南京大学学术英语写作上课记录单元总结完整版
学术英语写作总结
专业英语写作考点总结part ? academic english writing （专业英语写作）chapter 1 six considerations in academic writing1、academic writing is a product of many consideration : audience, purpose, organization, style, flow and presentation.（学术写作六要素：写作对象，目的，组织结构，文体特征，表达连贯和宣讲或宣读）。
2、organization usually has the following four parts : 问题-解决方法包括四个部分(1) description of a situation （描述情况）(2) identification of a problem （甄别问题）(3) description of a solution （描述解决方法）(4) evaluation of the solution （评估解决方法）3、formal grammar style：（正规的语法风格）(1) generally avoid contractions （一般来讲避免使用略缩词）例：won’t改为will not(2) use the more appropriate formal negative forms （使用更为适宜的正规的否定形式）例：not...any改为nonot...much改为little not...many改为few(3) limit the use of “run-on” expressions, such as and so forth and etc. （限制使用多个词连用的表达法）例：句子内不能出现and so forth和etc.出现时应将省略的部分扩展出来。
英文写作课程总结
Zihao Fu2013 Kerr DriveManhattan, KS 66502December 8, 2014Bill Hancock11440 Tomahawk Creek ParkwayLeawood, KS 66211Dear Mr. Hancock:Mayer Hoffman McCann P.C. (MHM) is no doubt one of the most successful public accounting firms in US. Today, MHM spans from coast to coast and is a nationally recognized alternative to the Big Four. I, as an accounting student, would definitely be happy to work for a company like Mayer Hoffman McCann P.C. I have craving for an internship at MHM for a long time, therefore I searched for available internships and found one Audit and Tax Intern suits me the best. Then I analyzed company’s criteria for recruitment: the completion of CPA Exam, the pursuit of a bachelor’s degree in accounting, high efficiency as a team player, the proficiency in verbal and written skills and the performance on following orders. In fact, these are the skills and qualities I just have. After taking Expository 200 this semester, not only did I had some of my skills enhanced, but I also gained some other skills from the class that are unquestionably crucial to equip for better performance in the organization. I will explain my assertion with examples of my essays.The very first thing I learned from the course is to be organized. Through out all the papers that we have done, every one of them requires me to write in a well-organized and logical order. Especially the persuasive research essay which was on counterfeit watches, it needed me to do a lot of research to support my three reasons. But it did not stop here, it further required me to stand in the shoes of those who would hold different opinions from mine and form reasons with support to rebut these opinions. This is a very organized and logical order as it goes from a shallow argument to a deeper level of thinking. With such training in the English writing class, I now have well established sense of presenting my flow of thoughts in logical and organized order and I believe it is important to present our work to clients in a clear and comprehensive order.Another skill I acquired from the course is the ability to summarize. In the paper for response editorial, where we were asked to summari ze Sean Gregory’s editorial, I managed to make a six-page long editorial into just a few sentences yet still retains the main idea of the paper: “By bring out Johnny Manziel’s incident, he points out that it is unfair for athletes not getting paid as they put so much effort in the game while their coaches, schools and even the local community are making m illions of dollars and gaining huge benefits from athletes’ free work. Gregory further claims that although scholarships are granted as a compensation for the athletes, it is still impossible to cover all of their expenses, as they are not allowed to find part-time jobs. Thus Gregory proposes, all athletes should be eligible for payments in addition to any scholarship and be allowed to make money in other ways, as the college sports are already impure” (ResponseEditorial, p1). My teacher Miss Megan Birdsey also approved the summary with the remark “This is a great case summary of Gregory’s article”. Being able to summarize efficiently is very important for work. I know at work it is very often to encounter cases where a lot of information is given. It may appear to be having no clue to deal with it at first, but after summarizing the content in the documents we will be able to understand the task better and pick out only the most useful information.Finally, by taking the course, I am now better at analyzing the audience. In the persuasive research paper, I chose counterfeit watch buyers as my primary audience. After analyzing the reason of why people purchase fake watches and find out that they usually buy these products based on three reasons. First one being they think the cheap imitation is 100 percent like the original. Second reason is they think the fake ones have no difference from the real ones in terms of functionality. Their last reason is that buying fake watches is cheap and will not have any legal issues. Hence I formed my argument based on the previous points. With lots of supporting evidence, I argued: “Firstly, a lot of the fake watches can in fact be recognized; secondly, fake watches do not work as good as genuine ones; ultimately, purchasing fake watches can cause legal issue” (Persuasive Research, p1). Such audience based reasoning worked out well. In the comment by Miss Megan Birdsey she says “ You have a solid argument, use solid audience-based reasoning and support your argument using ap propriate evidence.” In future work, this audience-based technique will have many more applications. In dealing with clients, I can treat them as my audience and think from their point of view to better serve them.In general, I believe after my description of my skills and overall fulfillments of the Expository 200 course, you would find that I am well qualified for the Audit and Tax Intern。
怎样写英语单元小结范文
怎样写英语单元小结范文Unit Review: A Comprehensive Summary.Throughout this unit, we have embarked on an in-depth exploration of various literary works, delving into the intricacies of their themes, characters, and literary devices. Our journey has encompassed diverse genres, from the timeless classics of Shakespeare to the contemporary realism of modern American literature.Exploring Literary Themes.One of the most captivating aspects of our unit has been the examination of the universal themes that permeate great literature. We have witnessed characters grapple with the complexities of identity, love, loss, and the searchfor meaning in a chaotic world. Shakespeare's Hamlet, for instance, immortalizes the existential questions of life and death, while Toni Morrison's Beloved poignantly explores the harrowing legacy of slavery. These timelessthemes resonate deeply with readers across generations, offering insights into the fundamental human condition.Character Analysis: Complexities and Motivations.Another highlight of our unit has been the in-depth character analysis we have undertaken. We have delved into the motivations, desires, and flaws of iconic literary figures, gaining a profound understanding of their complexities. From the enigmatic Hamlet to the tragic Jay Gatsby, we have witnessed characters navigate the treacherous waters of love, ambition, and redemption. By scrutinizing their actions and analyzing their inner lives, we have come to appreciate the intricate tapestry of human nature and the challenges that characters face in their pursuit of happiness or fulfillment.Literary Devices: Enhancing Meaning and Impact.Beyond the exploration of themes and characters, our unit has also focused on the literary devices that