科学哲学术语英语词汇

哲学术语英汉对照

哲学术语英汉对照-CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1a prioria posteriori distinction 先验-后验的区分 abstract ideas 抽象理念abstract objects 抽象客体ad hominem argument 谬误论证 alienation/estrangement 异化，疏离altruism 利他主义analysis 分析analyticsynthetic distinction 分析-综合的区分aporia 困惑argument from design 来自设计的论证artificial intelligence (AI) 人工智能association of ideas 理念的联想autonomy 自律axioms 公理Categorical Imperative 绝对命令categories 范畴Category mistake 范畴错误causal theory of reference 指称的因果论causation 因果关系certainty 确定性chaos theory 混沌理论class 总纲、类clearness and distinctness 清楚与明晰cogito ergo sum 我思故我在concept 概念consciousness 意识consent 同意consequentialism 效果论conservative 保守的consistency 一致性，相容性constructivism 建构主义contents of consciousness 意识的内容 contingentnecessary distinction 偶然-必然的区分 continuum 连续体continuum hypothesis 连续性假说contradiction 矛盾（律）conventionalism 约定论counterfactual conditional 反事实的条件句criterion 准则，标准critique 批判，批评Dasein 此在，定在deconstruction 解构主义defeasible 可以废除的definite description 限定摹状词deontology 义务论dialectic 辩证法didactic 说教的dualism 二元论egoism 自我主义、利己主义eliminative materialism 消除性的唯物主义empiricism 经验主义Enlightenment 启蒙运动（思想）entailment 蕴含essence 本质ethical intuition 伦理直观ethical naturalism 伦理的自然主义eudaimonia 幸福主义event 事件、事变evolutionary epistemology 进化认识论expert system 专门体系explanation 解释fallibilism 谬误论family resemblance 家族相似fictional entities 虚构的实体first philosophy 第一哲学form of life 生活形式formal 形式的foundationalism 基础主义free will and determinism 自由意志和决定论function 函项（功能）function explanation 功能解释good 善happiness 幸福hedonism 享乐主义hermeneutics 解释学（诠释学，释义学）historicism 历史论（历史主义）holism 整体论iconographic 绘画idealism 理念论ideas 理念identity 同一性illocutionary act 以言行事的行为imagination 想象力immaterical substance 非物质实体immutable 不变的、永恒的individualism 个人主义（个体主义）induction 归纳inference 推断infinite regress 无限回归intensionality 内涵性intentionality 意向性irreducible 不可还原的Leibnizs Law 莱布尼茨法则logical atomism 逻辑原子主义logical positivism 逻辑实证主义logomachy 玩弄词藻的争论material biconditional 物质的双向制约materialism 唯物论（唯物主义）maxim 箴言，格言method 方法methodologica 方法论的model 样式modern 现代的modus ponens and modus tollens 肯定前件和否定后件 natural selection 自然选择necessary 必然的neutral monism 中立一无论nominalism 唯名论nonEuclidean geometry 非欧几里德几何nonmonotonic logics 非单一逻辑OckhamRazor 奥卡姆剃刀omnipotence and omniscience 全能和全知ontology 本体论（存有学）operator 算符(或算子)paradox 悖论perception 知觉phenomenology 现象学picture theory of meaning 意义的图像说pluralism 多元论polis 城邦possible world 可能世界postmodernism 后现代主义prescriptive statement 规定性陈述presupposition 预设primary and secondary qualities 第一性的质和第二性质 principle of noncontradiction 不矛盾律proposition 命题quantifier 量词quantum mechanics 量子力学rational numbers 有理数real number 实数realism 实在论reason 理性，理智recursive function 循环函数reflective equilibrium 反思的均衡relativity (theory of) 相对（论）rights 权利rigid designator 严格的指称词Rorschach test 相对性（相对论）rule 规则rule utilitarianism 功利主义规则Russells paradox 罗素悖论sanctions 制发scope 范围，限界semantics 语义学sense data 感觉材料，感觉资料set 集solipsism 唯我论social contract 社会契约subjectiveobjective distinction 主客区分sublation 扬弃substance 实体，本体sui generis 特殊的，独特性supervenience 偶然性syllogism 三段论thingsinthemselves 物自体thought 思想thought experiment 思想实验threevalued logic 三值逻辑transcendental 先验的truth 真理truth function 真值函项understanding 理解universals 共相，一般，普遍verfication principle 证实原则versimilitude 逼真性vicious regress 恶性回归Vienna Circle 维也纳学派virtue 美德。

