何凯文考研英语阅读理解解题思路
考研英语阅读：段落推理题解题技巧
考研英语阅读：段落推理题解题技巧各位考生，暑假来临，考研复习进入了重要的攻坚阶段——强化阶段。
如果大家基础阶段一直坚持复习，那么强化阶段就要注重阅读技巧的总结和练习。
能够针对考研英语阅读的各种题型：细节题、推理题、词义题、例证题、主旨题、态度题总结实用的解题技巧，提升自己的正确率。
而在所有阅读题型中，推理题是占第二大比例的题。
根据凯程考研多年的经验，可以发现推断题分为细节推理题和段落推理题。
今天我们着重讲解段落推理题的解题秘诀。
首先，段落推理题目题干中的标志词为infer,learn,imply, conclude, suggest, indicate等；以及段落标志词paragraph 3，the first paragraph, the first two paragraphs，当只有这两种词出现时，即可判定其为段落推理题。
其次，推理题的常考出题点：1.段落首末句、主题句、观点句；2.与主题密切相关的细节；3、转折的地方；4.强调或者递进关系的地方。
考研英语阅读中推理题通常为正反推理和归纳总结。
最后，做题时考生还要记住以下几点：1、主题大于细节，观点大于论据；2、推理必须以原文为依据；3、特别关注转折，弄清转折前后内容的逻辑关系。
推理题解题步骤如下：首先，根据题干关键词，判断是否为段落推断题。
段落推断题关键词为Paragraph5和show, infer, learn, imply等。
其次，迅速找到段落中心句并仔细阅读该句。
段落中心句往往是段落考察的重点，因此考生可以重点分析段落中心句。
最后，段落中心句和选项进行精确比对，直击答案。
下面以最近十年真题为例，为大家详细剖析段落推理题解题秘诀。
真题：2006年Text 227. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that ________.[A] the sightseers cannot visit the Castle and the Palace separately[B] the playgoers spend more money than the sightseers[C] the sightseers do more shopping than the playgoers[D] the playgoers go to no other places in town than the theaterThe tourist streams are not entirely separate. The sightseers who come by bus -- and often take in Warwick Castle and Blenheim Palace on the side -- don’t usually see the plays, and some of them are even surprised to find a theatre in Stratford. However, the playgoers do manage a little sight-seeing along with their playgoing. It is the playgoers, the RSC contends, who bring in much of the to wn’s revenue because they spend the night (some of them four or five nights) pouring cash into the hotels and restaurants. The sightseers can take in everything and get out of town by nightfall.【直击答案】根据题干可知，本题为单段落推理题。
考研干货：史上最全的何凯文老师阅读分析方法笔记(考研必用)
第一部分：强化期间总体复习思路一、单词：真题单词二、句子结构：主干三、翻译：理解句子结构=保证句子理解正确掌握翻译技巧=保证句子表达正确掌握词组用法=保证句子翻译正确四、句子间的关系：通过句子间的关系解题五、段落间的关系：论点+论据六、文章结构：论点+论据线性结构+扇形结构第二部分：考研阅读总论一、体材：议论文二、四大题材：商业经济、人文社科、文化教育、科普议论三、考察八大能力：1、理解主旨2、理解作者观点、意图或态度3、理解文章的总体结构以及上下文之间的关系4、理解文章中的概念性的含义5、理解文中的具体信息6、区分论点和论据7、进行有关判断、推理和引申——表达方式的改变、取非（正话反说）（1）总量不变、构成不变、此消彼长（2）相反的（3）时间前后，事实相反例子：在电视出现之前，候选人很难有机会出现与大众直接交流的机会→电视出现后有机会8、根据上下文推理生词词义四、六大题型：主题题、例证题、推理题、细节题、词义题、态度题五、做题步骤：1、阅读题干，确定题型，猜测大意2、通读全文，抓住重点，确定中心3、再读题干，回文定位，精度线索（1）段落首末（2）转折（3）结论（4）观点4、比对选项，同义替换，合理排除第三部分：考研阅读具体题型解题方案一、细节题（一）识别：题干中不包含其他题型特征的题是细节题（二）考察内容：1、事实识别→分析句子能力2、因果识别→分清原因结果因果表达方式3、观点识别→问观点，找观点4、Which题型→一一比对的能力（三）分类：1、事实识别：问题中只出现了本文的具体相关信息，有明显的定位词汇2、因果关系：问题中除开具体的定位词之外，还有表示因果的词汇：in that，dut to，attribute（认为……是；把……归于）3、观点识别：问题除开具体定位词之外，还出现了表示观点的词汇：think、believe、maintain、hold、advocate4、Which题型（except题型）（四）解题思路：1、定位（1）寻找题干中的定位词（能缩小搜索范围）时间、地点、人名、数字、专有名词、因果词、观点词定位词可能是原文词的替换（同近义词、上下义词）（2）回文包含定位词的句子，线索句2、读取（1）分析线索句的主干，将其与各项比对（表达方式不同，意思最为接近正确选项）（2）必要时需要分析线索句的上一句或下一句。
2019考研英语阅读理解做题方法介绍
2019考研英语阅读理解做题方法介绍来源：智阅网由于题量大、难度高，相对做题时间有限，所以，阅读理解这个题型还是有一定难度的。
如何在有限的时间内，更好地理解文章，进而提高正确率，是我们每一个考生所关心的。
那么，这里就来说说理解好阅读理解，我们可以从以下几个方面入手。
一、解析文章阅读从首段开始，首段揭示主题，引出文章要讨论的核心问题，起到统领全文的作用。
一般，首段有引语句，来引起读者的兴趣，同时使读者对文章要讨论的问题有所了解。
首段还包括中心思想两部分组成，向读者交待该文的主题或写作目的。
首段的作用就是吸引读者阅读全文。
一般主体段由若干段落组成，每个段落从不同的方面进行阐述观点。
各段都与主题一致，只涉及主题的一个方面，联系着中心思想。
结尾段概括文章的内容，重新阐述中心思想，从而与首段相呼应，总结全文。
二、完成问题英语阅读理解考查的是考生阅读、理解的能力，包括快速阅读文章内容，并能够理解文章大意，同时运用相关技巧推理潜在含义，从而解出文章后的问题。
要真正读懂文章，读懂题目，把题目做正确，才是最终目的。
英语复习时，不仅要读懂文章意思，还要加快时间，考试时间是一定的，考生要具备较高的、真正的阅读理解能力，同时能够运用解题技巧，缩短做题时间，提高做题效率；考试时，要用较短的时间把题目做正确。
在这里为大家介绍几种基本的提高阅读速度的方法。
1.跳跃式阅读跳读所要跳过的内容自然是和文章中心没有太多联系的内容。
如对某一专家身份头衔的说明，这类文字内容与文章中心虽不相关，但经常在文中出现，这些内容事实上会增加信息的复杂程度，干扰考生思路，而题目中不会考察。
2.扫描式阅读扫描阅读与跳读的内容相比，与文章联系更紧密，但一般不是考试重点，我们只需有大致的印象。
这类内容一般由用来说明中心的论据构成。
当段落中心已经明确时，我们可以对说明中心的具体论据实行快速扫描。
然后，就是适量做题，增强对阅读理解的熟练程度。
建议同学们做做何老师的2019《考研英语绝对考场最后六套题》，书中解析讲解，还介绍了不少解题方法，对我们熟悉阅读理解的出题规律和解题技巧，很有帮助。
考研英语写作——何凯文版
一、个人成功品质类话题第一段：As is vividly depicted above ,完全倒装，非谓语动词，定语从句，独立主格. The topic reflected in the picture has gone a trending topic on some social media, with many users sharing and commenting recently. This picture conceals a deeper and far-reaching meaning than it appears to be.第二段：Nothing can be compared with creation or innovation for the personal growth , especially in the times of globalization and knowledge explosion. Put it another way, the spirit of innovation is a key ingredient of the modern recipe to success, either for individuals or for a nation. Due attention to this quality is attached by individuals and even the whole society. People with the spirit of innovation can not only accumulate wealth, but will also establish their career, fit into society, and even attain social status. No one would deny that,creation is truly the fundamental attribute of top performers, which separates the high achievers from the rest of the pack. (112字)第三段For example, Jack Ma, capturing the world focuses with initial public offering of Alibaba, ascending to the richest man of China, perfectly illustrates the importance of innovation in realizing personal ambition and generating value for the society. Accordingly, we should bear in mind that creation is of great significance to both ourselves and our society. In other words, were there no the spirit of creation, we would never taste the real happiness of the successful life. (75字)二、社会话题（正面展开) 第二段: The picture tells us that volunteer spirit remains to be an integral part in this ever rapid changing modern society. These time-honored virtues sustain the continued social progress and support us to better ourselves in life while the rapid economic growth is starting to upset the old balance and generate new challenges. This human quality is part and parcel to the social development of our nation and its absence will inevitably inflict great loss on us. There is no doubt that, volunteer spirit, kindling the good nature within us and firing our enthusiasm to create happiness and beauty for the community, is bound to accelerate the growth of the society.