北京工商大学考研翻译硕士英语2015模拟题
北京理工大学考研翻译硕士英语2015模拟题+答案
北京理工大学2015年翻译硕士专业学位研究生入学考试初试模拟试题考试科目：211翻译硕士英语Part I.(30’)Section A:Vocabulary and grammar(20’)Directions:There are twenty sentences in this section.Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A,B,C and D.Choose one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.Mark your answers on your ANSWER SHEET1.An increase in a nation's money supply,without an accompanying increase in economic activity,__________result in higher prices.A.tendsB.tends theC.tending toD.will tend to2.X-rays are able to pass through objects and thus make__________details that are otherwise impossible to observe.A.it visibleB.visiblyC.visibleD.they are visible3.Prices for bikes at that store run__________250dollars.A.as high asB.as high toC.so high toD.so high as4.He will not be__________to vote in this year's election.A.enough oldB.as old enoughC.old enoughD.enough old as5.Thomas Jefferson's achievements as an architect rival his contributions __________a politician.A.suchB.moreC.asD.than6.According to the conditions of my scholarship,after finishing my degree__________.A.my education will be employed by the universityB.employment will be given to me by the universityC.the university will employ meD.I will be employed by the university7.If Bob's wife won't agree to sign the papers,____________.A.neither he willB.neither will heC.neither won't heD.he won't neither8._____is generally accepted,economic growth is determined by the smooth development of production.A.WhatB.ThatC.ItD.As9.A violent revolution having broken out,all the ports of that country were laid under a(n)______.A.boycottB.embargoC.embarkD.ban10.Since_________can't work in the United States without a permit,so it is of great importance for them to present their credentials to the government.A.emigrantsB.expatriatesC.migrantsD.immigrants11.After the war,a new school building was put up_____there had once been a theatre.A.thatB.whereC.whichD.when12.A modern city has been set up in_____was a wasteland ten years ago.A.whatB.whichC.thatD.where13.Professor Smith,along with his assistants,______on the project day and night to meet the deadline.A.workB.workingC.is workingD.are working14.The president spoke at the business meeting for nearly an hour without______his notes.A.bringing upB.referring toC.looking forD.trying on15.The Internet has brought______big changes in the way we work.A.aboutB.outC.backD.up16.The tourists are told that the remotest village in this area is only_________by a river.A.accessibleB.availableC.obtainableD.achievable17.He__________interrupted me by asking irrelevant questions.A.continuallyB.continuouslyC.consistentlyD.constantly18.Being a man of_________and public spirit.Mr.Russell labored zealously to advance the interest of the community and was much interested in bringing new manufacturing interests to Waterloo.A.firmB.enterprisepanyD.corporation19.When people do things wrong we should try hard to forgive them,as the idiom goes,“To______is human.”A.referB.conferC.deferD.err20.Although gaining a job as a real__________agent or broker may be relatively easy,beginning agents and brokers may face competition from well-established,more experienced ones.A.propertyB.estateC.houseD.assetsSection B:Proof Reading&Error Correction(10’)The passage contains TEN errors.Each indicated line contains a maximum of ONE error.In each case,only ONE word is involved.You should proof-read the passage and correct it in the following way:For a wrong word,underline the wrong word and write the correct one in the blank provided at the end of the line.For a missing word,mark the position of the missing word with a"L"sign and write the word you believe to be missing in the blank provided at the end of the line.For an unnecessary word,cross the unnecessary word with a slash"/"and put the word in the blank provided at the end of the line.The central problem of translating has always been whether to translate literally or freely.The argument has been going since at least the first(1)______ century B.C.Up to the beginning of the19th century,many writersfavoured certain kind of“free”translation:the spirit,not the letter;the(2)_____ sense not the word;the message rather the form;the matter not(3)_______the manner.This is the often revolutionary slogan of writers who(4)_______ wanted the truth to be read and understood.Then in the turn of19th(5)_______ century,when the study of cultural anthropology suggested thatthe linguistic barriers were insuperable and that the language(6)_______was entirely the product of culture,the view translation was impossible(7)_____gained some currency,and with it that,if was attempted at all,it must be as(8)____ literal as possible.This view culminated the statement of the(9)_______ extreme“literalists”Walter Benjamin and Vladimir Nobokov.The argument was theoretical:the purpose of the translation,thenature of the readership,the type of the text,was not discussed.Toooften,writer,translator and reader were implicitly identified witheach other.Now,the context has changed,and the basic problem remains.(10)____PartⅡReading Comprehension(15*2’+5*2’)Directions:In this section there are four passages followed by a total of15multiple-choice questions and5short answer questions.Please read the passage and answer the question on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage AFor centuries men dreamed of achieving vertical flight.In400A.D.Chinese children played with a fan-like toy that spun upwards and fell back to earth as rotation ceased.Leonardo da Vinci conceive the first mechanical apparatus,called a“Helix,”which could carry man straight up,but was only a design and was never tested.The ancient-dream was finally realized in1940when a Russian engineer piloted a strange looking craft of steel tubing with a rotating fan on top.It rose awkwardly and vertically into the air from a standing start,hovered a few feet above the ground, went sideways and backwards,and then settled back to earth.The vehicle was called a helicopter.Imaginations were fired.Men dreamed of going to work in their own personal helicopters.People anticipate that vertical flight transports would carry millions of passengers as do the airliners of today.Such fantastic expectations were not fulfilled.The helicopter has now become an extremely useful machine.It excels in military missions,carrying troops,guns and strategic instruments where other aircraft cannot go.Corporations use them as airborne offices,many metropolitan areas use them in police work,construction and logging companies employ them in various advantageous ways,engineers use them for site selection and surveying,and oil companies use them as the best way to make offshore and remote work stations accessible to crews and supplies.Any urgent mission to a hard-to-get-to place is a likely task for a helicopter.Among their other multitude of used:deliver people across town,fly to and from airports,assist in rescue work,and aid in the search for missing or wanted persons.1.People expect that________.[A]the airliners of today would eventually be replaced by helicopters[B]helicopters would someday be able to transport large number of people from place to place as airliners are now doing[C]the imaginations fired by the Russian engineer’s invention would become a reality in the future[D]their fantastic expectations about helicopters could be fulfilled by airliners of today2.Helicopters work with the aid of________.[A]a combination of rotating devices in front and on top[B]a rotating device topside[C]one rotating fan in the center of the aircraft and others at each end[D]a rotating fan underneath for lifting3.What is said about the development of the helicopter?[A]Helicopters have only been worked on by man since1940.[B]Chinese children were the first to achieve flight in helicopters.[C]Helicopters were considered more dangerous than the early airplanes.[D]Some people thought they would become widely used by average individuals.4.How has the use of helicopters developed?[A]They have been widely used for various purposes.[B]They are taking the place of high-flying jets.[C]They are used for rescue work.[D]They are now used exclusively for commercial projects.5.Under what conditions are helicopters found to be absolutely essential?[A]For overseas passenger transportation.[B]For extremely high altitude flights.[C]For high-speed transportation.[D]For urgent mission to places inaccessible to other kinds of craft.Passage BIn ancient Greece athletic festivals were very important and had strong religious associations.The Olympian athletic festival held every four years in honor of Zeus,king of the Olympian Gods,eventually lost its local character,became first a national event and then,after the rules against foreign competitors had been abolished, international.No one knows exactly how far back the Olympic Games go,but some official records date from776B.C.The games took place in August on the plain by Mount Olympus.Many thousands of spectators gathered from all parts of Greece,but no married woman was admitted even as a spectator.Slaves,women and dishonored persons were not allowed to compete.The exact sequence of events uncertain,but events included boy’s gymnastics,boxing,wrestling,horse racing and field events, though there were fewer sports involved than in the modern Olympic Games.On the last day of the Games,all the winners were honored by having a ring of holy olive leaves placed on their heads.So great was the honor that the winner of the foot race gave his name to the year of his victory.Although Olympic winners received no prize money,they were,in fact,richly rewarded by their state authorities. How their results compared with modern standards,we unfortunately have no means of telling.After an uninterrupted history of almost1,200years,the Games were suspended by the Romans in394A.D.They continued for such a long time because people believed in the philosophy behind the Olympics:the idea that a healthy body produced a healthy mind,and that the spirit of competition in sports and games was preferable to the competition that caused wars.It was over1,500years before another such international athletic gathering took place in Athens in1896.Nowadays,the Games are held in different countries in turn.The host country provides vast facilities,including a stadium,swimming pools and living accommodation,but competing courtiers pay their own athletes’expenses.The Olympics start with the arrival in the stadium of a torch,lighted on Mount Olympus by the sun’s rays.It is carried by a succession of runners to the stadium.The torch symbolized the continuation of the ancient Greek athletic ideals,and it burns throughout the Games until the closing ceremony.The well-known Olympic flag, however,is a modern conception:the five interlocking rings symbolize the uniting of all five continents participating in the Games.6.In ancient Greece,the Olympic Games________.[A]were merely national athletic festivals[B]were in the nature of a national event with a strong religious colour[C]had rules which put foreign participants in a disadvantageous position[D]were primarily national events with few foreign participants7.In the early days of ancient Olympic Games________.[A]only male Greek athletes were allowed to participate in the games[B]all Greeks,irrespective of sex,religion or social status,were allowed to take part[C]all Greeks,with the exception of women,were allowed to compete in Games[D]all male Greeks were qualified to compete in the Games8.The order of athletic events at the ancient Olympics________.[A]has not definitely been established[B]varied according to the number of foreign competitors[C]was decided by Zeus,in whose honor the Games were held[D]was considered unimportant9.Modern athletes’results cannot be compared with those of ancient runners because ________.[A]the Greeks had no means of recording the results[B]they are much better[C]details such as the time were not recorded in the past[D]they are much worse10.Nowadays,the athletes’expenses are paid for________.[A]out of the prize money of the winners[B]out of the funds raised by the competing nations[C]by the athletes themselves[D]by contributionsPassage CIn science the meaning of the word“explain”suffers with civilization’s every step in search of reality.Science cannot really explain electricity,magnetism,and gravitation;their effects can be measured and predicted,but of their nature no more is known to the modern scientist than to Thales who first looked into the nature of the electrification of amber,a hard yellowish-brown gum.Most contemporary physicists reject the notion that man can ever discover what these mysterious forces“really”are.“Electricity,”Bertrand Russell says,“is not a thing,like St.Paul’s Cathedral;it is a way in which things behave.When we have told how things behave when they are electrified,and under what circumstances they are electrified,we have told all there is to tell.”Until recently scientists would have disapproved of such an idea.Aristotle, for example,whose natural science dominated Western thought for two thousand years,believed that man could arrive at an understanding of reality by reasoning from self-evident principles.He felt,for example,that it is a self-evident principle that everything in the universe has its proper place,hence one can deduce that objects fall to the ground because that’s where they belong,and smoke goes up because that’s where it belongs.The goal of Aristotelian science was to explain why things happen. Modern science was born when Galileo began trying to explain how things happen and thus originated the method of controlled experiment which now forms the basis of scientific investigation.11.The aim of controlled scientific experiments is________.[A]to explain why things happen[B]to explain how things happen[C]to describe self-evident principles[D]to support Aristotelian science12.What principles most influenced scientific thought for two thousand years?[A]the speculations of Thales[B]the forces of electricity,magnetism,and gravity[C]Aristotle’s natural science[D]Galileo’s discoveries13.Bertrand Russell’s notion about electricity is________.[A]disapproved of by most modern scientists[B]in agreement with Aristotle’s theory of self-evident principles[C]in agreement with scientific investigation directed toward“how”things happen[D]in agreement with scientific investigation directed toward“why”things happen14.The passage says that until recently scientists disagreed with the idea________.[A]that there are mysterious forces in the universe[B]that man cannot discover what forces“really”are[C]that there are self-evident principles[D]that we can discover why things behave as they do15.Modern science came into being________.[A]when the method of controlled experiment was first introduced[B]when Galileo succeeded in explaining how things happen[C]when Aristotelian scientist tried to explain why things happen[D]when scientists were able to acquire an understanding of reality of reasoningPassage DGeorge had stolen some money,but the police had caught him and he had been put in prison.Now his trial was about to begin,and he felt sure that he would be found guilty and sent to prison for a long time.Then he discovered that an old friend of his was one of the members of the jury at his trail.Of course,he didn’t tell anybody,but he managed to see his friend secretlyon day.He said to him,“Jim,I know that the jury will find me guilty of having stolen the money.I cann’t hope to be found not guilty of taking it—that would be too much to expect.But I should be grateful to you for the rest of my life if you could persuade the other members of the jury to add a strong recommendation for mercy to their statement that they consider me guilty.”