[VIP专享]学术英语写作总结
学术论文写作英语总结
学术论文写作课程总结科研的进步在于科研工作之间交流，讨论，阅读。
在第一节课，老师就告诉我们，面对全球众多的科研工作者来说，本领域学者之间的交流多以文字的形式进行。
英语作为世界各国人们交流的一种流通语言，让那些非英语为母语和以英语为母语国家的科研人员不会对我们投稿的英语学术论文所要表达的内容产生歧义，才能达到学术交流与进步的目的。
在本次的英语学术论文写作课程学习中，我们组经历了第一次的细致分工，到以后的分工与合作相结合的进步。
由于我的研究方向为InSAR监测矿区，在本次论文写作中主要负责我们‘空天地一体化矿区环境灾害监测’中D-InSAR监测矿区部分的实验以及数据分析的工作。
同时，在小组汇报的过程中共同进行了第一部分Introduction 部分的汇报，完成了Authors and Keywords部分PPT的制作与汇报工作。
从选择汇报PPT模板、搜集资料、总结资料，再到最后制作修改完成终稿，最后是台下的汇报演练，每个步骤的实践经历都给了我弥足珍贵的经验。
回首这学期本门课程的学习，我发现自己在慢慢地积累中有了很多的收获。
首先，作为一个学制只有2年的工程硕士，在本学期已经完成了自己学位论文的开题工作，在下一个学期就要着手于自己学位论文的撰写工作。
无论是发表期刊论文，还是撰写自己的学位论文，插入、添加参考文献都曾经是写作的一大难题。
本次课程老师给我们介绍了几款文献管理器（Noteexpress，Endnote）。
通过对文献管理器软件的学习与使用，让我熟悉了文献管理器，在本学期的其他专业课程中的论文写作中已经可以熟练使用，极大的方便了论文写作。
其次，语料库的检索分析，制定自己论文写作方向，都对我的论文写作有着十分重要的作用。
接着就是自己关于学术论文写作方面的收获。
从第一节课开始，老师给我们写学术论文的正确态度，给初入学术写作的我论文写作方面奠定了很好的基础。
原来对英语论文的态度就是从中文的论文通过翻译软件直接进行翻译。
总结的英文范文
In recent years, technology has revolutionized the field of education, transforming traditional learning methods and providing newopportunities for students and educators. This summary aims to providean overview of the impact of technology on education, highlighting its advantages and challenges.Advantages of Technology in Education1. Enhanced Learning Experience: Technology offers interactive and engaging learning experiences, making education more enjoyable and effective. With the help of multimedia tools, students can visualize complex concepts, fostering better understanding and retention.2. Access to Information: The internet provides a vast repository of information, allowing students to access resources from around the world. This access to diverse perspectives and up-to-date knowledge enhances their learning experience and broadens their horizons.3. Personalized Learning: Technology enables personalized learning experiences, catering to the individual needs of students. Adaptive learning platforms and intelligent tutoring systems can tailor educational content to each student's learning style, pace, and level of understanding.4. Collaboration and Communication: Technology facilitates collaboration and communication among students and educators. Online platforms andtools enable students to work together on projects, share ideas, and receive feedback, fostering teamwork and critical thinking skills.5. Flexibility and Accessibility: Technology offers flexibility in terms of learning time and location. Students can access educational resources anytime, anywhere, allowing them to learn at their own pace and accommodate other commitments.Challenges of Technology in Education1. Digital Divide: The availability of technology varies acrossdifferent regions and socioeconomic backgrounds. This digital divide can lead to unequal access to educational resources and opportunities,widening the gap between students from privileged and underprivileged backgrounds.2. Privacy and Security Concerns: The use of technology in education raises concerns about data privacy and security. Students' personal information may be vulnerable to cyber threats, and there is a risk of misuse of sensitive data.3. Distraction and Overreliance: Technology can be a double-edged sword. While it enhances learning, it can also lead to distractions and overreliance on digital devices. Students may become addicted to social media and other online platforms, affecting their focus and productivity.4. Teacher Training and Support: The integration of technology in education requires proper training and support for teachers. Many educators may lack the necessary skills and knowledge to effectively utilize technology in their teaching practices, leading to suboptimal implementation.5. Technological Dependence: Overreliance on technology may hinder students' development of essential skills, such as critical thinking, problem-solving, and creativity. While technology aids in learning, it should be used as a complement rather than a replacement for traditional teaching methods.In conclusion, technology has had a profound impact on education, offering numerous advantages while also presenting challenges. The integration of technology in education can enhance the learning experience, provide access to information, and foster collaboration. However, it is crucial to address the digital divide, privacy concerns, and ensure proper training and support for educators. By striking a balance between technology and traditional teaching methods, we can create a more inclusive and effective educational system.。
学业英文作文总结报告