authors employ to enhance the meaning and impact of their works.These devices, such as symbolism, foreshadowing, and metaphor, serve as tools to create depth, evoke emotion,and convey subtle messages to the reader. We have witnessed how Edgar Allan Poe masterfully uses symbolism in "TheTell-Tale Heart" to create a haunting atmosphere of guilt and paranoia, while Jane Austen employs irony in "Pride and Prejudice" to satirize social conventions. By understanding the purposeful use of literary devices, we deepen our appreciation of authors' craft and their ability to transcend the boundaries of ordinary language.Genre Exploration: Diversity and Evolution.This unit has also provided us with the opportunity to explore the vast landscape of literary genres. From the tragic depths of Shakespeare's plays to the satirical witof Jonathan Swift's "Gulliver's Travels," we have witnessed the diverse ways in which authors express themselvesthrough different genres. We have delved into the characteristics and conventions of comedy, tragedy, realism, and fantasy, gaining insights into the specific techniques and styles that define each genre. This exploration hasbroadened our literary horizons and enabled us to appreciate the richness and variety of the literary landscape.Historical and Cultural Context: Shaping Literature.Throughout our unit, we have also considered the historical and cultural context that has shaped and influenced the works we have studied. By understanding the social, political, and intellectual climates in which these works were written, we have gained a deeper appreciationfor their themes and characters. For instance, we have explored the influence of the Elizabethan era on Shakespeare's plays, and the impact of the American Civil War on the works of Toni Morrison. Contextualizingliterature allows us to bridge the gap between the past and the present, shedding light on the enduring power of literature to reflect and shape society.Conclusion: A Journey of Literary Enrichment.This unit has been a transformative journey of literaryenrichment. Through our exploration of diverse literary works, we have gained invaluable insights into the human condition, the power of language, and the enduring relevance of great literature. The themes, characters, literary devices, genres, and historical contexts we have examined have deepened our understanding of the world around us and instilled within us a profound appreciation for the written word. As we conclude this unit, we carry with us the wisdom and inspiration gleaned from these literary masterpieces, which will continue to enrich our lives long after the final page is turned.。
英语每单元总结汇报
英语每单元总结汇报Unit Summary: Unit 1 - Introduction to EnglishIn this unit, we were introduced to the English language and its importance as a global language. We learned about the history of the English language, its origins, and how it has evolved over the years. We also discussed the various forms of English spoken around the world, including British English, American English, and different varieties of English in other countries.One of the key topics covered in this unit was the English alphabet and pronunciation. We learned the sounds of English and how to correctly pronounce words. We also practiced listening to and imitating native speakers to improve our pronunciation skills.Another important aspect of English language learning discussed in this unit was vocabulary and grammar. We learned new words and phrases and how to use them in sentences. We also studied basic grammar rules, such as tenses, articles, and prepositions. We practiced using these grammar rules in spoken and written exercises.In addition, we talked about the different skills needed to effectively communicate in English. These skills include reading, writing, listening, and speaking. We learned strategies to improve our reading comprehension, such as skimming and scanning. We also practiced writing short paragraphs and essays to enhance our writing abilities. Furthermore, we listened to audio recordings and watched videos to improve our listening skills, and engaged in various speaking activities to develop our oral communicationskills.Moreover, we were introduced to cultural aspects related to the English language. We learned about the customs, traditions, and etiquette of English-speaking countries. We also discussed the importance of cross-cultural communication and how to effectively navigate cultural differences when communicating with English speakers from different backgrounds.Overall, this unit provided us with a strong foundation in the English language. We learned about the history, pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar, and various skills required for effective communication. By the end of this unit, we were more confident in our ability to communicate in English and had developed a deeper understanding of the language and its cultural significance.Unit Summary: Unit 2 - Socializing and Small TalkIn this unit, we focused on socializing and small talk in the English language. We learned how to initiate and maintain conversations in various social situations, such as at parties, networking events, and casual gatherings. We studied different phrases and expressions used for greetings, introducing oneself, and making small talk. One of the key topics covered in this unit was greetings and introductions. We learned about formal and informal greetings, as well as how to introduce ourselves and others. We practiced using these greetings and introductions in role-play activities to improve our conversational skills.Additionally, we discussed the importance of body language and non-verbal communication in socializing. We learned about different gestures, facial expressions, and body movements that can convey certain messages in a conversation. We also studied cultural differences in non-verbal communication and how to effectively interpret and respond to them.Furthermore, we explored the art of small talk and its role in socializing. We learned how to engage in small talk by asking open-ended questions, showing genuine interest, and providing appropriate responses. We also practiced small talk scenarios to build our confidence in making conversation with new acquaintances.Moreover, we discussed topics that are commonly talked about in social situations. We learned about appropriate and neutral topics, as well as topics to avoid to prevent discomfort or disagreements. We also studied techniques for smoothly transitioning from one topic to another during a conversation.Overall, this unit provided us with the necessary skills and knowledge to navigate social situations in the English language. We learned how to greet and introduce ourselves, engage in small talk, and effectively communicate non-verbally. By the end of this unit, we were more confident in our ability to socialize in English and had developed a deeper understanding of the cultural nuances associated with social interactions.(Note: This is just a sample summary for two units. You canexpand on this format to cover the remaining units and reach the desired word count.)。
研究生读写译各单元课后作文总结
