《诗经》The Book of Songs《易经》The I Ching; The Book of Changes 《礼记》The Book of Rites《三字经》Three-character Scriptures八股文eight-part essay五言绝句five-character quatrain七言律诗seven-character octave旗袍cheongsam中山装Chinese tunic suit唐装Tang suit风水Fengshui; geomantic omen阳历Solar calendar阴历Lunar calendar闰年leap year十二生肖zodiac春节the Spring Festival元宵节the Lantern Festival清明节the Tomb-sweeping Day端午节the Dragon-boat Festival中秋节the Mid-autumn Day重阳节the Double-ninth Day七夕节the Double-seventh Day春联spring couplets庙会temple fair爆竹firecracker年画（traditional) New Year pictures压岁钱New Year gift-money舞龙dragon dance元宵sweet sticky rice dumplings花灯festival lantern灯谜lantern riddle舞狮lion dance踩高跷stilt walking赛龙舟dragon boat race胡同hutong山东菜Shandong cuisine川菜Sichuan cuisine粤菜Canton cuisine扬州菜Yangzhou cuisine月饼moon cake年糕rice cake油条deep-fried dough sticks豆浆soybean milk馒头steamed buns花卷steamed twisted rolls包子steamed stuffed buns北京烤鸭Beijing roast duck拉面hand-stretched noodles馄饨wonton (dumplings in soup)豆腐tofu? bean curd麻花fried dough twist烧饼clay oven rolls皮蛋100-year egg; century egg蛋炒饭fried rice with egg糖葫芦tomatoes on sticks火锅hot pot长城the Great Wall of China烽火台beacon tower秦士台皇陵the Mausoleum of Emperor Qinshihuang 兵马俑Terracotta Warriors and Horses大雁塔Big Wild Goose Pagoda丝绸之路the Silk Road敦煌莫高窟Mogao Grottoes华清池Huaqing Hot Springs五台山"Wutai Mountain九华山Jiuhua Mountain蛾眉山Mount Emei泰山Mount Tai黄山Mount Huangshan; the Yellow Mountain故宫the Imperial Palace天坛the Temple of Heaven午门Meridian Gate大运河Grand Canal护城河the Moat回音壁Echo Wall居庸关Juyongguan Pass九龙壁the Nine Dragon Wall黄帝陵the Mausoleum of Emperor Huangdi十三陵the Ming Tombs苏州园林Suzhou gardens西湖West Lake九寨沟Jiuzhaigou Valley日月潭Sun Moon Lake布达拉宫Potala Palace鼓楼drum tower四合院quadrangle; courtyard complex孔庙Confucius Temple乐山大佛Leshan Giant Buddha十八罗汉the Eighteen Disciples of the Buddha喇嘛Lama转世灵重reincarnated soul boy 中药traditional Chinese medicine 《黄帝内经》Emperor Huangdi，s Canon of Traditional Chinese Medicine 《神农本草经》Shennong，s Herbal Classic《本草纲目》Compendium of Materia Medica针灸acupuncture推拿medical massage切脉feeling the pulse五禽戏five-animal exercises旧石器时代the Paleolithic Age新石器时代the Neolithic Age; New Stone Age母系氏族社会matriarchal clan society封建的feudal朝代dynasty秦朝Qin Dynasty汉朝Han Dynasty唐朝Tang Dynasty宋朝Song Dynasty元朝Yuan Dynasty明朝Ming Dynasty清朝Qing Dynasty秦士台皇帝Emperor Qinshihuang; the First Emperor of Qin皇太后Empress Dowager汉高祖刘邦Liu Bang, Emperor Hangaozu, founder of the Han Dynasty 成吉思汗Genghis Khan春秋时期the Spring and Autumn Period文成公主Tang Princess Wencheng慈禧太后Empress Dowager Ci Xi皇帝，君主emperor; monarch诸侯vassal皇妃imperial concubine丞相，宰相prime minister太监court eunuch少数民族ethnic minority祭祀offer sacrifices西域the Western Regions战国the Warring States中华文明Chinese civilization文明的摇篮cradle of civilization秦始皇统一中国unification of the country by Emperor Qinshihuang 鸦片战争the Opium War太平天国the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom戌戌变法the Reform Movement of 1898辛亥革命the 1911 Revolution新民主主义革命New-democratic Revolution五四运动the May 4th Movement of 1919南昌起义Nanchang Uprising918 事变September 18th Incident长征the Long March西安事变Xi"an Incident南京大屠杀Nanjing Massacre抗日战争the War of Resistance Against Japan毛泽东Mao Tse-tong孙中山Sun Yat-sen蒋介石Chiang Kai-shek国民党Kuomingtang中华人民共和国the People’s Republic of China (PRC)满族Manchu蒙古人Mongol士大夫scholar-officials学者scholar诗人poet政治家statesman社会地位social status。
海洋特色英语与文化课后翻译
什么使大海如此吸引我们？为什么我们愿意花很多钱，驱车数小时，或精心计划我们的时间，就为了能找时间亲近大海？海洋对健康的好处是巨大的，而在海洋空气中呼吸也是福气。
What makes us so drawn to the ocean? Why are we willing to spend a lot of money, drive for hours, and plan our days carefully just to find time to get close to the ocean? The health benefits are great and breathing in the ocean air is bliss.但除了我们对水活动的热情外，肯定有更多的原因促使我们付出这么多的时间和精力。
最近我读的一篇文章可以帮助解释这些往往很难用言词表达的感情。
简单地说，我们的大脑很享受海水。
But there must be more reasons which prompt us to invest so much time and energy besides our passion for water activity. A recent article I read helped to explain these feelings that are often hard to put into words. Simply put, our brains really enjoy the water.华莱士・J•尼科尔斯是一位海洋生物学家，他想知道当我们在海上、海里或者在大海附近时我们对海洋的情绪反应。