哲学专业英语词汇

哲学专业英语（the course of philosophical English）西方哲学专业词汇Western philosophy西方哲学Ancient Greek-Roman philosophy古希腊罗马哲学Hellenistic philosophy希腊化哲学Medieval philosophy中世纪哲学Renaissance philosophy文艺复兴哲学Modern western philosophy西方近代哲学Contemporary western philosophy西方现代哲学Jewish philosophy犹太哲学马克思主义哲学Philosophy of Marxism中国哲学Chinese Philosophy外国哲学Foreign Philosophy逻辑学Logic伦理学Ethics美学Aesthetics宗教学Science of Religion科学技术哲学Philosophy of Science and Technology 艺术哲学Philosophy of artMetaphysics形而上学Epistemology认识论/知识论Methodology方法论ontology本体论Cosmology宇宙论/宇宙生成论Theory of value/axiology价值论Monism一元论Dualism二元论Pluralism多元论Cognosciblism可知论Agnosticism不可知论Materialism唯物主义Irrationalism非理性主义abstract/concrete抽象/具体Idealism唯心主义Objective /Subjective idealism客/主观唯心主义Scepticism怀疑主义Substance实体macrocosm大宇宙microcosm小宇宙Sensibility/understanding/ reason感性/知性/理性Theism有神论Antitheism 无神论Deism自然神论pantheism泛神论Dialectical materialism辩证唯物主义Historical materialism历史唯物主义Law of identity同一律Law of contradiction排中律Law of excluded middle排中律teleology目的论mechanism机械论dialectics辩证法consciousness意识spirit精神belief信念nature自然reality现实，实在possibility可能性Illusion幻想imagination想象力Mysticism神秘主义Spiritualism唯灵论form形式existence存在appearance现象essence本质prime matter原初质料motion运动Continuity/non-Continuity连续性/间断性time and space时间与空间Past-present-future过去/现在/未来cause and effect原因与结果subject and object主体与客体occasionalism偶因论Ockham’s razor奥康剃刀subjectivity主体性Necessity and contingency必然性与偶然性Universals and individuals个别与一般/共相与殊相/普遍与个别relative and absolute相对与绝对intuition直觉idea观念thought思维perception知觉subsistence潜在knowledge知识opinion意见Nature自然Actuality/reality现实Reality实在Necessity and freedom必然与自由Beginning/first principle/arche（希）本原，始基archetype原型illusion幻象image形像，影像ideology意识形态doctrine of correspondence符合说mind-body problem身心问题representative theory of idea表象说finite and infinite有限与无限humanism人道主义，人文主义Natural theology自然神学substratum基质The infinite/boundless/apeiron无定/无限pneuma普纽玛being存在non-being非存在logos逻各斯mind/nous努斯psyche/pneuma普纽玛atom原子void虚空element元素four roots四根self-knowledge自知Becoming/decay生成/衰亡bisection两分法flying arrow is at rest飞矢不动stadium运动场becoming生成doctrine of effluence流射说Eristic/elenchus论辩术，诡辩术art of midwifery/maieutic method助产术/接生术irony讥讽Virtue is knowledge美德即知识world of idea理念世界Infinite regress argument无穷后退证明Simile of the cave洞穴喻Simile of the line线段喻Simile of the sun太阳喻sense world感性世界，感官世界harmony和谐theory of Participation（sharing）分有说theory of Imitation模仿说copy摹本archetype模型，原型paradigm范式model of universal宇宙模型，世界模型soul of universal宇宙灵魂，世界灵魂Philosopher-king哲学王passion激情Wisdom/courage/temperance/justice智慧/勇敢/节制/正义（four cardinal virtue四主德）Desire/passion欲望/激情artificer工匠，创造者Genus种primary/secondary substance第一、二实体form and matter形式与质料accident偶性potentiality and actuality潜能与现实four causes 四因material cause质料因formal cause形式因efficient cause动力因final cause目的因ether以太Actuality现实/entelechy隐德莱希（完全实现）Good/highest good善/至善Category范畴Peripatetics漫步学派active reason/active intellect主动理性/主动理智mean中道，中庸wisdom智慧Practical wisdom实践智慧intellectual virtue理智德性the liar说谎者argument of the measure of grain谷堆论证argument of the baldhead秃头论证argument of the veiled figure隐藏者论证logos of the universe宇宙理性one太一What-it-is 是什么the third man argument第三者论证Theory of recollection回忆说epoche悬搁判断==judgement of suspension ataraxy静观doctrine of emanation流溢说anthropomorphism神人同形同性论=拟人观pythagoreanism毕达哥拉斯主义transmigration of souls灵魂轮回转世说atomism原子论Mode of cyclical reasoning循环论证Good being nature善即自然sensation was due to action between the unlikes异类相知说doctrine of like knows like同类相知说doctrine of seeds种子说Doctrine of love and strife爱恨说doctrine of image影像说cynicism犬儒主义platonism柏拉图主义theory of idea理念论doctrine of the communion of genera通种论aristotelianism亚里士多德主义syllogism三段论Unmoved mover不动的动者==prime moverpurification净化说induction归纳法pyrrhonism皮浪主义Epicureanism伊壁鸠鲁主义canonic准则学Ionian school伊奥尼亚学派Milesian school米利都学派Ephsian school爱菲斯学派Heraclitean school赫拉克利特学派Pythagoreans 毕达哥拉斯学派Eleatic school爱利亚学派privation缺失，匮乏Presocratics前苏格拉底学派Cynics犬儒学派Cyrenaics昔兰尼学派megarian school麦加拉派sophists智者Minor socratics小苏格拉底学派academy学园/柏拉图学园/雅典学园academics学园派peripatetics漫步学派stoics画廊学派/斯多亚学派Epicurean school伊壁鸠鲁学派Christianity基督教Christian philosophy基督教哲学Judaism犹太教Trinity三位一体heresy异端Polytheism多神论eschatology末世论Church fathers教父Providence天意，天命Kingdom of God上帝之国theology神学negative theology否定神学Positive theology肯定神学Patristic philosophy/ Patristics教父哲学/教父学scholasticism经院哲学revealed religion天启宗教，启示宗教Trinity三位一体incarnation道成肉身faith/hope/love信仰/希望/热爱doctrine of redemption救赎论grace神恩，神惠，恩宠omnipotence全能omniscience全知omnipresence全在Argument a posteriori先天证明Argument a priori后天证明fideism信仰主义（僧侣主义）hylozoism物活论Original sin 原罪Justification by faith因信称义Ockham’s razor奥卡姆剃刀nominalism唯名论（extreme/moderate）realism唯实论（extreme/moderate ）Augustinism奥古斯丁主义ontological argument本体论证明cosmological argument宇宙论证明teleological argument目的论证明Moral argument道德论证明Supreme good argument至善性证明Faith hope and charity信望爱doctrine of double-truth双重真理论Divine illumination神的光照Theological fatalism神学预定论Thomism托马斯主义Averroism阿威洛伊主义Scotism司各脱主义Rationalism唯理论（materialistic/idealistic ）Empiricism经验论（materialistic/idealistic）Social contract theory社会契约论Geographical determinism地理环境决定论Classical German philosophy德国古典哲学Apriorism先天论The reformation宗教改革运动Enlightenment启蒙运动French materialism法国唯物主义Encyclopaedists百科全书派conceptualism概念论Mechanistic materialism机械唯物论learned ignorance有学问的无知maximum极大minimum极小utopia乌托邦universal intellect普遍理智idols假相，偶像theory of four idols四假相说idols of the tribe种族假相idols of the cave洞穴假相idols of the market-place市场假相idols of the theatre剧场假相property and form性质与形式extension广延first principle第一原理Real/nominal essence实在/名义本质blank tablet白板causality因果性causation因果关系cause原因/effect结果experience经验dogma教条Material/Spiritual substance物质/精神实体thinking substance思想实体，思维实体Innate