第三段：To make the world a better place, the positive examples of this kind shall be made known and followed by people in every profession and in every corner. We should bear in mind that volunteer spirit, is of great significance to both ourselves and our society. Only in a reasonable, prosperous and healthy atmosphere can we hope to witness the ideal scene in which people can enjoy their life to the uttermost，I argue. (73字)二、社会话题（负面展开) 第二段：The picture does reveal that lack of credibility is in large measure detrimental not only to the personal life ,but to the further development of the whole society. The past decade has witnessed a huge development in economy owing to some policy being carried out, bringing some problems at the same time, with the lack of credibility being the foremost. What’s more, the public fails to attach due attention to the importance of honesty.It is not hard to notice that without honesty, hardly can individuals or organizations make money, take profits, let alone obtain wealth in the long term, especially in this fiercely competitive modern world. In summary, were there no credibility , we would never taste the real happiness of the success in the long run.第三段：Confronting with such an intimidating reality, we are expected to enhance the awareness of consequent damaging effects of ignoring honesty. It is imperative that thisnegative/unfavorable/evil trend should be harnessed and curbed by the corresponding laws and regulations. It is exaggeration to claim that the world will become a big loving family if good-willing deeds like this become a common practice that happens on a daily. Accordingly, it is imperative for us to take some measures to enhance the awareness of honesty in our society. We should bear in mind that honesty is of great significance to both ourselves and our society. Only in a reasonable, prosperous and healthy atmosphere can we hope to witness the ideal scene in which people can enjoy their life to the uttermost，I argue.三、环境问题第二段：The author of this picture is trying to reveal a well-known but little acted-upon crisis that our environment is gradually destroyed by air pollution and other damaging human activities. Behind the scene presented above, there lurks a host of problem of some higher level. Smog , acid rain , global warming possibly changes climate pattern, affects crop production and disrupts wildlife distributions, and leads to the extinction of wild species.Industrial sewage dumped into rivers or lakes pollutes water. People living by the river will probably develop strange diseases. were there no environmental protection, we would never taste the real happiness of the life.第三段：Situation being so serious, it’s high time that the whole society took some effective measures to tackle the problem. To begin with, the general public is supposed to enhance their awareness of damaging effects that environmental disruption.In addition, it is imperative that corresponding laws and regulations be carried out to severely punish those who destroy the environment intentionally. Last but not least,the local government should take more steps, such as closing the factories which produced too much industrial exhaust, planting more trees and develop more high-tech products. Only by taking these concrete and practical steps can we enjoy better health and live a more comfortable life.考研英语写作三段论：第一段---描述图画或图表第二段---解释寓意第三段---给出评论第一段：第一句1、As is shown above , 描述图画（倒装）.There has been a heated discussion about a picture in the newspaper.报纸上有一张图画引起人们广泛的关注。
何凯文考研英语阅读技巧
何凯文考研英语阅读技巧Certainly! Here's an article on He Kaifeng's test-taking strategies for postgraduate English reading:Mastering the Art of Postgraduate English Reading with He Kaifeng's TechniquesPostgraduate English reading is a critical component of the entrance examination for prospective graduate students in China. He Kaifeng, a renowned English educator and author of the "He Kaifeng Postgraduate English Reading" series, has developed a set of strategies that have helped countless students excel in this area. Here are some of his key techniques:1. Understanding the Structure of Reading Comprehension Passages- He Kaifeng emphasizes the importance of recognizing the structure of a text, which often follows a logical order. By identifying the main idea, supporting details, and the conclusion, students can better comprehend the passage as a whole.2. Skimming and Scanning- Before diving into the details, He Kaifeng advises students to skim the passage to get a general idea of thecontent. Scanning, on the other hand, is used to locate specific information within the text quickly.3. Identifying Keywords and Phrases- Keywords are the building blocks of a passage. He Kaifeng suggests that students should be adept at identifying these, as they often signal the main points or the author's intent.4. Dealing with Vocabulary in Context- Encountering unfamiliar words is common in reading comprehension. He Kaifeng's approach is to use context clues to infer the meaning of these words, which