总之，尼科尔斯的目标不是传授给我们关于海洋的知识，而是准确查明我们热爱海洋的原因，这样我们可以通过公共政策把它作为一个工具来保护海洋。
Wallace J. Nichols is a marine biologist who wants to learn what happens to us when we are on, in, or near the ocean. Specifically he wants to understand what on earth triggers our emotional reactions to the ocean.In brief, Nichols' goal is not to impart to us the knowledge about ocean, but to find out exactly why we love the ocean so that we can use that as a tool to protect it through public policy.洛杉矶位于加州，是个适合居住的城市。
关于海洋文化英文作文
关于海洋文化英文作文Title: Exploring the Depths: Embracing the Richness of Oceanic Culture。
The ocean, vast and boundless, has always been a source of fascination and inspiration for humanity. Beyond its sheer expanse of water lies a world teeming with life, mystery, and cultural significance. From the shores of distant islands to the depths of the abyss, the ocean influences the way we live, think, and create. In this essay, we delve into the captivating realm of oceanic culture, exploring its diversity, heritage, and enduring impact.To begin with, oceanic culture encompasses a plethora of traditions, beliefs, and practices that have evolved over centuries in coastal communities around the globe. From the seafaring Polynesians to the maritimecivilizations of ancient Greece and Rome, the relationship between humans and the sea has shaped cultural identitiesand narratives. Rituals honoring sea gods, myths of legendary sea creatures, and maritime festivals celebrating bountiful harvests are just a few examples of how the ocean permeates cultural expressions.Furthermore, the ocean serves as a source of sustenance and livelihood for millions of people worldwide. Fishing communities rely on the bounty of the sea for their daily sustenance and economic prosperity. Traditional fishing techniques, passed down through generations, reflect a deep understanding of marine ecosystems and a harmonious coexistence with nature. Moreover, the culinary traditions associated with seafood highlight the diversity of oceanic cuisine, from Japanese sushi to Mediterranean seafood paella, each dish a testament to the cultural significance of marine resources.Beyond its tangible contributions, the ocean holds a symbolic significance in literature, art, and spirituality. Countless myths and legends are set against the backdrop of the sea, symbolizing the eternal struggle between chaos and order, life and death. Artists throughout history have beencaptivated by the ever-changing moods of the ocean, capturing its beauty and power in paintings, sculptures, and poems. Likewise, many spiritual traditions view the ocean as a sacred realm, imbued with divine energy and wisdom, inspiring reverence and awe.In contemporary times, the ocean continues to influence popular culture and global trends. From the rise of surfing and beach tourism to the popularity of marine-themed movies and fashion, the allure of the sea permeates modern lifestyles. Environmental awareness campaigns highlighting the importance of ocean conservation have also gained momentum, drawing attention to the urgent need to protect marine ecosystems and biodiversity.In conclusion, oceanic culture is a rich tapestry woven from the threads of history, tradition, and imagination. From ancient seafaring civilizations to modern-day coastal communities, the ocean shapes our identities, beliefs, and aspirations. As we navigate the challenges of the 21st century, it is essential to preserve and celebrate therichness of oceanic culture, honoring the profound connection between humanity and the sea.。
涉海英语课后翻译(中国海洋大学版本)