研究生读写译各单元课后作文总结第一篇：研究生读写译各单元课后作文总结研究生课本课后1-6单元写作集锦第一单元：提高社区成员交流的建议Nowadays, It is more and more important for us to improve communication, because communication is playing a significant role in our daily life.Our neighborhood is like a big family, communication can help us to solve the conflicts and contradictions in the neighborhood.Firstly, As a chairman of our neighborhood community, I have the responsibility to hold some activities to enrich the lives of members.The opportunity of communication is very important.For example, a cocktail parties can help people to keep conversation flowing.Secondly, numbers should enhance the skills of communication.sometimes, we should use our body language properly and make them lively.For example, a physical, nonverbal gesture by women should be more expressive.Sometimes, Language is the only tool, different speed and cadence of our voices can express different meanings.Someone express themselves in all sincerity and with warmth to show respect to the others.Besides, sense of humor is very important, we should use this skill stly, we should learn more knowledge to enrich our mind.That can help us to communicate with others meaningfully, and When the others talk about anything, we can join in them at once and don't feel embarrassed.The importance of communication among the community members is obvious.However, the suggestion is very simple.Therefore, step up and start to make your life become different.第二单元：最有价值的家庭传统When I was young, my parents told me：“Where there is awill, there is way ”.They aimed at encouraging me of the importance of diligence.Undoubtedly, the most valuable tradition of my family is diligence, nobody can deny the importance of it, which developed a positive attitude to make my life more meaningful in my growth.The spirit was remembered and it prevented me from quitting easily when I felt precarious.My parents said that if I hoped to make progress, I must try my best to do everything unswervingly.The more diligent we are, the more easily we are to make money, accumulate wealth, create more opportunities, establish career and integrate into society.My mother often took Edison as a case in point, He told us:” Gen ius need 1% inspiration and 99% perspiration”.All in all, at no time can I ignore the importance of the diligence.Furthermore, on my personal level, small success is no excuse for feeling satisfied with myself.I have always believed in success, have always believed that without diligence, I have learned that one person can really make a difference.Only I strive for life in the future, can I obtain a better education, more job stability better income and a more beautiful environment.第三大单元：促使比尔盖茨成功的因素Factors Contributing to the Success of Bill Gates Everyone is eager to gain success，and everyone has his own interpretation.There are many factors leading to success such as opportunity,intelligence,and ambition,ect.There is no denying that the success of Bill Gates is one of the most successful entrepreneurs in the world.As far as i am concerned,ambition is the premise.Firstly,you must have an ambition.You ought to know what do you want to do.Bills Gates clearly knows his ambition,so he drop out of school Secondly, opportunity plays the same important as diligent impact on success.There is a sayingthat:”success is owing to the people who are ready to do everything ”Thirdly is preparation.God always give the chance to someone who make an preparation.The last factor which contributing to the success of Bill Gates is intelligence.As far as i am concerned,intelligence is also play an important impact on success.Someone ought to develop his strength.In conclusion, concerning the importance of seizing the right moment, we college students should make every effort to get fully prepared to lest miss the opportunities.And everyone should have a clear vision of what he really want in life.If you know what you want, then you’ll recognize every opportunity that comes along tha t fits with your vision, and you’ll be able to grab these opportunities with both hands第四单元：财富和快乐的关系In our modern society with material becoming rich and wealth increasing, most people misunderstand the relationship between wealth and happiness.People always regard wealth as happiness, but there really are some differences between them.Happiness isn’t wealth or can’t be equal to wealth completely.T o some people ,wealth is regarded as first ,because it can help them to do what they want to do.For example ,with a lot of money ,they can buy house ,car ,clothes ,and so on.Besides ,they even have the idea that they can buy happiness which they like.As far as I’m concerned ,one should not equate wealth with happiness ,Happiness contains all kinds of things.I suppose that sometimes happiness comes from a little case.such as ,when you feel very hungry ,you can have a fine meal.you will be happiness as long as you feel your life being full of value.In a word, keeping health first if you want become wealthy.It is well-known that a person can make a large fortune if he has the rightopportunities during his life.But if the person suffers from a terrible illness, then no matter how much money he may earn, he will still lead a miserable life.Therefore, health is much more important than wealth.第五单元：现代科技便利还是麻烦？With the development of economy, the modern technology becomes more and more important in our daily life.As far as I am concerned , altough the development of technology has aroused many negative effects, yet its advantages and benefits far outweigh the down side Firstly, modern technology has generated a great many innovative machines , which substitute human beings to undertake much labor work.Take computer for example, it can perform calculations in an instant with high accuracy.People have been set free from labors with the help of machines technology.Secondly, technology has bettered people’s health condition, and lengthened human life with advanced medical care and progressive medical research.Finally modern technology has shortened the distance among people, and facilitated communications between people.Some people still hold the argument that life was better when technology was simpler.That may be illustrated by the fact that modern technology has resulted in great damage to natural environment.Great amount of natural resources have been over-exploited, and even disappeared.Yet such a problem should be controllable, and may be prevented if reasonable measures taken by we human beings.第六单元：失败是好的老师吗？At present,“Is failure a good teacher?”has become one of the most popular topics in our daily lives.There is no doubt that failure indeed happen every now and then, it often accompany with us in our common life.Although,forfailure,differentpeoplehavedifferentideas.I’m perfectly willing to agree that failure can be a good teacher.Generally speaking,For these people who are optimistic, they always think that “the failure is the mother of success”.They can always find the way to success, according to failure.They will never be afraid of failure , because they have the faith that failure is only the obstacle in the way to success, they may move the stone from the way or find another way to reach success at last.For the other pessimistic people , they may think that failure is not good.They are afraid of failure.If they do meet with failure , they always tell themselves that they are bad and could never be successful , which could destroy their confidence.So they are very afraid of failure.As long as I am concerned , failure is a good teacher.There is some wisdom to be learned from failure.If we can learn to turn a failure to our advantage, we will have learned another secret to success.In a word, Failure is a good teacher and teach us a lot.