can often be deduced from the surrounding text.5. Mastering Inference Questions- Many questions in postgraduate English reading require inference. He Kaifeng recommends students to look for clues in the text that suggest the author's opinion or the implications of the information presented.6. Practicing with真题 (Real Exam Questions)- He Kaifeng insists on the value of practicing with past exam papers, known as 真题 in Chinese. These real exam questions provide insight into the types of questions asked and the level of difficulty expected.7. Developing a Time Management Strategy- Time is a critical factor in exams. He Kaifeng advises students to allocate their time wisely, ensuring they have enough time to read through the passage and answer all questions.8. Reviewing and Learning from Mistakes- After completing practice exams, He Kaifeng encourages students to review their mistakes and understand why they were made. This self-assessment is crucial for improvement.9. Broadening Reading Materials- To enhance reading skills, He Kaifeng suggests that students read a wide range of materials, including newspapers, magazines, and academic journals, to familiarize themselves with different writing styles and subject matters.10. Maintaining a Regular Practice Schedule- Consistency is key to improvement. He Kaifeng recommends a regular study schedule that includes daily practice sessions to keep reading skills sharp.By incorporating these strategies into their study routine, students can significantly improve their performance in postgraduate English reading sections. He Kaifeng'smethods are not just about passing an exam; they are aboutdeveloping a lifelong skill for understanding and analyzing written English.。
2020考研英语KK阅读三步法精华总结讲义(何凯文)
2020考研英语KK 阅读三步法精华总结补充讲义（何凯文）1*建议在听何凯文老师【五夜十篇】课程之前听完翻译和这个课，能达到更好学习效果，即便之前没听过何老师阅读课的同学也能通过此课更好的跟上节奏，取得明显的提升！*最晚要在10月份搞定阅读，之后留更多时间给写作、以及其他科目！大家冲鸭！！！20考研KK 阅读三步法精华总结课补充电子讲义以下例题为“定位信息充分”时举的例子例题1—E1-2016-T4Nostalgia for ink on paper and the rustle of pages aside ，there’s plenty of incentive to ditch print.The infrastructure required to make a physical newspaper—printing presses,delivery trucks—isn’t just expensive;it’s excessive at a time when online-only competitors don’t have the same set of financial constraints.Readers are migrating away from print anyway.And though print ad sales still dwarf their online and mobile counterparts,revenue from print is still declining.36.The New York Times is considering ending its print edition partly due to ________.[A]the high cost of operation[B]the pressure from its investors[C]the complaints from its readers[D]the increasing online ad sales例题2—E1-2016-T4Peretti says the Times shouldn’t waste time getting out of the print business,but only if they go about doing it the right way.“Figuring out a way to accelerate that transition would make sense for them,”he said,“but if you discontinue it,you’re going to have your most loyal customers really upset with you.”37.Peretti suggests that,in face of the present situation,the Times should ________.[A]seek new sources of readership[B]end the print edition for good[C]aim for efficient management[D]make strategic adjustments。
10月7日-2017考研英语真题阅读5夜10篇精读直播随堂笔记(何凯文)
2010年真题第一篇.一.1.1）Of all the changes／that have taken place in English-language newspapers ／during the past quarter-century,２）perhaps the most far-reaching（ｃｈａｎｇｅ）has been the inexorable（不可避免的）decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.二.1).It is difficult/2).to imagine a time/3).to the point of impossibility状1=very=impossibly4).for the average reader under the age of forty状25)when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-citynewspapers.（我们很难想象那样一个时代）423152.Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticismpublished in the20th century/consisted in（包含）/large part of newspaperreviews.（但是那样的时代确实存在！）3.1)To read such books today is to marvel at the fact/2)that their learned contents(学术的内容)were once deemed suitable forpublication in general-circulation dailies.21.It is indicated in Paragraphs1and2that[A]arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers.[B]English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews.1）the inexorable（不可避免的）decline in the scope and seriousness oftheir arts coverage.2）when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-citynewspapers.[C]high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers.[D]young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies.年轻的读者不相信艺术评论适合刊登在报纸上！marvel at the fact三.1.1)We are even farther removed(更不了解)from the unfocused newspaperreviewsand the eve of World War II（二战前）,3)/at a time/when newsprint was dirt-cheap(非常便宜)and stylish artscriticism was considered an ornament(装饰)to the publications/inwhich it(arts criticism)appeared.2.In those far-off days,it was taken for granted that the critics of majorpapers would write in detail and at length（详尽地）about the events they covered.3.Theirs was a serious business,and even those reviewers who wore theirlearning lightly?,like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman,could be trusted to know what they were about.4.These men believed in journalism as a calling(责任),and were proud to bepublished in the daily press.5.1）“So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keeptheir own（自己的作品）end up in journalism,”Newman wrote,2）“that I am tempted to(忍不住)define‘journalism’as‘a term of contempt3）This term is applied by4)writers who are not read作品无人问津的作家5)to writers who are.’”