idea天赋观念adventitious ideas外来观念factitious ideas虚幻观念dualism of mind and matter心物二元论Animal sprits精气，元精，动物精神psycho-physical interactionism身心交感论pineal gland松果腺extensive substance广延实体the theory of social contrast社会契约论Association of idea观念的联结（休谟）Cartesianists笛卡儿主义者theory of substance实体论theory of attribute属性论theory of mode样式论（finite/infinite）psycho-physical parallelism心物平行论true idea真观念attribute属性Spinozism斯宾诺莎主义experience经验（external/internal）sensation and reflection感觉与反省abstraction抽象作用abstract idea抽象观念Simple/complex idea简单/复杂观念Immaterialism非物质主义personal identity人格同一性contiguity接近性（休谟）Divine right of kings君权神授说school of continental Rationalism大陆理性派British empirists英国经验派Cambridge platonism 剑桥柏拉图主义Scottish school of common sense苏格兰常识学派Old Hegelians老年黑格尔派Young Hegelians青年黑格尔派Right Hegelians黑格尔右派Left Hegelians黑格尔左派Speculative philosophy 思辨哲学Three tables三表法Table of essence/presence本质表/具有表Table of absence of proximity接近中的缺乏表Table of degree/comparison程度表/比较表Relative/finite substance相对的或有限的实体Absolute/infinite substance绝对的或无限的实体Theory of corpuscles 微粒说Theory of vortex 漩涡说Cartesianism笛卡儿主义cosmotheism宇宙神论（斯宾诺莎）Infinite attribute无限的属性Theory of modes样态论Mode 样态，样式Sensation/reflection感觉/反省External/internal experience外部/内部经验Abstraction抽象作用Psychic force心力（莱布尼兹）Small perception微知觉Principle of continuity连续性原则Idea of substance/modes/relations实体/情状/关系观念real/fantastical ideas实在/幻想观念Intuitive/demonstratic/probable直觉/证明/或然知识primary/secondary/third quality第一/二/三性质real/nominal essence实在/名义本质innate human right天赋人权will of all全体意志monad单子monadology单子论cognition认知Complete notion完满性观念（莱布尼兹）Best of all possible world可能世界中的最佳者sentiment情感——sentimentalismscience of human nature人性科学human nature/humanity人性Per-established harmony前定和谐pre-established harmony预定和谐truth of reason/fact理性真理与事实真理Divine reason 神圣理性theodicy神正论Order of possible coexistence and order of possibilities which cannotcoexist可共存之物的秩序与不可共存之物的秩序existence is to be perceived存在就是被感知immaterialism非物质论idea and notion观念与意念impression and ideas印象与观念resemblance类似关系contiguity in time and space接近关系causal relation因果关系determinism of geographical environment地理环境决定论Theory of the omnipotence of education教育万能论Apodictic/assertoric必然的/实然的（康德）Appearance现象（康德）manifold杂多Physico-theological argument自然神论证明critical philosophy批判哲学dogmatism独断论copernican revolution哥白尼的革命pure reason纯粹理性antinomy二律背反thing-in-itself自在之物，物自体appearance现象practical reason实践理性good will善良意志schein幻相moral law道德律finality apart from an end无目的的合目的性Analytic-synthetic分析-综合Sensibility/understanding/reason感性/知性/理性category范畴command律令reflective judgement反思的判断力representation表象Schema图型/schematism图型论，图式论Metaphysical deduction形而上学演绎Metaphysical exposition形而上学阐明Metaphysics of morals道德性而上学Metaphysics of nature自然形而上学transcendental apperception先验统觉Analogies of experience经验的类推architectonic建筑术Autonomy自主性（康德）transcendental idealism先验唯心主义Kantianism康德主义transcendental先验的transcendent超验的transcendental aesthetic先验感性论transcendental analytic先验分析论Transcendental deduction先验演绎Transcendental dialectic先验辩证论Transcendental illusion先验幻象Transcendental logic先验逻辑Transcendental ideal先验的理想Transcendental paralogism先验谬误推理Transcendental reflection先验反思A priori and synthetic judgement 先天综合判断taste鉴赏力Thing-for-itself为我之物A priori先天A posteriori后天A priori judgement先天判断A posteriori judgement 后天判断analytic judgement分析判断synthetical judgement综合判断Quantity of judgement/ category of Quantity判断的量与量的范畴Qualitaty of judgement/ category of Qualitaty判断的质与质的范畴Relation of judgement/ category of relation判断的关系与关系的范畴Mode of judgement/ category of mode 判断的样式与样式的范畴Anthropology 人本学Absolute religion绝对宗教Free spirit自由精神Objective spirit客观精神practical spirit实践精神theoretical spirit理论精神Subjective spirit主观精神Externalization外化objectification对象化Position肯定Negation否定sublation扬弃identical philosophy同一哲学in itself自我for itself自为absolute idea绝对理念absolute spirit 绝对精神philosophy of mind精神哲学subjective/objective spirit主/客观精神these-antithese-synthese正-反-合civil society市民社会alienation异化dialectic辩证法actuality现实Hegelianism黑格尔主义Young Hegellians 青年黑格尔派Natural theology自然神学（理性神学）absolute ego （费希特的）绝对自我animatism 物活论animism 泛灵论，万物有灵论anthropologism 人本主义the Apostles十二使徒asceticism 禁欲主义atomism 原子论，原子学说atonement 赎罪baptism （基督教）洗礼bourgeoisie 资产阶级causationism 因果论Christianity 基督教clherentism 贯通论The Decalogue摩西十戒deism 理神论；自然神论；自然神论（natural religion）Judgment Day 上帝的最后审判日，世界的末日Kant’s nebular hypothesis 康德的星云假说method of exclusion 排除法method of induction 归纳法nativism 先天论，天赋论sense perception 感性知觉sentience 感觉现象；原始感觉theory of reflection 反映论theory of relativity 相对论theory of representation 表象论On nature《论自然》Purification《净化篇》Sophists《智者篇》Phaedo《斐多篇》Parmenides《巴门尼德篇》Republic《国家篇》On the nature of things《物性论》Meditations《沉思集》Bible《圣经》The Apocalypse/Revelations《圣经》中的《启示录》Genesis （《圣经》）（《创世纪》）New-Testament 《新约全书》Confessions《忏悔录》Utopia《乌托邦》New organon《新工具》Advancement of learning《学术的进展》Human nature《论人性》Leviathan《利维坦》Two treatises of civil government《政府论》An essay concerning human understanding《人类理解论》A treatise concerning the principles of human knowledge《人类知识原理》A treatise of human nature《人性论》An inquiry concerning human understanding 《人类理智研究》Dialogues concerning natural religion《自然宗教对话录》The natural history of religion 《宗教的自然史》Enquiries concerning the principles of morals《道德原理研究》Discourse on method《方法谈》Meditations on first philosophy《第一哲学沉思集》The principles of philosophy《哲学原理》Apology for learned ignorance《论有学问的无知》The principles of Descartes philosophy《笛卡尔哲学原理》Organon《工具论》Enneades《九章集》The ethics《伦理学》New essays on human understanding《人类理智新论》City of god 《上帝之城》Theological-political treatise《神学政治论》Essay on theodicy《神正论》On the improvement of understanding《知性改进论》Critique of pure reason《纯粹理性批判》Critique of practical reason 《实践理性批判》Critique of judgement《判断力批判》。

