英语文体学 Chapter 1 The Concern of Stylistics

Now we can see
A Christmas Tree Star If you are A love compassionate, You will walk with us this year, We face a glacial distance, who are here Huddld At your feet (W. S. Burford)
1.2 Language
What is language?
1. Linguists’ def.: 4 — Saussure’s; Bloomfield’s; Chomsky’s; Halliday’s - a system of innate rules - a social semiotic or social activity - a system of signs - a unified structure or a collection of habits
1.1 Stylistics
Modern stylistics: modern linguistics (apply concepts and techniques to the study of styles of language use)
2 subdivisions: General stylistics vs. Literary stylistics General stylistics: general features of various types of language use Literary stylistics: unique features of various literary works
Introduction
Stylistics — the study of style — may help us develop a consistent method of language analysis and solve problems of interpretation by bringing into focus the stylistically significant features that we might otherwise overlook. Stylistics may also help speed up the process of acquisition of the ability by its systematic description of language varieties and by its emphasis on practical analysis, and thus facilitate one’s sensitivity to language variation. Last but not the least, stylistic analysis can enhance our understanding of the ways in which impressions, effects and meanings are communicated by language in literary works.
Literature is a type of communicative discourse.
English Stylistics
Chapter 1 The Concern of Stylistics
WANG Yao @ SDUT
Contents
1 2
3
tics
Language
Aspects of the Speech Event
1.2 Language
Language or A Language? 2. Speech acts, speech event All utterances (whether a word, a sentence, or several sentences) can be thought of as goal-directed actions. Such actions as carried out through language are Speech Acts. Social activities in which language (either spoken or written) plays an important role such as conversations, discussion, lecture, etc are Speech Events.
Two Important Assumptions of Stylistics
Literary texts should be accounted for not just intra-sententially but also inter-sententially, not only in terms of linguistic facts and theory, but also in terms of sociolinguistic facts and theory.
Definition:
1. A discipline that studies the way in which language is used; the styles of language in use. 2. Dict.—Longman: the study of style in written or spoken language Style: the particular way sb. uses words to express ideas, tell stories, etc.
English Stylistics
Introduction
WANG Yao @ SDUT
Introduction
Course requirements
Final Exam (80%) Attendance (10%) Assignment (10%)
Course arrangements
Introduction
Stylistics is a branch of linguistics
which applies the theory and methodology of modern linguistics to the study of STYLE. It studies the use of language in specific contexts and attempts to account for the characteristics that mark the language use of individuals and social groups. (Qian Yuan)
16 weeks, 16 units→1 unit per week
Introduction
This course serves as an elementary introduction to the study of English style for Chinese EFL students. It places emphasis on practical analysis as well as the presentation of various theories in stylistics. By reading the textbook, participating in oral discussion, and conducting linguistic analysis, it is hoped the student will acquire the “semi-instinctive” sense of style. Moreover, by means of this problem-solving activity, the student will learn to exploit their knowledge for interpretation. This, to some extent, may contribute to the realization of a general capacity to use language for communication.
And we will see

Rainbow rainbow youre a twofaced sort of fellow youre a warped candybar and the sun uses you as a weapon against the shadow of the rain rainbow youre not a selfmade chap atall youre just a compound of enemies and the only reason anybody likes you is because without you theyd be nothing (William Peskett)
1.1 Stylistics
Classification: Modern Stylistics General Stylistics
Variety Features
Literary Stylistics
Literary Text Style
Genre Features
1.1 Stylistics
4
5
Language Varieties and Function
Style
Contents
6 7 8
The Study of Style
The Concern of Stylistic Study
Stylistics and Other Sphere of Study

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英语文体学Chapter1Introduction

❖Plato: Rhetoric is "the art of winning the soul by discourse."
❖Aristotle: Rhetoric is "the faculty of discovering in any particular case all of the available means of persuasion."
(Qian Yuan)
第十三页，共43页。
1.2 Emergence of Stylistics as an Interdisciplinary Field of Study
❖English Stylistics is often regarded as a discipline that is “both old and young”.
第十五页，共43页。
1.2 Emergence of Stylistics as an Interdisciplinary Field of Study
❖Dating back to 5 B.C., Greek orators and sophists regarded rhetoric as oratory.
❖The second revolution is the one in literary criticism.
❖Ivor Armstrong Richards ❖Practical Criticism ❖He called for a more objective
approach to literary texts, and established an approach to poetry which depended on close reading of the text.

