水力发电【英文】Hydro Power
能动专业英语part 3 Hydropower
Part Three Hydropower Unit One Hydropower DevelopmentAround the WorldThe contribution of hydro power to modern society is significant and continues to grow, supporting economic and social development worldwide. Nevertheless, there is an enormous diversity of conditions of hydropower use and visions for the future. North America and Europe use over 80% of their hydropower potential, but on the other extreme, Africa uses 3%, with these differences reflecting respective economic development. Hydro contributes 17% of the total world electricity production with hydroplants in some 150 countries, and 24 of these countries depend on it for 90% of their electricity supply. The major hydrocountries are shown in Figure 3.1.Hydroelectricity recently began to be in the spotlight because of two completely opposite views. On one hand, supporters quote its clean energy production characteristics, which are an attractive attribute in an emission constrained world. On the other hand, the international antidam lobby demands that major hydro developments be stopped altogether.Figure 3. 1 Major hydro producers in 20041.Phases of Hydro DevelopmentDevelopment of hydrogeneration worldwide has progressed through three main phases since the late 19th century. These phases correlate directly with the type of projects selected for development and the resources available for implementation, such as rivers, mountains, and precipitation.Phase I can be thought of as the birth of modern power systems and comprises the time from the first development of the electric generation industry through to the late 1930s. This period was characterized by project development by largely private sector utilities and industrial companies to meet immediate demands. Financing was limited and projects were developed as needed, often for specific industrial ventures in the developing world. The configuration and capacity of the projects115considered were driven by economic and technical factors, usually leading to modest-scale projects that could be financed from the resources of the relatively small utilities in existence at that time.Phase II was ushered in by the recession of the 1930s and the rapid economic growth and industrialization following World War II. The recession first led some governments to intervene to develop some large hydroprojects, like the Tennessee Valley Authority and the Bonneville Power Administration in the United States, or create state agencies to drive investment in power supply, as in Canada and several other countries around the world. Further on, industrialization expanded energy use significantly as development spread internationally. The growth rate promoted by economic planners exceeded the capability of the nascent private utilities to finance the required generation expansion. Accordingly, many governments took further direct roles in the power sector through the formation and/or expansion of publicly owned utilities. In the developing world, the major financing needs in this period were supported by the multilateral financing agencies. During the 1960s and 1970s, utilities embarked on programs of building large projects supported by government financing resources in an effort to keep pace with an increasing demand to foster development in emerging economies. Projects were designed to meet several needs, including water supply, flood control, and irrigation as well as power generation, and were intended to be national development ―engines,‖ in addition to the simple purpose of generation.In the present Phase III that has evolved during the last 15 years, the world has in many ways returned to the development model used during the emerging years of the power industry. This can be characterized by market-driven investments, as the economies move away from the centralized, nationalized structures that were artifacts of the ―mega‖ project phase in the 1960s and 1970s. One of the most important elements driving this transition is the realization, mainly in the developing world, that foreign direct investment can be an important source of financing the large capital requirements of power-sector expansion. Multilateral financing has ensured that many nations have matured politically and commercially so that large-scale foreign investment is viable. This phase has several variants, and the extent to which each country has moved down the road of market-driven investment governs investment strategy adopted by private power developers. Today, energy sales from independent power projects use various vehicles ranging from direct power purchase agreements with a utility at the outset of privatization to a sophisticated power pool or merchant market in the more developed markets.2.Hydro ChallengesA significant change has occurred in the professional orientation and background of hydropower development proponents, particularly during the last decade. It is well known that hydroengineering has reached a level of sophistication and maturity such that, given previous