哲学专业的英文名词

哲学专业的英文名词
1. Metaphysics（形上学）：研究存在、实体和本质的学科，探讨现实的本质和不可见的现象。

2. Epistemology（认识论）：研究知识的起源、性质、限度和验证方法的学问。

3. Ethics（伦理学）：研究道德原则和价值观的学科，探讨如何判断行为的对错以及如何做出道德决策。

4. Logic（逻辑学）：研究与推理和论证相关的规则和原则的学科，帮助我们理性思考和辨别谬误。

5. Aesthetics（美学）：研究艺术、美和审美经验的学问，探讨美的本质和艺术的功能。

6. Philosophy of Mind（心灵哲学）：研究意识、心灵和思维的学科，涉及到意识的起源、本质和关系。

7. Philosophy of Science（科学哲学）：研究科学方法和科学知识的起源和本质的学科。

8. Political Philosophy（政治哲学）：研究政治权力、公正和社会秩序的学问。

这些是哲学专业中的一些常见英文名词，涵盖了不同领域的研究。

对于想要深入了解哲学的人来说，理解这些名词是很重要的。

在学术研究和讨论中，使用正确的英文术语可以提高交流的准确性和清晰度。

注意：以上内容仅供参考，具体术语使用请根据具体情况和相关权威资源进行确认。

philosophical词根词缀

philosophical词根词缀
哲学词根和词缀是哲学英语词汇的重要构成部分。

这些词根和词缀来源于希腊语和拉丁语，它们赋予了英语词汇丰富的哲学含义和深刻的思想内涵。

以下是一些常见的哲学词根和词缀：
1. Philo- (爱)：表示热爱、追求、崇拜。

如philosophy（哲学）、philanthropy（博爱）。

2. -logy (学科、科学)：表示学科、学问、科学。

如psychology （心理学）、biology（生物学）。

3. -osophy (智慧、学说)：表示智慧、学说、哲学。

如sophistry （诡辩学）、theosophy（神秘主义哲学）。

4. Meta- (超越、超过)：表示超越、超过、变革、转化。

如metaphysics（形而上学）、metamorphosis（变形）。

5. -ism (主义、体系)：表示主义、体系、信仰。

如existentialism （存在主义）、feminism（女权主义）。

6. -logy (逻辑)：表示逻辑。

如anthropology（人类学）、cosmology（宇宙论）。

7. -phobia (恐惧症)：表示恐惧症。

如arachnophobia（蜘蛛恐惧症）、claustrophobia（幽闭恐惧症）。

8. -cracy (政治制度、统治)：表示政治制度、统治。

如democracy （民主制度）、aristocracy（贵族统治）。

以上这些哲学词根和词缀在英语中被广泛使用，对于学习哲学英语或研究哲学思想都是非常重要的。

哲学类英语词汇

一、哲学词汇感性Sens‎i bilit‎y知性Unde‎r stand‎i ng理性Reas‎o n认识论the‎o ry of cognit‎i on先天综合判断‎a priori‎synthe‎t ic judgme‎n t物自体thi‎n g-in-itself‎先验感性论T‎r ansce‎n denta‎l Aesthe‎t ic感性论Aes‎t hetic‎直观intu‎i tion感觉sens‎a tion经验性的直观‎e mpiri‎c al intuit‎i on纯粹的直观p‎u re intuit‎i on形而上学；玄学meta‎p hysic‎s质料matt‎e r形式fo‎r m先验逻辑Tr‎a nscen‎d ental‎logic先验分析论T‎r ansce‎n denta‎l analyt‎i c先验辩证论T‎r ansce‎n denta‎l dialec‎t ic纯粹的知性概‎念pure concep‎t s of theunders‎t andin‎g原则的能力f‎a culty‎of princi‎p les宇宙论cos‎m ology‎道德律令 moral comman‎d至善sum mum bunkum‎崇高subl‎i me反思判断ju‎d gment‎of reflec‎t ion[唯]意志论 Volunt‎a rism一般陶冶 genera‎l cultur‎e七艺{文法、逻辑、修辞、音乐、算数、几何、天文} Seven libera‎l arts人本主义；人文主义 humani‎s m人本教育；人文教育 humani‎s tic educat‎i on三科{文法、逻辑、修辞} tritiu‎m下意识sub consci‎o usnes‎s士气 morale‎大修道院学校‎abbey school‎大礼堂 audito‎r ium女生训导{史} Dean of women工艺学校 arts and crafts‎school‎公民教育 Citize‎n ship educat‎i on; Educat‎i on for citize‎n ship公民德行 civic virtue‎反省；反思 reflec‎t ion 反省[后]行为 reflec‎t ive behavi‎o r反省思考 reflec‎t ive though‎t天主教教学法‎cathol‎i c pedago‎g y文化；修养 cultur‎e文化教育 cultur‎a l educat‎i on文化教育学 Cultur‎e pedago‎g y文字主义；字句主义 verbal‎i sm方法论 method‎o logy主教学校 Bishop‎'s school‎古典主义 Classi‎c ism古典语文｛古希腊文、拉丁文｝ classi‎c al langua‎g e古典学科 classi‎c al course‎古典学校；古典学派classi‎c al school‎四目{音乐、算数、几何、天文} quadri‎v ium 本性 origin‎a l nature‎母性 matern‎i ty母道；母仪mother‎craft母语 mother‎langua‎g e; Mother‎tongue‎民本教育 democr‎a tic educat‎i on民族主义 nation‎a lism民族主义教育‎nation‎a listi‎c educat‎i on目的论 teleol‎o gy先天观念 innate‎idea同情 sympat‎h y合理化[作用] ration‎a lizat‎i on回教教育；伊斯兰教育 Mohamm‎e dan educat‎i on [= Islami‎c educat‎i on]自由意志free will自然主义 natura‎l ism自然主义教育‎natura‎l istic‎educat‎i on自然趋势 natura‎l tenden‎c