吴定柏《美国文学大纲》笔记和典型题(含考研真题)详解(现代诗歌)【圣才出品】
吴定柏《美国文学大纲》笔记和考研真题详解(自然主义)【圣才出品】
第7章自然主义7.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Overview1. Background2. Emergence3. Major Features4. American NaturalistsⅡ. Stephen Crane (1871-1900)1. Life2. Literary Career3. Major FeaturesⅢ. Theodore Dreiser (1871-1945)1. Life2. Literary Career3. Major FeaturesⅣ. Frank Norris (1870-1902)1. Life2. Literary CareerⅤ. Jack London (1876-1916)1. Life2. Literary CareerⅥ. SummaryⅠ. Overview1. BackgroundSince people were interested in Darwinian thought, the writers found a way to explain human behavior according to Darwin’s natural selection.Ⅰ. 概述1. 背景人们对达尔文思想感兴趣，作家们用达尔文的自然选择论来解释人类的行为。
2. EmergenceUnder the French influence, some writers ushered in a literary movement called Naturalism in America.2. 出现受法国的影响，一些作家在美国开始发起一场自然主义的文学运动。
3. Major Features(1) Humans are controlled by laws of heredity and environment.(2) The universe is godless, indifferent and hostile to human desires.3. 主要特征(1) 人类受遗传法则和环境的控制。
吴定柏《美国文学大纲》笔记和考研真题详解（9-16章）【圣才出品】
吴定柏《美国文学大纲》笔记和考研真题详解（9-16章）【圣才出品】第9章1945年之前的现代小说9.1复习笔记Ⅰ.Overview1.Background2.Lost Generation3.Modern FictionⅡ.Ernest Hemingway(1899-1961)1.Life2.Literary Career/doc/0f18413888.html,mentⅢ.Francis Scott Fitzgerald(1896-1940)1.Life2.Literary Career/doc/0f18413888.html,mentⅣ.Sinclair Lewis(1885-1951)1.Life2.Literary Career/doc/0f18413888.html,mentⅤ.John Steinbeck(1902-1968)1.Life2.Literary Career3.The Grapes of WrathⅠ.Overview1.Background①After the war,the voices of new groups of Americans were heard.They were poor,or immigrants,or Jews,or blacks.②During this period there occurred in America areexamination of the structure of literature and of the nature of the critical activity itself.Ⅰ.概述1.背景①战后，很多美国的新作家来自穷人，移民，犹太人或黑人。
②这一时期，美国重新审视了文学结构和评论活动本身。
Lost Generation were cut off from their past.Without a meaningful future to fall on,they were lost in disillusionment and existential voids.2.迷惘的一代迷惘的一代与过去分割。
吴定柏《美国文学大纲》(第2版)(章节题库 美国的女性作家)【圣才出品】
第12章美国的女性作家Ⅰ.Fill in the blanks.1.Author:_____Title:_____（南京大学2007研）Well,and what if she was?She still had ears.It was like Cornelia to whisper around doors.She always kept things secret in such a public way.She was always being tactful and kind.Cornelia was dutiful;that was the trouble with her.Dutiful and good:“So good and dutiful.”said Granny,“that I’d like to spank her.”【答案】Katherine Anne Porter;The Jilting of Granny Weatherall【解析】题目节选自凯瑟琳的《被遗弃的老祖母》。
2.The Southern Renaissance was the reinvigoration of American Southern literature that began in the1920s and1930s with the appearance of,among others, novelist_____,playwright_____,and short-story writer Katherine Anne Porter.（天津外国语2010研）【答案】journalist,essayist【解析】南方文艺复兴开始于20世纪20年代，代表作家包括福克纳，凯瑟琳·安·波特，尤多拉·韦尔蒂，卡森·麦卡勒斯等。
3.The New Criticism first emerged in1920s as a reaction against the prevailing time-honored critical tendency to focus on the theme often in disregard of the form of the work.The name is given by John Crowe Ransom’s collection ofcritical essays_____.【答案】The New Criticism【解析】“新批评”一词，源于美国文艺批评家约翰·克劳·兰塞姆（John Crowe Ransom）1941年出版的《新批评》（The New Criticism）一书。
吴定柏《美国文学大纲》(第2版)(章节题库 垮掉的一代)【圣才出品】
第11章垮掉的一代Ⅰ.Fill in the blanks.1.Gary Snyder has been placed next to Allen Ginsberg among the Beat Generation. He seems to think that the job of the poet is to catch sight of_____,which resides nowhere but in_____.【答案】the poetic;the natural world【解析】加里·斯奈德（Gary Snyder），二十世纪美国著名诗人、“垮掉派”代表人物之一。
他喜欢沉浸于自然，在大自然中，他既是劳动者也是思考者，因此他的诗“更加接近于事物的本色以对抗我们时代的失衡、紊乱及愚昧无知”。