experience in the development of hydro, most technical difficulties of hydro implementation are well understood and can be solved (at a price). The main difficulties pertain to accurately forecasting and quantifying the risks and associated costs of each individual project. Numerous factors control whether, and to what extent, private funding is available for the support of hydropower project development throughout the world. One of the difficulties with attracting private investment and finance to hydropower projects is the need for a higher return on equity than was traditionally sought by utilities and the multilateral agencies.Much of the criticism of hydropower centers on the environmental effects of large reservoirs, 116and in particular the problems of resettlement. The general guideline has been that the smaller the reservoir, the more likely the project is to be environmentally friendly. Developers and financial institutions recognize the importance of this aspect of project development, and environmental and resettlement issues are always in the list of factors when projects are subject to preliminary assessment of viability.3.Hydropower ProgressThe hydropower progress in several regions of the world is different: South America, where hydro development is very active; the United States and Canada, where the greatest portion of the hydro potential has already been explored; China, a fast-growing market with significant hydro resources; and Africa, with still a large potential unexplored. Some articles will cover the state of development of hydroelectricity in its region. Potential for growth, specific projects, environmental constrains, and economics are a few of the issues that will be covered with articles encompassing diverse flavors around the globe.The primary challenge faced by South American countries is to ensure sufficient capacity and investment in electricity infrastructure to serve reliably their growing economies, currently faced with shortages and high prices. Within those conditions, the development of vast unexploited hydroelectric resources, particularly in Brazil, is at the center of attention, where its renewable character is being confronted with its environmental impact.Canada and the United States are world leaders in hydropower. Among the first countries to develop hydropower facilities in the 1880s, they are today in the top-four producing countries. Hydropower is the largest renewable-energy resource in the United States, accounting for more than three-quarters of all existing renewable-energy capacity in the country. Opportunities for growth in every part of the U.S. hydropower sector, even with existing conventional hydropower dams, where new technologies that improve efficiency could, in the next 20 years, add up to approximately 2,300 MW—the equivalent of two large-sized coal or nuclear power plants.Regarding Canada, from the late 1880s onward, hydropower has been developed to the extent that, like the national railway, it helped to define Canada, opening up remote regions, attracting industries, and stimulating economic growth. Canada generates now close to two-thirds of its electricity with water. The role that hydropower can play in reducing greenhouse gas emissions is emphasized, by powering cars, trains, and subways and by replacing the burning of coal and natural gas for electricity generation.In China the energy shortages that have occurred in the recent past, affecting the country‘s economic development and its social life. This reflects on the need to install more than 100 GW annually in 2006 and 2007, mostly from coal-fired thermal power plants that are the main sources of pollution in the country. This has made it evident that the future lies in the exploitation of more hydro power, more nuclear power, and other clean and sustainable energy resources, with a potential hydropower capacity of 676 GW. Flood control and environmental and agricultural benefits are to be balanced with the need to displace significant numbers of people.Finally, the continent in the dark as Africa has been described because of its lack of enough electricity. Africa‘s exploitable hydroelectric potential is estimated at approximately 1.4 million GWh/year, which is sufficient to supply electricity for the entire continent; but only 3% of this hydroelectric potential is available. Therefore, hydropower development is a major goal in Africa. Matters of concern in the exploitation of its hydropower potential are the poor integration of117technical data with demographic, socioeconomic and environmental data, corruption, and conflict. Nevertheless, there is a declared will to work toward addressing and overcoming these obstacles in an energy-thirsty continent.Reading material Hydropower in ChinaChina is one of the largest countries in the world with an area of about 9.6 million km2 and a population of about 1.3 billion in 2007. Its electricity generation and consumption have increased significantly in the past half century. In 1949, the total generation installed