Unit 1 An Overview of Ocean and OceanographyText AThe ocean, as an indispensable part of our world, buffers our weather, and provides us with food and many of modern medicines. However, we just ignored (didn’t give enough attention to) the connectivity between the ocean and human sphere. Only until recently, have the team led by marine conservation biologist Dr. Wallace J. Nichols started to explore the connection between human minds and the ocean from multidisciplinary perspectives. They put forward a new research field— neuroconservation, which led to a revolution in marine science.Dr. Wally Broecker, a famous oceanographer, called the phenomenon of deep water circulation “Ocean Conveyor Belt”. This statement is an oversimplification of a complex pr ocess. Dr. Susan Lozier from Duke University overwhelmed the idea about ocean overturning after considering/weighing different pieces of evidence. Whatever the outcome would be, there is no doubt that the ocean holds our planet tightly. We have to abandon the old notion and try to protect the ocean from a new perspective.Text BOceanography (or marine science) is the study about natural ocean phenomena, its nature and law of variation as well as the knowledge related to the development and exploitation about the ocean. Human beings acquired knowledge about the oceans in pre-historic times. Through centuries’ efforts, based on experiments and observations, scientists furthered knowledge about the oceans with various methods, such as echo sounding, depth dredging. The use of modern devices such as submarines, satellites and large-scale computers reflected that modern technology played a significant role in the development of marine science. Many nations, organizations and research institutes were devoted to the study of marine science. Marine science covers a wide range of fundamental studies in marine physics, marine chemistry, marine biology, and marine geology. The science also applies to the exploitation of marine resources as well as maritime military actions. The ocean and the atmosphere are closely interdependent and related. Therefore, the study of the ocean also helps better understand global climate changes.Unit 2 Marine BiologyText AThe ocean is the cradle of life. Therefore, the study of marine ecology is not only conducive to the survival of the conservation of biological environment, and is directly related to the development and utilization of marine living resources. Ocean researchers find that marine microbes play an important role in maintaining the oxygen and carbon dioxide balance in the Earth's atmosphere; sunscreens made of algae can be used in skin care industry; a natural mechanism for iron fertilization is helpful to solve iron deficiency; mass catching of fish for obtaining oil poses risks for extinction of the overfished species; untreated wastewater or sewage which flow into the sea transmits human pathogen to marine corals. These are path-breaking findings in marine science. Researchers are going on various marine biology issues such as oil spills in marine water, ability of some marine species to change their sex and synthesis of renewable energy source. If it is feasible to obtain biofuel from seaweed in the future, it will be a priceless contribution for solving energy crisis of human beings.Text BChlorophyll is the most important pigment related to photosynthesis. Chlorophyll is actually present in all photosynthetic organisms. In 1899, an Italian scientist developed a simple but accurate method of determining chlorophyll levels. Since 1950s, scientists have quantified chlorophyll by collecting and analyzing water samples to measure concentrations of chlorophyll pigment. Starting in the 1970s, we have also used satellite measurements of the intensity of the ocean's green color to do the same with much greater spatial coverage. Scientists in the modern era have determined the specific quantitative relationship between the depth and the amount of chlorophyll with laboratory analysis of water from the same column. Thus it can be seen that we have more than 100 years of chlorophyll data in the ocean, which is no small feat.Unit 3 Marine PollutionText AThe sea is suffering. The evidence abounds. It becomes acid, making marine life difficult. The dearth of some species will disrupt the food