作品受读者欢迎的作家22.Newspaper reviews in England before World War2were characterized byUn focused[A]free themes.（百花齐放）主题多样Sugar-freeCare-freeWifi-free(不提供wifi服务的)Free wifi[B]casual style.风格随意formal style[C]elaborate layout.精心的排版[D]radical viewpoints.激进的观点！23.Which of the following would Shaw and Newman most probably agree on?[A]It is writers'duty to fulfill journalistic goals.calling[B]It is contemptible for writers to be journalists.[C]Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism.Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.“So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep theirown（自己的作品）end up in journalism,”四.1.Unfortunately,these critics are virtually forgotten.2.1)Neville Cardus,is now known solely as a writer of essays on the gameof cricket.2)who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from1917until shortly beforehis death in1975,3.During his lifetime,though,he was also one of England’s foremostclassical-music critics,a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography（自传）(1947)became a best-seller.,though,但是Though虽然Foremost可以代替一切最高级！4.He was knighted in1967,the first music critic to be so honored.5.Yet only one of his books is now in print,and his vast body of writings onmusic is unknown（save to specialists除了一些专家）.五.1.Is there any chance that Cardus’s criticism will enjoy a revival?2.The prospect seems remote.3.1)Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death,2)and postmodern readers have little use for(不喜欢，不待见)the richlyupholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized.4.Moreover,the amateur tradition（业余评论的传统）in music criticismhas been in headlong retreat.24.What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs?[A]His music criticism may not appeal to readers today.postmodern readers=readers todaypostmodern readers have little use for(不喜欢，不待见)the richlyupholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized.[B]His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute.[C]His style caters largely to modern specialists.[D]His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition.[A]Newspapers of the Good Old Days[B]The Lost Horizon in NewspapersHorizon=（艺术评论繁荣的）景象[C]Mournful Decline of Journalism=newspaper[D]Prominent Critics in MemoryOf all the changes／that have taken place in English-language newspapers ／during the past quarter-century,２）perhaps the most far-reaching（ｃｈａｎｇｅ）has been the inexorable（不可避免的）decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.Text2一.1.Over the past decade,thousands of patents have been granted for what arecalled business methods. received one(patent)for its"one-click"online paymentsystem.3.Merrill Lynch got legal protection(patent)for an asset allocationstrategy.4.One inventor patented a technique for lifting a box.二.1.1）Now the nation's top patent court appears completely ready to scaleback(减少，限制)on business-method patents,2）business-method patents have been controversial ever since they were first authorized10years ago.2.1)In a move/that has(使)intellectual-property lawyers abuzz（议论纷纷）2)the U.S.court of Appeals for the federal circuit（CAFC）（美国联邦巡回上诉法院）said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review （审查）of business-method patents.3.In re Bilski,as the case is known,is"a very big deal",says Dennis D.Crouch of the University of Missouri School of law.In re Bilski,In re JPP V.S Amen4.It"has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents."recently[A]their limited value to business[B]their connection with asset allocation[C]the possible restriction on their grantingNow the nation's top patent court appears completely ready to scaleback(减少，限制)on business-method patents,[D]the controversy over authorization27.Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?[A]Its ruling complies with the court decisions[B]It involves a very big business transaction[C]It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit[D]It may change the legal practices in the U.S.It"has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents."三. 1.1)Curbs(scale back,review)on business-method claims(=business-method patents)would be a(__change of attitude______)dramatic about-face,2)because it was the federal circuit itself that introduced such patents[A]loss of good will[B]increase of hostility[C]change of attitude[D]enhancement of dignity3)with its1998decision in the so-called state Street Bank case,approving apatent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets.道富银行federal circuit=the U.S.court of Appeals for the federal circuit（CAFC）=the nation's top patent court2.That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings（申请=claim）,initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out(获得，占有)exclusive rights to specific types of online transactions.ter,more established companies raced to add such patents to their files,ifonly as a defensive move against rivals that might beat them to the punch.4.In2005,IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than300business-method patents despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis forgranting them.for financial products,even as they took positions in court cases opposingthe practice.28.The word"about-face"(Line1,Para3)most probably means[A]loss of good will[B]increase of hostility[C]change of attitude[D]enhancement of dignity四.1.The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk inthe energy market.2.1)The Federal circuit issued an unusual order2）stating that the case would be heard by all12of the court's judges, rather than a typical panel of three,3）and that one issue（that）it=Federal circuit wants to evaluate is whether it should"reconsider"its state street Bank ruling.