capacity was 1,850 MW (including 163 MW of hydropower). By the end of 2007, the total installed capacity had reached 713.29 GW, and the total annual generation production had reached 3,255.9TWh. Both of these numbers rank second in the world. The percentages of hydro, thermal, and nuclear in total generation capacity and total annual generation production are shown in Figure 3.2(a) and Figure 3.2(b), respectively. However, the electricity supply in China mainly relied on coal-fired thermal power plants by now.The issues of power industry development in China concern three aspects as follows:First, the rapid economic growth requires adequate electricity supply. It is a challenge for the power industry to catch up to the quickly increasing electricity demand. From 2004 to 2007, the installed capacity has increased from 440 GW to 713 GW. However, the electricity supply still cannot satisfy the requirement of fast economic growth. Energy shortages have occurred from time to time. Especially in 2003–2005, China had experienced the most serious energy shortages of which 24 provinces had electricity rations. The total electricity shortage was about 30–40 GW. The electricity shortage has affected the economic development and social life. This situation was alleviated in 2006 and 2007 after installing more than 100 GW each year.Figure 3. 2 (a) Percentage of hydro, thermal, and nuclear installed capacity in 2007(b) Percentage of hydro, thermal, and nuclear generation production in 2007Second, electricity generation is dominated (83% in 2007) by coal-fired thermal power plants, which cause environmental problems. The emission of CO2, SO2, NO x, and pollutants from coal fired thermal power plants is one of the main sources of pollution in the country. On the other hand, the coal price volatilities may affect electricity generation.Third, a large part of the thermal capacities are small thermal units, whose efficiencies are lower compared to large-scale power plants. Most of the small coal-fired units are old units without emission control technologies. For 1KWh of energy produced, small, old coal-fired power plants would consume more coal and produce more pollution. All of these issues call for the118exploitation of more hydropower, more nuclear power, and other clean and sustainable energy resources.1.Hydropower ResourcesChina has abundant water resources for hydropower. The potential hydropower capacity is 676GW, and the potential annual generation of hydropower is 5,920TWh. Among these, the exploitable capacity of hydropower is 378GW, and the exploitable annual generation of hydropower is 1,920TWh. The potential capacity and exploitable capacity of hydropower in China are shown in Figure 3.3. Three provinces/autonomous regions—Sichuan, Xizang (Tibet) and Yunnan—have the most abundant hydro power resources, which are 22%, 20%, and 19% of the total exploitable hydropower capacity.The water resources are concentrated in three drainage basins: the Changjiang River (or Yangtze River) basin, the Yellow River basin, and the Yaluzangbu River (upper reach of Brahmaputra River, India) basin. The exploitable hydropower capacities of the three drainage basins are, respectively, 47%, 13%, and 7% of the total exploitable hydropower capacity. The other large river basins include the Lancangjiang River (upper reach of Menam Khong River, Laos) and the Nujiang River (upper reach of Thanlwin River, Myanmar).2.Hydropower ProjectsThe first hydropower plant in China, the Shilongba hydropower station, was built in April 1912 in Kunming, Yunnan. The capacity was only 480 KW. After that, hydropower developed significantly and reached 145.26GW in 2007. The installed capacities of hydro, thermal, and the total installed capacity from 1949–2007 are shown in Figure 3.4.Notes:The circled areas indicate the exploitable hydropower in each province.The red pie sectors indicate the portion of exploited hydropower to exploitable hydropower of the province.It can be seen from Figure 3.4 that the growth of hydropower capacity became faster after the 1990s. Before the 1980s, most of the hydro stations were small and medium-sized stations (100 kW to 50 MW) concentrated in the eastern part of China. It was very common to build the small119run-of-the-river systems for agriculture and electric power supply. The large-capacity hydropower projects started in 1990s, including the famous Three Gorges Hydroelectric Project, which is the world‘s largest hydropower project.In fact, the planning, survey, and feasibility analysis of the Three Gorges Hydroelectric Project started way back in the 1950s. The preliminary proposal was submitted to the State Council for approval. After eight years of discussions and fierce debates in the State Council and People‘s Congress, this project was finally approved in 1992. The construction work started in December 1994. The total installed generation capacity of the Three Gorges hydro station is 22,400 MW, including 14 × 700 MW in the Left-Bank Station, 12 × 700 MW in the Right Bank Station and 6 × 700 