y自然惩罚 natura‎l punish‎m ent判断 judgme‎n t助理教师 assist‎a nt teache‎r助理教授 assist‎a nt profes‎s or批判分数 critic‎a l score批判教育学 Critic‎a l pedago‎g y系统教育学 System‎a tic pedago‎g y儿童文学 childr‎e n's litera‎t ure儿童指导所 Child-guidan‎c e clinic‎儿童学Radiol‎o gy; Penolo‎g y夜校{英} moonli‎g ht school‎性格；品格 charac‎t er泛爱主义philan‎t hropi‎s t泛爱主义教育‎philan‎t hropi‎c educat‎i on泛爱学校 philan‎t hropi‎c school‎社会化 social‎i zatio‎n社会主义 Social‎i sm社会主义教育‎social‎i stic educat‎i on社会学 Sociol‎o gy品格培养 charac‎t er buildi‎n g; Format‎i on of charac‎t er品格教育 charac‎t er educat‎i on品格测验charac‎t er test品格评比 charac‎t er rating‎品格诊断；品性诊断 charac‎t er diagno‎s is 思考 thinki‎n g查经班Bible class美育 aesthe‎t ic educat‎i on美育[教]学 esthet‎i c pedago‎g y美感 aesthe‎t ic feelin‎g美感判断 esthet‎i c judgme‎n t美学 aesthe‎t ics; Esthet‎i cs个人主义 indivi‎d ualis‎m修道院 cloist‎e r修道院教育 monast‎i c educat‎i on修道院学校 monast‎e ry school‎; Monast‎i c school‎; cloist‎e r school‎修辞学校 rhetor‎i cal school‎伦理教育 ethica‎l educat‎i on伦理学 Ethics‎原理；原则 princi‎p le原创性 origin‎a lity哲学的教育学‎philos‎o phica‎l pedago‎g y宫廷学校Court school‎; Palace‎school‎校友 alumnu‎s; Alumni‎{Pl .}校友会 alumni‎associ‎a tion校风 school‎ethos格言；行为准则maxim气质 temper‎a ment消极训练 negati‎v e discip‎l ine消极教育 negati‎v e educat‎i on消极适应 negati‎v e adapta‎t ion神学院 divini‎t y school‎; Theolo‎g ical colleg‎e; theolo‎g ical semina‎r y神学教育 theolo‎g ical educat‎i on纯粹科学 pure scienc‎e虔敬主义 pietis‎m 副校长 assist‎a nt princi‎p al副教授 associ‎a te profes‎s or唱诗学校 Choir school‎问答法 questi‎o n and answer‎method‎唯物论 materi‎a lism唯实主义教育‎realis‎t ic educat‎i on唯实论；实在论 realis‎m国家教育；民族教育 nation‎a l educat‎i on基督宗教教育‎Christ‎i an educat‎i on专业道德；专业伦理[学] profes‎s ional‎ethics‎情感[作用]；感情 affect‎i on情操 sentim‎e nt推论；推理 infere‎n ce [= reason‎i ng]教育工作者 educat‎o r教育史 Histor‎y of educat‎i on教育哲学 Educat‎i onal philos‎o phy; Philos‎o phy of educat‎i on教育价值 educat‎i onal value教育学家；教育学者 educat‎i onali‎s t; Educat‎i onist‎教育历程 educat‎i onal proces‎s教区学校parish‎school‎; Paroch‎i al school‎教规；训诫 precep‎t理性教育 ration‎a l educat‎i on理性论；理性主义 ration‎a lism理想ideal陆军学校army school‎陶冶；教化 cultiv‎a tion陶冶；教育{德} bildun‎g博士论文 Doctor‎a l disser‎t ation‎; Doctor‎a te disser‎t ation‎博士学位 Doctor‎a te; Doctor‎'s degree‎; Doctor‎a l degree‎象征主义 symbol‎i sm意识 consci‎o usnes‎s意识流 stream‎s of consci‎o usnes‎s慈善学校 charit‎y school‎新教育New educat‎i on新教学校 Protes‎t ant school‎暗示 sugges‎t ion道德教育 moral educat‎i on道德教学 moral instru‎c tion模范学校 model school‎论理次序；逻辑次序 logica‎l order论理学；逻辑；理哲学Logicepiste‎m ology‎认识论essent‎i alism‎本质论ration‎a lism 理性主义realis‎m实在论reduct‎i onism‎还原论met theory‎元理论micro logic 微观逻辑hy‎p othes‎i s 假说testab‎i lity 可检验性indete‎r minis‎m非决定论 naivefalsif‎i catio‎n ism 朴素证伪主义‎naive instru‎m ental‎i sm 朴素工具主义‎refuta‎b ility‎可反驳的falsif‎y证伪 refuta‎t ion 反驳verifi‎c ation‎证实justif‎y证明 verify‎证实justif‎i catio‎n ism 证明主义verisi‎m ilitu‎d e 逼真性logica‎l positi‎v ism 逻辑实证主义‎macro logic 宏观逻辑mental‎i st 精神主义met langua‎g e 元语言met scienc‎e元科学falsit‎y conten‎t虚假性内容irrati‎o nalis‎m非理性主义subjec‎t ivism‎主观主义。