第二篇：研究生英语读写译教程课文小结小结Unit One“The End of Something", by Ernest Hemingway, is a short story about two young people who witness how time can change the world and the people in it.The broken mill represents Nick and Marjorie's broken relationship.Once, the mill was the center of the town.The town was a place full of activity.In the present of the story, as the time passed by ,the mill lies deserted, as does the relationship between Nick and Marjorie.we can clearly see that time can change everything , when they cannot stay youngforever,so the weak foundation of their relationship is torn down and left in pieces.Eventhough they will meet one day ,the love is not there,because the two lovers have their own understanding of love.Just as the story says“ the fish will not strike anymore, a nd love is not fun anymore.” The good old past feeling isn't good enough anymore, even one of the lovers does not want give up on catching the love,and still clings to what is left and still hopes for the best.The past has become past, only can we cherish the good memory.what one must focus on is what is, now, and what is to come, tomorrow.One must look beyond what was and look for the love belong to themselves.Unit TwoIgnorance is a condition or state where a person ignores, disregards, or overlooks knowledge about something.It is when the person is uninformed, is uneducated about something.However, only an person is full of knowledge,can he has courage to admit his ignorance.The author began the essay by telling the experience of waking in the morning and finding him practically ignorant of anything.The author felt sad about his current store of knowledge after many years of costly education.He has a limited range of knowledge and the inadequate understanding of the major phenomena of the world.However, it suddenly occurred to him when he has gone his way serene and happy, he may be the only one who is ignorant, for anyone will not admit that he is a ignorant person.So someone may have the psychology of remaining to be a happy ignorant person, so he or she would not be able to know more knowledge.And he or she is not vulnerable to ignorance.Unit Three“A sound mind in a sound body is a short, but a full description of a happy state in this world.” Nowadays researchsuggests that we should think there is deep link between body and mind health in order to achieve happy state of mind.In this way, exercise is a state of mind.MichaelCraig Miller uses scientists’ experiments as evidence to show that exercise has exerted great effects on people’s mind health.Regular exercise can improve your mood, decrease anxiety, and raises self-esteem through inducing biological changes.Exercise is also a pretty good antidepressant which can relieves and prevents depression through regulating mood and storing memories.On the other hand, exercise is under genetic control.Genes can influence both people’s physiological responses to exercise and people’s subjective experience of exercise.In the end, the author advices that we form the habit of exercise.You needn’t spend too much and the type of exercise doesn’t matter.Continuing exercise and motivation to exercise are good to your body and mind health.Unit Four“Opportunity is the crux of the American ideal.” People in the American society used to think that with hardwork and self-determination, they are sure to succeed and realize their dreams.But in recent years the traditional doctrine of “American dream” is seriously challenged, esp.with regard to the economic development.Clive Crook holds that in spite of new immigrants, America is already a middle-aged country, and pessimistic spirit has come to dominate the national consciousness.Most important of all, the economic mobility in America is getting lower and lower as compared to any other western country.The idea of the “American Dream” is starting to fade since rich children stay rich whereas poor children still stay poor.And the real focus of any effort to restore economic opportunity is to get out of poverty, and to this end one effective way may be toimprove education, which will definitely have a great effect on economic mobility across generations.Unit FiveIt is probably safe to say that every language has a pair of words expressing good and evil, for it is generally believed that a sense of moral judgment and a distinction between good and evil or right and wrong are cultural universals.But what really is good, and what really is evil? Moralrelativists would argue that the standards of good and evil are only products of local culture, custom, or prejudice.Moreover, believers i n the duality of “good versus evil” would say evil cannot exist without good, nor good without evil, as they are both objective states and opposite ends of the same scale.As boys and girls, we were taught to do good, not evil.(Remember that good will be rewarded with good, and evil with evil?)Yet as Plato observed, there are relatively few ways to do good, but there are countless ways to do evil, which can therefore have a much greaterimpact on our lives, and the lives of other beings capable of suffering.For this reason, some philosophers(e.g.Bernard Gert)maintain that preventing evil is more important than promoting good in formulating moral rules and in conduct.To prevent evil, the author of this article argues, we must first know what is truly “evil”, f or there can be no genuine understanding of goodness in human behavior unless we also understand evil.Beginning with the recognition that neither good nor evil exist outside the human personality, the author distinguishes creative and destructive potentials, and then finds social forces that may activate destructive potentials.With such whats about evil, the author concludes the text by offering some hows as to teaching our children.第三篇：研究生英语读写译教程课文小结小结 Unit One“The End of Something", by Ernest Hemingwa y, is a short story about two young people who witness how time can change the world and the people in it.The broken mill represents Nick and Marjorie's broken relationship.Once, the mill was the center of the town.The town was a place full of activity.In the present of the story, as the time passed by ,the mill lies deserted, as does the relationship between Nick and Marjorie.we can clearly see that time can change everything , when they cannot stay young forever,so the weak foundation of their relationship is torn down and left in pieces.Eventhough they will meet one day ,the love is not there,because the two lovers have their own understanding of love.Just as the story says“ the fish will not strike anymore, and love is not fun anymore.” The good old past feeling isn't good enough anymore, even one of the lovers does not want give up on catching the love,and still clings to what is left and still hopes for the best.The past has become past, only can we cherish the good memory.what one must focus on is what is, now, and what is to come, tomorrow.One must look beyond what was and look for the love belong to themselves.Unit TwoIgnorance is a condition or state where a person ignores, disregards, or overlooks knowledge about something.It is when the person is uninformed, is uneducated about something.However, only an person is full of knowledge,can he has courage to admit his ignorance.The author began the essay by telling the experience of waking in the morning and finding him practically ignorant of anything.The author felt sad about his current store of knowledge after many years of costly education.He has a limited range of knowledge and the inadequate understanding of the major phenomena of theworld.However, it suddenly occurred to him when he has gone his way serene and happy, he may be the only one who is ignorant, for anyone will not admit that he is a ignorant person.So