MW in the underground Station.Now, the 14 generators in the Left Bank Station have already started generating electric power as well as some of the generators in the Right Bank Station. The whole project will be completed in 2009. The height of the dam is 181 m, and the capacity of the reservoir will be 16.5 million m3. Some other large hydropower projects under constructions are listed in Table 3.1. Sitesof large hydro projects in operation and under construction are shown in Figure 3.5.Figure 3.4 Installed capacities of hydro and thermal and the total installed capacity in China (1949–2007)Table 3.1 Large hydro projects under constructionProject Name River ProvinceCapacity(MW)ConstructionStartedRiverClosureUnit inOperationinOperationXiluodu Yangtze Yunnan-Sichuan 12,600 2003 2008 2014 2018 Xingjiaba Yangtze Sichuan 6,000 2005 2008 2012 2015 Jinping 1stCascadeYalongjiang Sichuan 3,600 2005 2006 2012 2014 Jinping2ndCascadeYalongjiang Sichuan 4,400 2007 —2013 2015 Pubugou Daduhe Sichuan 3,300 2004 2005 2009 2011 Goupitan Wujiang Guizhou 3,000 2003 2004 2009 2011 Longtan Xijiang Guangxi 5,400 2001 2003 2007 2009 Xiaowan Lancangjiang Yunnan 4,200 2002 2004 2009 2011 Nuojiadu Lancangjiang Yunnan 5,850 2005 2008 2014 2017 Lawaxi Yellow river Qinghai 4,200 2003 2004 2010 2013 Total 52,550120Figure 3. 5 Sites of large hydro projects in operation and under construction in China3.Benefits and Challenges of Hydro Projects1)Flood ControlBesides electric power generation, the major benefit of these hydropower projects in China is flood control. The Yellow River is probably the most flooding river in the world. There have been thousands of flooding disasters in its history. However, after constructing 13 cascading hydro stations along the river in about half a century, there has been no flood in Yellow River since 2000. The Three Gorges Dam also helped to alleviate flooding in the middle reaches of Yangtze River. However, to mitigate the damage of the most serious flood (which occurs once per 100 years), China still has a lot of work that needs to be done.2)Environmental BenefitsChina ranks second for CO2 emission (after the United States) and SO2 emission in the world. Just imagine if, without the Three Gorges hydro station, China would instead build thermal power plants of 22,400 MW to support the economy growth. This would produce more pollution and cause more acid rains not only in China but also may pollute the air and water in neighboring countries.3)Agriculture Benefits from Small HydropowerUntil 2005, China had built 33,000 MW of small hydro stations in rural areas, which brought electricity to 500 million people who had no electricity in their homes before. The small hydro projects also bring benefits for agriculture irrigation.4)Sediment ProblemThe upper Yellow River flows through several desert areas. The sediments are transported to the lower Yellow River basin and deposited on the riverbed, whose altitude becomes higher year by year. The sediments have to be removed; otherwise the hydro stations in the middle reach will be buried in sand after some years. The Yellow River Water Resources Committee (YRWRC) has conducted tests to scour the sand into the sea by using the water from three to four dams in121cascade. Three tests have removed 258 million tons of sand from the riverbed. However, the tests were costly because water is scarce in the Yellow River.5)Displacement of SettlersDisplacement of settlers is a difficult problem for almost all large hydro projects. The reservoir behind each dam inundates a large area of land. Tens of thousands of inhabitants have to be displaced to other places. Since 1949, about 320 medium- and large-sized hydro stations have been built in China. According to the statistics available, about 5.7 million people have been displaced from their original homes. The government has issued a series of policies for the arrangement of displaced settlers, including compensation for their displacement; providing them with housing, transportation, education, etc.; and helping them to find new jobs or cultivate new lands. The compensation funds were included in the hydro project investment. Local governments and project leaders are responsible for settlers‘ arr angements. According to the policy, the living standard of settlers should be improved after displacement.6)Experience GainedFrom the previous large hydropower projects, China has learned the experiences of planning, design, construction, and operation of large hydro projects, including manufacturing large water turbines. The last eight turbo generators (700MW each) in the Right Bank Station are being manufactured by two domestic manufacturers.4.Future DevelopmentAccording to the latest policies on clean energy, the cleaner energy resources such as hydro, nuclear, and renewable energy will have higher priority in the future generation planning than the conventional coal-fired power plants. For hydropower, there is a target plan for the year 2020. According to the Almanac of China‘s Water Power, the total