文体学简介 Chapter 1

Main contents in stylistics
Part One: Theoretical Preliminaries and Major Varieties of Eng lish Chapter 1 Style and Stylistics 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Definitions of Style 1.3 Definitions of Stylistics 1.4 The Development of Stylistics 1.5 The Scope of Study Chapter 2 Procedure of Stylistic Analysis 2.1 Linguistic Description 2.2 A Checklist of Linguistic Description 2.3 Textual Analysis 2.4 Contextual Factors Analysis Chapter 3 Stylistic Functions of Linguistic Items 3.1 Stylistic Functions of Speech Sounds 3.2 Stylistic Functions of Graphological Items 3.3 Stylistic Functions of Lexical Items 3.4 Stylistic Functions of Syntactic/Grammatical Items
General description
1. Less difficult 2. More interesting 3. More practical
Course related Questions
Who
– Who is the founder of stylistics?

1 The Content of Stylistics

1.4 Language Varieties and Function
c.
Textual function is to create written or spoken TEXTs which cohere within themselves and which fit the particular situation in which they are used.
引言：文体学的发展史
50年代末以前
文体学的发展势头较为弱小，而且主要是欧洲大陆展开（在英美盛行为新批评）。俄国的形式主义布拉格学派和法国的结构主义等均对文体学的发展作出重要贡献。
引言：文体学的发展史
60-70年代：现代文体学的兴盛时期
在60和70年代，西方科学主要思潮盛行，语言学和结构主义蓬勃发展，带动了文体学的发展。现代文体学的兴盛，表现在流派纷呈，如：“形式文体学”、 “功能文体学”、“话语文体学”、 “社会历史、文化文体学”、“文学文体学”、“语言学文体学”。
1.4 Language Varieties and Function
Jacobson:
referential, emotive, poetic, conative, phatic, metalingual Informative, performative, interpersonal, emotive, phatic, recreational, metalingual
1.4 Language Varieties and Function

Language variety: different types of a language In all the varieties, language performs various communicative roles, i.e. functions. M A K Halliday: three metafunctions of language: ideational function interpersonal function textual function