五.1.1)The Federal Circuit's action comes in the wake of(回应)a series ofrecent decisions by the supreme Court/2)supreme Court has narrowed the scope of protections for patentholders.st April,for example，the justices signaled that too many patentswere being upheld for"inventions"that are obvious.3.The judges on the Federal circuit are"reacting to the anti-patent trend atthe Supreme Court",says Harold C.Wegner,a patent attorney andprofessor at George Washington University Law School.29.We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patents[A]are immune to legal challenges[B]are often unnecessarily issuedtoo many patents were being upheld for"inventions"that are obvious.[C]lower the esteem for patent holders[D]increase the incidence of risks30.Which of the following would be the subject of the text?[A]A looming（有可能！）threat to business-method patents[B]Protection for business-method paten t holders[C]A legal case regarding business-method patents[D]A prevailing trend against business-method patentsText3In his book The Tipping Point,Malcolm Gladwell argues that social epidemics are driven in large part by the acting of a tiny minority of special individuals,often called influentials,who are unusually informed,persuasive,or well-connected.The idea is intuitively compelling,but it doesn't explain how ideas actually spread.The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible sounding but largely untested theory called the"two step flow of communication":Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else.Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials,those selected people will do most of the work for them. The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks,brands,or neighborhoods.In many such cases,a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people was wearing,promoting,or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention.Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trendsIn their recent work,however,some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed. In fact,they don't seem to be required of all.The researchers'argument stems from a simple observing about social influence, with the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey—whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media,not interpersonal,influence—even the most influential members of a population simply don't interact with that many others.Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who,according to the two-step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics by influencing their friends and colleagues directly.For a social epidemic to occur,however,each person so affected,must then influence his or her own acquaintances,who must in turn influence theirs,and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential.If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant,for example from the initial influential prove resistant,for example the cascade of change won't propagate very far or affect many people.Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence,the researchers studied the dynamics of populations manipulating a number of variables relating of populations,manipulating a number of variables relating to people's ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced.Our work shows that the principal requirement for what we call"global cascades"–the widespread propagation of influence through networks–is the presence not of a few influentials but,rather,of a critical mass of easily influenced people,each of whom adopts,say,a look or a brand after being exposed to a single adopting neighbor.Regardless of how influential an individual is locally,he or she can exert global influence only if this critical mass is available to propagate a chain reaction.31.By citing the book The Tipping Point,the author intends to[B]discuss influentials'function in spreading ideas[C]exemplify people's intuitive response to social epidemics[D]describe the essential characteristics of influentials.32.The author suggests that the"two-step-flow theory"[A]serves as a solution to marketing problems[B]has helped explain certain prevalent trends[C]has won support from influentials[D]requires solid evidence for its validity33.What the researchers have observed recently shows that[A]the power of influence goes with social interactions[B]interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media[C]influentials have more channels to reach the public[D]most celebrities enjoy wide media attention34.The underlined phrase"these people"in paragraph4refers to the ones who[A]stay outside the network of social influence[B]have little contact with the source of influence[C]are influenced and then influence others[D]are influenced by the initial influential35.what is the essential element in the dynamics of social influence?[A]The eagerness to be accepted[B]The impulse to influence others[C]The readiness to be influenced[D]The inclination to rely on othersText4一.1.Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public.2.Behind the scenes,they have been taking aim at someone else:theaccounting standard-setters.(会计准则制定者)3.Their rules,moan the banks,have forced them to report enormous losses,and it's just not fair.Bankers=banks4.These rules say they（banker）must value some assets at the price a thirdparty would pay,/not the price managers and regulators would like them to36.Bankers complained that they were forced to[A]follow unfavorable asset evaluation rulesThese rules say they（banker）must value some assets at the price a thirdparty would pay,/not the price managers and regulators would like them tofetch.(模糊替换)[B]collect payments from third parties[C]cooperate with the price managers[D]reevaluate some of their assets.二.1.Unfortunately,banks'lobbying now seems to be working.the accounting standard-setters.（规则改了）2.1）The details may be unknowable,2）but the independence of standard-setters,is being compromised.3）the independence is essential to the proper functioning of capital markets,（规则改了的结果）3.And,unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers,revivingthe banking system will be difficult.三. 1.After a bruising encounter（激烈的争斗）with Congress,America'sFinancial Accounting Standards Board(FASB)rushed through rulechanges.2.These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assetsand more flexibility in recognizing losses on long-term assets in theirincome statement.3.Bob Herz,the FASB's chairman,cried out against those who"questionour motives."4.Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobby group（银行）politely calls"the use of judgment by management."37.According to the author,the rule changes of the FASB may result instandard-settersbut the independence of standard-setters,is being compromised.[A]the diminishing role of management[B]the revival of the banking systembank shares rose[C]the banks'long-term asset losses[D]the weakening of its independence（模糊替换！）四.1.European ministers instantly demanded that the International AccountingStandards Board(IASB)do likewise.2.1）The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning,2）but the pressure to fold is strong.3）when it completes it reconstruction of rules later this year3.1)Charlie McCreevy,a European commissioner,warned2)the IASB that it did"not live in a political vacuum"but"in the realworld"and that Europe could yet develop different rules.38.According to Paragraph4,McCreevy objects to the/(IASB's attempt to____)The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning,[A]keep away from political influences.[B]evade the pressure from their peers.[C]act on their own in rule-setting.(主题为王)[D]take gradual measures in reform.五.1.It was banks that were on the wrong planet,with accounts that vastlyovervalued assets.2.Today they argue that market prices overstate losses,because they largelyreflect the temporary illiquidity of markets,not the likely extent of baddebts.3.The truth will not be known for years.4.But bank's shares trade below their book value,suggesting that investors areskeptical.5.And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks/which will not sellassets for fear of booking losses,yet are reluctant to buy all those supposedbargains.39.The author thinks the banks were"on the wrong planet"in that theywith accounts that vastly overvalued assets.[A]misinterpreted market price indicators[B]exaggerated the real value of their assets[C]neglected the likely existence of bad debts.[D]denied booking losses in their sale of assets.六.1.To get the system working again(revival),losses must be recognized and2017考研英语真题阅读5夜10篇精读直播随堂笔记2.America's new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks markassets to levels which buyers find attractive.3.Successful markets require independent and even combativestandard-setters.4.The FASB and IASB have been exactly that,cleaning up rules on stockoptions and pensions,for example,against hostility from specialinterests.5.But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make moreconcessions.40.The author's attitude towards standard-setters is one of[A]satisfaction.[B]skepticism.[C]objectiveness[D]sympathy。
2017考研英语真题阅读5夜10篇精读-赠送资料3(何凯文)
2017考研英语KK五夜十篇AB句阅读总结(出题人思路首次kk全解密)各位2017考研五夜十篇的学员：同意替换就是用不同的表达方式来表达相同的含义。
但这其实是个矛盾的命题：表达不同就必然造成含义在一定程度上的改变。
那么这个度就很难把握了。
必须由出题人亲自来示范我们才能知道：“哦，这样的表达是正确的替换方式。
”每道真题的正确答案就是出题人给出的示范。
所以做AB句的总结是非常有必要的。
A句：原文中答案来源句B句：题干+正确选项在这里专门为五夜十篇的学员们总结了几十组AB句。
大家也可以现在学习群里相互讨论一下对于AB句的总结。
相互的帮助和鼓励更是我们前进的动力！后期还会陆续补充，希望能最大程度地帮到大家。
何凯文2016年9月8日1.原文：While often praised by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics, Japanese educationtends to stress test taking and mechanical learning over creativity and self-expression.选项：More stress should be placed on the cultivation of creativity.2.原文：Urban Japanese have long endured lengthy commutes (travels to and from work) andcrowded living conditions, but as the old group and family values weaken, thediscomfort is beginning to tell.选项：The change in Japanese life-style is revealed in the fact that the young are less tolerant of discomforts in life.3.原文：It is generally believed that ambition may be well regarded if its returns well compensatefor the sacrifices选项：If ambition is to be well regarded, the rewards of ambition -- wealth, distinction, control over one‟s destiny -- must be deemed worthy of the sacrifices made on ambition‟sbehalf.4.