installed hydro capacity will reach 328 GW, of which 253 GW will be large and medium hydro stations and 70 GW will be small hydropower stations. The proportion of hydro capacity to the total installed capacity will be 28.5%. The percentage of exploited hydropower generation will be 60%. In 2020, the total installed capacity of pumped storage power stations will be 50.1 GW, which is 4.4% of the total generation capacity.After 2020, since most of the economically exploitable hydro resources in eastern China and central China will have been developed or under construction, it will be natural for China to develop the abundant water power along the Yaluzangbu River, in which only the ―Great Turn‖ can generate 48 GW of power. The water drop of the Great Turn is about 2,000 m, which is situated in an area that is hard to reach (southeastern part of the Xizang autonomous region). The area is very thinly populated, with neither nearby railways nor roads. To develop such a project needs a big investment and also needs to overcome many technical difficulties. It is very close to India (about 300 km) and Myanmar (about 400 km). Developing such a project could be beneficial to all three countries. Besides the Yaluzangbu River, the upper reaches of Jinshajiang, Lancangjiang, and Nujiang also contain abundant hydro resources. The total exploitable installed generation capacity in Xizang is 110 GW and annual generation production is 57.6TWh. The lower reaches of Lancangjiang and Nujiang flow into Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam. Joint utilization of the hydro energy would be beneficial to all countries.5.Outlook122China is experiencing very fast economic growth. In 2007, the total gross domestic product (GDP) had reached 24.66 trillion RMB (about $3.38 trillion in 2007), and the annual growth rate was 11.4%. It is currently the fourth-largest economical community in the world. However, when divided by the population (approximately 1.3 billion in 2007), the GDP per capita becomes $2,502, which ranks about the 120th in the world (estimated).China‘s annual electricity consumption in 2007 reached 3,245.8TWh, second in the world; however, when divided by the population, it is only 2,404 KWh per capita. The number is still lower than the world average of 2,500 KWh in 2000, comparable with the United States in the 1950s or the United Kingdom in the early 1960s. To support the rapid growth of her economy, China needs more energy.The long-term development of electric energy is limited by the energy resources. China is rich in hydro resources and coal resources but poor in oil and natural gas resources. Though the exploitable hydro resource is 378 GW, most of the hydro resources will be exploited by 2030. As for coal, the surveyed deposit is 1,000 billion tons, which should be enough for 200 years. The composition of various energy resources projected for 2020 is given in Table 3.2.Table 3.2 Composition of various generation capacities and production in 2020Coal-Fired Hydro PunpedStorageNuclearNaturalGasNew EnergyResourcesTotalCapacity (GW)% 600 200 25 40 70 15 950 63 21.1 2.6 4.2 7.3 1.5 100Production(TWh)% 3,000 700 —260 300 40 4,300 70 16 — 6 7 1 100High technology will be utilized whenever possible to increase the efficiency and to reduce the pollution of coal-fired thermal plants; e.g., super-critical and ultra super-critical steam turbines (efficiency 45% or better), integrated gasified combined cycle (IGCC) units (efficiency 50% or better), fluegas desulfur equipment, air-cooled units for water saving, etc.Energy conservation will be emphasized. China needs more energy, but the efficiency of utilization of energy in her industries is lower than the world advanced level. The GDP per kWh consumption of energy for China is about three times that of the United States and four times that of Japan. To produce every one ton of steel, 784 kg of standard coal are consumed. This is 21.4% higher than the world level. One ton of cement consumes 181 tons of standard coal, 45.3% higher than the world level. One ton of ethylene consumes 1,110 tons of stand coal, 55.6% higher than world level. If the GDP per energy consumption can be improved to the world level, lots of energy can be saved. To fulfill the target of energy development in China and meet the demand in 2020 and later, China has to depend on the utilization of high technology and energy conservation.123Unit Two Hydropower Project (1)Hydropower is the oldest and probably the most underrated renewable energy resource in the world. The earliest known reference is found in a Greek poem of 85 BC. At the end of 2002, total global hydropower installed capacity was 728.49GW. It provided 19% of total global output. Yet when renewable energy is discussed, hydropower barely earns a mention.1.The hydropower resourceTable 3.3 presents figures for global hydropower potential, broken down by region. The gross theoretical capability figures, shown in column one, represent the amount of electricity that could be generated if the total amount of rain