文体学

一、Outline of this course:The name of this book is English Stylistics. Generally it is about the study of styles in language and variations in language, but in this course, we focus on modern stylistics, which has two branches, literary stylistics and general stylistics. The course introduced us an influential theoretical framework of stylistics and applied the theory in the concrete analysis of the main varieties of Modern English.二、Terms definition.Stylistics: Stylistics is a b ranch of linguistics which applies the theory and methodology of modern linguistics to the study of the style. It studies the use of language in specific contexts and attempts to account for the characteristics that mark the language use of individuals and social groups.Style: 答案一：Style can be taken as the language habits of a person or group of persons in a given situation. (老师课堂讲授)答案二：Style may be seen as the various characteristic uses of language that a person or group of persons make in various social contexts.(个人整理)Variety: Variety can be taken as the different types or styles of a language.Dialect: Dialect is the language variation that is associated with different users of the language. Register:答案一：Register is the language variation that is associated with different use to which they are put. (教材)答案二：①Register can be taken as the varieties in which different situations with different situations with different occupational or social group.②Register can be taken as the distinctive varieties of a language used in different types of situation.(老师课堂讲授)答案三：Registers are language varieties which are appropriate for use in particular speech situations, in contrast to language varieties that are associated with the social or regional grouping of their customary users. For that reason, registers are also known as situational dialects. (个人整理)四、This term we covered Chapter1、2、3、4、5 and 9.In Chapter1(the aims and concerns of stylistics), we talked about the definitions of stylistics, modern stylistics, language, speech act, variety and style, 3 terms in language use, 4 influencing factors (regional variation, social variation, situational variation, topic variation), 5styles of formality.In Chapter 2(the necessity for stylistic study), we gave an introduction and analyzed the 3 need for stylistic study, i.e. stylistic study helps cultivate a sense of appropriateness; stylistic study sharpens the understanding and appreciation of literary works; stylistic study helps achieve adaptation in translation.In Chapter 3(the classification of varieties of English), we revealed two main kinds of situational varieties: dialectal varieties(dialects) and diatypic varieties(registers). We’ve 5 categories of the former, they are individual dialect(personal linguistic features); temporal dialect(dialect of time/ age/ epoch); regional dialect(origin of birth and grown-up) and social dialect(social groups and social background) and standard dialect. As to the latter, the field, mode and tenor of discourse and their relationships were covered.In Chapter 4(the levels of linguistic description & the content and procedure of stylistic analysis), we mentioned the aim of stylistics in linguistic description, which is to give an analytical tool. We also covered the 3 levels language, namely the level of phonology (to study the writing system);lexis (to study words choice) and grammar (morphology to study word formation and syntax to study words into sentences); semantics(to study meanings). Besides, the 3 levels of linguistic description were also included; they are level of phonology and graphology; level of lexis and grammar; level of semantics.In Chapter 5(the formal and informal language and the relationship between its participants), we covered types of tenor, degrees of formality and their relation. Martin Joo's 5 classifications (frozen style, formal, consultative, casual, intimate) are efficient in many ways, but the situations are so complicated that the degree of formality can fall in any point. 5 elements in speech situation (setting, purpose, audience, social relation and topics) and linguistic features (vocabulary, phonology, syntax, semantics) are mentioned, so do their relations with formality. Besides, we also covered co-occurrence restriction, degree of involvement and the inter-relationship between 3 functions of language (ideational/interpersonal/textual function) and 3 components of a text (field, mode, tenor).In Chapter 9(the English of advertising), we talked about the function of advertising and the function of the language of advertising. What’s more, we covered the graphological features of display advertising, i.e. full use of grephological contracts, prominent use of pictures, clear identification of the advertiser.括号内扩展内容仅助于理解，不必全部写在试卷上。

WeekOne_文体学

Introduction to English Stylistics 英语文体学
(5) 时间time：古，中古、现代；变体分析有文字内容，涉指意义(referential meaning)，和社会意义(social meaning)。Such as mountain=山；river=河; but classmate=? Guanxi=?
Introduction to English Stylistics 英语文体学
1.7 The Concern of Stylistic Study The refined definition The concerns: 索绪尔（Saussure,1857-1913）distinction between langue and parole.
b. What’s the time? What time is it, please? c. d. How’s the enemy? 同伴。
e. Time?
f. How much longer have we got?
g. My watch seems to have stopped…
Introduction to English Stylistics 英语文体学
Longman 1985)
Introduction to English Stylistics 英语文体学
(3) 文体学是研究文体的学问。广义：各类文体；狭义：文学文体。共核语言（The common core）构成常规(norm)，各类文体是变异(deviation)。加强认识各体英语，了解功能，增强运用能力。(王佐
Introduction to English Stylistics 英语文体学

文体学课件Chapter1分析

The discussion of the concepts of style should focus on some essential aspects
of language on which most linguists agree.
And in which aspects of language does stylistics focus on?
The language of a participant in a social activity reflects his social characteristics (such as his status, ethnic group, age and sex), his awareness of the various factors of a social situation, etc.
English Stylistics: A New Course Book
Instructed by Zhuying
Course related Questions
Questions
Who
– Who is the founder of stylistics?
What
– What does stylistics study? – What is style and stylistics?
Why
– Why do we study stylistics?
How
– How do we make stylistic analysis?
Who is the founder of stylistics?
The founder of stylistics: Charles Bally, the student of Saussure, is the most influential linguist in the first generation in Geneva School which was founded by Saussure.