原文：What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams, as easily andopenly as once they could, lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive and vulgar.选项：Some people do not openly admit they have ambition because they do not want to appear greedy and contemptible.5.原文：As a result, the support for ambition as a healthy impulse, a quality to be admired andfixed in the mind of the young, is probably lower than it has ever been in the UnitedStates.选项：From the last paragraph the conclusion can be drawn that ambition should be maintained openly and enthusiastically.6.原文：NAS‟s report identifies the under treatment of pain and the aggressive use of “ineffectualand forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying”as the twin problems of end-of-life care.选项：According to the NAS‟s report, one of the problems in end-of-life care is inadequate treatment of pain.7.原文：Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, theCourt in effect supported the medical principle of “double effect”.选项：It is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their lives.8.原文：But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operatewith less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves-- goals that pose a real challenge.选项：Besides reducing human labor, robots can also make a few decisions for themselves. 9.原文：We can‟t yet give a robot enough …common sense‟ to reliably interact with a dynamicworld.选项：According to the text, what is beyond man‟s ability now is to design a robot that can respond independently to a changing world.10.原文：I also know that people in Japan and Sweden, countries that spend far less on medicalcare, have achieved longer, healthier lives than we have.选项：In contrast to the U.S., Japan and Sweden are funding their medical care more cautiously.11.原文：From the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democratic and populist urgeshave driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism.选项：We can learn from the text that Americans have a history of undervaluing intellect. 12.原文：This discrimination, for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers todiscrimination against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of thealphabet.选项：Some form of discrimination is too subtle to recognize.选项：Putting things alphabetically may lead to unintentional bias.13.原文：Even those who aren‟t hunting for jobs may find search agents worthwhile.选项：Personal search agents are also helpful to those already employed.14.原文：McWhorter sees the gradual disappearance of “whom,” for example, to be natural and nomore regrettable than the loss of the case-endings of Old English.选项：According to McWhorter, the decline of formal English is but all too natural in language development.15.原文：If you don‟t lik e it, change it.选项：Researchers have come to believe that dreams can be modified in their courses.16.原文：Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams.选项：Cartwright seems to suggest that dreaming may not entirely belong to the unconscious.17.原文：If the Administration won‟t take the legislative initiative, Congress should help to beginfashioning conservation measures.选项：Administration should take some legislative measures.18.原文：The antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government shouldstay out of the way选项：People had the freedom to choose their own way of life19.原文：And since these messages have an agenda -- to lure us to open our wallets -- they makethe very idea of happiness seem unreliable.选项：In the author‟s opinion, advertising creates an illusion of happiness rather than happiness itself20.原文：But the weirdest may be this: artists‟ only job is to explore emotions, and yet they chooseto focus on the ones that feel bad.This wa sn‟t always so.选项：artists have changed their focus of interest21.原文：It‟s a message even more bitter than a clove cigarette, yet, somehow, a breath of fresh air.选项：The anti-happy art is distasteful but refreshing22.原文：Today, surrounded by promises of easy happiness, we need art to tell us, as religion oncedid, Memento mori: remember that you will die, that everything ends, and thathappiness comes not in denying this but in living with it.选项：Religion once functioned as a reminder of misery.(出题人够猥琐吧，就替换了那么一点点。
考研英语阅读解题方法和技巧
考研英语阅读解题方法和技巧相信大家已经看过很多的考研英语阅读的备考方法，下面凯程老师将会从解题方法和技巧方面为大家详细解析，希望能够帮助大家更好的备考!1.从内容上判断。
在做题时最重要的是要读懂空白前后的句子(有时候是一句，有时候不止一句)，明白前后表述的内容，然后根据意思的连贯性或逻辑性做出选项。
在此基础上，再利用关键词线索确认答案。
2.从词汇上锁定线索做题时很重要的一点是保持对一些线索词的敏感，最主要的线索词是空白前后的名词和动词，寻找答案时注意在选项中查找同义词、近义词、反义词或表示同一类事物的词语等;其次是代词、数词、表示时间/年代的词、地点/名称等专有名词等。
尤其是在读不懂句子的情况下，利用这样的线索词寻找答案是很有效的方法。
3.从连接词上查找线索由于英语的句段之间经常会运用关联词表示衔接和过渡，使文章逻辑更清楚和连贯，因此，文章中和选项中表示各种逻辑关系、起连接作用的连词、副词、介词短语，无论是表示转折、因果、递进，还是表示举例、类比等关系，都是很重要的线索。
要注意以下三条关键点：1.对空白处前后句做重点考查。
就近寻找关键线索，即重点阅读问题空白处的前一两句或后一两句，寻找以上提到的三个方面的线索信息;2.保持对逻辑关系的敏感。
文章中的逻辑思路通常会用一些表示时间/空间关系、并列/递进关系、因果关系、让步/转折关系、例证关系、从属关系的语句来展开。
在做题时要保持对表示这五种关系的语句高度敏感，分析句子的重点是什么，前后的逻辑关系是什么等; 3.始终注意内容的连贯。
选择出的正确答案必须从意思、词汇线索等起到承上启下作用。
值得注意的是，这类题型的选项中有两个干扰项。
通常干扰项在意思上与原文内容表面上是相关的，但其意思可能会太泛或太窄，或涉及本文未涉及的其他方面，与上下文不能很好地衔接连贯。
4.顺序答题考研英语阅读每篇有五个选项，一般情况下阅读题目是按照文章的顺序逐段出题，偶有跳段的情况，但是先后顺序基本不变。
何凯文考研英语长难句精讲完备讲义(完美打印版)
考研英语长难句突破讲义适用对象：考研学子，四级，六级英语学习或相当者。
课程目的：打破英语阅读学习的幻觉，真正获得一扇通向别样美丽世界的窗户，人生从此再无长难句。
为英语写作夯实基础。