that falls over a region could be used to generate power at sea level (thus utilizing the maximum head of water and extracting the most energy). This figure is of little practical use but the second column in Table 3.3 is more useful. This how much of the theoretical capability could be exploited using technology available today.As the table shows, hydropower potential is to be round in all parts of the world. While every region has a significant resource, the largest capability exists in Asia where there is 4875TWh of technically exploitable capability. At the other end of the scale, the Middle East has 218TWh.Not all the technically exploitable capability in any region can be cost effectively utilized. That which can is termed the economically exploitable capability. Of the total technically exploitable capability shown in table 3.3, 14,379TWh, just over 8000TWh is considered to be economically exploitable. This is three times the 2650TWh of electricity generated by the hydropower plants operation around the world by the 1999. Thus two-thirds of the global resource remains unexploited.The actual level of exploitation varies widely from region to region. The World Energy Council estimated in the 1990s that 65% of the economically feasible hydropower potential has been developed in Europe and 55% in North America. In Asia, by contrast the level of exploitation was 18% while in Africa it was only 6%.So, as already noted, the developed world has taken advantage of much of its hydropower resource while the resource in the developing world remains largely unexploited. Africa, in particular, has some major hydropower sites that could, sensitively developed; provide significantly greater prosperity to regions of that continent.By the 1999 the gross global installed hydropower capacity is just under 700GW, with another 100GW under construction. Current global hydropower capacity is broken down by region in Table 3.3(the fourth column). In gross terms, Europe has the biggest installed capacity, followed by Asia and North America. The Middle East, probably the world‘s most arid region, has the smallest capacity. The numbers in Table 3.3 confirms that Africa has exploited relatively less of its capability than any other region.If all the remaining economically exploitable capacity in the world was utilized with the same efficiency as that of current capacity, an additional 1400GW could be constructed. This would roughly triple the existing hydropower capacity. Exploitation would involve an additional 14,000 power plants with an average size of 100MW, at a cost of $1500 billion.124。
水力发电的原理及分类
水力发电水力发电(hydroelectric power) 是指利用河流、湖泊等位于高处具有位能的水流至低处，将其中所含的位能转换成水轮机的动能，然后再以水轮机为原动力，推动发电机产生电能。
利用水力(具有水头)推动水力机械(水轮机)转动，将水能转变为机械能，如果在水轮机上接上发电机，随着水轮机转动便可发出电来，这时机械能又转变为电能。
因此，水力发电在某种意义上讲是水的位能转变成机械能，再转变成电能的过程。
科学家们依据水位落差的天然条件，有效地利用流体力学工程及机械物理等，使发电量达到最高，供人们使用既经济又无污染的电力。
水力发电的整个流程如下：1 水力发电特点水力发电主要有以下几个特点：(1) 发电成本低。
水力发电是利用河流所携带的水能，不需要再消耗其他的动力资源。
而且上一级水电站使用过的水流仍可为下一级水电站所利用，梯级电站的发即是这个道理。
另外，水电站的设备也比较简单，其检修、维护费用也较同容量的火电厂低很多。
如果把消耗的燃料费用计算在内，火电厂的年运行费用约为同容量水电站的10至15倍。
因此，水力发电的成本较低，可以提供较经济的电能。
(2) 高效而灵活。
水力发电主要动力设备的水轮发电机组，不仅效率较高而且启动、操作比较灵活。
它可以在几分钟内从静止状态迅速启动投入运行；在几秒钟内完成增减负荷的任务，适应电力负荷变化的需要，而且不会造成能源损失。
因此，利用水电承担电力系统的调峰、调频、负荷备用和事故备用等任务，可以提高整个系统的经济效益。
(3) 工程效益的综合性。
水电工程是一项复杂的综合性工程，具有防洪、灌概、航运、给水以及旅游等多种功能。
水电站建设后，可能会出现泥沙齡积、良田、森林和文化古迹等被掩没，鱼类生活和繁衍被打乱等各种不利现象。
库区周围地下水位的大幅度提高会对周边的果树、作物的生长产生不良影响，建设大型水电站还可能影响流域的气候，导致干旱或洪错，甚至诱发地震、泥石流、滑坡等地质灾害。
电力相关英语核心词汇完整版
L1Electric power: 电力Blackout：断电；停电Power consumption:用电（量）Electric power demand: 电力需求量Rate :速率；费率Hydro power :水电Power transformation:变电、变压Extra-high voltage(EHV)Load:负载；负荷Power transmission：输电Domestic load:民用负荷Deliver：输送；交付；递交Power consumer:电力用户Substation:变电站；变电所Subtransmission:二次输电Power distribution:配电Feeder:馈电线Network:网络Operate:运行、工作、操作、运作Interconnection:互联（相互联接）Probability:可能性、概率Interruption:中断Reserve capacity:备用容量Outage:断电、停电、停运Reliability:可靠性Frequency:频率Limited：有限的Tolerance:容差Per capita:人均Power generation:发电Power station:用电Fossil fuel:矿物燃料Fission:裂变Elevation:高度、高程Fossil-fired power:火电Nuclear power:核电Hertz:赫兹Stall:失速Motor:电动机Alternating current(AC):交流Direct current(DC):直流Three-phase:三相Single-phase:单相Balanced:平衡的；对称的Allot:分配、调配Schematic:示意图、原理图Symbol:符号、图形符号Fault:故障Relay:继电器Circuit breaker(CB):断路器Normal/abnormal:正常的/异常的Combustion turbine 燃气轮机Fuse:熔断器Dashed line:虚线Hydro power station:水电站High/medium/low head 高/中/低水头Transformer:变压器Residential customer:居民用户L2（electric）power network:电力网、电网Generator:（交流）发电机Disturbance:扰动Efficiency:效率Fixed:固定的，不变的Network frame:网架，主网架Intermediate:中间的，中等的Retail:零售Low voltage(LV):低压High voltage(HV):高压Ultra-high voltage(UHV)：特高压Right-of-way:线路走廊Switchgear :开关设备，开关装置Mercury:汞，水银Arc:电弧Rectifier:整流器Rectify:整流Thyratron:闸流管Maintence:维修、保养Step up/step dowm:升压；降压Potential:电位，电压Inductance:电感Inductive:电感的，感性的Inductor:电感器Capacitance:电容Capacitor:电容器Capacitive:电容的，容性的Reactance:电抗Phase displacement:相移（=phase shift）Surge:冲击，过电压Skin effect:趋肤效应，集肤效应Cross-section:（横）截面Potential stress:电位应力（即电厂强度du/dl）Insulation:绝缘Corona:电晕Interference