[英语学习]文体学1

• •
• Implication: (Assumptions) • A.Linguistics should be most helpful in analyzing and interpreting literary texts. • B) literature is a type of communicative discourse.
• The Purposes for study of stylistics • To appreciate the English literature works • To master some general knowledge about variations of English • To improve English level • To construct a critical view towards matter • To build a new way of thinking
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
• 1 Definition of Stylistics • Stylistics=style+ linguistics • STYLE: Chapter Two • Linguistics: the study of language in which theories on languages have been fully investigated • Take some language theories as example • Cooperative principles • Politeness principles • Ambiguity of languages
• Implication: stylistic features do not occur randomly in it but form patterns. And stylisticians can account for literary texts not just intrasententially but also intersententially, not only in terms of linguistic facts and theory but also in terms of sociolinguistic facts and theory.

英语文体学讲稿

Chapter one: Introduction to Stylistics（4hrs）Definition of stylistics:Stylistics is a special kind of subject, which applies the techniques and concepts of modern linguistics to the study of literary texts. And it is based upon the idea that the examination or analysis of the language of a literary text can be a means to a fuller understanding and appreciation of the writer’s artistic achievement.So stylistics studies language as it is used in literary texts, with the aim of relating it to the artistic functions of language use.Stylistics is based upon the idea that all artistic works have content and form, usually the content can decide the form, but the other way round, the form can have counter-effect upon the content. It is also true of literary works.This definition does not mean that the learning of stylistics demands a great deal of linguistic knowledge. In stead, it requires the learner to be familiar with some basic concepts and traditional terms in grammar, phonetics, and rhetoric. And of course, the learner should also be curious and make full use of an explicit understanding of language——not just language used in the given literary context.Stylistic study/analysisStylistics makes for a widening and deepening of the aesthetic taste.Leo Spitzer’s insistence is that the smallest detail of the used by in a particular literary text can unlock the soul of a literary work.That is, by noticing the smallest detail, the reader can understand and explain how a particular effect or meaning is achieved. Then the reader is more likely to appreciate the creation of the writer’s.Leo Spitzer: the only way to get out of the state of un-productivity is to read and reread.Summing up:Any stylistic study of a literary text starts from some curiosity or the curious noticing of some details or some special features of a particular case of language use, or such uses in a literary text. For in both linguistic and literary spheres, much rests on the intuition and personal judgment for which a system, however good, is an aid rather then a substitute. So interest and curiosity is the mother of stylistic discovery. And the method of getting some interest or insight is to read and reread the text you are going to analyze.It goes through the linguistic analysis of these details and comes to the realization of the special effects realized thereby.The relation between stylistics and linguisticsLanguage plays the role of conceptualization and communication of meaning.1. Both st ylistics and linguistics are subjects that take language as their object ofstudy. They differ only in that the linguistics aims at the general and abstract aspects of language, ie. langue, while stylistics aims at the particular cases of language use, ie. speech/parole, together with special effect realized thereby.2. Stylistics is the application of linguistics to the study of literature.Stylists are interested in the details of the language used by certain writers in a certain text, and they look through these details to its significance.3. One of the major concerns of stylistics is to check or validate intuitions by detailedanalysis, but it is also a dialogue between a literary reader and a linguistic observer, and the goal of this dialogue is insight rather than objectivity.Linguistic analysis does not replace reader’s intuition, more importantly, it can prompt, direct, and shape it into an understanding.4. Stylistics builds on linguistics, and in return, it also challenges our linguisticframework, it always opens our eyes to the new horizons of our understanding of language and language use.The relation in between is a dialectical one.Different definitions of style:1. The most traditional definition of style is that style is a writer’s way/manner ofwriting or his mode of expression. This is a kind of dualist view about language based upon the belief that concerning language use there can be two aspects, namely, the content and the form. And some hold that style itself is part of the meaning or a component of the content of a form.2. Style as the dress of thought. This definition implies that style refers to the waysaying what one has to say.True wit is nature to advantage dressed,What oft was thought but n’er so well expressed.3. Style is manner of expression or manner of writing. So here in this definition,speech act is treated as the same as other common kinds of acts, the personal way of behaving forms the style of the person in question.4. Right word in the