“Well George,”answered Jim,“I shall certainly try to do what I look terribly strong-minded to me.”George said that he would quite understand if Jim was not able to do anything for him,and thanked him warmly for agreeing to help.The trial went on,and at last the time came for the jury to decide whether George was guilty or not.It took them five hours,but in the end they found George guilty, with a strong recommendation for mercy.Of course,Jim was very pleased,but he didn’t have a chance to see Jim for some time after the trial.At last,however,Jim visited him in prison,and George thanked him warmly and asked him how he had managed to persuaded the other member of the jury to recommend mercy.“Well, George,”Jim answered,“as I thought,those eleven men were very difficult to persuade,but I managed it in the end by tiring them out.Do you know,those fools had all wanted to find you not guilty!”16.How do you define“jury”?17.What did George expect Jim to do?18.What did Jim do to help George?19.How long did the Jury spend on making a decision?20.Why did George feel pleased about the decision?PartⅢWRITING(30’)As a candidate for the master’s degree program in translation,what do you think a professional translator should be equipped with in order to bridge languages and cultures in your future career?Please state your point of view clearly with detailed reasons.Marks will be awarded for content,organization,grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.Write your essay on the ANSWER SHEET参考答案：partⅠ(30’)section A Vocabulary and grammar(20’)1-5DCACC6-10DBDBD11-15BACBA16-20AABDB Section B Proof Reading and Error Correction(10’)1.going后加on2.cerain改成some3.rather后加than4.is改为was5.in改为at6.去掉the7.view后加that8.删掉was9.statement改为statements10.and改为butPartⅡReading Comprehension(40’)1.[B]2.[B]3.[D]4.[A]5.[D]6.[B]7.[A]8.[A]9.[C]10.[B]11.[B]12.[C]13.[C]14.[B]15.[A]16A jury A group of people who decide if someone on trial is guilty or not guilty. 17George expected Jim to make the jury ask for less punishment for George and lighten his punishment.18He told the jury that George was indeed guilty19It took them5hours to make the decision.20Because The punishment was less severe than expected.PartⅢWRITING(30’)(略)。
2015年北京工商大学翻译硕士考研真题,参考书
16年翻译硕士考研详解与指导中华文化概论知识点串讲387.《廷人日记》：鲁迅《呐喊》中国第一部现代白话文小说。
388.新儒家：近代西方文明输入后，在中西文明碰撞交融下产生新儒家学派。
梁漱溟（开创者)、张君励、熊十力提倡。
389.《新教伦理与资本主义精神》德国韦伯著，对现代理性资本主义精神进行详细分析的伟大著述，也是一本当代青年不可不读的经典名著。
390."前后七子"：明代，由李梦阳、何景明、李攀龙、王世贞等为领袖,标榜"复古"，提出"文必秦汶,诗必盛唐"。
前后七子振兴散文诗歌的目的并未达成。
391.台阁体：明，杨士奇、杨荣、杨溥，内容大多比较贫乏。
392.八股文：明朝考试制度所规定的一种特殊文体。
专讲形式、没有内容。
393.“天人合一”：最早是由庄子阐述，后被汶代思想家、阴阳家董仲舒发展为天人合一的哲学思想体系，并由此构建了中华传统文化的主体。
张载第一次明确提出这一命题。
394.《家庭、私有制和国家的起源》恩格斯关于古代社会发展规律和国家起源的著作，是马克思主义国家学说代表作之一。
395.自然辩证法：马克思主义的自然观和自然科学观。
体现马克思主义哲学的世界观、认识论、方法论的统一，恩格斯著的（Dialectics of Nature)。
396.寻根文学：以“文化寻根”为主题的文学形式。
20世纪八十年代中期，中国文坛上兴起了一股"文化寻根"的热潮，作家们开始致力于对传统意识、民族文化心理的挖掘，他们的创作被称为"寻根文学397.庞朴：我国当代著名哲学史家、哲学家，提出会通概念，以文化多元论与文化模式论为基础，运用比较文化学的方法。
398.精英文化：与大众文化、平民文化、草根文化、山寨文化相对立而产生的文化现象。
399.大众传媒：传递新闻信息的载体;报纸、通讯社、广播、电视、新闻纪录影片和新闻性期刊的总称。
西方称为新闻媒介(News media)或大众传播媒介(Mass media)。
北京工商大学考研翻译硕士英语真题2015模拟题
北京工商大学2015年翻译硕士专业学位研究生入学考试初试模拟试题考试科目：211翻译硕士英语Part I.Vocabulary and Grammar(30’)Directions:There are thirty sentences in this section.Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A,B,C and D.Choose one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.Mark your answers on your ANSWER SHEET1.Thousands of people turned out into the streets to_________against the local authorities’decision to build a highway across the field.A.contradictB.reformC.counterD.protest2.The majority of nurses are women，but in the higher ranks of the medical profession women are in a_________.A.minorityB.scarcityC.rarityD.minimum3.Professor Johnson’s retirement________from next January.A.carries into effectB.takes effectC.has effectD.puts into effect4.The president explained that the purpose of taxation was to________government spending.A.financeB.expandC.enlargeD.budget5.The heat in summer is no less_________here in this mountain region.A.concentratedB.extensiveC.intenseD.intensive6.Taking photographs is strictly________here，as it may damage the precious cave paintings.A.forbiddenB.rejectedC.excludedD.denied7.Mr.Brown’s condition looks very serious and it is doubtful if he will_________.A.pull backB.pull upC.pull throughD.pull out8.Since the early nineties，the trend in most businesses has been toward on-demand, always-available products and services that suit the customer’s_________rather than the company’s.A.benefitB.availabilityC.suitabilityD.convenience9.The priest made the________of the cross when he entered the church.A.markB.signalC.signD.gesture10.This spacious room is________furnished with just a few articles in it.A.lightlyB.sparselyC.hardlyD.rarely11.If you explained the situation to your solicitor，he________able to advise you much better than I can.A.would beB.will have beenC.wasD.were12.With some men dressing down and some other men flaunting their looks，it is really hard to tell they are gay or_________.A.straightB.homosexualC.beautifulD.sad13.His remarks were________annoy everybody at the meeting.A.so as toB.such as toC.such toD.as much as to14.James has just arrived，but I didn’t know he_________until yesterday.A.will comeB.was comingC.had been comingD.came15._________conscious of my moral obligations as a citizen.A.I was and always will beB.I have to be and always will beC.I had been and always will beD.I have been and always will be16.Because fuel supplies are finite and many people are wasteful，we will have to install_________solar heating device in our home.A.some type ofB.some types of aC.some type of aD.some types of17.I went there in1984，and that was the only occasion when I________the journey in exactly two days.A.must takeB.must have madeC.was able to makeD.could make18.I know he failed his last test，but really he’s_________stupid.A.something butB.anything butC.nothing butD.not but19.Do you know Tim’s brother？He is_________than Tim.A.much more sportsmanB.more of a sportsmanC.more of sportsmanD.more a sportsman20.That was not the first time he________us.I think it’s high time we________ strong actions against him.A.betrayed…takeB.had betrayed…tookC.has betrayed…tookD.has betrayed…take21.He will not be__________to vote in this year's election.A.enough oldB.as old enoughC.old enoughD.enough old as22.Thomas Jefferson's achievements as an architect rival his contributions __________a politician.A.suchB.moreC.asD.than23.According to the conditions of my scholarship,after finishing my degree__________.A.my education will be employed by the universityB.employment will be given to me by the universityC.the university will employ meD.I will be employed by the university24.If Bob's wife won't agree to sign the papers,____________.A.neither he willB.neither will heC.neither won't heD.he won't neither25._____is generally accepted,economic growth is determined by the smooth development of production.A.WhatB.ThatC.ItD.As26.A violent revolution having broken out,all the ports of that country were laid under a(n)______.A.boycottB.embargoC.embarkD.ban27.Since_________can't work in the United States without a permit,so it is of great importance for them to present their credentials to the government.A.emigrantsB.expatriatesC.migrantsD.immigrants28.Most investors are taught at the very beginning that there is no place for __________in investment markets.A.feelingB.emotionC.passionD.sentiment29.I__________my ordinary income by doing some part-time work.plimentplementC.supplementD.implement30.Before the statue could be__________to the United States,a site had to be found for it and a pedestal had to be built.A.transformedB.transportedC.transferredD.transmitted Part II.Reading comprehension（15*2’+4’*3’+3’）Directions:In this section there are four passages followed by a total of15multiple-choice questions and5short answer questions.Please read the passage and answer the question on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage AThe Welsh language has always been the ultimate marker of Welsh identity,but a generation ago it looked as if Welsh would go the way of Manx,once widely spoken on the Isle of Man but now ernment financing and central planning,however,have helped reverse the decline of Welsh.Road signs and official public documents are written in both Welsh and English,and schoolchildren are required to learn both languages.Welsh is now one of the most successful of Europe’s regional languages,spoken by more than a half-million of the country’s three million people.The revival of the language,particularly among young people,is part of a resurgence of national identity sweeping through this small,proud st month Wales marked the second anniversary of the opening of the National Assembly,the first parliament to be convened here since1404.The idea behind devolution was to restore the balance within the union of nations making up the United Kingdom.With most of the people and wealth,England has always had bragging rights.The partial transfer of legislative powers from Westminster,implemented by Tony Blair,was designed to give the other members of the club—Scotland,Northern Ireland,and Wales—a bigger say and to counter centrifugal forces that seemed to threaten the very idea of the union.The Welsh showed little enthusiasm for devolution.Whereas the Scots voted overwhelmingly for a parliament，the vote for a Welsh assembly scraped through by less than one percent on a turnout of less than25percent.Its powers were proportionately limited.The Assembly can decide how money from Westminster or the European union is spent.It cannot,unlike its counterpart in Edinburgh,enact laws. But now that it is here,the Welsh are growing to like their Assembly.Many people would like it to have more powers.Its importance as figurehead will grow with the opening in2003,of a new debating chamber,one of many new buildings that are transforming Cardiff from a decaying seaport into a Baltimore-style waterfront city. Meanwhile a grant of nearly two million dollars from the European union will tackle poverty.Wales is one of the poorest regions in Western Europe—only Spain,Portugal, and Greece have a lower standard of living.Newspapers and magazines are filled with stories about great Welsh men and women,boosting self-esteem.To familiar faces such as Dylan Thomas and Richard Burton have been added new icons such as Catherine Zeta-Jones,the movie star,and Bryn Terfel,the opera singer.Indigenous foods like salt marsh lamb are in vogue. And Wales now boasts a national airline,Awyr Cymru.Cymru,which means“land of compatriots”,is the Welsh name for Wales.The red dragon,the nation’s symbol since the time of King Arthur,is everywhere—on T-shirts,rugby jerseys and even cell phone covers.“Until very recent times most Welsh people had this feeling of being second-class citizens,”said Dyfan Jones,an18-year-old student.It was a warm summer night，and I was sitting on the grass with a group of young people in Llanelli,an industrial town in the south,outside the rock music venue of the National Eisteddfod, Wales’s annual cultural festival.The disused factory in front of us echoed to the sounds of new Welsh bands.“There was almost a genetic tendency for lack of confidence,”Dyfan continued. Equally comfortable in his Welshness as in his membership in the English-speaking，global youth culture and the new federal Europe,Dyfan,like the rest of his generation, is growing up with a sense of possibility unimaginable ten years ago.“We used to think.We can’t do anything,we’re only Welsh.Now I think that’s changing.”1.According to the passage,devolution was mainly meant to______.A.maintain the present status among the nations.B.reduce legislative powers of England.C.create a better state of equality among the nations.D.grant more say to all the nations in the union.2.The word“centrifugal”in the second paragraph means_____A.separatist.B.conventional.C.feudal.D.political3.Wales is different from Scotland in all the following aspects EXCEPT______A.people’s desire for devolution.B.locals’turnout for the voting.C.powers of the legislative body.D.status of the national language.4.Which of the following is NOT cited as an example of the resurgence of Welsh national identity?A.Welsh has witnessed a revival as a national language.B.Poverty-relief funds have come from the European Union.C.A Welsh national airline is currently in operation.D.The national symbol has become a familiar sight.5.According to Dyfan Jones what has changed is_____A.people’s mentality.B.pop culture.C.town’s appearance.D.possibilities for the people.Passage BThe miserable fate of Enron’s employees will be a landmark in business history, one of those awful events that everyone agrees must never be allowed to happen again. This urge is understandable and noble:thousands have lost virtually all their retirement savings with the demise of Enron stock.But making sure it never happens again may not be possible,because the sudden impoverishment of those Enronworkers represents something even larger than it seems.It’s the latest turn in the unwinding of one of the most audacious promises of the20th century.The promise was assured economic security—even comfort—for essentially everyone in the developed world.With the explosion of wealth,that began in the19th century it became possible to think about a possibility no one had dared to dream before.The fear at the center of daily living since caveman days—lack of food, warmth,shelter—would at last lose its power to terrify.That remarkable promise became reality in many ernments created welfare systems for anyone in need and separate programs for the elderly（Social Security in the U.S.）