with：干扰Dielectric:电介质（即绝缘材料）Cable:电缆Stable:稳定的Stability:稳定性Synchronize:同步；整步Sychronism：同步；整步Synchronous:同步的Power transformer:电力变压器Instrument transformer:互感器Lighting:雷电（lighting）arrester 避雷器Disconnect：断开Disconnection switch:隔离开关Capacitor bank:电容器组（由多个电容串、并联组成）Energize:通电，供给电力，激励L3Thermal power plant:火力发电厂Prime mover:原动机Optimize:最优（佳）化Crusher:碎煤机Pulverizer:磨煤机Pulverized coal:煤粉Coal feeder:供煤机Stationary blade:固定叶片Moving blade:可动叶片Nozzle partition:喷嘴隔板Bucket:戽斗Kinetic:动能Shaft:转轴Condenser:凝汽Condensate:凝汽机Feedwater:给水Booster:增压压力）Forced-draft (FD) fan:送风风机Induced-draft (ID)fan 引风风机Air compressor 空气压缩机Lighting:照明Heating:取暖Horsepower:马力Electrostatic precipitator:静电除尘器Baghouse:集尘（灰）室Flue gas desulfurization(FGD) scrubber 烟气脱硫除尘器Economizer:省煤机Stack:烟道，烟囱Preheater/reheater/superheater:预热器、再热器、过热器Working fluid:作功流体Peaking:巅峰（负荷）Heat recovery steam generator(HRSG):热回收汽轮发电机L4Hydroelectric power station: 水电站Hydro：水的，水电的Potential Energy：势能Runner：转轮Impulse turbine: 冲击式水轮机Reaction turbine：反击式水轮机Pumped storage power station：抽水蓄能电站Reservoir：水库Peak hour: 峰荷期Reversible pump turbine: 可逆式水泵水轮机Operating characteristic: 工作特性Outage rate: 停电率Synchronous condenser: 同步调相器Light-water reactor(LWR): 轻水型反应堆Neutron：中子Boiling-water reactor(BWR): 沸水型反应堆Pressurized-water reactor(PWR): 压水型反应堆Loop: 回路Coolant：冷却剂Tandem-compound: 串级复合式Moisture separator：水分离器L5Stator: 定子Rotor：转子Armature：电枢Field current: 励磁电流Exciting Current：励磁电流Magnetic field：磁场Electric Field：电场Steady state: 稳态Transient state: 暂态Salient-pole rotor: 凸极转子Pole: 极Round-rotor/cylindrical-rotor/non-salient pole rotor: 隐极转子Slot：线槽Laminate：迭片amrtisseur/damper:阻尼Winding：绕组Converter：换流机Axial：轴向的Axle：轴（X轴，Y轴）Insulate：绝缘Wedge：槽楔Copper strap：铜排条Retaining ring：护环Slip ring: 滑环Carbon brush: 碳刷L6Induction: 感应Autotransformer:自耦变压器Bushing：套管Turn：匝，圈Turn ratio：变比，匝比Tap:分接头Load tap changer: 有载分接开关Harmonic: 谐波Clearance：间距Apparatus: 设备Transmission capacity: 传输容量Magnetic Core：磁芯No load voltage: 空载电压De-energized tap changer：无载分接开关Distribution Transformer：配电变压器L7Open: 分闸Close：合闸Trip：跳闸Contact：触头，触点Gap：间隙Arc Extinguish：灭弧Arc reignition: 电弧重燃Recovery Voltage：恢复电压Air-blast breaker: 空气断路器Oil-minimum breaker：少油断路器Vacuum breaker：真空断路器SF6 breaker：六氟化硫断路器Decompose：分解Compose：组合Vent: 喷口Extinguish chamber：灭弧室Operating mechanism：操作机构Pneumatic：气动的Hydraulic：液压的Overload：过载Nameplate：铭牌Symmetrical：对称的Independent pole operation: 分相操作Backup：后备Clearing：清除L8Backbone: 主网架Term：术语Insulator：绝缘子Shield wire：避雷线Aluminum conductor steel reinforced(ACSR):铜芯铝导线Suspension type: 悬挂式Pin type: 针式High leakage distance:大泄漏距离Deterioration：老化，劣化Build up: 集聚，积累Galvanized：镀锌的Self-supporting tower：自支撑杆塔Guyed tower: 拉线杆塔Gradient：梯度Bundle-conductor：分裂式导线Perimeter：圆周Series: 串联Shunt：并联Charging current：充电电流Susceptibility：敏感度Creep distance：爬电距离Silicon rubber：硅橡胶Composite insulator：合成绝缘子L10Bus Arrangement: 母线布置Layout: 布置Single Bus: 单母线Main and transfer bus: 单母线加旁路母线Double Bus: 双母线Ring bus: 环形母线Transfer breaker: 旁路断路器Bus tie breaker: 母线联络断路器Protective relaying: 继电保护Backup: 后备Transfer switching: 倒闸操作Outgoing circuit：出线Incoming circuit：进线Odd/even number: 奇/偶数L13Defective element不良部件，有缺陷部件Removal of切除Threefold:三重Instrument transformer:互感器Primary relaying:主继电保护Backup relay:后备继电保护Reset：复归，返回Remote backup:远后备Local backup:近后备Initiate:启动Timer:定时器。
水力发电 英语
水力发电英语水力发电在英语中被称为"Hydropower"，是指通过水流的能量来产生电力的一种能源形式。
以下是与水力发电相关的一些常用术语：1.Hydropower:•水力发电2.Hydroelectric Power Plant:•水力发电厂3.Dam:•水坝4.Reservoir:•水库5.Turbine:•水轮机6.Generator:•发电机7.Head:•水头（水位差，即水的下落高度）8.Penstock:•输水管道9.Powerhouse:•发电厂建筑10.R un-of-River Hydropower:•河流发电（不蓄水的水力发电）11.P umped Storage Hydropower:•抽水蓄能式水力发电12.I mpoundment:•蓄水池13.F ish Ladder:•鱼梯（为了让鱼类迁徙而设计的结构）14.E nvironmental Impact Assessment (EIA):•环境影响评估15.R enewable Energy:•可再生能源16.S edimentation:•沉积作用17.R unoff:•径流（指降雨或融雪后从地表流出的水）18.T idal Power:•潮汐能（潮汐引起的水能）19.W ave Energy:•波浪能20.M icro Hydropower:•微水力发电这些术语可用于描述水力发电过程的不同方面，从水坝和水库的建设到水轮机和发电机的运行，以及水力发电对环境的影响等。
描述能源的英语单词合集
描述能源的英语单词合集01.能源 energy[ˈɛnərdʒi]02. 燃料 fuel [ˈfjuːəl]03. 化石燃料 fossil fuel[ˈfɑːsl ˈfjuːəl]04. 煤炭 coal [kəʊl]05. 煤矿 coal mine[kəʊl maɪn]06. 煤气 coal gas [kəʊl ɡæs]07. 油 oil [ɔɪl]08. 油田 oilfield[ˈɔɪlfiːld]09. 石油 petroleum [pəˈtrəʊliəm]10. 汽油 gasoline [ˈɡæsəliːn]11. 汽油 petrol [ˈpɛtrəl]12. 柴油 diesel oil [ˈdiːzl ɔɪl]13. 天然气 natural gas [ˈnætʃrəl ɡæs]14. 风能 wind energy [wɪnd ˈɛnərdʒi]15. 风力发电 wind power [wɪnd ˈpaʊər]16. 风力涡轮机 wind turbine [wɪnd ˈtɜːrbaɪn]17. 电能 electric energy[ɪˈlɛktrɪk ˈɛnərdʒi]18. 太阳能 solar energy[ˈsəʊlər ˈɛnərdʒi]19. 太阳能电池板 solar panel [ˈsəʊlər ˈpænl]20. 水能 hydroenergy [ˈhaɪdrəʊˈɛnərdʒi]21. 水力发电 water power [ˈwɔːtər ˈpaʊər]22. 可再生能源 renewable energy[rɪˈnuːəbl ˈɛnərdʒi]23. 不可再生能源 non-renewable energy[nɑːn rɪˈnuːəbl ˈɛnərdʒi]24. 节能 energy conservation[ˈɛnərdʒi kɑːnsərˈveɪʃn]25. 减排 emission reduction [ɪˈmɪʃn rɪˈdʌkʃn]26. 节约用水 save water [seɪv ˈwɔːtər]27. 节约用电 save electricity[seɪv ɪlɛkˈtrɪsəti]28. 清洁能源 clean energy[kliːn ˈɛnərdʒi]29. 环保 environmental conservation[ɪnˌvaɪrənˈmɛntl ˌkɑːnsərˈveɪʃn]30. 地球一小时 Earth Hour[ɜːrθ ˈaʊər]词头re-：表示“再”; “又”; 指重复一个行动或过程renew 重新开始；再生词缀-able：表示“可…的”，“能…的”renewable 可再生的否定词头non-：表示“非; 无”non-renewable词汇辨析oil指所有的油类petroleum石油gasoline汽油[美国英语] petrol汽油[英国英语]hydro与水有关的；含氢的water水。