right place make a good style.Sum-up:1.Style is a way in which language is used, so it is related to parole rather thanlangue.2.Style consists in choices made from the repertoire of the language.3.Stylistic choice is limited to those aspects of linguistic choice which concernalternative ways of saying the same thing or of rendering the same subject matter.4. A style is defined in terms of a domain of language （what person said what inwhat place, what linguistic context, what manner, and for what purpose）.5.Stylistics has been typically concerned with literary language.6.Literary stylistics is typically concerned with explaining the relation between styleand literary or aesthetic functions.StylisticsLecture Two: Introduction to Stylistics（continued）Leech defines stylistics as the study of the use of language in literature and considers it as the meeting ground of linguistics and the study of literature. So stylistics straddles two disciplines: linguistics and literary criticism.Stylistics is an interdisciplinary subject. It is a study of literary discourse from a linguistic orientation, that is, form a linguistic point of view. Therefore, it differs from linguistics and literary criticism in that it essentially links these two. In other words, it is an interdisciplinary subject.The start of this interdisciplinary subject:It is hard to determine when it became an academic field of study. But one thing is sure, that is, it did not achieve significant development as an independent subject until the late 1950’s. Now it has become a firmly established subject, which is supposed to provide useful insights into literary criticism and the teaching of literature.The basis on which stylistics has developed is English rhetoric, which can be traced back to Aristotle’s time.There have been three movements that promoted the development stylistics:1.Modernist movement in art and literature, which lasted from 1890 to World War II.This movement is characterized by its break away fro the tradition. This break away lifted all restraints upon the content and language used in art and literature.This led to the tolerance, acceptance, and appreciation of the different kinds of language that appear in literature and art.2.Another revolution occurred in the field of literary criticism, which had aprofound radical influence upon stylistics. The most important proponent of this revolution is I. A. Richards, who was dissatisfied with the criticism of his age for in his opinion the critics of his time had given too much attention to the moral aspect of literature, and he suggested that a more objective approach should be taken towards literary criticism. He based his approach upon close reading of the literary text and linguistic analysis of the language of the text.3.The third revolution that had helped the emergence of stylistics is the one thattook place in the science of linguistics in the late 1950’s. This revolution was initiated by the work of Noam Chomsky and Michael Halliday whose thoughts were directly or indirectly influenced by the linguistic theory of F. De Sassure.And generally speaking, the development in the domain of linguistics provided the stylisticians/stylists with effective and new tools for analyzing the language in use in both literature and other types of discourse.So the modernist movement aesthetically prepared the public or society for receiving and ushering in a new kind of literary criticism——stylistics.The neo-criticism directly enhanced the development of this new subject advocating objective analysis of the language of a literary text as the basis of literary criticism. The development of linguistics in the 1950’s supplied literary critics with the necessary and effective tools for investigating the language use in literary texts. So these three movements actually provided everything necessary for the appearance of this new subject.Two important assumptions of stylistics1.One important assumption of stylistics is that literature is made of language. It isan art of language. Now that literature is made of language, linguistics, which is the scientific study of language, is naturally helpful to us in analyzing and interpreting literary text.2.The second assumption is that literature is a type of communicative discourse.This assumption is just as important and basic as the first one. This assumption implies that, as Widdowson explicitly stated, a piece of language use, literary or otherwise, is invariably a piece of communication, a discourse of one kind or another. This assumption requires that one should understand the linguistic features of a literary text as occurring not randomly but rather with some meaning in it. These features are determined and also should be interpreted in reference to the context in which the communication occurs. This assumption extends the scope of the linguistic study of the language used in a literary text fro intra-sentential study to inter-sentential study.The first assumption justifies the necessity of the linguistic analysis of the literary text in the study of a literary work, while the second assumption puts the analysis of the language of the literary text in connection with context——both linguistic and social context.The goals, components, and procedure of stylistic inquiryGoalsThe first goal of stylistics is to help readers understand a literary text better. In other words, it provides insights into the meaning of the text.The second goal is to explain why and how one text is better than another one. That is to say that it is with interpretation