someone may have the psychology of remaining to be a happy ignorant person, so he or she would not be able to know more knowledge.And he or she is not vulnerable to ignorance.Unit Three“A sound mind in a sound body is a short, but a full description of a happy state in this world.” Nowadays research suggests that we should think there is deep link between body and mind health in order to achieve happy state of mind.In this way, exercise is a state of mind.Michael Craig Miller uses scientists’ experiments as evidence to show that exercise has exerted great effects on people’s mind health.Regular exercise can improve your mood, decrease anxiety, and raises self-esteem through inducing biological changes.Exercise is also a pretty good antidepressant which can relieves and prevents depression through regulating mood and storing memories.On the other hand, exercise is under genetic control.Genes can influence both people’s physiological responses to exercise and people’s subjective experience of exercise.In the end, the author advices that we form the habit of exercise.You needn’t spend too much and the type of exercise doesn’t matter.Continuing exercise and motivation to exercise are good to your body and mind health.Unit Four“Opportunity is the crux of the American ideal.” People in the American society used to think that with hardwork and self-determination, they are sure to succeed and realize their dreams.But in recent years the traditional doctrine of “American dream” is seriously challenged, esp.with regard to the economicdevelopment.Clive Crook holds that in spite of new immigrants, America is already a middle-aged country, and pessimistic spirit has come to dominate the national consciousness.Most important of all, the economic mobility in America is getting lower and lower as compared to any other western country.The idea of the “American Dream” is starting to fade since rich children stay rich whereas poor children still stay poor.And the real focus of any effort to restore economic opportunity is to get out of poverty, and to this end one effective way may be to improve education, which will definitely have a great effect on economic mobility across generations.Unit FiveIt is probably safe to say that every language has a pair of words expressing good and evil, for it is generally believed that a sense of moral judgment and a distinction between good and evil or right and wrong are cultural universals.But what really is good, and what really is evil? Moral relativists would argue that the standards of good and evil are only products of local culture, custom, or prejudice.Moreover, believers in the duality of “good versus evil” would say evil cannot exist without good, nor good without evil, as they are both objective states and opposite ends of the same scale.As boys and girls, we were taught to do good, not evil.(Remember that good will be rewarded with good, and evil with evil?)Yet as Plato observed, there are relatively few ways to do good, but there are countless ways to do evil, which can therefore have a much greater impact on our lives, and the lives of other beings capable of suffering.For this reason, some philosophers(e.g.Bernard Gert)maintain that preventing evil is more important than promoting good in formulating moral rules and in conduct.To prevent evil, the author of this article argues, we must first know what is truly “evil”, for there can be nogenuine understanding of goodness in human behavior unless we also understand evil.Beginning with the recognition that neither good nor evil exist outside the human personality, the author distinguishes creative and destructive potentials, and then finds social forces that may activate destructive potentials.With such whats about evil, the author concludes the text by offering some hows as to teaching our children.第四篇：工程硕士研究生实用英语教程读写译课文翻译Unit OneGraduate EducationChinese Translation反思：读研的挑战与成功策略琳达·威斯顿·克莱默(1)继续读研的决定不应太草率，必须先慎重考虑个人及职业发展目标。
学术英语读写期末总结
学术英语读写期末总结Introduction:As the end of the term approaches, it is time for me to reflect on my journey in academic English reading and writing. Throughout the semester, I have learned various reading and writing strategies, expanded my vocabulary, and improved my overall proficiency in academic English. In this end-of-term reflection, I will discuss the key topics and skills that I have acquired, challenges I encountered, strategies I employed to overcome those challenges, and my goals for future improvement.Key Topics and Skills Acquired:1. Reading Comprehension:One of the most important skills I have acquired is reading comprehension. I have learned how to identify the main idea, distinguish between different types of texts, understand the structure and organization of academic articles, and effectively paraphrase or summarize the information. Strategies, such as active reading, annotating, and outlining, have greatly helped me in understanding and retaining the material I read.2. Critical Thinking and Analysis:Another crucial skill that I have honed is critical thinking and analysis. I have learned how to read scholarly articles critically, evaluate the author'sarguments and evidence, and identify any biases or limitations. I am now able to form my own opinions based on the evidence and articulate them effectively through writing.3. Academic Writing:In terms of writing, I have improved my ability to write in an academic style. I have learned the importance of properly structuring an essay, developing a clear thesis statement, and providing supporting evidence. I have also enhanced my skills in integrating sources through paraphrasing and correctly citing them using APA or MLA style.Challenges and Strategies to Overcome Them:1. Vocabulary:One of the challenges I faced throughout the term was vocabulary. Sometimes, I encountered unfamiliar words when reading academic articles, making it difficult for me to comprehend the content fully. To overcome this challenge, I started actively expanding my vocabulary by reading a wide range of texts, focusing on academic vocabulary, and using online resources for word lookup. I also created flashcards to review and memorize new words regularly.2. Writing Structure:Another challenge I encountered was organizing mythoughts and ideas coherently in my written work. My sentences often lacked clarity, and my paragraphs did not flow smoothly. To address this challenge, I sought feedback from my instructors and peers, revised my work multiple times, and practiced planning and outliningbefore starting my essays. I also studied various essay structures and practiced writing introductions and conclusions that effectively guided the reader through my arguments.3. Time Management:Time management was another significant challenge I faced. With multiple assignments and readings each week, it was sometimes overwhelming to keep up with the workload and plan my time effectively. To overcome this challenge, I implemented a study schedule, prioritized tasks based on deadlines, and broke down larger assignments into smaller tasks. I also learned to allocate specific time slots for reading and writing, avoiding procrastination.Goals for Future Improvement:Although I have made significant progress during this term, there is still room for improvement. In the future, I aim to enhance my vocabulary further by reading extensively and actively incorporating new words into my speaking and writing. Additionally, I plan to continue practicing critical thinking and analysis by engaging in debates or discussions on various academic topics.Moreover, I will work on refining my academic writing style by seeking feedback from professors and carefully reviewing and editing my papers.Conclusion:In conclusion, my journey in academic English reading and writing has been rewarding and challenging. I have acquired essential skills in reading comprehension, critical thinking, and academic writing. I have also overcome obstacles such as vocabulary, writing structure, and time management through various strategies. Moving forward, I will continue to strive for improvement by expanding my vocabulary, refining my critical analysis skills, and enhancing my academic writing. Overall, this course has provided me with a strong foundation in academic English, setting me up for success in my future academic pursuits.。