chain, which will in turn destabilize the entire ecosystem. The coral reefs, as the rainforests of the sea, are affected by overfishing, overheating, ocean acidification, etc. Most of them are therefore gravely endangered. Global warming causes oceans to warm up and glaciers to melt, which will raise the sea level and endanger the inhabitants of coastal areas. Humans inflict too many stresses on marine ecosystem, which may permanently change the ocean. For humans, each of these changes is a catastrophe. It is not wise for us to sit back or take it for minor distractions. Conversely, it is high time we did something to put matters right. Fishing subsidies should be abolished and fishing quotas be made transferable in some cases. We must develop effective strategies before it may be too late.Text BSince the start of industrial revolution, humans have released the staggering volumes of CO2. The air and the water constantly exchange gases, so a large proportion of CO2 ends up in the sea，which triggers ocean acidification. For life on land this process is a boon. The oceans remove CO2 from the atmosphere, which mitigates the process of global warming. But for life in the sea the picture looks different. By changing the basic chemistry of seawater, acidification is likely to alter the availability of key nutrients, let more sunlight penetrate the sea surface, reduce the water's ability to absorb and muffle low-frequency sound, and interfere with reproduction in some species and with the ability of others to form shells and stony skeletons of calcium carbonate. The acid sea becomes so caustic that many marine organisms get pushed beyond their limits and can not survive. Consequently, a wide array of marine species will be missing. The acidification that has occurred so far is probably irreversible. Humans, who are the cause of the ocean acidification, if not taking effective measures, will be victims.Unit 4 Climate VariabilityText ASome scientists think climate change needs a more radical approach, i.e. fiddling with the earth. It is an intriguing idea. Tinkering with the atmosphere or the oceans on a large scale would be highly risky and extraordinarily complex. One of the ideas, which has been widely touted in the past, is, perversely, to increase pollution in the atmosphere. The disadvantage is the unknown knock-on effects. But the alternative, getting the world’s population to give up fossil fuels, is proving exceedingly hard. Even its advocates think geo-engineering is not to be approached lightly. Nor, though, is it something to be ignored completely. Global warming is such a threat that all the options deserve to be explored. Geo-engineering, as it has come to be known, may be a way of buying time for the transition to a low-carbon economy to take place in an orderly manner.Text BOne idea is to dump iron in the oceans to promote huge blooms of phytoplankton—tiny algae that consume carbon dioxide as they grow. This approach has received a lot of interest. While the theory of iron fertiliz ation seems sound, the practice may be tricky: the team’s results suggest that geo-engineers have overestimated the amount of carbon removed per tonne of iron by between 15 and 50 times. Then there are the side-effects. Any geo-engineering project would necessarily be enormous, and would therefore cause plenty of disruption to ecosystems. Plans to suck carbon from the air by growing trees conflict with the need to grow crops. Creating gigantic algal blooms risks using up all the oxygen in large parts of the ocean, killing anything else that lives there. When it comes to the environment, there are no perfect answers.Unit 5 Marine DisastersText AMarine waters teem with microscopic life. Some of them create potent toxins and some of them do harm by accumulating. The algae causing harm is called Harmful Algal Blooms. It not only has impact on health of human beings (such as some known and even unknown diseases), but on wild life as