新能源专业英语基础课文翻译
新能源专业英语基础课文翻译新能源专业英语新能源专业英语新能源专业英语新能源专业英语１。
Pｕt ｔｈefolloｗiｎｇphrasｅｉntｏEnｇliｓh．Uｎiｔ11.温室效应thegreｅnhouseeｆfect2。
可再生能源ｒｅｎeｗaｂｌｅeｎeｒgy３．太阳能电池solar ｃell４。
风力发电系统ｗiｎdturbinesysteｍ5．核能nｕcｌeａreｎergｙ6．海洋能ｏceanenergyUｎit2１.辐射度irradiaｎce2.负载lｏaｄ3.耐候性weａtherfａsｔness4.光电效应phｏｔｏelectriｃeffect5.光生伏打效应phoｔov ｏlｔaicｅffectＵniｔ３1.风电场winｄfarｍ2．装机容量instalｌedｃapacｉty3．涡轮机turbine4。
水泵ｗaterpｕmping５．风光互补windandｐhoｔｏvoltａiｃｈybrｉdpowｅr６.混合动力装置hｙbriｄｐoｗeｒｓｙstｅm7．电网utｉlｉｔｙｇrｉd8。
电池batteryUniｔ4１.热交换器heaｔｅxｃhangｅr2．核反应堆nｕclｅarｒｅaｃtｏr新能源专业英语新能源专业英语新能源专业英语3。
浓缩铀enｒｉcheduraniｕｍ4.低温冷却水subcooledwaｔｅr５。
千瓦kiｌｏwaｔｔ6.沸水反应堆boiliｎgwaterreａcｔor7。
商用发电站ｃomme ｒciaｌpowerplant8.快速中子反应堆ａｆastｎeｕtrｏnreactoｒUｎit５１．生物质biomａｓs2.植物vegetation3．肥料manｕｒe4.残留物rｅｓiｄue5．光合作用pｈotosyntｈesis6．碳水化合物caｒbohｙｄrａte7.化石燃料ｆossiｌfuelｓ8.固定碳carｂｏnfiｘeｄUｎｉt6１.万有引力gｒavｉtａtionalpｕlｌ２。
水能
水能科技名词定义中文名称：水能英文名称：hydropower;hydropower，water power;water energy;hydraulic energy定义1：天然水流能蕴藏的能量，其蕴藏量取决于水流的流量与落差。
所属学科：地理学（一级学科）；水文学（二级学科）定义2：天然水流蕴藏的位能、压能和动能等能源资源的统称。
采用一定的技术措施，可将水能转变为机械能或电能。
水能资源是一种自然能源，也是一种可再生资源。
所属学科：电力（一级学科）；电力规划、设计与施工（二级学科）定义3：因水的运动或水的位势而具有的能量的统称。
所属学科：生态学（一级学科）；农业生态学（二级学科）定义4：水体具备的势能、压能和动能的总称，一般指河流的水能。
所属学科：资源科技（一级学科）；水资源学（二级学科）本内容由全国科学技术名词审定委员会审定公布百科名片水能是一种可再生能源，是清洁能源，是绿色能源，是指水体的动能、势能和压力能等能量资源。
目录两种重要的动能指标。
确定水电站的出力和发电量这两种动能指标的计算称为水能计算。
在水电站建设和运行的不同的阶段，水能计算的目的和任务是不同的。
在规划设计阶段，主要是选定和水电站及其水库的有关参数，比如水电站装机容量、正常蓄水位、死水位等。
在运行阶段，不同的运行方式，水电站的出力及发电量不同，产生的效益不同。
这个时候进行水能计算的目的主要是为了确定水电站在电力系统中的最有利运行方案。
按照水流能量的有关因素，考虑能量转化当中发生的损失，可以推出水能计算的基本公式N=9.81ηQ电 H净式中 N——水电站的出力，kW；η——水电站的效率系数；Q电——发电引用流量，m3/s；H净——水电站净水头，m。
水电站保证出力及其计算（1）保证出力的含义水电站利用水能来发电，因此它的工作受到河川径流的制约。
为了衡量水电站承担发电任务的能力，引入保证出力这样一个动能指标。
保证出力是指水电站相应于设计保证率的枯水时段的平均出力，可以简写为N保。
UNIT 4 hydro-electric power
势能使水流动，驱动水轮机的叶片，这样与水轮机连接 的发电机就发出电能。本章只涉及水力发电系统的内容。
Hydro-plants may be classified on the basis of hydraulic characteristics as follow: ① run-off river plants ; ② storage plants ; ③ pumped storage plants ; ④tidal plants. they are described below:
根据水力特性把水力发电站分为下列几种：①径流式电 站；②蓄水式电站；③抽水蓄能电站；④潮汐电站。各类电 站分述如下；
These plants are those which utilize the minimum flow in a river having no appreciable pondage on its upstream side.
直接燃烧煤产生水蒸气，煤是最简便、最古老的一种燃 料。柴油等也可以作为产生蒸汽的燃料。原子燃料如铀、钍 也可用于产生蒸汽。
Atomic fuels such as uranium or thorium may also be used to produce steam.
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UNDP estimates
Theoretical potential is about 40,500 TWh per year. The technical potential is about 14,300 TWh per year. The economic potential is about 8100 TWh per year. The world installed hydro capacity currently stands at 694 GW. In the 1980s the percentage of contribution by hydroelectric power was about 8 to 9%. The total power generation in 2000 was 2675 Billion KWh or close to 20% of the total energy generation.
Continued …
The proportion of hydro power increased from 35% from the first five year plan to 46% in the third five year plan but has since then decreased continuously to 25% in 2001. The theoretical potential of small hydro power is 10071 MW. Currently about 17% of the potential is being harnessed About 6.3% is still under construction.
POTENTIAL
Potential
THEORETICAL- The maximum potential that exists. TECHNICAL- It takes into account the cost involved in exploiting a source (including the environmental and engineering restrictions) ECONOMIC- Calculated after detailed environmental, geological, and other economic constraints.
3780 7530
OCEANIA
EUROPE
1500
4360
80
19390
Top ten countries (in terms of capacity)
COUNTRY POWER CAPACITY (GWh) INSTALLED CAPACITY (GW)
TAJIKISTAN
CANADA USA BRAZIL
527000
341312 319484 285603
4000
66954 79511 57517
CHINA
RUSSIA NORWAY JAPAN INDIA FRANCE
204300
160500 121824 84500 82237 77500
65000
44000 27528 27229 22083 77500
Continent Wide distribution
REGION THEORETICAL POTENTIAL (TWh) 10118 TECHNICAL POTENTIAL (TWh) 3140
AFRICA
N. AMERICA
LATIN AMERICA ASIA
6150
5670 20486
3120
Water from the reservoir flows due to gravity to drive the turbine. Turbine is connected to a generator. Power generated is transmitted over power lines.
Global Installed Capacity
Under Construction…
The Indian Scenario
The potential is about 84000 MW at 60% load factor spread across six major basins in the country. Pumped storage sites have been found recently which leads to a further addition of a maximum of 94000 MW. Annual yield is assessed to be about 420 billion units per year though with seasonal energy the value crosses600 billion mark. The possible installed capacity is around 150000 MW (Based on the report submitted by CEA to the Ministry of Power)
Continued…
Most of the undeveloped potential lies in the erstwhile USSR and the developing countries. Worldwide about 125 GW of power is under construction. The largest project under construction is the Three Gorges at the Yangtze river in China. Proposed potential is 18.2 GW and the proposed power output is 85 TWh per year.
Hydro Power
Arjun Kannan (CH03B007) R. Srinivas (CH03B037) R. Vinay (CH03B044) R. Karthikeyan(CH03B050)
How Hydropower Works!
Hydrologic cycle
How Hydropower Works! (ctd…)