.Labour unions promised not only better pay for workers but also pensions for retirees.Giant corporations came into being and offered the possibility—in some cases the promise—of lifetime employment plus guaranteed pensions?The cumulative effect was a fundamental change in how millions of people approached life itself,a reversal of attitude that most rank as one of the largest in human history.For millennia the average person’s stance toward providing for himself had been.Ultimately I’m on my own.Now it became,ultimately I’ll be taken care of.The early hints that this promise might be broken on a large scale came in the 1980s.U.S.business had become uncompetitive globally and began restructuring massively，with huge Layoffs.The trend accelerated in the1990s as the bastions of corporate welfare faced reality.IBM ended its no-layoff policy.AT&T fired thousands,many of whom found such a thing simply incomprehensible,and a few of whom killed themselves.The other supposed guarantors of our economic security were also in bour-union membership and power fell to their lowest levels in decades.President Clinton signed a historic bill scaling back welfare.Americans realized that Social Security won’t provide social security for any of us.A less visible but equally significant trend affected pensions.To make costs easier to control,companies moved away from defined benefit pension plans,which obligate them to pay out specified amounts years in the future,to defined contribution plans，which specify only how much goes into the play today.The most common type of defined-contribution plan is the401（k）.the significance of the401（k）is that it puts most of the responsibility for a person’s economic fate back on the employee.Within limits the employee must decide how much goes into the plan each year and how it gets invested—the two factors that will determine how much it’s worth when the employee retires.Which brings us back to Enron?Those billions of dollars in vaporized retirement savings went in employees’401（k）accounts.That is,the employees chose how much money to put into those accounts and then chose how to invest it.Enronmatched a certain proportion of each employee’s401（k）contribution with company stock,so everyone was going to end up with some Enron in his or her portfolio;but that could be regarded as a freebie,since nothing compels a company to match employee contributions at all.At least two special features complicate the Enron case.First,some shareholders charge top management with illegally covering up the company’s problems,prompting investors to hang on when they should have sold.Second，Enron’s401（k）accounts were locked while the company changed plan administrators in October,when the stock was falling,so employees could not have closed their accounts if they wanted to.But by far the largest cause of this human tragedy is that thousands of employees were heavily overweighed in Enron stock.Many had placed100%of their401（k）assets in the stock rather than in the18other investment options they were offered.Of course that wasn’t prudent,but it’s what some of them did.The Enron employees’retirement disaster is part of the larger trend away from guaranteed economic security.That’s why preventing such a thing from ever happening again may be impossible.The huge attitudinal shift to I’ll-be-taken-care-of took at least a generation.The shift back may take just as long.It won’t be complete until a new generation of employees see assured economic comfort as a20th-century quirk,and understand not just intellectually but in their bones that,like most people in most times and places,they’re on their own.6.Why does the author say at the beginning“The miserable fate of Enron’s employees will be a landmark in business history…”?A.Because the company has gone bankrupt.B.Because such events would never happen again.C.Because many Enron workers lost their retirement savings.D.Because it signifies a turning point in economic security.7.According to the passage,the combined efforts by governments,layout unions and big corporations to guarantee economic comfort have led to a significant change in_____A.people’s outlook on life.B.people’s life styles.C.people’s living standard.D.people’s social values.8.Changes in pension schemes were also part of______A.the corporate lay-offs.B.the government cuts in welfare spending.C.the economic restructuring.D.the warning power of labors unions.9.Thousands of employees chose Enron as their sole investment option mainly becauseA.the401（k）made them responsible for their own future.B.Enron offered to add company stock to their investment.C.their employers intended to cut back on pension spending.D.Enron’s offer was similar to a defined-benefit plan.10.Which is NOT seen as a lesson drawn from the Enron disaster?A.The401（k）assets should be placed in more than one investment option.B.Employees have to take up responsibilities for themselves.C.Such events could happen again as it is not easy to change people’s mind.D.Economic security won’t be taken for granted by future young workers.Passage CArchaeology has long been an accepted tool for studying prehistoric cultures. Relatively recently the same techniques have been systematically applied to studies of the more immediate past.This has been called“historical archaeology,”a term that is used in the United States to refer to any archaeological investigation into North American sites that postdate the arrival of Europeans.Back in the1930's and1940's,when building restoration was popular,historical archaeology was primarily a tool of architectural reconstruction.The role of archaeologists was to find the foundations of historic buildings and then take a back seat to architects.The mania for reconstruction had largely subsided by the1950's and1960's.Most people entering historical archaeology during this period came out of university anthropology departments,where they had studied prehistoric cultures.They were,by training,social scientists,not historians,and their work tended to reflect this bias. The questions they framed and the techniques they used were designed to help them understand,as scientists,how people behaved.But because they were treading on historical ground for which there was often extensive written documentation,and because their own knowledge of these periods was usually limited,their contributions to American history remained circumscribed.Their reports,highly technical and sometimes poorly written,went unread.More recently,professional archaeologists have taken over.These researchers have sought to demonstrate that their work can be a valuable tool not only of science but also of history,providing fresh insights into the daily lives of ordinary people whose existences might not otherwise be so well documented.This newer emphasis on archaeology as social history has shown great promise,and indeed work done in this area has lead to a reinterpretation of the United States past.In Kingston,New York,for example,evidence has been uncovered that indicates that English goods were being smuggled into that city at a time when the Dutch supposedly controlled trading in the area.And in Sacramento an excavation at the site of a fashionable nineteenth-century hotel revealed that garbage had been stashed in the building's basement despite sanitation laws to the contrary.11.What does the passage mainly discuss?A.Why historical archaeology was first developedB.How the methods and purpose of historical archaeology have changed.C.The contributions architects make to historical archaeology.D.The attitude of professional archaeologists toward historical archaeology.12.What was popular in the1930's and1940's?A.Studying prehistoric cultures.B.Archaeological investigation.C.Building restoration.D.Historical archaeology.13.According to the first paragraph,what is a relatively new focus in archaeology?A.Investigating the recent past.B.Studying prehistoric cultures.C.Excavating ancient sites in what is now the United States.paring findings made in North America and in Europe.14.According to the passage,when had historical archaeologists been trained as anthropologists?A.Prior to the1930's.B.During the1930's and1940's.C.During the1950's and1960's.D.After the1960's.15.In the third paragraph，the author implies that the techniques of history and social science are________.A.quite different from each otherB.equally useful in studying prehistoric culturesually taught to students of archaeologyD.both based on similar principlesPassage DFor40years the sight of thousands of youngsters striding across the open moorland has been as much an annual fixture as spring itself.But the2，400school pupils who join the grueling Dartmoor Ten Tors Challenge next Saturday may be among the last to take part in the May tradition.The trek faces growing criticism from environmentalists who fear that the presence of so many walkers on one weekend threatens the survival of some of Dartmoor’s internationally rare bird species.The Ten Tors Challenge takes place in the middle of the breeding season，when the slightest disturbance can jeopardize birds’chances of reproducing successfully. Experts at the RSPB and the Dartmoor National Park Authority fear that the walkers could frighten birds and even crush eggs.They are now calling for the event to be moved to the autumn，when the breeding season is over and chicks should be well anisers of the event，which is led by about400Territorial Army volunteers，say moving it would be impractical for several reasons and would mean pupils could not train properly for the55-mile trek.Dartmoor is home to10rare species of ground-nesting birds，including golden plovers，dunlins and lapwings. In some cases，species are either down to their last two pairs on the moor or are facing a nationwide decline.Emma Parkin,South-west spokeswoman for the PASPB，took part in the challenge as a schoolgirl.She said the society had no objections to the event itself butsimply wanted it moved to another time of year.“It is a wonderful activity for the children who take part but，having thousands of people walking past in one weekend when birds are breeding is hardly ideal，”she said.“We would prefer it to take place after the breeding and nesting season is over.There is a risk of destruction and disturbance.If the walkers put a foot in the wrong place they can crush the eggs and if there is sufficient disturbance the birds might abandon the nest.”Helen Booker，an RSPB upland conservation officer，said there was no research into the scale of the damage but there was little doubt the walk was detrimental.“If people are tramping past continually it can harm the chances of successful nesting.There is also the fear of direct trampling of eggs.”A spokesman for the Dartmoor National Park Authority said the breeding season on the moor lasted from early March to mid-July，and the Ten Tors Challenge created the potential for disturbance for March,when participants start training.To move the event to the autumn was difficult because children would be on holiday during the training period.There was a possibility that some schools in the Southwest move to a four-term year in2004，“but until then any change was unlikely.The authority last surveyed bird life on Dartmoor two year ago and if the next survey showed any further decline，it would increase pressure to move the Challenge，”he said.Major Mike Pether,secretary of the army committee that organizes the Challenge，said the event could be moved if there was the popular will.“The Ten Tors has been running for42years and it has always been at this time of the year.It is almost in tablets of stone but that’s not to say we won’t consider moving if there is a consensus in favour.However，although the RSPB would like it moved，75per cent of the people who take part want it to stay as it is，”he said.Major Pether said the trek could not be moved to earlier in the year because it would conflict with the lambing season，most of the children were on holiday in the summer，and the winter weather was too harsh.Datmoor National Park occupies some54sq km of hills topped by granite outcrops known as“Tors”with the highest Tor-capped hill reaching621m.The valleys and dips between the hills are often sites of bogs to snare the unwary hiker.The moor has long been used by the British Army as a training and firing range.The origin of the event stretches back to1959when three Army officers exercising on the moor thought it would provide a challenge for civilians as well as soldiers.In the first year203youngsters took up the challenges.Since then teams，depending on age and ability，face hikes of35，45or55miles between10nominated Tors over two days. They are expected to carry everything they need to survive.16.What is the Ten Tors Challenge？Give a brief introduction of its location and history.17.Why is it suggested that the event be moved to the autumn or other seasons?18.What are the difficulties if the event is moved to the autumn or other seasons? Part III.Writing（30’）Nowadays,the number of people owning private cars in on the great increase. Some people hold the belief that private cars can bring us a lot of convenience,from which we can hardly escape;while others maintain that the disadvantages of private cars far outweigh its advantages.Please state your opinion clearly with detailed reasons and examples.My View on Private Cars参考答案：partⅠMultiple choice(30’)1-5DABAC6-10ACDDB11-15AABBD16-20ACBBC21-25CCDBD26-30BDDCBPartⅡReading Comprehension(40’)1.C2.A3.D4.B5.A6.D7.A8.C9.B10.B11.B12.C13.A14.C15.A16.located in Dartmoor Park/with54sq km of hills covered by“Tors”/an event starting from1959/young people walking over a distance of55-mile trek in two days/in Spring（May）/a kind of outdoor physical training17.environmentalism/threatening of some“internationally rare bird species”/breeding season/nesting season/destroying eggs/frightening birds/declining of birds18.if moved to autumn/children“on holiday”during the training period/majority unwilling to change the time/if moved earlier：lambing season/winter：too harsh and coldPartⅢWriting(30’)With the fantastic spur both in industry and in economy in China,the number of people who own private cars is on the rise.Some people have bought cars of their own,and others are planning to buy cars.But there have been two quite different views on this phenomenon.Some claim that there are many advantages brought about by cars.First,the automobile industry provides jobs for countless workers and strong support for other industries.Second,if conditions permit,owning a car can make us work more efficiently.Finally,life will become more convenient.A car allows one to move freely and with a car there is no need to wait for the bus in the cold or under the burning sun.However,others strongly object to the increase in developing private cars.They hold that automobiles will give rise to a series of problems.In the first place,as more and more cars are produced and run in the street,a large volume of poisonous gas will be given off,polluting the atmosphere and causing actual harm to the health of people. Next,private cars contribute to traffic congestion so greatly that the advantages gained in comfort and freedom are often cancelled out by the frustration caused by traffic jams.The last problem is the increasing number of car accidents that have killed and will kill a lot of people in a friction of a second.In my opinion,although automobiles have been playing a vital part in the daily activities of our society,they also bring us numerous troubles such as more serious environmental pollution,more traffic accidents and more angry consumption.They drink up huge amounts of fuel and throw out huge amounts of pollutants.Traffic accidents kill thousands and thousands of people each year and cripple more.Jams waste our precious time. Therefore I am against developing private cars.。
2015年北京科技大学翻译硕士英语翻译基础考研真题
2015年北京科技大学翻译硕士英语翻译基础考研真题1英汉词语互译埃博拉金砖国家亚太经合组织IPCC新常态abenomics.......2英译汉外国说中国政治体制不好，但实际证明中国政治体制很好3英译汉奥巴马在上海的演讲，截取了一部分4汉译英教师节，文化5汉译英和为贵，和而不同，横看成岭侧成峰※翻译技巧[6]成语、典故的翻译许多成语、典故蕴意很深，且含意与字面意相差甚远，译员如果处理不好，就有可能使听众"丈二和尚摸不着头脑"，不仅达不到讲话人所要表达的效果，且有可能适得其反。
一般情况下，在不影响理解的前提下，对成语、典故的翻译只要能表达出其主要意思即可，但若是语境中需要听众完全了解其字面意与蕴含意，就得解释一番了。
比如"塞翁失马"一般可以译成"Misfortune may prove a blessing in disguise."但在必要时，则可以简单讲一下这个典故："This is an allusion to a story popular for more than2,000years in China. It's about an old man at the frontier who lost his horse…"当然，还有一种比较理想的情况，就是译语中可以找到与原语相对应的表达法，这时，只要将其替代即可。
如"班门弄斧"与"to teach one's grandmother to suck eggs"，"半斤八两"与"six of one and half a dozen of the other"，"画蛇添足"与"to paint the lily"，等等。
※翻译技巧[7]浅谈定语从句的译法英汉两种语言的最基本的语序是SVO（subject+verb+object），但我们在翻译复杂句时，两种语言的语序所存在的差异则给翻译带来不少困难。
2015考研英语终极冲刺模拟试题(二)