that stylistics is more directly concerned.ComponentsDescription +interpretation +evaluationThe most important thing is to remember there is actually no rigid and fixed procedure of stylistic analysis of literary work. Linguistic observation and literary insight proceeds from each other and enhances each other and they form a cyclic motion.Procedure: Analytic phase +interpretative phaseThe nature of stylistic analysisGenerally, the stylistic analysis is mainly concerned with the uniqueness of the language use in a literary text. That is, to show what is peculiar to the language in a literary text. This is determined by the nature of style itself. This naturally involves comparison between the language used in the literary text under investigation and the language used in a conventional way.So essentially speaking, stylistic study is essentially comparative in nature.Lecture Two: Three Views of StyleWe have seen the definition of stylistics and some definitions of style.Next we will see some most influential and representative views of style.Text book p11Style as form. （Aristotle）（form and content ）Style as eloquence.（Cicero）（skill to use L persuasively）（the relation with rhetoric）Style is the man. （Buffon）（L use is using it in discourse）Style as personal idiosyncrasy.（Murry）Saying the right thing in the most effective way.（Enkvist）Style as the choice between alternatve expressions. （Ibid）Style as equivalence. （Roman Jacobson）（between form and function）Style as foregrounding. （Leech Mukarovsky）Style as deviation.（Mukarovsky & Spitzer）Style as prominence.（Halliday）Style as the selections features partly determined by the demands of genre, form, themes, etc. （Traugott & Pratt）Style as linguistic features that communicate emotions and thought.（Enkvist）When writers write, they will naturaly try to make their language difffernt from the others’, so as to attract the attention of the readers and also to ensure and secure an independent existence. Or to stand out from the multitude of men of letters. Or just a special position for his writing. And that is to depart from the normal way of expression in a certain sense.Style as deviance.This view of stylistics comes from Widdowson’s remark of style holding that stylistic analysis has no fixed procedure and the technique of doing this kind of analysis is to pick on features in the text which appear to first impressions as unusual or striking in some way and then explore their ramifications. This remark implies that only those unusual or striking features are stylistically relevant. And the implied assumption is that the literary aesthetic effects can only be achieved through deviance. Though some stylisticians hold different views.It leads to such an assumption as that the distinctiveness of a literary text lies in its departure from the characteristics of what is communicatively normal. It also gives birth to the approach to style as deviance from the norms of a given language.Mukarovsky is another famous proponent and founder of this view of style. In his famous article Standard Language and Poetic Language, he speaks of style as foregrounding.He asserts that the violation of the norm of standard, especially, its systematic violation, is what makes possible the poetic utilization of language; without this possibility there would be no poetry. According to Mukarovsky normal use of language “automatizes”language to such an extent that the users no longer see its expressive or aesthetic power; poetry must de-automatize or foreground language by breaking the rules of everyday language. P13Such as the expression “a grief ago”“a presidency ago”“Mr. Smarter”“Mr. Bumble””The advantage of this approach to style is that it helps us keep in mind the there is a difference between everyday language and the language of literature.The disadvantages are that:a.It is difficult to define the norm from which the style of a text deviates.Bloch considers the basis of norm to e statistical, that is, to determinestyle by counting or resorting to the frequency distributions of linguisticfeatures as they differ from that of the language as a whole.b.It tends to lead the readers and stylisticians to value only the language ofthe grammatically highly deviant authors and under value those authorsthat do not deviate or do not deviate so much from the norms of language.And generally speaking, it tends to lead underestimation of thenon-deviant language both within literature and without.Style as choice.Style results from a tendency of speaker or writer to consistently choose certain structures over others available in the language.The difference between L and style is that L is the sum total of the structuresavailable to the speaker, while style concerns the characteristic choices by a certain writer either consistently or in a given text or context.To say that style is choice of words is not the same thing as saying that it is always a conscious choice, though of course if the writer always chooses his word scrutinously the effect of his way of using L will be all the more obvious as a style. Then that is pick his way forward among words, and it is hard to imagine how much literary work can there be by now. The stock of literature of we human kind no doubt will be greatly diminished. But most, almost all poets, and some writers, and all writers at certain points in their writing do write that way, that is, they a kind of choose scrutinously and seem to pick their way forward among the forest of words. . we Chinese posts have a tradition of refining words. 吟得一字安，捻断数茎须。