2.Such literary and cultural developments in the early twentieth century,as “Angry Young Men”in England,“__________”in America and“Nouveau Roman”in France seem to share the belief that the world is absurd and life meaningless,which may be labeled as______developments.（人大2001研）【答案】Beat Generation;counter-cultural【解析】20世纪早期，随着文学和文化的发展，在英国出现了“愤怒的青年”，美国出现了“垮掉的一代”，在法国出现了“新小说派”。
他们都认为世界是荒诞的，而生命则毫无意义。
因此，他们被贴上了“反文化”的标签。
3.Write down the name of the author of the following work.（厦门大学2011研）“In my hungry fatigue,and shopping for images,I went into the neon fruitsupermarket,dreaming of your enumerations!”【答案】Alan Ginsberg【解析】该段引自美国“垮掉的一代”的诗人金斯堡的《加利福尼亚超市》，并首次发表在其作品集Howl and Other Poems（《嚎叫和其他诗》）中，诗中描述了作者经过加利福尼亚一家超市时的所见所想。
《美国文学史及选读》考研吴伟仁版考研复习笔记和真题
《美国文学史及选读》考研吴伟仁版考研复习笔记和真题第一部分殖民地时期的美国文学第1章约翰·史密斯1.1 复习笔记I. Historical Introduction (历史背景)(1) At the beginning of the seventeenth century, the vast continental area that was to become the United States had been probed only slightly by English and European explorers. At last early in the seventeenth century, the English settlements in Virginia and Massachusetts began the main stream of what we recognize as the American national history.(2) The colonies that became the first United States were for the most part sustained by English traditions, ruled by English laws, supported by English commerce, and named after English monarchs and English lands.(3) The first writings that we call American were the narratives and journals of the settlements. They wrote about their voyage to the new land, about adapting to new life and dealing with Indians; they wrote letters, contracts, government charters, religious and political statements.(4) The first permanent English settlement in North America was established at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607. Among the members of the small band of Jamestown settlers was Captain John Smith, an English soldier of fortune.His reports of exploration, published in the early 1600s, have been described as the first distinctly American literature written in English. (1) 直到17世纪初，美国所在的广袤大陆才被英国及少数几个欧洲国家的探险家涉足。
吴定柏《美国文学大纲》笔记和考研真题详解(超验主义)【圣才出品】
第3章超验主义3.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Overview1. Growth and Development2. Major Concepts3. Significance4. WeaknessesⅡ. Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882)1. Life2. Literary Achievements3. “The American Scholar”Ⅲ. Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862)1. Life2. Relations with Emerson3. Walden4. General commentⅠ. Overview1. Growth and Development①New England Transcendentalism was in essence, romantic idealism on Puritan soil.②The Transcendental Club, was formed in 1836 and published their journal The Dial.Ⅰ. 概述1. 产生和发展①新英格兰超验主义从本质上说是清教徒基础上的浪漫唯心主义。
②超验主义俱乐部成立于1836年，并发表了他们的期刊《日晷》。
2. Major Concepts①It stressed the power of intuition. As romantic idealism, it placed spirit first and matter second.②It took nature as symbolic of spirit or God. It emphasized the significance of the individual.2. 主要概念①它强调直觉的力量。
作为浪漫唯心主义，它认为精神第一，物质第二。
②它把自然当作精神或上帝的象征，强调个人的重要性。
吴定柏《美国文学大纲》(第2版)(章节题库 后现代小说)【圣才出品】
第16章后现代小说Ⅰ.Explain the following terms1.Postmodernism（北航2010研）Key:Postmodernism is a disputed term that has occupied much recent debate about contemporary culture since the early1980s.It is said to be a culture of fragmentary sensations,eclectic nostalgia,disposable simulacra,and promiscuous superficiality,in which the traditionally valued qualities of depth, coherence,meaning,originality,and authenticity are evacuated or dissolved amid the random swirl of empty signals.It seems to have no relevance to modern poetry,and little to drama,but is used widely in reference to fiction,notably to