Section I Use of English Directions： Read the following text. Choose the best word （ s） for each numbered blank and mark [A]， [B]， [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. （ 10 points） When television first began to expand, very few of the people who had become famous as radio commentators were equally effective on television. Some of the 1 they experienced when they were trying to 2 themselves to the new medium were technical. When working 3 radio, for example, they had become 4 to seeing on 5 of the listener. This 6 of seeing for others means that the 7 has to be very good at talking. 8 all, he has to be able to 9 a continuous sequence of visual images which 10 meaning to the sounds which the listener hears. In the 11 of television, however, the commentator sees 12 with the viewer. His role, therefore, is 13 different. He is there to make 14 that the viewer does not 15 some points of interest, to help him 16 on particular things, and to 17 the images on the television screen. 18 his radio colleague, he must know the 19 of silence and how to use it at those moments 20 the pictures speaks for themselves. 1. A. difficultiesB. successesC. sufferingsD. incidents 2. A. turnB. adaptC. alterD. modify 3. A. onB. atC. with D. behind 4. A. experiencedB. determinedC. establishedD. accustomed 5. A. accountB. sideC. pointD. behalf 6. A. efficiencyB. technologyC. artD. performance 7. A. commentatorB. TV viewerC. speakerD. author 8. A. OfB. ForC. AboveD. In 9. A. inspire B. createC. causeD. perceive 10. A. addB. applyC. affectD. reflect 11. A. occasionB. eventC. factD. case 12. A. somethingB. nothingC. everythingD. anything 13. A. equallyB. completelyC. initiallyD. hardly 14. A. definiteB. possibleC. sureD. clear 15. A. loseB. depriveC. relieveD. miss 16. A. focusB. attendC. followD. insist 17. A. exhibitB. demonstrateC. exposeD. interpret
2015年全国攻读工商管理硕士学位英语二真题
2015年全国攻读工商管理硕士学位研究生入学考试英语（二）试题Section I Use of EnglishRead the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)In our contemporary culture, the prospect of communicating with— or even looking at — a stranger is virtually unbearable. Everyone around us seems to agree by the way they fiddle with their phones, even without a 1 on subway.It's a sad reality — our desire to avoid interacting with other human beings—because there's 2 to be gained from talking to the stranger standing by you. But you wouldn't know it, 3 into your phone. This universal armor sends the 4 : “Please don't approach me.”What is it that makes us feel we need to hide 5 our screens?One answer is fear, according to Jon Wortmann, executive mental coach. We fear rejection, or that our innocent social advances will be 6 as "creepy,". We fear we'll be 7 . We fear we'll be disruptive. Strangers are inherently 8 to us, so we are more likely to feel 9 when communicating with them compared with our friends and acquaintances. To avoid this anxiety, we 10 to our phones. "Phones become our security blanket," Wortmann says. "They are our happy glasses that protect us from what we perceive is going to be more 11 .”But once we rip off the bandaid, tuck our smartphones in our pockets and look up, it doesn't 12 so bad. In one 2011 experiment, behavioral scientists Nicholas Epley and Juliana Schroeder asked commuters to do the unthinkable: Start a 13 . They had Chicago train commuters talk to their fellow 14 . "When Dr. Epley and Ms. Schroeder asked other people in the same train station to 15 how they would feel after talking to a stranger, the commuters thought their 16 would be more pleasant if they sat on their own," the New York Times summarizes. Though the participants didn't expect a positive experience, after they 17 with the experiment, "not a single person reported having been snubbed."18 , these commutes were reportedly more enjoyable compared with those sans communication, which makes absolute sense, 19 human beings thrive off of social connections. It's that 20 : Talking to strangers can make you feel connected.1. [A] ticket [B] permit [C] signal [D] record2. [A] nothing [B] link [C] another [D] much3. [A] beaten [B] guided [C] plugged [D] brought4. [A] message [B] cede [C] notice [D] sign5. [A] under [B] beyond [C] behind [D] from6. [A] misinterpret [B] misapplied [C] misadjusted [D] mismatched7. [A] fired [B] judged [C] replaced [D] delayed8. [A] unreasonable [B] ungrateful [C] unconventional [D] unfamiliar9. [A] comfortable [B] anxious [C] confident [D] angry10. [A] attend [B] point [C] take [D] turn11. [A] dangerous [B] mysterious [C] violent [D] boring12. [A] hurt [B] resist [C] bend [D] decay13. [A] lecture [B] conversation [C] debate [D] negotiation14. [A] trainees [B] employees [C] researchers [D] passengers15. [A] reveal [B] choose [C] predict [D] design16. [A] voyage [B] flight [C] walk [D] ride17. [A] went through [B] did away [C] caught up [D] put up18. [A] In turn [B] In particular [C] In fact [D] In consequence19. [A] unless [B] since [C] if [D] whereas20. [A] funny [B] simple [C] logical [D] rareSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1A new study suggests that contrary to most surveys, people are actually more stressed at home than at work. Researchers measured people‟s cortisol, which is a stress marker, while they were at work and while they were at home and found it higher at what is supposed to be a place of refuge.“Further contradicting conventional wisdom, we found that women as well as men have lower levels of stress at work than at home, ” writes one of the researchers, Sarah Damske. In fact women even say they feel better at work, she notes.“ It is men, notwo men, who report being happier at home than at work. ”Another surprise is that findings hold true for both those with children and without, but more so for nonparents. This is why people who work outside the home have better health.What the study doesn‟t measure is whether people are still doing work when they‟re at home, whether it is household work or work brought home from the office. For many men, the end of the workday is a time to kick back. For women who stay home, they never get to leave the office. And for women who work outside the home, they often are playing catch-up-with-household tasks. With the blurring of roles, and the fact that the home front lags well behind the workplace a making adjustments for working women, it‟s not surprising that women are more stressed at home.But it‟s not just a gender thing. At work, people pretty much know what they‟re supposed to be doing: working, marking money, doing the tasks they have to do in order to draw an income. The bargain is very pure: Employee puts in hours of physical or mental labor and employee draws out life-sustaining moola.On the home front, however, people have no such clarity. Rare is the household in which the division of labor is so clinically and methodically laid out. There are a lot of tasks to be done, there are inadequate rewards for most of them. Your homecolleagues-your family-have no clear rewards for their labor; they need to be talked into it, or if they‟re teenagers, threatened with complete removal of all electronic devices. Plus, they‟re your family. You cannot fire your family. You never really get to go home fromhome.So it‟s not surprising that people are more stressed at home. Not only are the tasks apparently infinite, the co-workers are much harder to motivate.21.According to Paragraph 1, most previous surveys found that home_____[A] offered greater relaxation than the workplace[B] was an ideal place for stress measurement[C] generated more stress than the workplace[D] was an unrealistic place for relaxation22. According to Damaske, who are likely to be the happiest at home?[A] Childless wives[B] Working mothers[C] Childless husbands[D] Working fathers23.The blurring of working women's roles refers to the fact that_____[A] it is difficult for them to leave their office[B] their home is also a place for kicking back[C] there is often much housework left behind[D] they are both bread winners and housewives24.The word“moola”(Line4,Para4)most probably means_____[A] skills[B] energy[C] earnings[D] nutrition25.The home front differs from the workplace in that_____[A] division of labor at home is seldom clear-cut[B] home is hardly a cozier working environment[C] household tasks are generally more motivating[D] family labor is often adequately rewardedText 2For years, studies have found that first-generation college students- those who do not have a parent with a college degree- lag other students on a range of education achievement factors. Their grades are lower and their dropout rates are higher. But since such students are most likely to advance economically if they succeed in higher education, colleges and universities have pushed for decades to recruit more of them. This has created “a paradox” in that recruiting first- generation students, but then watching many of them fail, means that higher education has “continued to reproduce and widen, rather than close” ab achievement gap based on social class, according to the depressing beginning of a paper forthcoming in the journal Psychological Science.But the article is actually quite optimistic, as it outlines a potential solution to thisproblem, suggesting that an approach (which involves a one-hour, next-to-no-cost program) can close 63 percent of the achievement gap (measured by such factors as grades) between first-generation and other students.The authors of the paper are from different universities, and their findings are based on a study involving 147 students ( who completed the project) at an unnamed private university. First generation was defined as not having a parent with a four-year college degree. Most of the first-generation students(59.1 percent) were recipients of Pell Grants, a federal grant for undergraduates with financial need, while this was true only for 8.6 percent of the students wit at least one parent with a four-year degree.Their thesis- that a relatively modest intervention could have a big impact- was based on the view that first-generation students may be most lacking not in potential but in practical knowledge about how to deal with the issues that face most college students. They cite past research by several authors to show that this is the gap that must be narrowed to close the achievement gap.Many first- generation students “struggle to navigate the middle-class culture of higher education, learn the …rules of the game,‟ and take advantage of college resources,” they write. And this becomes more of a problem when collages don‟t talk about the class advantage and disadvantages of different groups of students. Because US colleges and universities seldom acknowledge how social class can affect students ‟educational experience, many first-generation students lack sight about why they are struggling and do not understand how students‟ like them can improve.26. Recruiting more first- generation students has_______[A] reduced their dropout rates[B] narrowed the achievement gap[C] missed its original purpose[D] depressed college students27. The author of the research article are optimistic because_______[A] the problem is solvable[B] their approach is costless[C] the recruiting rate has increased[D] their finding appeal to students28. The study suggests that most first- generation students______[A] study at private universities[B] are from single-parent families[C] are in need of financial support[D] have failed their collage29. The author of the paper believe that first-generation students_______[A] are actually indifferent to the achievement gap[B] can have a potential influence on other students[C] may lack opportunities to apply for research projects[D] are inexperienced in handling their issues at college30. We may infer from the last paragraph that_______[A] universities often reject the culture of the middle-class[B] students are usually to blame for their lack of resources[C] social class greatly helps enrich educational experiences[D]colleges are partly responsible for the problem in questionText 3Even in traditional offices, “the lingua franca of corpora te America has gotten much more emotional and much more right-brained than it was 20 years ago,” said Harvard Business School professor Nancy Koehn. She started spinning off examples. “If you and I parachuted back to Fortune 500 companies in 1990, we would see much less frequent use of terms like journey, mission, passion. There were goals, there were strategies, there were objectives, but we didn‟t talk about energy; we didn‟t talk about passion.”Koehn pointed out that this new era of corporate vocabulary is very“team”-oriented—and not by coincidence. “Let‟s not forget sports—in male-dominated corporate America, it‟s still a big deal. It‟s not explicitly conscious; it‟s the idea that I‟m a coach, and you‟re my team, and we‟re in this together. There are lots and lots of CEOs in very different companies, but most think of themselves as coaches and this is their team and they want to win.”These terms are also intended to infuse work with meaning—and, as Khurana points out, increase allegiance to the firm. “You have the importation of terminology that historically used to be associated with non-profit organizations and religious organizations: Terms like vision, values, passion, and purpose,” sai d Khurana.This new focus on personal fulfillment can help keep employees motivated amid increasingly loud debates over work-life balance. The “mommy wars” of the 1990s are still going on today, prompting arguments about why women still can‟t have it all and books like Sheryl Sandberg‟s Lean In, whose title has become a buzzword in its own right. Terms like unplug, offline, life-hack, bandwidth, and capacity are all about setting boundaries between the office and the home. But if your work is your “passion,” you‟ll be more likely to devote yourself to it, even if that means going home for dinner and then working long after the kids are in bed.But this seems to be the irony of office speak: Everyone makes fun of it, but managers love it, companies depend on it, and regular people willingly absorb it. As Nunberg said, “You can get people to think it‟s nonsense at the same time that you buy into it.” In a workplace that‟s fundamentally indifferent to your life and its meaning, office speak can help you figure out how you relate to your work—and how your workdefines who you are.31. According to Nancy Koehn, office language has become_____[A] more emotional[B] more objective[C] less energetic[D] less strategic32. “Team”-oriented corporate vocabulary is closely related to_______[A] historical incidents[B] gender difference[C] sports culture[D] athletic executives33.Khurana believes that the importation of terminology aims to______[A] revive historical terms[B] promote company image[C] foster corporate cooperation[D] strengthen employee loyalty34.It can be inferred that Lean In________[A] voices for working women[B] appeals to passionate workaholics[C] triggers debates among mommies[D] praises motivated employees35.Which of the following statements is true about office speak?