英语文体学知识重点[1]教案资料

英语文体学知识重点[1]Chapter 1 Introduction· What is the English Stylistics？It is a science that deals with the research for a wide variety of the styles of written and oral English in English language.· What are language functions?a) To deliver some infor to other peopleb) To communicate with each other in society·How do we express ourselves in a proper way?Several factors do work.a)Phoneticsb)Vocabularyc)Grammard)Some knowledge concerning English stylistics·The correctness in using the language can not replace the appropriateness in language communication. Why?Four examples:a) “ Hello ” and “ Hi ”b) “ Assist me! Assist me! ” and “ Aid! Aid! ”c) “That’s all right.” “That’s to say.” “It’s O.K..”d) See next paged) “ I am terribly sorry to hear that your husband has just died, but don’t let it upset you too much. You’re an attractive, young lady. I’m pretty sure it is very easy for you to find someone else soon. ”·The effects of language expressions are sometimes related to some non-linguistic factors. a) Sex ------ “ Oh, my God! ”b) Age ------ “ Cheers! ” and “ Bye for now. ”c) Vocation ------ “ Watch the birdie. ”d) Received education ------ “ go to W.C. ”e) Social station ------ “ What prompted you to apply for this job? ”·Why should we learn and study English stylistics?a) It will help us to express ourselves in English properly.b) It will help us to know something about language features of a variety of English written styles.c) It will help us to select a proper way for getting the best language effects and attaining our communicative purposes.d) It will help us to go at literary criticism.e) It will help us to do the translation work well.Chapter 2 Language Description & Stylistic Analysis·There are 4 phonetic means in English:1) stress 2) Intonation 3) pause 4) voice quality.·Stress has several apparent stylistic and grammatical functions.(1) The first function is for emphasis.(2) The second function is to change the meaning or the part of speech of some words, or both.(3) The third function is to differ some English words(4) The fourth function is to show someone’s surprise, anger, fear, doubt, pleasure, etc..·Intonation can be employed to express people’s happiness, sadness, certainty, hesitation, depression, etc. There are 5 pitches in phonetics:收集于网络，如有侵权请联系管理员删除(1) The falling pitch is used to show the meaning of definiteness, certainty and completeness.(2) The rising pitch is employed to show the meaning of indefiniteness, uncertainty and incompleteness.(3) The fall-rise pitch is used to give people some encouragement or give people a warning.(4) The rise-fall pitch is employed to give people a sincere praise or to show the feeling of shock.(5) The level pitch is used to give account on something happened in the past. ·Pause can be divided into two.a) voiced pause b) silent pause·Some useful rhetorical devices1. Period and inversion2. Parallelism and antithesis3. Climax and anti-climax4. RepetitionChapter 3 Oral Style and Written Style·Several occasions for using oral style:1. In literary masterpieces2. In everyday conversation3. In informal speeches·The differences between oral communication and written communication1. Use some gestures ( body language ) in oral communication2. Use a statement as a question in oral communication3. Use some pure oral words in oral communication· The comparison of language styles in oral style and in written style ·What can be used with oral style?1) slangs 2) vogue words 3) abbreviations 4) phrasal verbs 5) idioms ·What can be used with written style?1) Scientific English 2) Legal English 3) Religious English 4) Formal speech 5) Official documentsChapter 4 Formal Style & Informal Style·Five styles were advanced by Martin Joos in the book “ The Five Clocks ”1) Frozen Style: legal items, historic literature, the documents for international conferences, etc.2) Formal Style: This style is usually used to deliver some infor on formal occasions.3) Consultative Style: With this style people usually offer some background information. It is usually employed in business activities.4) Casual Style: People usually use it between friends, acquaintances, or insiders. Its main feature is that people usually employ ellipsis, slangs or cants with it.5) Intimate Style: It is usually used between husband and wife. Moreover it is employed in jargons sometimes.Chapter 6 Societal Deviation in English· What is societal deviation in English?