the novels(or anti-novels)and stories of Thomas Pynchon,Kurt Vonnegut,Italo Calvino,Vfadimir Nabokov,William S.Burroughs,and Angela Carter.2.MetafictionKey:Metafiction is a literary term popularized by Robert Scholes to describe novels that specifically and self-consciously examine the nature and status of fiction itself and that often contain experiments to test fiction as a form in one way or another.Postmodernist writers tend to apply metafiction in their works,for instance,John Barth’s Lost in the Funhouse and John Fowles’s The French Lieutenant’s Woman.3.Postcolonial literatureKey:①Literature of the settler colony and invade colony.②We use the term post-colonial to cover all the culture affected by the imperial process from the moment of colonization to the present day.③What each of these literatures has in common beyond their special and distinctive regional characteristics is that they emerged in their present form out of the experience of colonization and asserted themselves by foregrounding the tension with the imperial power.4.OrientalismKey:①Orientalism is“a manner of regularized(or orientalized)writing,vision, and study,dominated by imperatives,perspectives,and ideological biases ostensibly suited to the Orient.”②It is the image of the“Orient”expressed as an entire system of thought and scholarship.Ⅱ.Short answer questionsWhat is“hybrid”in postcolonialism?Key:①The term“hybrid”used above refers to the concept of hybridity,an important concept in post-colonial theory,referring to the integration(or,mingling) of cultural signs and practices from the colonizing and the colonized cultures (“integration”may be too orderly a word to represent the variety of stratagems, desperate or cunning or good-willed,by which people adapt themselves to the necessities and the opportunities of more or less oppressive or invasive culturalimpositions,live into alien cultural patterns through their own structures of understanding,thus producing something familiar but new).②The assimilation and adaptation of cultural practices,the cross-fertilization of cultures,can be seen as positive,enriching,and dynamic,as well as oppressive.③“Hybridity”is also a useful concept for helping to break down the false sense that colonized cultures—or colonizing cultures for that matter—are monolithic,or have essential,unchanging features.Ⅲ.Essay questionsHow is the poetry of Postmodernism different from that of Modernism?Key:In terms of the idea of art,in the1890s and the first years of the20th century art and poetry were regarded as the finished products of the creative process, closed in form,with rhymes and stanzas,coherent images and figures,and completed in plot enacted.While art and poetry of Postmodernism are seen as open,on-going,not as the end of thought,but as the process of the mind thinking, stressing motion,created on the impulse of the moment,and not previously well-planned.And there is not much of the finely metered Modernist poem in the new verse that,instead of aiming at an elite readership,endeavors to the common people as much as possible.Thematically,the new poetry normally portrays everyday experiences,events, and emotions.It envisions man as vulnerable and helpless and at the mercy of overwhelming odds.It accepts life for what it is,feeling resigned,painfully aware ofits inability to control and contain life.Instead of trying to“give shape and significance to the immense panorama of futility and anarchy that is contemporaneous history”(as Eliot puts it),the new verse tries to represent life as it is with its strengths and weaknesses,as something