[A] Managers admire it but avoid it[B] Linguists believe it to be nonsense[C] Companies find it to be fundamental[D] Regular people mock it but accept itText 4Many people talked of the 288,000 new jobs the Labor Department reported for June, along with the drop in the unemployment rate to 6.1 percent, as good news. And they were right. For now it appears the economy is creating jobs at a decent pace. We still have a long way to go to get back to full employment, but at least we are now finally moving forward at a faster pace.However, there is another important part of the jobs picture that was largely overlooked. There was a big jump in the number of people who repot voluntarily working part-time. This figure is now 830,000(4.4 percent)above its year ago level.Before explaining the connection to the Obamacare, it is worth making an important distinction. Many people who work part-time jobs actually want full-time jobs. They takepart-time work because this is all they can get. An increase in involuntary part-time work is evidence of weakness in the labor market and it means that many people will be having a very hard time making ends meet.There was an increase in involuntary part-time in June, but the general direction has been down. Involuntary part-time employment is still far higher than before the recession, but it is down by 640,000(7.9percent)from is year ago level.We know the difference between voluntary and involuntary part-time employment because people tell us. The survey used by the Labor Department asks people is they worked less than 35 hours in the reference week. If the answer is “yes”, they are classified as worked less than 35hours in that week because they wanted to work less than full time or because they had no choice .They are only classified as voluntarypart-time workers if they tell the survey taker they chose to work less than 35 hours a week.The issue of voluntary part-time relates to Obamacare because one of the main purposes was to allow people to get insurance outside of employment. For many people , especially those with serious health conditions or family members with serious health conditions ,before Obamacare the only way to get insurance was through a job that provided health insurance.However, Obamacare has allowed more than 12 million people to either get insurance through Medicaid or the exchanges. These are people who may previously have felt the need to get a full-time job that provided insurance in order to cover themselves and their families. With Obamacare there is no longer a link between employment and insurance.36. Which part of the jobs picture are neglected?[A] The prospect of a thriving job market.[B] The increase of voluntary part-time market.[C] The possibility of full employment.[D] The acceleration of job creation.37. Many people work part-time because they_____.[A] prefer part-time jobs to full-time jobs.[B] feel that is enough to make ends meet.[C] cannot get their hands on full-time jobs.[D] haven‟t seen the weakness of the market.38. Involuntary part-time employment is the US_____.[A] is harder to acquire than one year ago.[B] shows a general tendency of decline.[C] satisfies the real need of the jobless.[D] is lower than before the recession.39. It can be learned that with Obamacare,_____.[A] it is no longer easy for part-timers to get insurance[B] employment is no longer a precondition to get insurance[C] it is still challenging to get insurance for family members[D] full-time employment is still essential for insurance40. The text mainly discusses_______.[A] employment in the US[B] part-timer classification[C] insurance though Medicaid[D] Obamacare‟s troublePart BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list [A]-[G] to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A] You are not alone[B] Don‟t fear responsibility for your life[C] Pave your own unique path[D] Most of your fears are unreal[E] Think about the present moment[F] Experience helps you grow[G] There are many things to be grateful forUnfortunately, life is not a bed of roses. We are going through life facing sad experiences. Moreover, we are grieving various kinds of loss: a friendship, a romantic relationship or a house. Hard times may hold you down at what usually seems like the most inopportune time, but you should remember that they won‟t last forever.When our time of mourning is over, we press forward, stronger with a greater understanding and respect for life. Furthermore, these losses make us mature and eventually move us toward future opportunities for growth and happiness. I want to share these ten old truths I‟ve learned along the way.41._____________________________Fear is both useful and harmful. This normal human reaction is used to protect us by signaling danger and preparing us to deal with it. Unfortunately, people create inner barriers with a help of exaggerating fears. My favor ite actor Will Smith once said, “Fear is not real. It is a product of thoughts you create. Do not misunderstand me. Danger is very real. But fear is a choice.” I do completely agree that fears are just the product of our luxuriant imagination.42_____________________________If you are surrounded by problems and cannot stop thinking about the past, try to focus on the present moment. Many of us are weighed down by the past or anxious about the future. You may feel guilt over your past, but you are poisoning the present with the things and circumstances you cannot change. Value the present moment and remember how fortunate you are to be alive. Enjoy the beauty of the world around and keep the eyes open to see the possibilities before you. Happiness is not a point of future and not a moment from the past, but a mindset that can be designed into the present.43______________________________Sometimes it is easy to feel bad because you are going through tough times. You can be easily caught up by life problems that you forget to pause and appreciate the things you have. Only strong people prefer to smile and value their life instead of crying and complaining about something.44________________________________No matter how isolated you might feel and how serious the situation is, you shouldalways remember that you are not alone. Try to keep in mind that almost everyone respects and wants to help you if you are trying to make a good change in your life, especially your dearest and nearest people. You may have a circle of friends who provide constant good humor, help and companionship. If you have no friends or relatives, try to participate in several online communities, full of people who are always willing to share advice and encouragement.45________________________________Today many people find it difficult to trust their own opinion and seek balance by gaining objectivity from external sources. This way you devalue your opinion and show that you are incapable of managing your own life. When you are struggling to achieve something important you should believe in yourself and be sure that your decision is the best. You live in your skin, think your own thoughts, have your own values and make your own choices.Section III TranslationDirections:Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)Think about driving a route that‟s very familiar. It could be your commute to work, a trip into town or the way home. Whichever it is, you know every twist and turn like the back of your hand. On these sorts of trips it‟s easy to zone out from the actual driving and pay little attention to the passing scenery. The consequence is that you perceive that the trip has taken less time than it actually has.This is the well-travelled road effect: people tend to underestimate the time it takes to travel a familiar route.The effect is caused by the way we allocate our attention. When we travel down a well-known route, because we don‟t ha ve to concentrate much, time seems to flow more quickly. And afterwards, when we come to think back on it, we can‟t remember the journey well because we didn‟t pay much attention to it. So we assume it was shorter.Section IV WritingPart A47. Directions:Suppose your university is going to host a summer camp for high school students. Write a notice to1) Introduce briefly the camp activities, and2) call for volunteers.You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your name or the name of your university.Do not write your address. (10 points)Part B48. Directions:Write an essay based on the following chart. In your writing, you should1) interpret the chart, and2) give your comments.You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)。
2015年考研英语冲刺模拟试题及答案解析(一) .doc
2015年考研英语冲刺模拟试题及答案解析(一)Section Ⅰ Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)As former colonists of Great Britain, the Founding Fathers of the United States adopted much of the legal system of Great Britain. We have a “common law”, or law made by courts 1 a monarch or other central governmental 2 like a legislature. The jury, a 3 of ordinary citizens chosen to decide a case, is an 4 part of our common-law system.Use of juries to decide cases is a 5 feature of the American legal system. Few other countries in the world use juries as we do in the United States. 6 the centuries, many people have believed that juries in most cases reach a fairer and more just result 7 would be obtained using a judge 8 , as many countries do. 9 a jury decides cases after “ 10 ”， or discussions amonga group of people, the jury’s decision is likely to have the11 from many different people from different backgrounds, who must as a group decide what is right.Juries are used in both civil cases, which decide 12 among 13 citizens, and criminal cases, which decide cases brought by the government 14 that individuals have committed crimes. Juries are selected from the U.S. citizens and 15 . Jurors, consisting of 16 numbers, are called for each case requiring a jury.The judge 17 to the case 18 the selection of jurors to serve as the jury for that case. In some states, 19 jurors are questioned by the judge; in others, they are questioned by the lawyers representing the 20 under rules dictated by state law.1.[A]other than [B]rather than [C]more than [D]or rather2.[A]agency [B]organization [C]institution [D]authority3.[A]panel [B]crew [C]band [D]flock4.[A]innate [B]intact [C]integral [D]integrated5.[A]discriminating [B]distinguishing [C]determining[D]diminishing6.[A]In [B]By [C]After [D]Over7.[A]that [B]which [C]than [D]as8.[A]alike [B]alone [C]altogether [D]apart9.[A]Although [B]Because [C]If [D]While10.[A]deliberations [B]meditations [C]reflections[D]speculations11.[A]outline [B]outcome [C]input [D]intake12.[A]arguments [B]controversies [C]disputes[D]hostilities13.[A]fellow [B]individual [C]personal [D]private14.[A]asserting [B]alleging [C]maintaining [D]testifying15.[A]summoned [B]evoked [C]rallied [D]assembled16.[A]set [B]exact [C]given [D]placed17.[A]allocated [B]allotted [C]appointed [D]assigned18.[A]administers [B]manages [C]oversees [D]presides19.[A]inspective [B]irrespective [C]perspective[D]prospective20.[A]bodies [B]parties [C]sides [D]unitsSectionⅡ Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following four texts .Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text OneIt’s plain common sense—the more happiness you feel, the less unhappiness you experience. It’s plain common sense, but it’s not true. Recent research reveals that happiness and unhappiness are not really two sides of the same emotion. They are two distinct feelings that, coexisting, rise and fall independently.People might think that the higher a person’s level of unhappiness, the lower their level of happiness and vice versa. But when researchers measure people’s average levels of happiness and unhappiness, they often find little relationship between the two.The recognition that feelings of happiness and unhappiness can co-exist much like love and hate in a close relationship may offer valuable clues on how to lead a happier life. It suggests, for example, that changing or avoiding things that make you miserable may well make you less miserable, but probably won’t make you any happier. That advice is backed up by an extraordinary series of studies which indicate that a genetic predisposition for unhappiness may run in certain families. On the other hand, researchers have found happiness doesn’t appear to be anyone’s heritage. The capacity for joy is a talent you develop largely for yourself.Psychologists have settled on a working definition of the feeling—happiness is a sense of subjective well-being. They have also begun to find out who’s happy, who isn’t and why. To date, the research hasn’t found a simple formula for a happy life, but it has discovered some of the actions and attitudes that seem to bring people closer to that most desired of feelings.Why is unhappiness less influenced by environment? When we are happy, we are more responsive to people and keep up connections better than when we are feeling sad. This doesn’t mean, however, that some people are born to be sad and that’s that. Genes may predispose one to unhappiness, but disposition can be influenced by personal choice. You can increase your happiness through your own actions.21. According to the text, it is true that[A] unhappiness is more inherited than affected by environment.[B] happiness and unhappiness are mutually conditional.[C] unhappiness is subject to external more than internal factors.[D] happiness is an uncontrollable subjective feeling.22. The author argues that one can achieve happiness by[A] maintaining it at an average level.[B] escaping miserable occurrences in life.[C] pursuing it with one’s painstaking effort.[D] realizing its coexistence with unhappiness.23. The phrase “To date” (Para. 4) can be best replaced by[A] As a result.[B] In addition.[C] At present.[D] Until now.24. What do you think the author believes about happiness and unhappiness?[A] One feels unhappy owing to his miserable origin.[B] They are independent but existing concurrently[C] One feels happy by participating in more activities.[D] They are actions and attitudes taken by human beings.25. The sentence “That’s that” (Para. 5) probably means: Some people are born to be sad[A] and the situation cannot be altered.[B] and happiness remains inaccessible.[C] but they don’t think much about it.[D] but they remain unconscious of it.Text TwoWhat are the characteristics of a mediator? Foremost, the mediator needs to be seen as a respected neutral, objective third party who is capable of weighing out fairness in theresolution of a conflict. The mediator must be trusted by both parties to come up with a solution that will protect them from shame. While the central issue is justice, the outcome needs to be win-win, no losers. The abilities to listen impartially, suspend judgment, and accurately gather and assess information are other important characteristics. Finally, to function effectively the mediator must have power (financial, status, position), so that both parties will take seriously and abide by the mediator’s judgment. If one party refused to cooperate, he or she should fear the possibility of being shamed and losing face before the mediator and the whole community. If that real possibility does not enter the minds of both parties, the mediator will be ineffective.In several countries mediators are still used to find a bride for a man. Usually this is a job for the parents, and they in turn employ the services of a mediator. Because this event takes much planning, the parents will try to identify the mediator well in advance. Since these services sometimes require reward, money must be saved. Or in some cases parents try to do a number of favors for the mediator so that he or she will feel indebtedness and perform the service as a kind of repayment.The parents will try to get the most influential mediator possible, to boost their chances of being approved by the potential bride’s parents. The young woman’s parents will not want to risk shame by turning down a request from such an important person—so the reasoning goes. Of course, the higher-ranked the mediator, the higher the cost of the services.Complicating the process is the fact that turning down the mediator is also a slight of the potential groom and his parents, which will likely generate conflict between the families. If the parties are not careful, the entire community can take sides. One way to alleviate this eventuality is for the young woman’s family to identify a flaw that would make her a less desirable prospect. They might say, “She is sickly.” or “She may notbe able to bear children.” Although none of these statements may be true, and probably everyone knows they aren’t, they do provide a way for the young man’s parents to withdraw their request for a perfectly legitimate reason. Everyone saves face, at least at the surface, and peace is preserved.26. The characteristics of a mediator include all of the following except[A] unbiased judgment of arguments.