学术英语 如何做总结
HUNTER COLLEGE READING/WRITING CENTERTHE WRITING PROCESSInvention: Guidelines for Writing a SummaryWhen you underline and annotate a text, when you ask yourself questions about its contents, when you work out an outline of its structure, you are establishing your understanding of what you are reading. When you write a summary, you are demonstrating your understanding of the text and communicating it to your reader.To summarize is to condense a text to its main points and to do so in your own words. To include every detail is neither necessary nor desirable. Instead, you should extract only those elements which you think are most important--the main idea (or thesis) and its essential supporting points, which in the original passage may have been interwoven with less important material.Many students make the mistake of confusing summary with analysis. They are not the same thing. An analysis is a discussion of ideas, techniques, and/or meaning in a text. A summary, on the other hand, does not require you to critique or respond to the ideas in a text. When you analyze a piece of writing, you generally summarize the contents briefly in order to establish for the reader the ideas that your essay will then go on to analyze, but a summary is not a substitute for the analysis itself. If you are writing a literature paper, for example, your teacher probably does not want you to simply write a plot summary of a text. You may include some very brief summary within a literature paper, but only as much as necessary to make your own interpretation, your thesis, clear.It is important to remember that a summary is not an outline or synopsis of the points that the author makes in the order that the author gives them. Instead, a summary is a distillation of the ideas or argument of the text. It is a reconstruction of the major point or points of development of a text, beginning with the thesis or main idea , followed by the points or details that support or elaborate on that idea.If a text is organized in a linear fashion you may be able to write a summary simply by outlining the major points from the beginning of the text to the end. However, you should not assume that this will always be the case. Not all writers use such a straightforward structure. They may not state the thesis or main idea immediately at the beginning, but rather build up to it slowly, and they may introduce a point of development in one place and then return to it later in the text.However, for the sake of clarity, a summary should present the author’s points in a straightforward structure. In order to write a good summary, you may have to gather minor points or components of an argument from different places in the text in order to summarize the text in an organized way. A point made in the beginning of an essay and then one made toward the end may need to be grouped together in your summary to concisely convey the argument that the author is making. In the end, you will have read, digested, and reconstructed the text in a shorter, more concise form.WHEN AND HOW TO SUMMARIZEThere are many instances in which you will have to write a summary. You may be assigned to write a one or two page summary of an article or reading, or you may be asked to include a brief summary of a text as part of a response paper or critique. Also, you may write summaries of articles as part of the note-taking and planning process for a research paper, and you may want to include these summaries, or at least parts of them, in your paper. The writer of a research paper is especially dependent upon summary as a means of referring to source materials. Through the use of summary in a research paper, you can condense a broad range of information, and you can present and explain the relevance of a number of sources all dealing with the same subject.You may also summarize your own paper in an introduction in order to present a brief overview of the ideas you will discuss throughout the rest of the paper.Depending on the length and complexity of the original text as well as your purpose in using summary, a summary can be relatively brief – a short paragraph or even a single sentence – or quite lengthy – several paragraphs or even an entire paper.QUALITIES OF A SUMMARYA good summary should be comprehensive, concise, coherent, and independent. These qualities are explained below:1. A summary must be comprehensive. You should isolate all the important points in the original passage andnote them down in a list. Review all the ideas on your list, and include in your summary all the ones that are indispensable to the author's development of his/her thesis or main idea.2. A summary must be concise. Eliminate repetitions in your list, even if the author restates the same points.Your summary should be considerably shorter than the source. You are hoping to create an overview;therefore, you need not include every repetition of a point or every supporting detail.3. A summary must be coherent. It should make sense as a piece of writing in its own right; it should notmerely be taken directly from your list of notes or sound like a disjointed collection of points.4. A summary must be independent. You are not being asked to imitate the author of the text you are writingabout. On the contrary, you are expected to maintain your own voice throughout the summary. Don't simply quote the author; instead use your own words to express your understanding of what you have read. After all, your summary is based on your interpretation of the writer's points or ideas. However, you should be careful not to create any misrepresentation or distortion by introducing comments or criticisms of your own.TWO TECHNIQUES FOR WRITING SUMMARIESSummarizing Shorter Texts (ten pages or fewer)1. Write a one-sentence summary of each paragraph.2. Formulate a single sentence that summarizes the whole text.3. Write a paragraph (or more): begin with the overall summary sentence and follow it with the paragraph summary sentences.4. Rearrange and rewrite the paragraph to make it clear and concise, to eliminate repetition and relatively minor points, and to provide transitions. The final version should be a complete, unified, and coherent whole Summarizing Longer Texts (eleven pages or more)1. Outline the text. Break it down into its major sections--groups of paragraphs focused on a common topics--and list the main supporting points for each section.2. Write a one or two sentence summary of each section.3. Formulate a single sentence to summarize the whole text, looking at the author's thesis or topic sentences asa guide.4. Write a paragraph (or more): begin with the overall summary sentence and follow it with the section summary sentences.5. Rewrite and rearrange your paragraph(s) as needed to make your writing clear and concise, to eliminate relatively minor or repetitious points, and to provide transitions. Make sure your summary includes all the major supporting points of each idea. The final version should be a unified, complete, and coherent whole.。