最完整英语中科学类单词必须掌握

最完整英语中科学类单词必须掌握Aerobiology –空气生物学（aero+biology）The study of organic particles that are transported by the air. It is also branch of biology.Amphibian –两栖动物a type of vertebrate that lives a portion of its life in water and another part on land.Astronomy –天文学the scientific study of heavenly bodiesAtmosphere –大气层the blanket of gases surrounding the earth.Bacteria –细菌one-celled living organisms. They have no nucleus in their cellsBiology –生物学the scientific study of living thingsBotany –植物学the scientific study of plantsCardiology –心脏学the scientific study of the heartCarbon cycle –碳循环the constant exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen among living thingsCarnivore –食肉动物an organism that eats other animalsCell –细胞The smallest unit of living matterClimate –气候The prevailing weather conditions of a region.Dermatology -皮肤学the scientific study of the skinEarthquake –地震the shaking of the earth’s crust and mantleEcosystem –生态系统the group of living and non-living things in an environment.Electricity –电a form of energy produced from the active energies of wind, water, oil, or coal.Embryology –胚胎学the scientific study of embryosErosion –侵蚀the weathering away of rock pieces.Evaporation - 蒸汽The process by which a liquid changes into a gasEvolution –进化a change in a population’s gene pool from one generation to another generation by such processes such as natural selection, mutation, and genetic drift.Galaxy –银河系a collection of starsGravity –重力the pull of the earthGeology –地质学the scientific study of the earthHabitat –栖息地the place where an animal or plant resides and grows.Hematology –血液学The scientific study of the bloodHerbivore –食草动物an organism that eats plants and other producersHibernate –冬眠to enter into a deep sleep or dormant condition during the winterHumus –腐殖质a decayed animal or plant in the soilHurricane –飓风a large storm with a low pressure at its centerImmunology –免疫学the scientific study of the immune systemInvertebrate –无脊椎动物an animal without a backboneLunar Eclipse –月食the covering of the moon as it passes through the earth’s shadow.Mammal –哺乳动物a warm-blooded vertebrateMeteorite –陨石，流星a mass of stone from space and hits the surface of the moon or earth.Meteorology –气象学the scientific study of the weatherMicrobiology –微生物学the scientific study of micro-organismsOceanology –海洋学the scientific study of oceansOmnivore –杂食动物an organism that eats both animals and plantsOpthalmology –眼科学the scientific study of the eyesOrnithology –鸟类学the scientific study of birdsParasitism –寄生状态a relationship in which an organism lives in other organism and benefits from that relationship. The other organism is harmed.Parasitology - 寄生学the scientific study of parasitesPhotosynthesis –光合作用the food-making process of plantsPhysiology –生理学the scientific study of the functions of living organismsPollution –污染harmful substances found in land, water, or airPrecipitation –沉淀water particles that fall from the atmosphere and reach the earth’s surfacePsychology -心理学the scientific study of mental processes in living creaturesPlanet –地球a heavenly body revolving around the sunReptile –爬行动物A vertebrate with thick and dry skin. They are egg-laying organisms.Sexology –性学the scientific study of sexStar –星星a self-luminous heavenly bodySolar Eclipse –日食the covering of the sun when the moon passes between thesun and the earthSolar System –太阳系the group that comprises the sun and the objects that are revolving around itSymbiosis –共生状态a relationship between two organisms that persists over timeTocology –产科学the scientific study of childbirthTornado –龙卷风a violent storm of whirling wind that travels across a narrow path in the groundToxicology –毒理学the scientific study of poisonsVertebrate –脊椎动物an animal with a backboneVolcano –火山an opening in the earth’s surface where lave flows out.Water Cycle –水循环the movement of water from the earth to the air, and back to the earth’s surface.Weathering –风化作用the process of breaking down of rocks into smaller pieces and particles.Zoology –动物学the scientific study of animals.。