[B] hard prudence in decision-making.[C] impartial treatment to a conflict.[D] remarkable insight into controversies.27. The author deems it important for a mediator[A] to be quite wealthy and considerate.[B] to be powerful to shame either party.[C] to justify the solution of a conflict.[D] to have high status to fear arguers.28. In some courtiers, young people’ s marriage[A] is independent of their parents’ will.[B] needs careful valuation in advance.[C] costs a small fortune of their family.[D] is usually facilitated by a mediator.29. The request of the groom’s parents may be turned down unless[A] they manage to hire a qualified mediator.[B] they make their best choice at all risks.[C] the young woman’s parents want to lose face.D] the bride’ s parents dare to offend the mediator.30. It may be the best way to resolve a conflict for[A] the entire community to offer support.[B] a mediator to be identified by both sides.[C] the outcome of mediation to be acceptable.[D] a valid excuse to spare both sides’ blushes.Text ThreeThe Internet, like its network predecessors, has turned out to be far more social than television, and in this respect, the impact of the Internet may be more like that of the telephone than of TV. Our research has shown that interpersonal communication is the dominant use of the Internet at home. That people use the Internet mainly for interpersonal communication, however, does not imply that their social interactions and relationships on the Internet are the same as their traditional social interactions and relationships, or that their social uses of the Internet will have effects comparable to traditional social activity.Whether social uses of the Internet have positive or negative effects may depend on how the Internet shapes the balance of strong and weak network ties that people maintain. Strong ties are relationships associated with frequent contact, deepfeelings of affection and obligation, whereas weak ties are relationships with superficial and easily broken bonds, infrequent contact, and narrow focus. Strong and weak ties alike provide people with social support. Weak ties including weak online ties, are especially useful for linking people to information and social resources unavailable in people’s closest, local groups. Nonetheless, strong social ties are the relationships that generally buffer people from life’s stresses and that lead to better social and psychological outcomes. People receive most of their social support from people with whom they are in most frequent contact, and bigger favors come from those with stronger ties.Generally, strong personal ties are supported by physical proximity. The Internet potentially reduces the importance of physical proximity in creating and maintaining networks of strong social ties. Unlike face-to-face interaction or even the telephone, the Internet offers opportunities for social interactions that do not depend on the distance between parties. People often use the Internet to keep up with those with whom they have preexisting relationships. But they also develop new relationships on-line. Most of these new relationships are weak. MUDs, newsgroups, and chat rooms put people in contact with a pool of new groups, but these on-line “mixers” are typically organized around specific topics, or activities, and rarely revolve around local community and close family and friends.Whether a typical relationship developed on-line becomes as strong as a typical traditional relationship and whether having on-line relationships changes the number or quality of a person’s total social involvements are open questions. Empirical evidence about the impact of the Internet on relationships and social involvement is sparse. Many authors have debated whether the Internet will promote community or undercut it. Much of this discussion has been speculative and anecdotal, or is based on cross-sectional data with small samples.31. The text is mainly about[A] the dominance of interpersonal communication.[B] strong and weak personal ties over the Internet.[C] the difference between old and modern relationships.[D] an empirical research on the Internet and its impact.32. It is implied in the text that[A] the Internet interactions can rival traditional ones.[B] television is inferior to telephone in social effect.[C] strong links are far more valid than weak ones.[D] the Internet features every home and community.33. The word “buffer” (Para. 2) can probably be replaced by[A] deviate. [B] alleviate. [C] shield. [D] distract.34. According to the author, the Internet can[A] eliminate the hindrance of the distance.[B] weaken the intimate feelings among people.[C] provide people with close physical contacts.[D] enhance our ability to remove social stresses.35. From the text we can infer that[A] the evidence for the effect of the Internet seems abundant.[B] the social impact of the Internet has been barely studied enough.[C] some discussions are conclusive about the function of the Internet.[D] random samples have witnessed the positive influence of the Internet.Text FourLeadership is hardly a new area of research, of course. For years, academics have debated whether leaders are born or made, whether a person who lacks charisma (capacity to inspire devotion and enthusiasm) can become a leader, and what makes leaders fail. Warren G. Bennis, possibly the possibly the world’s foremost expert on leading, has, together with his co-author, written two best-sellers on the topic. Generally, researchers have found that you can’t explain leadership by way of intelligence, birth order, family wealth or stability, level of education, race, or sex. From one leader to the next, there’s enormous variance in every one of those factors.The authors’ research led to a new and telling discovery: that every leader, regardless of age, had undergone at least one intense, transformational experience—what the authors call a “crucible” (severe test). These events can either make you or break you. For emerging leaders, they do more making than breaking, providing key lessons to help a person move ahead confidently.If a crucible helps a person to become leader, there are four essential qualities that allow someone to remain one, according to the authors. They are: an “adaptive capacity” that lets people not only survive inevitable setbacks, heartbreaks, anddifficulties but also learn from them; an ability to engage others through shared meaning or a common vision; a distinctive and compelling voice that communicates one’s conviction and desire to do the right thing; and a sense of integrity that allows a leader to distinguish between good and evil.That sounds obvious enough to be commonplace, until you look at some recent failures that show how valid these dictums (formal statements of opinion) are. The authors believe that former Coca-Cola Co. Chairman M. Douglas Ivester lasted just 28 months because “his grasp of context was sorrowful.” Among other things, Ivester degraded Coke’s highest-ranking African-American even as the company was losing a $ 200 million class action brought by black employees. Procter & Gamble Co. ex-CEO Durk Jager lost his job because he failed to communicate the urgent need for the sweeping changes he was making.It’s striking, too, that the authors found their geezers (whose formative period, as the authors define them,was 1945 to 1954, and who were shaped by World War II) sharing what they believed to be a critical trait—the sense of possibility and wonder more often associated with childhood. “Unlike those defeated by time and age, our geezers have remained much like our geeks (who came of age between 1991 and 2000, and grew up “virtual, visual, and digital”)— open, willing to take risks, hungry for knowledge and experience, courageous, and eager to see what the new day brings”, the authors write.36. The text indicates that leadership research[A] has been a controversial study for years.[B] predicts how a leader comes to be.[C] defines the likelihood to be a leader.[D] probes the mysteries of leadership.37. According to Bennis, the trait shared by leaders consists of[A] top levels of intelligence and education and devotion.[B] remarkable ability to encourage people with loyalty and hope.[C] striking qualities of going through serious trials and sufferings.[D] strong personalities that arouse admiration and confidence.38. The favorable effect of a crucible depends on whether a leader[A] proves himself/herself to be a newly emergent one.[B] accepts it as a useful experience for progress.[C] shrinks back from tiring and trying experiences.[D] draws important lessons for his/her followers.39. A leader can hardly maintain his/her position unless he/she[A] fulfils all necessary quality requirements.[B] helps people to prevent defeats and sorrows.[C] fails to attract people with common concerns.[D] lacks appealing and strength of character.40. The authors’ dictums can be justified by the fact that[A] Douglas Ivester defeated a highest-ranking black employee in a suit.[B] Durk Jager was dismissed owing to his poor communicating ability.[C] Geezers couldn’t erase the brands stamped in childhood.[D] Geeks are sensible enough to meet dangers and challenges. Part BDirections: You are going to read a list of headings and a text. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph (41-45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)[A] Physical Changes[B] Low Self-Esteem[C] Emerging Independence and Search for Identity[D] Emotional Turbulence[E] Interest in the Opposite Sex[F] Peer Pressure and ConformityThe transition to adulthood is difficult. Rapid physical growth begins in early adolescence—typically between the ages of 9 and 13—and thought processes start to take on adult characteristics. Many youngsters find these changes distressing because they do not fully understand what is happening to them. Fears and anxieties can be put to rest bysimply keeping an open line of communication and preparing for change before it occurs. The main issues that arise during adolescence are:(41) __________A child’s self worth is particularly fragile during adolescence. Teenagers often struggle with an overwhelming sense that nobody likes them, that they’re not as good as other people, that they are failures, losers, ugly or unintelligent.(42) __________Some form of bodily dissatisfaction is common among pre-teens. If dissatisfaction is great, it may cause them to become shy or very easily embarrassed. In other cases, teens may act the opposite—loud and angry—in an effort to compensate for feelings of self-consciousness and inferiority. As alarming as these bodily changes can be, adolescents may find it equally distressing to not experience the changes at the same time as their peers. Late maturation can cause feelings of inferiority and awkwardness.(43) __________Young people feel more strongly about everything during adolescence. Fears become more frightening, pleasures become more exciting, irritations become more distressing and frustrations become more intolerable. Every experience appears king-sized during adolescence. Youngsters having a difficult adolescence may become seriously depressed and/or engage in self-destructive behavior. Often, the first clue that a teenager needs professional help is a deep-rooted shift in attitude and behavior. Parents should be alert to the warning signs of personality change indicating that a teenager needs help. They include repeated school absences, slumping grades, use of alcohol or illegal substances, hostile or dangerous behavior and extreme withdrawal and reclusiveness.(44) __________There is tremendous pressure on adolescents to conform to the standards of their peers. This pressure toward conformity can be dangerous in that it applies not only to clothing and hairstyles; it may lead them to do things that they know are wrong.(45) __________Adolescence marks a period of increasing independence that often leads to conflict between teenagers and parents. This tension is a normal part of growing up—and for parents, a normal part of the letting-go process. Another normal part of adolescence is confusion over values and beliefs. This time of questioning is important as young people examine the values they have been taught and begin to embrace their own beliefs. Though they may adopt the same beliefs as their parents, discovering them on their own enables the young person to develop a sense of integrity.Although adolescence will present challenges for young people and their parents, awareness and communication can help pave the way for a smooth transition into this exciting phase of life.Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Culture shock might be called an occupational disease of people who have been suddenly transplanted abroad. Like most ailments, it has its own symptoms and cure.Culture shock is precipitated by the anxiety that results from losing all our familiar signs and symbols of social intercourse. Those signs or cues include the thousand and one ways in which we orient ourselves to the situation of daily life: when to shake hands and what to say when we meet people, when and how to give tips, how to make purchases, when to accept and when to refuse invitations, when to take statements seriously and when not. 46) These cues, which may be words, gestures, facial expressions, customs, or norms, are acquired by all of us in the course of growing up and are as much a part of our culture as the language we speak or the beliefs we accept. 47) All of us depend for our peace of mind and our efficiency on hundreds of these cues, most of which we do not carry on the level of conscious awareness.Now when an individual enters a strange culture, all or most of these familiar cues are removed. He or she is like a fish out of water. 48) No matter how broad-minded or full of goodwill you may be, a series of props (支柱) have been knocked from under you, followed by a feeling of frustration and anxiety. People react to the frustration in much the same way. First they reject the environment which causes the discomfort. “The ways of the host country are bad because they make us feel bad.” 49) When foreigners in a strange land get together to grouse about the host country and its people, you can be sure they are suffering from culture shock. Another phase of culture shock is regression. The home environment suddenly assumes a tremendous importance. To the foreigner everything becomes irrationally glorified. All the difficulties and problems are forgotten and only the good things back home are remembered. It usually takes trip home to bring one back to reality.Individuals differ greatly in the degree in which culture shock affects them. Although not common, there are individuals who cannot live in foreign countries. Those who have seen people go through a serious case of culture shock and on to a satisfactory adjustment can discern steps in the process. During the first few weeks most individuals are fascinated bythe new. They stay in hotels and associate with nationals who speak their language and are polite and gracious to foreigners. This honeymoon stage may last from a few days or weeks to six months depending on circumstances. 50) If one is a very important person he or she will be taken to the show places, will be pampered and petted, and in a press interview will speak glowingly about progress, goodwill, and international friendship. If he returns home may well write a book about his pleasant if superficial experience abroad.Section Ⅲ WritingPart A51. Directions:Your classmate, Bob, suffered a lot from the traffic accident one month ago. Besides, he lost his left leg and felt very sad. Write a letter to1) send out your grief and sympathy,2) offer your assistance, and3) show your best wishes.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming”instead. Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Study the following drawing carefully and write an essay to1) describe the drawing,2) deduce the purpose of the painter of the drawing, and3) suggest counter-measures.You should write about 160—200 words neatly ANSWER SHEET 2.(20 points)答案详解：Section I答案及解析答案详解1.【解析】[B]逻辑衔接题。