inconsistent,ever changing, and never wholly knowable.The poets’job is,seen by some people,to seize the moment and make the best of it for themselves as well as for the world at large.As regards formal considerations,the new verse embraces open form,“the perfect,easy discipline of the swallow’s dip and swoop,without east to west”(as Gary Snyder puts it).It repudiates the Eliotic,New Critical values of impersonality and objectivity as distancing art from life.It refuses to use“persona”as they feel it separates the writers from their readers.In the new verse,there is very often autobiographical;the tone is personal and emotional;the emotions are often intense though qualifies:there is ambivalence and humor amid remorse,disgust of anguish.The diction of the new verse is mostly from daily speech,its style is conversational,colloquial,discursive and meditative,and its mood generally casual and relaxed.It is necessary to note here that contemporary American poetry is not always easy to read.In fact,much of this poetry is very hard to understand.Possible reasons for this may include the private nature of the poet’s thinking and expression,and their self-indulgence encouraged by the postmodern tendency of extreme individualization.。
吴定柏《美国文学大纲》笔记和典型题（含考研真题）详解（现代诗歌）【圣才出品】
吴定柏《美国⽂学⼤纲》笔记和典型题（含考研真题）详解（现代诗歌）【圣才出品】第8章现代诗歌8.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Overview1. Background2. Modernism3. Imagism(1) Emergence(2) Major features(3) CommentⅡ. Ezra Loomis Pound (1885-1972)1. Life2. Literary CareerⅢ. Thomas Stearns Elliot (1888-1968)1. Life2. Literary CareerⅣ. Wallace Stevens (1879-1955)1. Life2. Literary Career3. Views of Poetry4. Major FeaturesⅤ. E. A. Robinson (1869-1935)1. Life2. Literary Career3. CharacteristicsⅥ. Robert Lee Frost (1874-1963)1. Life2. Literary Career3. CommentⅦ. Contemporary American PoetryⅠ. Overview1. BackgroundIn the 20th century, two characteristic strains in American poetry are introspection and social criticism. But they were often combined together.Ⅰ. 概述1. 背景20世纪，美国诗歌有两⼤类型，即内省和社会批判。
但是两种类型经常结合在⼀起。
2. Modernism(1) Modernism dramatized severance from the past while using the past, its valuesand artistic forms in new literary production.(2) Modernists had a sense of fragmentation in social communities and the individual himself.(3) The distinctive feature of literary modernism was its strong break withtraditional forms and techniques of expression.2. 现代主义(1) 现代主义与过去相隔离，但同时也在新的⽂学作品中使⽤过去的观点和艺术形式。
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第8章现代诗歌
8.1 复习笔记
Ⅰ. Overview
1. Background
2. Modernism
3. Imagism
(1) Emergence
(2) Major features
(3) Comment
Ⅱ. Ezra Loomis Pound (1885-1972)
1. Life
2. Literary Career
Ⅲ. Thomas Stearns Elliot (1888-1968)
1. Life
2. Literary Career
Ⅳ. Wallace Stevens (1879-1955)
1. Life
2. Literary Career
3. Views of Poetry
4. Major Features
Ⅴ. E. A. Robinson (1869-1935)
1. Life
2. Literary Career
3. Characteristics
Ⅵ. Robert Lee Frost (1874-1963)
1. Life
2. Literary Career
3. Comment
Ⅶ. Contemporary American Poetry
Ⅰ. Overview
1. Background
In the 20th century, two characteristic strains in American poetry are introspection and social criticism. But they were often combined together.
Ⅰ. 概述
1. 背景
20世纪，美国诗歌有两大类型，即内省和社会批判。
但是两种类型经常结合在一起。
2. Modernism
(1) Modernism dramatized severance from the past while using the past, its values
and artistic forms in new literary production.
(2) Modernists had a sense of fragmentation in social communities and the individual himself.
(3) The distinctive feature of literary modernism was its strong break with
traditional forms and techniques of expression.