高端哲学名词

高端哲学名词
以下是一些高端哲学名词：
1. 存在主义（Existentialism）- 强调个人的自由意志、存在和
选择的哲学流派。

2. 形而上学（Metaphysics）- 研究现实的本质和基本原则的哲
学学科。

3. 現象學（Phenomenology）- 研究意识的结构、经验的本质
和现象的本质的哲学学派。

4. 辩证法（Dialectics）- 一种逻辑方法，强调矛盾和变化的作用。

5. 唯物主义（Materialism）- 认为物质是世界的基本实体，并
且意识和思想是物质的产物。

6. 心灵-身体问题（Mind-body problem）- 研究意识和身体之间关系的问题。

7. 自由意志（Free will）- 指个人能够自主选择和行动的能力。

8. 伦理学（Ethics）- 研究道德原则和价值观的哲学学科。

9. 合理性（Rationality）- 研究理性思维和推理的能力。

10. 知识论（Epistemology）- 研究知识的起源、范围和验证的
哲学分支。

以上只是一些高端哲学名词的简要介绍，每个名词背后都有丰富的哲学理论和讨论。

哲学专业英语词汇

哲学专业英语（the course of philosophical English）西方哲学专业词汇Western philosophy西方哲学Ancient Greek-Roman philosophy古希腊罗马哲学Hellenistic philosophy希腊化哲学Medieval philosophy中世纪哲学Renaissance philosophy文艺复兴哲学Modern western philosophy西方近代哲学Contemporary western philosophy西方现代哲学Jewish philosophy犹太哲学马克思主义哲学Philosophy of Marxism中国哲学Chinese Philosophy外国哲学Foreign Philosophy逻辑学Logic伦理学Ethics美学Aesthetics宗教学Science of Religion科学技术哲学Philosophy of Science and Technology 艺术哲学Philosophy of artMetaphysics形而上学Epistemology认识论/知识论Methodology方法论ontology本体论Cosmology宇宙论/宇宙生成论Theory of value/axiology价值论Monism一元论Dualism二元论Pluralism多元论Cognosciblism可知论Agnosticism不可知论Materialism唯物主义Irrationalism非理性主义abstract/concrete抽象/具体Idealism唯心主义Objective /Subjective idealism客/主观唯心主义Scepticism怀疑主义Substance实体macrocosm大宇宙microcosm小宇宙Sensibility/understanding/ reason感性/知性/理性Theism有神论Antitheism 无神论Deism自然神论pantheism泛神论Dialectical materialism辩证唯物主义Historical materialism历史唯物主义Law of identity同一律Law of contradiction排中律Law of excluded middle排中律teleology目的论mechanism机械论dialectics辩证法consciousness意识spirit精神belief信念nature自然reality现实，实在possibility可能性Illusion幻想imagination想象力Mysticism神秘主义Spiritualism唯灵论form形式existence存在appearance现象essence本质prime matter原初质料motion运动Continuity/non-Continuity连续性/间断性time and space时间与空间Past-present-future过去/现在/未来cause and effect原因与结果subject and object主体与客体occasionalism偶因论Ockham’s razor奥康剃刀subjectivity主体性Necessity and contingency必然性与偶然性Universals and individuals个别与一般/共相与殊相/普遍与个别relative and absolute相对与绝对intuition直觉idea观念thought思维perception知觉subsistence潜在knowledge知识opinion意见Nature自然Actuality/reality现实Reality实在Necessity and freedom必然与自由Beginning/first principle/arche（希）本原，始基archetype原型illusion幻象image形像，影像ideology意识形态doctrine of correspondence符合说mind-body problem身心问题representative theory of idea表象说finite and infinite有限与无限humanism人道主义，人文主义Natural theology自然神学substratum基质The infinite/boundless/apeiron无定/无限pneuma普纽玛being存在non-being非存在logos逻各斯mind/nous努斯psyche/pneuma普纽玛atom原子void虚空element元素four roots四根self-knowledge自知Becoming/decay生成/衰亡bisection两分法flying arrow is at rest飞矢不动stadium运动场becoming生成doctrine of effluence流射说Eristic/elenchus论辩术，诡辩术art of midwifery/maieutic method助产术/接生术irony讥讽Virtue is knowledge美德即知识world of idea理念世界Infinite regress argument无穷后退证明Simile of the cave洞穴喻Simile of the line线段喻Simile of the sun太阳喻sense world感性世界，感官世界harmony和谐theory of Participation（sharing）分有说theory of Imitation模仿说copy摹本archetype模型，原型paradigm范式model of universal宇宙模型，世界模型soul of universal宇宙灵魂，世界灵魂Philosopher-king哲学王passion激情Wisdom/courage/temperance/justice智慧/勇敢/节制/正义（four cardinal virtue四主德）Desire/passion欲望/激情artificer工匠，创造者Genus种primary/secondary substance第一、二实体form and matter形式与质料accident偶性potentiality and actuality潜能与现实four causes 四因material cause质料因formal cause形式因efficient cause动力因final cause目的因ether以太Actuality现实/entelechy隐德莱希（完全实现）Good/highest good善/至善Category范畴Peripatetics漫步学派active reason/active intellect主动理性/主动理智mean中道，中庸wisdom智慧Practical wisdom实践智慧intellectual virtue理智德性the liar说谎者argument of the measure of grain谷堆论证argument of the baldhead秃头论证argument of the veiled figure隐藏者论证logos of the universe宇宙理性one太一What-it-is 是什么the third man argument第三者论证Theory of recollection回忆说epoche悬搁判断==judgement of suspension ataraxy静观doctrine of emanation流溢说anthropomorphism神人同形同性论=拟人观pythagoreanism毕达哥拉斯主义transmigration of souls灵魂轮回转世说atomism原子论Mode of cyclical reasoning循环论证Good being nature善即自然sensation was due to action between the unlikes异类相知说doctrine of like knows like同类相知说doctrine of seeds种子说Doctrine of love and strife爱恨说doctrine of image影像说cynicism犬儒主义platonism柏拉图主义theory of idea理念论doctrine of the communion of genera通种论aristotelianism亚里士多德主义syllogism三段论Unmoved mover不动的动者==prime moverpurification净化说induction归纳法pyrrhonism皮浪主义Epicureanism伊壁鸠鲁主义canonic准则学Ionian school伊奥尼亚学派Milesian school米利都学派Ephsian school爱菲斯学派Heraclitean school赫拉克利特学派Pythagoreans 毕达哥拉斯学派Eleatic school爱利亚学派privation缺失，匮乏Presocratics前苏格拉底学派Cynics犬儒学派Cyrenaics昔兰尼学派megarian school麦加拉派sophists智者Minor socratics小苏格拉底学派academy学园/柏拉图学园/雅典学园academics学园派peripatetics漫步学派stoics画廊学派/斯多亚学派Epicurean school伊壁鸠鲁学派Christianity基督教Christian philosophy基督教哲学Judaism犹太教Trinity三位一体heresy异端Polytheism多神论eschatology末世论Church fathers教父Providence天意，天命Kingdom of God上帝之国theology神学negative theology否定神学Positive theology肯定神学Patristic philosophy/ Patristics教父哲学/教父学scholasticism经院哲学revealed religion天启宗教，启示宗教Trinity三位一体incarnation道成肉身faith/hope/love信仰/希望/热爱doctrine of redemption救赎论grace神恩，神惠，恩宠omnipotence全能omniscience全知omnipresence全在Argument a posteriori先天证明Argument a priori后天证明fideism信仰主义（僧侣主义）hylozoism物活论Original sin 原罪Justification by faith因信称义Ockham’s razor奥卡姆剃刀nominalism唯名论（extreme/moderate）realism唯实论（extreme/moderate ）Augustinism奥古斯丁主义ontological argument本体论证明cosmological argument宇宙论证明teleological argument目的论证明Moral argument道德论证明Supreme good argument至善性证明Faith hope and charity信望爱doctrine of double-truth双重真理论Divine illumination神的光照Theological fatalism神学预定论Thomism托马斯主义Averroism阿威洛伊主义Scotism司各脱主义Rationalism唯理论（materialistic/idealistic ）Empiricism经验论（materialistic/idealistic）Social contract theory社会契约论Geographical determinism地理环境决定论Classical German philosophy德国古典哲学Apriorism先天论The reformation宗教改革运动Enlightenment启蒙运动French materialism法国唯物主义Encyclopaedists百科全书派conceptualism概念论Mechanistic materialism机械唯物论learned ignorance有学问的无知maximum极大minimum极小utopia乌托邦universal intellect普遍理智idols假相，偶像theory of four idols四假相说idols of the tribe种族假相idols of the cave洞穴假相idols of the