考研英语2015年真题的小作文写作练习
考研英语2015年真题的小作文写作练习Title: Practice Writing Exercise on the 2015 GRE English TestAs we prepare for the upcoming GRE exam, it's important to practice writing exercises based on past test papers to familiarize ourselves with the format, question types, and time constraints. The 2015 GRE English test is one such example, providing us with valuable insights into what to expect on the actual exam day.One of the writing tasks on the 2015 GRE test required candidates to write a brief essay in response to a particular prompt. For instance, one of the prompts was on the topic of technology and its impact on society. Candidates were asked to discuss the positive and negative effects of technological advancements on individuals and communities. This prompt encouraged test-takers to critically think about the implications of technology in the modern world, consider various perspectives, and form a well-structured argument in their response.When practicing this kind of writing exercise, it's essential to keep in mind the key components of a successful essay, including a clear thesis statement, well-developed supporting arguments, and a strong conclusion. It's also crucial todemonstrate proficiency in grammar, syntax, vocabulary, and organization to showcase your writing skills effectively.To excel in this type of writing task, it's recommended to practice regularly with similar prompts, receive feedback from teachers or peers, and make necessary improvements to enhance your writing abilities. By dedicating time and effort to writing exercises based on past GRE test papers, you can build confidence, improve your writing proficiency, and increase your chances of achieving a high score on the actual exam.In conclusion, practicing writing exercises based on the 2015 GRE English test is an effective way to prepare for the upcoming exam and enhance your writing skills. By engaging with past prompts, understanding the test format, and honing your writing abilities, you can boost your confidence and maximize your performance on test day. Remember, practice makes perfect, so keep practicing and striving for excellence in your writing endeavors. Good luck with your GRE preparation!。
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北京工商大学2015年翻译硕士专业学位研究生入学考试初试模拟试题考试科目：211翻译硕士英语Part I.Vocabulary and Grammar(30’)Directions:There are thirty sentences in this section.Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A,B,C and D.Choose one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.Mark your answers on your ANSWER SHEET1.Thousands of people turned out into the streets to_________against the local authorities’decision to build a highway across the field.A.contradictB.reformC.counterD.protest2.The majority of nurses are women，but in the higher ranks of the medical profession women are in a_________.A.minorityB.scarcityC.rarityD.minimum3.Professor Johnson’s retirement________from next January.A.carries into effectB.takes effectC.has effectD.puts into effect4.The president explained that the purpose of taxation was to________government spending.A.financeB.expandC.enlargeD.budget5.The heat in summer is no less_________here in this mountain region.A.concentratedB.extensiveC.intenseD.intensive6.Taking photographs is strictly________here，as it may damage the precious cave paintings.A.forbiddenB.rejectedC.excludedD.denied7.Mr.Brown’s condition looks very serious and it is doubtful if he will_________.A.pull backB.pull upC.pull throughD.pull out8.Since the early nineties，the trend in most businesses has been toward on-demand, always-available products and services that suit the customer’s_________rather than the company’s.A.benefitB.availabilityC.suitabilityD.convenience9.The priest made the________of the cross when he entered the church.A.markB.signalC.signD.gesture10.This spacious room is________furnished with just a few articles in it.A.lightlyB.sparselyC.hardlyD.rarely11.If you explained the situation to your solicitor，he________able to advise you much better than I can.A.would beB.will have beenC.wasD.were12.With some men dressing down and some other men flaunting their looks，it is really hard to tell they are gay or_________.A.straightB.homosexualC.beautifulD.sad13.His remarks were________annoy everybody at the meeting.A.so as toB.such as toC.such toD.as much as to14.James has just arrived，but I didn’t know he_________until yesterday.A.will comeB.was comingC.had been comingD.came15._________conscious of my moral obligations as a citizen.A.I was and always will beB.I have to be and always will beC.I had been and always will beD.I have been and always will be16.Because fuel supplies are finite and many people are wasteful，we will have to install_________solar heating device in our home.A.some type ofB.some types of aC.some type of aD.some types of17.I went there in1984，and that was the only occasion when I________the journey in exactly two days.A.must takeB.must have madeC.was able to makeD.could make18.I know he failed his last test，but really he’s_________stupid.A.something butB.anything butC.nothing butD.not but19.Do you know Tim’s brother？He is_________than Tim.A.much more sportsmanB.more of a sportsmanC.more of sportsmanD.more a sportsman20.That was not the first time he________us.I think it’s high time we________ strong actions against him.A.betrayed…takeB.had betrayed…tookC.has betrayed…tookD.has betrayed…take21.He will not be__________to vote in this year's election.A.enough oldB.as old enoughC.old enoughD.enough old as22.Thomas Jefferson's achievements as an architect rival his contributions __________a politician.A.suchB.moreC.asD.than23.According to the conditions of my scholarship,after finishing my degree__________.A.my education will be employed by the universityB.employment will be given to me by the universityC.the university will employ meD.I will be employed by the university24.If Bob's wife won't agree to sign the papers,____________.A.neither he willB.neither will heC.neither won't heD.he won't neither25._____is generally accepted,economic growth is determined by the smooth development of production.A.WhatB.ThatC.ItD.As26.A violent revolution having broken out,all the ports of that country were laid under a(n)______.A.boycottB.embargoC.embarkD.ban27.Since_________can't work in the United States without a permit,so it is of great importance for them to present their credentials to the government.A.emigrantsB.expatriatesC.migrantsD.immigrants28.Most investors are taught at the very beginning that there is no place for __________in investment markets.A.feelingB.emotionC.passionD.sentiment29.I__________my ordinary income by doing some part-time work.plimentplementC.supplementD.implement30.Before the statue could be__________to the United States,a site had to be found for it and a pedestal had to be built.A.transformedB.transportedC.transferredD.transmitted Part II.Reading comprehension（15*2’+4’*3’+3’）Directions:In this section there are four passages followed by a total of15multiple-choice questions and5short answer questions.Please read the passage and answer the question on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage AThe Welsh language has always been the ultimate marker of Welsh identity,but a generation ago it looked as if Welsh would go the way of Manx,once widely spoken on the Isle of Man but now ernment financing and central planning,however,have helped reverse the decline of Welsh.Road signs and official public documents are written in both Welsh and English,and schoolchildren are required to learn both languages.Welsh is now one of the most successful of Europe’s regional languages,spoken by more than a half-million of the country’s three million people.The revival of the language,particularly among young people,is part of a resurgence of national identity sweeping through this small,proud st month Wales marked the second anniversary of the opening of the National Assembly,the first parliament to be convened here since1404.The idea behind devolution was to restore the balance within the union of nations making up the United Kingdom.With most of the people and wealth,England has always had bragging rights.The partial transfer of legislative powers from Westminster,implemented by Tony Blair,was designed to give the other members of the club—Scotland,Northern Ireland,and Wales—a bigger say and to counter centrifugal forces that seemed to threaten the very idea of the union.The Welsh showed little enthusiasm for devolution.Whereas the Scots voted overwhelmingly for a parliament，the vote for a Welsh assembly scraped through by less than one percent on a turnout of less than25percent.Its powers were proportionately limited.The Assembly can decide how money from Westminster or the European union is spent.It cannot,unlike its counterpart in Edinburgh,enact laws. But now that it is here,the Welsh are growing to like their Assembly.Many people would like it to have more powers.Its importance as figurehead will grow with the opening in2003,of a new debating chamber,one of many new buildings that are transforming Cardiff from a decaying seaport into a Baltimore-style waterfront city. Meanwhile a grant of nearly two million dollars from the European union will tackle poverty.Wales is one of the poorest regions in Western Europe—only Spain,Portugal, and Greece have a lower standard of living.Newspapers and magazines are filled with stories about great Welsh men and women,boosting self-esteem.To familiar faces such as Dylan Thomas and Richard Burton have been added new icons such as Catherine Zeta-Jones,the movie star,and Bryn Terfel,the opera singer.Indigenous foods like salt marsh lamb are in vogue. And Wales now boasts a national airline,Awyr Cymru.Cymru,which means“land of compatriots”,is the Welsh name for Wales.The red dragon,the nation’s symbol since the time of King Arthur,is everywhere—on T-shirts,rugby jerseys and even cell phone covers.“Until very recent times most Welsh people had this feeling of being second-class citizens,”said Dyfan Jones,an18-year-old student.It was a warm summer night，and I was sitting on the grass with a group of young people in Llanelli,an industrial town in the south,outside the rock music venue of the National Eisteddfod, Wales’s annual cultural festival.The disused factory in front of us echoed to the sounds of new Welsh bands.“There was almost a genetic tendency for lack of confidence,”Dyfan continued. Equally comfortable in his Welshness as in his membership in the English-speaking，global youth culture and the new federal Europe,Dyfan,like the rest of his generation, is growing up with a sense of possibility unimaginable ten years ago.“We used to think.We can’t do anything,we’re only Welsh.Now I think that’s changing.”1.According to the passage,devolution was mainly meant to______.A.maintain the present status among the nations.B.reduce legislative powers of England.C.create a better state of equality among the nations.D.grant more say to all the nations in the union.2.The word“centrifugal”in the second paragraph means_____A.separatist.B.conventional.C.feudal.D.political3.Wales is different from Scotland in all the following aspects EXCEPT______A.people’s desire for devolution.B.locals’turnout for the voting.C.powers of the legislative body.D.status of the national language.4.Which of the following is NOT cited as an example of the resurgence of Welsh national identity?A.Welsh has witnessed a revival as a national language.B.Poverty-relief funds have come from the European Union.C.A Welsh national airline is currently in operation.D.The national symbol has become a familiar sight.5.According to Dyfan Jones what has changed is_____A.people’s mentality.B.pop culture.C.town’s appearance.D.possibilities for the people.Passage BThe miserable fate of Enron’s employees will be a landmark in business history, one of those awful events that everyone agrees must never be allowed to happen again. This urge is understandable and noble:thousands have lost virtually all their retirement savings with the demise of Enron stock.But making sure it never happens again may not be possible,because the sudden impoverishment of those Enronworkers represents something even larger than it seems.It’s the latest turn in the unwinding of one of the most audacious promises of the20th century.The promise was assured economic security—even comfort—for essentially everyone in the developed world.With the explosion of wealth,that began in the19th century it became possible to think about a possibility no one had dared to dream before.The fear at the center of daily living since caveman days—lack of food, warmth,shelter—would at last lose its power to terrify.That remarkable promise became reality in many ernments created welfare systems for anyone in need and separate programs for the elderly（Social Security in the U.S.）