well. In fact, more than 50% of the unusual marine mortality events are now associated with HABs. It is another societal concern that HABs have profound influence on ecosystem. Sometimes, the impact works from bottom up (such as affecting predators and grazing), and sometimes from bottom-up (such as affecting plankton). In spite of the precautions, the socioeconomic impact is substantial. Many millions of dollars are spent annually addressing the HAB-related problems. The money on public health accounts for the largest part, followed by commercial fisheries and tourism.Text BSeismologists have long known that some marine earthquakes generate fierce tsunamis and some do not. The problem is deciding which is which. A new tsunamis-prediction system is under development. It makes an instant estimate of an earthquake’s depth th rough selecting date of propagating speed when rupture occurred in the rock. And thus it can predict the risk of creating a big tsunami. The researchers tried their system out and analyzed many earthquake and predicted some tsunamis successfully. But unfortunately, it was not attached to local alarms and it still caused devastating tolls and loss. In the near future, the system will be hooked up to alarms around the world. If the new system works at that time, the government will have evacuation plans in place ahead of time.Unit 6 Marine Resources ExploitationText ATidal power is not only one of green energy, but also its potential is vast. But compared to Denmark and Sweden, the British government’s exploitation is not satisfying. But now things s eem to be changing. The project of the British government could provide an enormous boost. It will build three barrages and two tidal lagoons on the river Severn which has the second highest tidal range in the world. Unlike wind or wave power and alike, tidal power is predictable. Additionally, the project is so large that it can supply around 5% of Britain’s electricity every year. But environmentalists are opposed to it on the grounds that the barrages may interfere with the birds and fish stock near the river Severn. Meanwhile, the project will require too much taxpayer’s money and it operates at a higher cost compared with wind power. Where will the project go? The government may well approve it considering creating more job opportunities. And at that time, it will be a long-lasting monument for tidal power.Text BThe wave of technical advances is enabling oil companies to plumb the depth and detect oil. It’s easier said than done. The physical challenges are daunting enough. With heavy drill strings, big platform, giant drill ships and the pressure of miles of water overhead, oil companies have to work under adverse conditions. Deepwater oil drilling is an industry with extremely high stakes and small margin for error, so it seems to be vitally important for oil companies to know the geological formations before they drill. With marine seismic survey, oil companies can only identify some typically oil-bearing formations which are relatively easy to access. But for the patterns formed by the commingled salt and rock, more accurate data must be acquired. Pass the salt and determine the pressure, temperature, vibration and electrical receptivity of the well when they drill. The new technologies have conquered these previously unfathomable problems, one after another. Oil is being found in ever harder-to-reach places, which is an incentive to “know before you drill”.。
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Unit 1什么使大海如此吸引我们？为什么我们愿意花很多钱，驱车数小时，或精心计划我们的时间，就为了能找时间亲近大海？海洋对健康的好处是巨大的，而在海洋空气中呼吸也是福气。
What makes us so drawn to the ocean? Why are we willing to spend a lot of money, drive for hours, and plan our days carefully just to find time to get close to the ocean? The health benefits are great and breathing in the ocean air is bliss.但除了我们对水活动的热情外，肯定有更多的原因促使我们付出这么多的时间和精力。
最近我读的一篇文章可以帮助解释这些往往很难用言词表达的感情。
简单地说，我们的大脑很享受海水。