课程安排：方法论讲解；难句解析；考试实战演练第一部分方法论讲解引子我们为什么要精读句子1.精读能力的要求（消除障碍的阅读）自由笔记区目标：准确【重要】精读2．泛读能力的要求（广泛获取信息的阅读）目标：快速技能：高职阅读的实际过程是什么知识：本科Input（英文）-mind（句子层面）-output（中文）思维：研究生思想：博士阅读在句子层面的障碍1．含义2．语序简单句的障碍来源简单句：只有一套谓语的句子基本句型包括：主+谓，主+谓+宾，主+谓+双宾，主+谓+宾+宾补，主+系+表定语，状语，同位语，插入语简单句的障碍识别及处理方法定语：在句子中修饰名词的成分problem-定义-细化-solution（思维方式）前置定语：adj+名词后置定语：形容词短语：形容词+介词+名词this is a book useful for your futureVing a woman walked on the roadVed a painting painted by Janen. + to do a way to solve the problem介词短语：介词+名词a bottle of water on the table表语形容词：alive a cat alive 解决方案：前置P．S：I want to be part of something big. Something属于不定代词。
【不定代词定语置后】定语从句（不属于简单句范畴）关系代词：人称代词：who whom which that as +非完整句引导词物主代词：whose +完整句关系连（副）词：where why when how +完整句介词+关系代词：1宾语+非完整句 This is the expert/( to whom )we are turning.2状语+完整句 There is something([ by the virtue of] which)(指代something) the man is the man . 3定语+完整句 There are a lot of problems (of which )the fetching fresh water is the forest. 【 1拆分 2找指代 3定成分】同位语:在句子中和名词处于相同位置的成分。
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把握命题命脉，直击选项本质何凯文“考研场上我们经常会遇到这样的情况，通过回文章定位，根据对原文的理解我们能很快的排除两个选项，而剩下的两个选项会把我们折磨的死去活来。
也就正是这种选项间微小区分度构成了考研英语的特色。
每每在甄别选项的时候，我们总会觉得这两个选项都对，并且会觉得自己的答案比给出的正确答案更为合理。
而考研英语作为全国人才选拔性的考试，并且会向社会公布标准答案的考试，在答案的设置上一定是合理且正确的，并且这种答案的设置是有一定逻辑线索的。
否则，这种人才的遴选是没有意义的。
而这种线索就是我们在标题中提到的命题命脉，这种命脉就会体现在选项之上。
本文正是要带领考研战士们去探求这种命题命脉在选项上的体现。
首先来看几道例题：2009年考研阅读第四篇文章第一题The most thoroughly studied intellectuals in the history of the New World are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was “so much importance attached to intellectual pursuits.” According to many books and articles, New England’s leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.1. The author holds that in the seventeenth-century New England ____.［A］Puritan tradition dominated political life.［B］intellectual interests were encouraged.［C］Politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors.［D］intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment.根据题干中的seventeenth century 和New England 我们不难定位到文章的第一段，选项A 中的Puritan tradition（清教传统）在倒数第一句中出现，但是倒数第一句是这样说道：“大量的文章和书籍都记载道，新英格兰的领袖们确立了美国知识生活中的基本话题，其最关注的就是一直在知识生活中占据主导地位，并不断演进的清教传统。
”文中明确说到了in American intellectual life.而不是选项A中的in political life，可以直接排除A。
同样，C选项说：政治从学术活动中受益匪浅，而整个段落没有提及学术活动对于政治的影响。
同样可以轻松排除。
而B和D却相当难排除了。
一个说“学术的兴趣被鼓励”，一个说“享用宽松自由的求知环境”。
两个选项和段落中所涉及的知识生活话题都有关系。
文中只有这样的相关叙述：“so much importance attached to intellectual pursuits.”“知识的追求是如此的受重视”。
而就这点来讲我们分别认为B和D都对也是合理的，但是当B和D放在一起的时候，我们就必须重新理清我们的逻辑思维链条了。
我们首先承认的是：知识的追求是受到重视的。
如果要选D的话，那么我们必须先承认B，也就是说，要是没有B就不可能有D。
在这种情况下我们就很容易得出一个结论：当一个选项是以另一个选项为前提的时候，只能选后一个选项。
也就是你必须首先承认的那个选项。
用公式来讲就是：因为A所以B，选A 不选B。
因为受到了鼓励，所以环境很宽松。
所以选择受到鼓励。
但是这个公式有一个重要的前提就是：两个选项都必须有原文的依据。
这就是我们考试出题人的命题思路，他希望找出的最直接的，对原文的解释最根本的选项。
而我们在排除选项的时候就可以用上面的公式来做出选择。
再看一个例子：2009年考研阅读第三篇第四题What is the real relationship between education and economic development? We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don’t force it. After all, that’s how education got started. When our ancestors were hunter s and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didn’t have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.34. The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged________. ［A］when people had enough time［B］prior to better ways of finding food［C］when people on longer went hungry［D］as a result of pressure on government这个题是一个例证题目，题干中的关键词our ancestors可以把我们带到段落的第三行：当我们的祖先一千多年前正打猎和采集食物，根本没有时间去思考除开觅食之外的其他事情。
而答案中就有一个选项：A）当人们有足够的时间的时候。
A选项和题干连在一起就是：当人们有足够的时间的时候，教育就出现了。
而这个时候我们往下看一句：只有人们找到一种更多产的获得食物的方法时，我们才有时间来做其他的事情。
选项中对应了：C ）当人们不再挨饿的时候。
A和C就很难区分了，在原文中A和C都有依据。
这个时候我们可以套用公式了：因为A所以B，选A 不选B。
因为不挨饿，有了足够的时间。
答案当然就选不挨饿了2003年passage 4第一题：It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional.Small wonder. Americans’ life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century. Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression controlled, cataracts removed in a 30-minutes surgical procedure. Such advances offer the aging population a quality of life that was unimaginable when I entered medicine 50 years ago. But not even a great health-care system can cure death -- and our failure to confront that reality now threatens this greatness of ours. （2003年passage 4）。
56. What is implied in the first sentence?[A] Americans are better prepared for death than other people.[B] Americans enjoy a higher life quality than ever before.[C] Americans are over-confident of their medical technology.[D] Americans take a vain pride in their long life expectancy.同学经常会徘徊在C和D之间。
因为C对应文章：Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression controlled, cataracts removed in a 30-minutes surgical procedure.而D对应文章：America ns’ life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century.两个选项都有依据，只能套用公式：因为A所以B，选A 不选B。
因为美国人对自己的医疗技术过分的自信，所以对他们的长寿盲目的骄傲。
答案为C我们再来看一个例子：2006年passage3 最后一题：Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline, which future management efforts must take into account. They believe the data support an idea current among marine biologists, that of the “shifting baseline.” The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past. That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped from a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50% of its original levels. Most fisheries are well below that, which is a bad way to do business.（2006年passage3）35.The author seems to be mainly concerned with most fisheries’ ________.[A] management efficiency[B] biomass level[C] catch-size limits[D] technological application35题为文章的最后一题，我们在做题的过程中习惯的把目光投向了最后一段，如果有阅读过我上一篇文章《做正确的事和正确的做事》的同学应该知道最后一段实际是没有这个题的答案的，因为问题问的是作者主要关心的是什么？最后一段却没有出现过作者的观点。