.Labour unions promised not only better pay for workers but also pensions for retirees.Giant corporations came into being and offered the possibility—in some cases the promise—of lifetime employment plus guaranteed pensions?The cumulative effect was a fundamental change in how millions of people approached life itself,a reversal of attitude that most rank as one of the largest in human history.For millennia the average person’s stance toward providing for himself had been.Ultimately I’m on my own.Now it became,ultimately I’ll be taken care of.The early hints that this promise might be broken on a large scale came in the 1980s.U.S.business had become uncompetitive globally and began restructuring massively，with huge Layoffs.The trend accelerated in the1990s as the bastions of corporate welfare faced reality.IBM ended its no-layoff policy.AT&T fired thousands,many of whom found such a thing simply incomprehensible,and a few of whom killed themselves.The other supposed guarantors of our economic security were also in bour-union membership and power fell to their lowest levels in decades.President Clinton signed a historic bill scaling back welfare.Americans realized that Social Security won’t provide social security for any of us.A less visible but equally significant trend affected pensions.To make costs easier to control,companies moved away from defined benefit pension plans,which obligate them to pay out specified amounts years in the future,to defined contribution plans，which specify only how much goes into the play today.The most common type of defined-contribution plan is the401（k）.the significance of the401（k）is that it puts most of the responsibility for a person’s economic fate back on the employee.Within limits the employee must decide how much goes into the plan each year and how it gets invested—the two factors that will determine how much it’s worth when the employee retires.Which brings us back to Enron?Those billions of dollars in vaporized retirement savings went in employees’401（k）accounts.That is,the employees chose how much money to put into those accounts and then chose how to invest it.Enronmatched a certain proportion of each employee’s401（k）contribution with company stock,so everyone was going to end up with some Enron in his or her portfolio;but that could be regarded as a freebie,since nothing compels a company to match employee contributions at all.At least two special features complicate the Enron case.First,some shareholders charge top management with illegally covering up the company’s problems,prompting investors to hang on when they should have sold.Second，Enron’s401（k）accounts were locked while the company changed plan administrators in October,when the stock was falling,so employees could not have closed their accounts if they wanted to.But by far the largest cause of this human tragedy is that thousands of employees were heavily overweighed in Enron stock.Many had placed100%of their401（k）assets in the stock rather than in the18other investment options they were offered.Of course that wasn’t prudent,but it’s what some of them did.The Enron employees’retirement disaster is part of the larger trend away from guaranteed economic security.That’s why preventing such a thing from ever happening again may be impossible.The huge attitudinal shift to I’ll-be-taken-care-of took at least a generation.The shift back may take just as long.It won’t be complete until a new generation of employees see assured economic comfort as a20th-century quirk,and understand not just intellectually but in their bones that,like most people in most times and places,they’re on their own.6.Why does the author say at the beginning“The miserable fate of Enron’s employees will be a landmark in business history…”?A.Because the company has gone bankrupt.B.Because such events would never happen again.C.Because many Enron workers lost their retirement savings.D.Because it signifies a turning point in economic security.7.According to the passage,the combined efforts by governments,layout unions and big corporations to guarantee economic comfort have led to a significant change in_____A.people’s outlook on life.B.people’s life styles.C.people’s living standard.D.people’s social values.8.Changes in pension schemes were also part of______A.the corporate lay-offs.B.the government cuts in welfare spending.C.the economic restructuring.D.the warning power of labors unions.9.Thousands of employees chose Enron as their sole investment option mainly becauseA.the401（k）made them responsible for their own future.B.Enron offered to add company stock to their investment.C.their employers intended to cut back on pension spending.D.Enron’s offer was similar to a defined-benefit plan.10.Which is NOT seen as a lesson drawn from the Enron disaster?A.The401（k）assets should be placed in more than one investment option.B.Employees have to take up responsibilities for themselves.C.Such events could happen again as it is not easy to change people’s mind.D.Economic security won’t be taken for granted by future young workers.Passage CArchaeology has long been an accepted tool for studying prehistoric cultures. Relatively recently the same techniques have been systematically applied to studies of the more immediate past.This has been called“historical archaeology,”a term that is used in the United States to refer to any archaeological investigation into North American sites that postdate the arrival of Europeans.Back in the1930's and1940's,when building restoration was popular,historical archaeology was primarily a tool of architectural reconstruction.The role of archaeologists was to find the foundations of historic buildings and then take a back seat to architects.The mania for reconstruction had largely subsided by the1950's and1960's.Most people entering historical archaeology during this period came out of university anthropology departments,where they had studied prehistoric cultures.They were,by training,social scientists,not historians,and their work tended to reflect this bias. The questions they framed and the techniques they used were designed to help them understand,as scientists,how people behaved.But because they were treading on historical ground for which there was often extensive written documentation,and because their own knowledge of these periods was usually limited,their contributions to American history remained circumscribed.Their reports,highly technical and sometimes poorly written,went unread.More recently,professional archaeologists have taken over.These researchers have sought to demonstrate that their work can be a valuable tool not only of science but also of history,providing fresh insights into the daily lives of ordinary people whose existences might not otherwise be so well documented.This newer emphasis on archaeology as social history has shown great promise,and indeed work done in this area has lead to a reinterpretation of the United States past.In Kingston,New York,for example,evidence has been uncovered that indicates that English goods were being smuggled into that city at a time when the Dutch supposedly controlled trading in the area.And in Sacramento an excavation at the site of a fashionable nineteenth-century hotel revealed that garbage had been stashed in the building's basement despite sanitation laws to the contrary.11.What does the passage mainly discuss?A.Why historical archaeology was first developedB.How the methods and purpose of historical archaeology have changed.C.The contributions architects make to historical archaeology.D.The attitude of professional archaeologists toward historical archaeology.12.What was popular in the1930's and1940's?A.Studying prehistoric cultures.B.Archaeological investigation.C.Building restoration.D.Historical archaeology.13.According to the first paragraph,what is a relatively new focus in archaeology?A.Investigating the recent past.B.Studying prehistoric cultures.C.Excavating ancient sites in what is now the United States.paring findings made in North America and in Europe.14.According to the passage,when had historical archaeologists been trained as anthropologists?A.Prior to the1930's.B.During the1930's and1940's.C.During the1950's and1960's.D.After the1960's.15.In the third paragraph，the author implies that the techniques of history and social science are________.A.quite different from each otherB.equally useful in studying prehistoric culturesually taught to students of archaeologyD.both based on similar principlesPassage DFor40years the sight of thousands of youngsters striding across the open moorland has been as much an annual fixture as spring itself.But the2，400school pupils who join the grueling Dartmoor Ten Tors Challenge next Saturday may be among the last to take part in the May tradition.The trek faces growing criticism from environmentalists who fear that the presence of so many walkers on one weekend threatens the survival of some of Dartmoor’s internationally rare bird species.The Ten Tors Challenge takes place in the middle of the breeding season，when the slightest disturbance can jeopardize birds’chances of reproducing successfully. Experts at the RSPB and the Dartmoor National Park Authority fear that the walkers could frighten birds and even crush eggs.They are now calling for the event to be moved to the autumn，when the breeding season is over and chicks should be well anisers of the event，which is led by about400Territorial Army volunteers，say moving it would be impractical for several reasons and would mean pupils could not train properly for the55-mile trek.Dartmoor is home to10rare species of ground-nesting birds，including golden plovers，dunlins and lapwings. In some cases，species are either down to their last two pairs on the moor or are facing a nationwide decline.Emma Parkin,South-west spokeswoman for the PASPB，took part in the challenge as a schoolgirl.She said the society had no objections to the event itself butsimply wanted it moved to another time of year.“It is a wonderful activity for the children who take part but，having thousands of people walking past in one weekend when birds are breeding is hardly ideal，”she said.“We would prefer it to take place after the breeding and nesting season is over.There is a risk of destruction and disturbance.If the walkers put a foot in the wrong place they can crush the eggs and if there is sufficient disturbance the birds might abandon the nest.”Helen Booker，an RSPB upland conservation officer，said there was no research into the scale of the damage but there was little doubt the walk was detrimental.“If people are tramping past continually it can harm the chances of successful nesting.There is also the fear of direct trampling of eggs.”A spokesman for the Dartmoor National Park Authority said the breeding season on the moor lasted from early March to mid-July，and the Ten Tors Challenge created the potential for disturbance for March,when participants start training.To move the event to the autumn was difficult because children would be on holiday during the training period.There was a possibility that some schools in the Southwest move to a four-term year in2004，“but until then any change was unlikely.The authority last surveyed bird life on Dartmoor two year ago and if the next survey showed any further decline，it would increase pressure to move the Challenge，”he said.Major Mike Pether,secretary of the army committee that organizes the Challenge，said the event could be moved if there was the popular will.“The Ten Tors has been running for42years and it has always been at this time of the year.It is almost in tablets of stone but that’s not to say we won’t consider moving if there is a consensus in favour.However，although the RSPB would like it moved，75per cent of the people who take part want it to stay as it is，”he said.Major Pether said the trek could not be moved to earlier in the year because it would conflict with the lambing season，most of the children were on holiday in the summer，and the winter weather was too harsh.Datmoor National Park occupies some54sq km of hills topped by granite outcrops known as“Tors”with the highest Tor-capped hill reaching621m.The valleys and dips between the hills are often sites of bogs to snare the unwary hiker.The moor has long been used by the British Army as a training and firing range.The origin of the event stretches back to1959when three Army officers exercising on the moor thought it would provide a challenge for civilians as well as soldiers.In the first year203youngsters took up the challenges.Since then teams，depending on age and ability，face hikes of35，45or55miles between10nominated Tors over two days. They are expected to carry everything they need to survive.16.What is the Ten Tors Challenge？Give a brief introduction of its location and history.17.Why is it suggested that the event be moved to the autumn or other seasons?18.What are the difficulties if the event is moved to the autumn or other seasons? Part III.Writing（30’）Nowadays,the number of people owning private cars in on the great increase. Some people hold the belief that private cars can bring us a lot of convenience,from which we can hardly escape;while others maintain that the disadvantages of private cars far outweigh its advantages.Please state your opinion clearly with detailed reasons and examples.My View on Private Cars参考答案：partⅠMultiple choice(30’)1-5DABAC6-10ACDDB11-15AABBD16-20ACBBC21-25CCDBD26-30BDDCBPartⅡReading Comprehension(40’)1.C2.A3.D4.B5.A6.D7.A8.C9.B10.B11.B12.C13.A14.C15.A16.located in Dartmoor Park/with54sq km of hills covered by“Tors”/an event starting from1959/young people walking over a distance of55-mile trek in two days/in Spring（May）/a kind of outdoor physical training17.environmentalism/threatening of some“internationally rare bird species”/breeding season/nesting season/destroying eggs/frightening birds/declining of birds18.if moved to autumn/children“on holiday”during the training period/majority unwilling to change the time/if moved earlier：lambing season/winter：too harsh and coldPartⅢWriting(30’)With the fantastic spur both in industry and in economy in China,the number of people who own private cars is on the rise.Some people have bought cars of their own,and others are planning to buy cars.But there have been two quite different views on this phenomenon.Some claim that there are many advantages brought about by cars.First,the automobile industry provides jobs for countless workers and strong support for other industries.Second,if conditions permit,owning a car can make us work more efficiently.Finally,life will become more convenient.A car allows one to move freely and with a car there is no need to wait for the bus in the cold or under the burning sun.However,others strongly object to the increase in developing private cars.They hold that automobiles will give rise to a series of problems.In the first place,as more and more cars are produced and run in the street,a large volume of poisonous gas will be given off,polluting the atmosphere and causing actual harm to the health of people. Next,private cars contribute to traffic congestion so greatly that the advantages gained in comfort and freedom are often cancelled out by the frustration caused by traffic jams.The last problem is the increasing number of car accidents that have killed and will kill a lot of people in a friction of a second.In my opinion,although automobiles have been playing a vital part in the daily activities of our society,they also bring us numerous troubles such as more serious environmental pollution,more traffic accidents and more angry consumption.They drink up huge amounts of fuel and throw out huge amounts of pollutants.Traffic accidents kill thousands and thousands of people each year and cripple more.Jams waste our precious time. Therefore I am against developing private cars.。