学术英语知识点总结
学术英语知识点总结I. IntroductionAcademic English refers to the language used in academic settings, such as universities, colleges, and academic writing. It is characterized by its clarity, precision, and formality, and is used to convey complex ideas and arguments. This paper will summarize key knowledge points in academic English, including grammar, vocabulary, writing, and speaking skills.II. Grammar1. Tenses: In academic writing, it is important to use the appropriate tense to convey the correct timing of actions and events. For example, present simple is used for general truths and facts, present perfect is used for past actions with relevance to the present, and past simple is used for completed actions in the past.2. Articles: The use of articles (a, an, the) can be challenging for non-native speakers of English. It is important to understand when to use definite and indefinite articles, and when to omit articles altogether.3. Subject-Verb Agreement: Ensuring that subjects and verbs agree in number and person is essential for clear communication in academic writing. This includes understanding singular and plural subjects, as well as the use of auxiliary verbs.4. Sentence Structure: Academic English often requires complex and varied sentence structures to convey ideas effectively. This includes understanding the use of subordinating and coordinating conjunctions, relative clauses, and parallel structures.5. Modals: Modals such as can, could, may, might, must, should, and would are used to express possibility, necessity, and probability. Understanding how to use modals correctly is important in academic English.III. Vocabulary1. Register: Academic English requires the use of formal and precise language. This means using academic vocabulary, avoiding colloquial language, and being mindful of word choice and tone.2. Academic Word List: Familiarity with the Academic Word List, which includes words frequently used in academic settings, is important for developing a strong academic vocabulary. This includes words related to specific academic disciplines as well as general academic language.3. Word Formation: Understanding how to form and use prefixes, suffixes, and roots to create and understand academic vocabulary is important in academic English. This includes understanding word families and derivational relationships.4. Collocations: Learning common collocations, or word combinations, that are frequently used in academic English can enhance fluency and precision in writing and speaking.5. Academic Jargon: Each academic discipline has its own specialized vocabulary and jargon. Understanding and using discipline-specific terminology is important for communicating effectively within a particular field of study.IV. Writing Skills1. Organization: Academic writing often follows a specific organizational structure, such as introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusion. Understanding how to organize ideas and arguments coherently is essential in academic writing.2. Citations and Referencing: Academic writing requires the use of citations and referencing to acknowledge sources and avoid plagiarism. Understanding different citation styles, such as APA, MLA, and Chicago, is important in academic writing.3. Critical Thinking: Academic writing often requires critical thinking and analysis. This includes evaluating and synthesizing sources, developing a strong thesis, and constructing well-supported arguments.4. Cohesion and Coherence: Academic writing should be cohesive and coherent, with clear connections between ideas and paragraphs. This includes using transition words, pronouns, and parallel structures to create flow and unity.5. Style and Tone: Academic writing often requires a formal and objective style, with a focus on clarity and precision. This includes avoiding subjective language, slang, and contractions, and using a consistent tone throughout the writing.V. Speaking Skills1. Pronunciation: Clear pronunciation is important for effective communication in academic settings. This includes understanding stress, intonation, and rhythm in English speech.2. Fluency: Developing fluency in speaking, including the ability to speak at a natural pace, without hesitation, repetition, or grammatical errors, is important in academic English.3. Academic Presentations: Giving effective academic presentations requires skills in organizing content, engaging the audience, using visual aids, and speaking clearly and confidently.4. Discussion and Debate: Participating in academic discussions and debates requires the ability to express opinions, support arguments, and engage in dialogue with others in a respectful and persuasive manner.5. Listening Skills: Developing strong listening skills, including the ability to understand complex lectures, presentations, and discussions, is important for academic success.VI. ConclusionAcademic English encompasses a wide range of language skills and knowledge points, including grammar, vocabulary, writing, and speaking skills. Developing strong academic English skills is essential for success in academic settings, as well as for effective communication in professional and scholarly contexts. By understanding and mastering these key knowledge points, students and scholars can enhance their proficiency in academic English and improve their academic performance.。
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Lesson 11.Importance of writing1)help u to reach people in different time and space;2)express yourself more clearly and more accurately;3)organize your thoughts in clear and logical way;4)make a distinction between facts and opinions;5)reflects on your thoughts and feelings;6)enable u to see both the overall picture and minute details of complex issues;7)turn your initial impressions or gut feelings into complex research design;8)seek worthwhile questions;9)establish the relationship between writers and readers10)refine and enrich your ideas based on feedback from readers11)essential job skill2.academic writing(1) Features:1) written for specific audiences;2) present an argument;3) cohesion and coherence;4) formal and no spelling and punctuation errors;3.what makes critical reading?1)Judging the appropriateness of the reading materials;2)Finding materials most relevant to the research topic;3)Avoiding the materials that contain weak arguments;4)Distinguishing between and opinions.4.Requirements of a critical writer1)understanding the requirement of writing task;2)proving or arguing for a point;(introduction, body, conclusion)3)providing a set of contributing arguments;4)considering alternative or opposing views;5)being a critical reader of her or his own writing;6)conclusion drawn naturally and logically from argument;7)contributing something new;PS: things to avoid: 1) being to descriptive and rely too much on summaries and explanations; 2) being biased and blinded by personal misconceptions; 3) sticking to one position blindly.5.Writing process1）Prewriting and outlining;(help to organize idea and generate idea)Free-writing; Questioning (why when where who and how); make the list;Diagramming; preparing a scratch outline2）Writing a first draft;Content first; think about the essay as a whole; consistency (in word, sentence type, tone)3）Revision (change content and structure)Whether the