2. 现代主义
(1) 现代主义与过去相隔离，但同时也在新的文学作品中使用过去的观点和艺术形式。
(2) 现代主义者分裂了社会和个人。
(3) 现代主义的特征是它与传统表达形式和技巧是分开的。
3. Imagism
(1) Emergence
Modernism displayed its momentum first in the movement of Imagism as a reaction to Victorian and Edwardian poetry.
3. 意象派
(1) 出现
在意象派的运动中，现代主义最初是对维多利亚时代和爱德华时代的诗歌的反驳。
(2) Major features
①imagism was anti- romantic and anti-Victorian.
②Imagism produced free verse without imposing a rhythmical pattern.
③In a sense, imagism was equivalent to naturalism in fiction.
④Imagism recorded objective observations of an object without comment by the
poet.
(2) 主要特点
①意象派是反浪漫主义和反维多利亚主义的。
②意象派产生了自由体诗，没有韵律。
③在某种程度上，意象派与小说中的自然主义对等。
④意象派记录了对一个物体的客观描述，不带有诗人的评论。
(3) Comment
①The most outstanding figures of the movement were Ezra Pound, Amy Lowell, and Hilda Doolittle.
②The second lasting influence of imagism is the form of free verse.
(3) 评价
①意象派运动最突出的人物是埃兹拉·庞德，艾米·洛威尔和希尔达·杜丽特尔。
②意象派最持久的影响是自由体诗。
Ⅱ. Ezra Loomis Pound (1885-1972)
1. Life
Often identified as the father of modern American poetry, he led the experiment in revolutionizing poetry. He wrote 70 books and more than 1,500 articles.
2. Literary Career
Pound was developing his poetic style of clarity and a direct conversational diction. During his stay in London, he also finished the famous poem: High Selwyn
Mauberley: Life and Contacts (1920). His major work of poetry is The Cantos.
Ⅱ. 埃兹拉·庞德(1885-1972)
1. 生平
庞德经常被称为美国现代诗歌之父，他领导了诗歌改革。
他写了70部书和1500多部作品。
2. 文学生涯
庞德发展了他清楚和直接对话式的方式。
他在伦敦期间，写了著名的《休·赛尔温·莫伯利》。
他的主要诗歌作品是《诗章》。
Ⅲ. Thomas Stearns Elliot (1888-1968)
Ⅰ. Life
Eliot was a poet, playwright, and literary critic. He became the acknowledged leader of the new poetry and criticism by 1925 and almost dominated poetry and criticism in the period between two world wars.
2. Literary Career
In 1915 he published The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock. In 1922, he published his great work, The Waste Land. He also had critical essays The Use of Poetry and the Use of Criticism and On Poetry and Poets.
Ⅲ. 托马斯·艾略特(1888-1968)
1. 生平
艾略特是诗人，戏剧家和文学批评家。
1925年，他成为新诗歌和评论的领导者，并且在两次世界大战中占据了诗歌和评论的主导地位。
2. 文学生涯
1915年，艾略特发表了《阿尔弗雷德·普罗弗洛克的情歌》。
1922年，他发表了伟大的作品《荒原》。
他还著有评论性短文《诗歌和评论的用处》和《论诗歌与诗人》。
Ⅳ. Wallace Stevens (1879-1955)
1. Life
Stevens was opposed to Eliot’s earlier pessimism and later religious attitude. He was the most consistent spokesman for the rationalist and humanist tradition. Ⅳ. 华莱士·史蒂文斯(1879-1955)
1.生平
史蒂文斯反对艾略特早期的悲观主义和后期的宗教态度。
史蒂文斯是最坚持理性主义传统和人文主义传统的代言人。
2. Literary Career
His books include Harmonium (1923), T he Man With the Blue Guitar (1937) and The Letters of Wallace Stevens (1966), etc.
2. 文学生涯
他的书包括《簧风琴》《弹蓝吉他的人》和《华莱士·史蒂文斯的信》。
3. Views of Poetry
①Stevens held that a poet should discover pleasure, and meaning in the sordidness of chaotic reality.
②Stevens also held that poetry is fictionalized music which counters the unmusical。