market-place市场假相idols of the theatre剧场假相property and form性质与形式extension广延first principle第一原理Real/nominal essence实在/名义本质blank tablet白板causality因果性causation因果关系cause原因/effect结果experience经验dogma教条Material/Spiritual substance物质/精神实体thinking substance思想实体，思维实体Innate idea天赋观念adventitious ideas外来观念factitious ideas虚幻观念dualism of mind and matter心物二元论Animal sprits精气，元精，动物精神psycho-physical interactionism身心交感论pineal gland松果腺extensive substance广延实体the theory of social contrast社会契约论Association of idea观念的联结（休谟）Cartesianists笛卡儿主义者theory of substance实体论theory of attribute属性论theory of mode样式论（finite/infinite）psycho-physical parallelism心物平行论true idea真观念attribute属性Spinozism斯宾诺莎主义experience经验（external/internal）sensation and reflection感觉与反省abstraction抽象作用abstract idea抽象观念Simple/complex idea简单/复杂观念Immaterialism非物质主义personal identity人格同一性contiguity接近性（休谟）Divine right of kings君权神授说school of continental Rationalism大陆理性派British empirists英国经验派Cambridge platonism 剑桥柏拉图主义Scottish school of common sense苏格兰常识学派Old Hegelians老年黑格尔派Young Hegelians青年黑格尔派Right Hegelians黑格尔右派Left Hegelians黑格尔左派Speculative philosophy 思辨哲学Three tables三表法Table of essence/presence本质表/具有表Table of absence of proximity接近中的缺乏表Table of degree/comparison程度表/比较表Relative/finite substance相对的或有限的实体Absolute/infinite substance绝对的或无限的实体Theory of corpuscles 微粒说Theory of vortex 漩涡说Cartesianism笛卡儿主义cosmotheism宇宙神论（斯宾诺莎）Infinite attribute无限的属性Theory of modes样态论Mode 样态，样式Sensation/reflection感觉/反省External/internal experience外部/内部经验Abstraction抽象作用Psychic force心力（莱布尼兹）Small perception微知觉Principle of continuity连续性原则Idea of substance/modes/relations实体/情状/关系观念real/fantastical ideas实在/幻想观念Intuitive/demonstratic/probable直觉/证明/或然知识primary/secondary/third quality第一/二/三性质real/nominal essence实在/名义本质innate human right天赋人权will of all全体意志monad单子monadology单子论cognition认知Complete notion完满性观念（莱布尼兹）Best of all possible world可能世界中的最佳者sentiment情感——sentimentalismscience of human nature人性科学human nature/humanity人性Per-established harmony前定和谐pre-established harmony预定和谐truth of reason/fact理性真理与事实真理Divine reason 神圣理性theodicy神正论Order of possible coexistence and order of possibilities which cannotcoexist可共存之物的秩序与不可共存之物的秩序existence is to be perceived存在就是被感知immaterialism非物质论idea and notion观念与意念impression and ideas印象与观念resemblance类似关系contiguity in time and space接近关系causal relation因果关系determinism of geographical environment地理环境决定论Theory of the omnipotence of education教育万能论Apodictic/assertoric必然的/实然的（康德）Appearance现象（康德）manifold杂多Physico-theological argument自然神论证明critical philosophy批判哲学dogmatism独断论copernican revolution哥白尼的革命pure reason纯粹理性antinomy二律背反thing-in-itself自在之物，物自体appearance现象practical reason实践理性good will善良意志schein幻相moral law道德律finality apart from an end无目的的合目的性Analytic-synthetic分析-综合Sensibility/understanding/reason感性/知性/理性category范畴command律令reflective judgement反思的判断力representation表象Schema图型/schematism图型论，图式论Metaphysical deduction形而上学演绎Metaphysical exposition形而上学阐明Metaphysics of morals道德性而上学Metaphysics of nature自然形而上学transcendental apperception先验统觉Analogies of experience经验的类推architectonic建筑术Autonomy自主性（康德）transcendental idealism先验唯心主义Kantianism康德主义transcendental先验的transcendent超验的transcendental aesthetic先验感性论transcendental analytic先验分析论Transcendental deduction先验演绎Transcendental dialectic先验辩证论Transcendental illusion先验幻象Transcendental logic先验逻辑Transcendental ideal先验的理想Transcendental paralogism先验谬误推理Transcendental reflection先验反思A priori and synthetic judgement 先天综合判断taste鉴赏力Thing-for-itself为我之物A priori先天A posteriori后天A priori judgement先天判断A posteriori judgement 后天判断analytic judgement分析判断synthetical judgement综合判断Quantity of judgement/ category of Quantity判断的量与量的范畴Qualitaty of judgement/ category of Qualitaty判断的质与质的范畴Relation of judgement/ category of relation判断的关系与关系的范畴Mode of judgement/ category of mode 判断的样式与样式的范畴Anthropology 人本学Absolute religion绝对宗教Free spirit自由精神Objective spirit客观精神practical spirit实践精神theoretical spirit理论精神Subjective spirit主观精神Externalization外化objectification对象化Position肯定Negation否定sublation扬弃identical philosophy同一哲学in itself自我for itself自为absolute idea绝对理念absolute spirit 绝对精神philosophy of mind精神哲学subjective/objective spirit主/客观精神these-antithese-synthese正-反-合civil society市民社会alienation异化dialectic辩证法actuality现实Hegelianism黑格尔主义Young Hegellians 青年黑格尔派Natural theology自然神学（理性神学）absolute ego （费希特的）绝对自我animatism 物活论animism 泛灵论，万物有灵论anthropologism 人本主义the Apostles十二使徒asceticism 禁欲主义atomism 原子论，原子学说atonement 赎罪baptism （基督教）洗礼bourgeoisie 资产阶级causationism 因果论Christianity 基督教clherentism 贯通论The Decalogue摩西十戒deism 理神论；自然神论；自然神论（natural religion）Judgment Day 上帝的最后审判日，世界的末日Kant’s nebular hypothesis 康德的星云假说method of exclusion 排除法method of induction 归纳法nativism 先天论，天赋论sense perception 感性知觉sentience 感觉现象；原始感觉theory of reflection 反映论theory of relativity 相对论theory of representation 表象论On nature《论自然》Purification《净化篇》Sophists《智者篇》Phaedo《斐多篇》Parmenides《巴门尼德篇》Republic《国家篇》On the nature of things《物性论》Meditations《沉思集》Bible《圣经》The Apocalypse/Revelations《圣经》中的《启示录》Genesis （《圣经》）（《创世纪》）New-Testament 《新约全书》Confessions《忏悔录》Utopia《乌托邦》New organon《新工具》Advancement of learning《学术的进展》Human nature《论人性》Leviathan《利维坦》Two treatises of civil government《政府论》An essay concerning human understanding《人类理解论》A treatise concerning the principles of human knowledge《人类知识原理》A treatise of human nature《人性论》An inquiry concerning human understanding 《人类理智研究》Dialogues concerning natural religion《自然宗教对话录》The natural history of religion 《宗教的自然史》Enquiries concerning the principles of morals《道德原理研究》Discourse on method《方法谈》Meditations on first philosophy《第一哲学沉思集》The principles of philosophy《哲学原理》Apology for learned ignorance《论有学问的无知》The principles of Descartes philosophy《笛卡尔哲学原理》Organon《工具论》Enneades《九章集》The ethics《伦理学》New essays on human understanding《人类理智新论》City of god 《上帝之城》Theological-political treatise《神学政治论》Essay on theodicy《神正论》On the improvement of understanding《知性改进论》Critique of pure reason《纯粹理性批判》Critique of practical reason 《实践理性批判》Critique of judgement《判断力批判》。