paper is unified (stick to one thing); is my paper supported? Is my paperorganized?4）EditingSentence be parallel; consistent point of view; specific words; active verbs;…Lesson 21.Basic structure of an essay (have no single rule or pattern apply to all essay)1)introduction;providing the background, raising a question or problem; indicating the importance of an issue; ending with a thesis statement.2)main body;topic sentence;supporting sentence: key concepts; examples; explanations; significance;concluding sentence3)conclusionrepeating, restating; summarizing; answer the question; point out the importance;giving consequences; making predictions.2.Topic selectionGeneral principle:1)Interest to u and your reader;2)Meaningful, having academic and practical appeal;3)Manageable, give your time, energy and expertise.Steps:1)Brainstorm to get research topic ideas;2)Read general background information;3)Focus in on your topic (narrow down the topic);4)Make a list of useful keywords;5)Define your topic as a focused research question;6)Formulate a thesis statementAdditions tips:1)Ask why where when who how;2)Avoid topics are too: locally confined; recent; broadly interdisciplinary(跨学科)；popular3.Types of writing (Expository writing\Descriptive writing\Persuasive writing\Narrativewriting)1)Expository writing;Explains or informs. It talks about a subject without giving opinions.Features:(a)subject-oriented;(b)facts and figures needed;(c)no opinions.Key points:(a)explain something in a process;(b)equipped with facts and figures;(c)in a logical order or sequence;when use expository writing: textbook writing; how-to articles; recipes; News stories;business\technique\or scientific writing.2)Persuasive writing;Try to bring others around to your point of view. (to convince, have opinions)Features: contains justifications and reasons or arguments.When use: opinion and editorial newspaper pieces; advertisement; reviews; letter ofLesson 31.Task of an introduction:1)grab attention;2)narrow focus;3)present thesis (main idea);2.six elements included in conclusion:1)original question or hypothesis;2)review of major findings;3)explanations for findings;4)limitations;5)implications;6)further research applications.3.Peer review: evaluation of scientific, academic or professional work by other working inthe same filed.4.Reason for peer review1)Have a broader audience for writing;2)Develop the ability to give the feedback;3)See different approaches and perspectives;4)Develop a more unified and coherent essay5.Ways of making an effective peer review1)Mirroring: writing down what u think the writer intended to communicate2)Being specific in praise and critique (specific suggestion)3)Being sensitive and careful with language4)No being afraid of being subjective5)Balancing the praise and critiqueLesson 41.How to incorporate evidence into academic writing1)summarize;2)paraphrasing;3)direct quote.2.Types of source1)reference sources (dictionaries [give general background information] );2)book;3)popular article;4)scholarly article;5)website.3.Finding the sources1)start from a search engine;2)consult librarians, digital specialist or ur professors.3)Use academic journals or scholarly articles;4)Book5)Use online scholarly databases6)Don’t forget the library;4.Evaluate the sources1)Authority2)Applicability;3)TimelinessLesson 51.Introduction1)a hook; 2)background; 3) thesis statement2.Body1)Topic sentence and main point support it;2) supporting evidence and explanation of points (facts, details )3.Conclusion4.Argument——Counter argument (must have supporting evidence, quote have to claimits sources)5.Planning an outline:1)Choose a topic (it can be broad);2)Decide on your main goal;3)Gather supporting materials;4)Choose a type of outline;6.Patterns of organization s1)Chronological pattern (time);2)Sequential patterns (step by step that describe a process);3)Spatial patterns (how things fit together in physical space)4)Comparisons contrast pattern (two or more things similar or different from eachother);5)Cause-Effect patterns (one event as a result or consequence of some other eventsor actions);6)Problem-solution patterns (divide to two section: problem and solution );7)Topical patterns (different sub-topics within large topic)Lesson 61.Avoiding plagiarism1)what need to be credited(a)word or ideas present in media;(b)information gained from interviewing;(c)exact word or phrase copy from others;(d)diagram, charts, pictures, illustrations or other materials u reprint;(e)electronically-available media2.quoting1)signal (authors’ name; time);2)an assertion (explanation);3) a connection3.paraphrasinguse your owe words and sentence structure, replace two or three words is forbidden.Lesson 71.paragraph structure1)topic sentence;2)support sentence;3)point sentence (restate the main idea);2.how to achieve paragraph coherent1)paragraph unity (sticking to one idea from start to finish);2)sentence cohesion (links: repetition or reference word or traditional transitionalwords);3.transitions expression1)to support, add or continue;2)to compare and contrast;3)to introduce details;4)to show cause and effect;5)to counter;6)to indicate order, sequence or importance;7)to show chronological order;8)to conclude;4.emphatic device1)word levelemphatic pronoun (himself\they…); adverb intensifier (add before the verb, such as very\fully\totally\really…);2)sentence level;(a)coordination and subordination;(b)parallelism;(c)short sentence;(d)repetition;(e)use of the passive;(f)inversion;(g)cleft sentence ( it or that 后加从句)Lesson 81.title include: topic, focus, purpose2.claim (position) + evidence (reasoning) = thesis statement3.pie chart shows the relative proportions (describe the sum\largest\smallest\average);bar chart shows the proportions between independent or dependent variables. (describe the time period\changes\main trends\compare);line graphs shows the data along two axes of variationLesson 91.APA style1)In-text citation:(a)Put an idea: balabalabalaba(Jam, 2009) or According to Jam(20009),balabalabala;(b)Direct quote: “balabalabalabala” (Jam, 2009, p. 203 多页时候用pp)orJam(2009)describe “balabalabalabala”(p. 203);(c)Have two authors: Jam and Jane(2001) balabalbala or balabalabala(Jam & Jane,2001);(d)Have three or five authors:First citation: Jam, Jane and Judy(2001) balabalabala or balabalabala(Jam, Jane,& Judy, 2001);Subsequent citation: according to Jam et al. (2001) or balabalabala (Jam et al.,2010)(e)Six and more authors use et al. both in first and subsequent.(f)If cite the magazines:First: (National Science Foundation, [NSF], 2016);Subsequent: (NSF, 2016)(g)Don’t know authors’ name, cite the book&reports:First: according to the report Risks of teenager driving(2012)…;Subsequent: (Risks, 2012);(h)One author’s different work:(Jam, 1996, 2010) form earliest to recent;Have same date: (Jam, 1996a, 1996b)(i)Multiple works:(Alpha, 2010; Beita, 1997; …)(j)fdsfdsds2)Reference:（a）Book: Author, A. A. (Year of publication). title of work. Location: publisher.（b）Article: Author, A. A. (Year).title of article. Title of periodical, volume number(issue number)连续页没有这个, pages.2.Abstract1)Descriptive: include topic or main idea; overview of purpose. Usually very short.Without conclusion.2)Informative: presents all main arguments and important result. Include purpose,method, conclusion and recommendations.mon structureBackground or purpose; thesis or method; conclusion;Lesson 111.Revise sentence:1)Parallelism: 并列结构前后时态、动名词等关系一致；2)Consistent point of view: 观点前后一致,人称一致，立场一致；3)Actors and actions：4)Concrete and concise;5)Coherent and emphatic。