But there must be more reasons which prompt us to invest so much time and energy besides our passion for water activity. A recent article I read helped to explain these feelings that are often hard to put into words. Simply put, our brains really enjoy the water.华莱士·J·尼科尔斯是一位海洋生物学家，他想知道当我们在海上、海里或者在大海附近时我们对海洋的情绪反应。
总之，尼科尔斯的目标不是传授给我们关于海洋的知识，而是准确查明我们热爱海洋的原因，这样我们可以通过公共政策把它作为一个工具来保护海洋。
Wallace J. Nichols is a marine biologist who wants to learn what happens to us when we are on, in, or near the ocean. Specifically he wants to understand what on earth triggers our emotional reactions to the ocean. In brief, Nichols’ goal is not to impart to us the knowledge about ocean, but to find out exactly why we love the ocean so that we can use that as a tool to protect it through public policy.Unit 2洛杉矶位于加州，是个适合居住的城市。
宣人的气候和高质量的生活，使得这里的房价是其他主要城市的两倍多。
但是气候变化给这个城市带来了有形的威胁和舒适性的浩劫。
Los Angeles, located in California, is a great place to live. Pleasing climate and high-quality life make the home prices here more than double those in other major cities. However, climate change poses tangible threats and amenity havoc.气候研究人员预测，未来的洛杉矶平均气温将比现在高13华氏度，气候变化会夺走这里许多气候的独特性。
房价因此下跌，气候舒适带来的房地产溢价消失（这对于购房者来说是坏消息）。
Climate researchers predict that the temperature of LA will be 13 degrees F warmer on average in the future. Climate change will strip away much of the city’s climate uniq ueness. Therefore, home price declines and climate amenity premium vanishes (bad news for the real estate owners).洛杉矶如何应对气候变化？一方面，洛城要学会适应气候变化，通过提高公共服务来减少变化给居民带来的伤害。
社区非政府组织已开始填补这一空白。
另一方面，保护环境是刻不容缓的，由此可以维持城市的气候舒适性。
当然，洛城的未来跟全球的气候变化是密切相关的。
How can LA adapt to the climate change? On the one hand, LA should learn to adapt to the change by improving public service to reduce the harm to its residents. Community-based NGOs have stepped up to fill this void. On the other hand, it’s pressing to protect the environment to maintain the city’s climate amenity. Of course, the future of Los Angeles is closely interconnected with the global climate change.Unit 3捕鲸就像英国的猎狐，各方意见似乎永远不能达成一致。
1986年以来，国际捕鲸委员会就已经禁止了商业的捕鲸行为。
可是每年夏天在南极，日本都会派遣船队南下去捕捉数百只鲸鱼以供作“研究用”。
As with foxhunting in Britain, all sides seem never to reach an agreement on whaling. Since 1986 the International Whaling Commission (IWC) has imposed a moratorium on commercial whaling. Yet every Antarctic summer, Japan sends a whaling fleet south to catch hundreds of w hales for “research”.鲸鱼仍在被大肆捕杀；近年来平均每年捕杀量已经几乎达到2000头。
为了防止鲸鱼绝迹，国际捕鲸委员会提出了一份和平计划。
根据这一提案，之前的禁令将被接触十年，但捕鲸者必须统一大幅减少捕鲸数量。
But whales are still killed in large numbers; in recent years the annual slaughter has reached almost 2,000 on average. To avoid the extinction of whales, IWC put forward a “peace plan”. According to the proposal, the moratorium would be lifted for a decade, but whalers have to agree to a sharp reduction in their catch.对于重新开放商业捕鲸，保护主义者一定优惠抱怨、批评。
尽管如此，任何一个妥协的方案都要比继续僵持要好。
The conservationists would definitely complain about or criticize the resumption of commercial whaling. Even so, any compromising deal would be far better than continued stand-off.Unit 4近年来，由于环境污染、过度捕捞等因素，海域的渔业资源出现衰退的情况。
应当说，国家为了保护海洋渔业资源，做到可持续发展，在将每年规定一段时间为休渔期之外，也限制捕捞的网具规格。
In recent years, due to environmental pollution, overfishing and other factors, the fisheries resources are in decline. It should be said that the state not only sets the period of time each year for fishing moratorium but also restricts fishing nets specifications in order to protect marine fisheries resources to achieve sustainable development.但是渔民为了提高效率增加收入，采取某些极端手段以多捕鱼为主，使得渔业资源的繁殖和发展链条被人为隔断，极大破坏了海洋的生态环境，直接后果和尚未预知的破坏作用可以说是无可估量的。
However, the fishermen take some extreme ways to fish in order to boost efficiency and increase income so that the chain between the reproduction and development of fishery resources have been artificially cut off, which greatly damages the marine ecological environment and a direct consequence and the unknown destruction will be invaluable.大海里的野生鱼类已经无法满足人类日益增长的需求，水产养殖的海产品在未来会越发重要，但他不能拯救我们。
从事蓝色作业的渔民的需求迫在眉睫。