收集于网络，如有侵权请联系管理员删除Societal deviation is something about societal dialects.·Black English Vernacular: (土语)urban black English·What are the reasons for you to know Black English Vernacular?⏹(1)It will help us to know the status que of AE.(2) It will help to readsome novels in American literature.⏹Chapter 7 Time Deviation in English· Three stages of the development of English language1) The 1st stage is from 449 to 1100 ( Old English ).(The verbs in Old English can be divided into two categories ------ one is strong verbs and another is weak verbs. The past tense forms of most of weak verbs are with the ending -cec, -ode, or -de after the original weak verbs.) 2) The 2nd stage is from 1100 to 1500 (Middle English).( At that time “ hw ” in Old English became “ wh ” and “ cw ” became “ qu ”. )3) The 3rd stage is from 1500 to present time (Modern English).(There are two remarkable features in Modern English. )(1)There are many loans in Modern English. from Japanese/from French/from Latin/ from Chinese.(2) There are some neologisms(新词) in Modern English.·The application of English archaic words（过时的词）in modern times1) In legal English 2) In religious English 3) In English poetry 4) In newspapers·Why use archaic words in modern times? formal/rhyme/show-off Chapter 8 Common Practical Styles·Three functions of English advertisements1) to attract readers’ attention 2) to arose customer interest 3) to erge customer to take actions as soon as possible.·Some features of English advertisements(1) More simple sentences(2) Less negative sentences ------ If people really want to express the negative meaning in advertisements, they may use “ nothing ” or “ no ” instead of “ not ”.(3) Frequent use of present tense(4) More and more imperative sentences(5) Far more elliptical sentences(6) More figures of speech(7) Some special adjectives(8) Some newly-created words·Journalistic English: News report/news story·two categories of newspapers1) quality paper大报 2) tabloid小报·Three requirements for news reports：Swift / objective / true·Some features of journalistic English1) Some journalistic jargons 2) Some acronyms 3) Some apocopation 4) Some aphoeresis 5) Some words with front and back clipping 6) Some收集于网络，如有侵权请联系管理员删除syncopations 7) Some neologisms 8) Some blends 9) Some nouns are used as verbs to make the headlines vivid.Scientific English·What can be written with scientific English?1) Scientific works and literature2) Academic theses3) Laboratory reports4) Product instructions·Some important features of scientific English1) Passive voice is high-frequently used in sentences.2) Present tense is quite often employed in sentences because scientific concepts and principles are usually described as truths.3) Long and complete sentences are often used to express meanings, ideas and concepts.4) There are some words which are from Latin.5) There is a simplicity in meaning for some words in scientific English.6) There are some useful prefixes and suffixes in scientific English. Chapter 9 Literary Style·The language features of English poetry1. The rhythm and the meter of English poetryRhythm is a regular succession of weak and strong stresses, accents, sounds, or movements in speech, music, poems, dancing, etc.·How is the rhythm formed in English poems?Stressed syllables and unstressed syllables which alternately appear in a stanza may produce rhythm in English poems. ·What is meter? Meter is the measur. The English poetic rhythm is based on meter.构成英诗节奏的基础是韵律，即“格律”。

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