学业英文作文总结报告英文：As a student, academic performance is always a top priority for me. Throughout my academic journey, I have learned various strategies and techniques to improve my grades and overall academic performance.One of the most important things I have learned is the importance of time management. Proper time management allows me to balance my academic responsibilities with my personal life, ensuring that I have enough time to study, complete assignments, and participate in extracurricular activities. For example, I use a planner to schedule my study time and set deadlines for assignments, which helps me stay on track and avoid procrastination.Another important aspect of academic success is effective note-taking. I have found that taking organized and detailed notes during lectures and readings helps meretain information better and makes studying for exams much easier. I also use various note-taking techniques, such as mind maps and Cornell notes, to help me better understand and remember the material.In addition to time management and note-taking, I have also learned the importance of seeking help when needed. Whether it's asking a teacher or tutor for clarification on a difficult concept or joining a study group, seeking help can greatly improve academic performance. For example, I once struggled with a difficult math concept and sought help from my teacher, who was able to explain it in a way that made sense to me.Overall, academic success requires a combination of hard work, dedication, and effective strategies. By implementing these strategies, I have been able to maintain a high GPA and achieve my academic goals.中文：作为一名学生，学业表现始终是我最重要的优先事项。
英语学术写作期末总结范文
英语学术写作期末总结范文Abstract:This paper provides a comprehensive review of my academic writing journey over the course of this semester. It discusses the challenges faced, strategies implemented, and improvements observed. The conclusion offers recommendations for further refining my academic writing skills in future endeavors.1. IntroductionAcademic writing is a crucial skill for students and professionals alike, as it enables effective communication and demonstrates one's knowledge and critical thinking abilities. This paper reflects on my progress and development in this skill area over the course of the semester.2. Challenges FacedDuring the initial stages of the semester, I encountered several challenges in academic writing. The most significant challenges included structuring essays, synthesizing information, and adhering to proper citation formats. These obstacles hindered the clarity and coherence of my work.3. Strategies ImplementedRecognizing the need for improvement, I adopted various strategies to enhance my academic writing skills. Firstly, I familiarized myself with the specific requirements of each writing task, including identifying the purpose, target audience, and relevant scholarly sources. Secondly, I created detailed outlines before starting any writing, enabling a clear and logical structure. Additionally, I actively participated in peer review sessions to receive constructive feedback and critique, further refining my writing.4. Improvements ObservedThrough consistent practice and implementation of strategies, significant improvements in my academic writing were observed. The clarity and coherence of my essays improved as I became more proficient at organizing and arranging relevant ideas. Additionally, my ability to synthesize information and present arguments using credible sources was enhanced, resulting in stronger and more convincing writing.5. Recommendations for ImprovementTo continue refining my academic writing skills, there are several areas in which I can focus for further improvement. Firstly, I aim to enhance my critical thinking abilities by analyzing and evaluating sources more effectively, allowing for more nuanced arguments. Secondly, I intend to work on my sentence structure and coherence to ensure that ideas flow seamlessly throughout the essay. Furthermore, improving my use of transitions andcohesive devices will assist in maintaining logical connections between paragraphs and sections of the paper.6. ConclusionThis comprehensive review reflects my academic writing journey throughout the semester. It acknowledges the challenges faced, strategies implemented, and improvements observed in my writing skills. By continuously identifying and addressing areas for improvement, I am confident in my ability to further enhance my academic writing skills and effectively communicate ideas in future endeavors.References:(Provide a list of relevant sources used in this paper, formatted according to the appropriate citation style)。
学术英语 课文总结
学术英语课文总结引言学术英语是指用于学术交流、学术写作和学术研究中的英语。
对于希望在国际学术领域有所建树的学者和研究人员来说，掌握学术英语非常重要。
在学术英语课程中，我们深入研究了一系列相关的课文，下面将对其中的一些重要课文进行总结和讨论。
课文一：What is Academic Writing?这篇课文讨论了什么是学术写作以及学术写作的一些特点和要求。
它提到了学术写作的目的是为了向同行学者传达研究成果，并引用其他学者的观点和研究来支持自己的论点。
学术写作还要求准确、简明地表达思想，避免使用口语化的语言和词汇。
这篇课文给了我深刻的启示，让我明白了学术写作和其他类型的写作之间的区别。
在今后的学术研究中，我会努力提高自己的学术写作能力，以便更好地与其他学者进行交流和合作。
课文二：Research Proposal研究计划是学术研究的起点，它描述了研究的目的、方法和预期结果。
这篇课文介绍了研究计划的几个组成部分，包括研究背景、问题陈述、研究方法和预期结果。
通过学习这篇课文，我学会了如何撰写一个清晰、有逻辑的研究计划。
我了解到研究计划应该包含充分的背景信息，明确研究的目标，并提供详细的研究方法和预期结果。
这将对我以后的学术研究非常有用。
课文三：Citing and Referencing这篇课文讲述了学术写作中引用和参考文献的重要性和规范。
它指出了为什么需要引用其他学者的作品，并提供了一些引用的常用方法和格式。
学习这篇课文让我明白了引用和参考文献的作用。
通过引用他人的观点和研究成果，我们可以为自己的论证提供更多的证据和支持。
同时，正确格式的参考文献可以使读者更容易找到我们引用的来源，并增加我们的可信度。
课文四：Academic Vocabulary词汇是学术写作中的重要组成部分。
这篇课文介绍了一些常用的学术词汇，并提供了一些方法来扩展自己的学术词汇量。
通过学习这篇课文，我意识到学术词汇的重要性。
使用准确、专业的词汇可以使我们的论点更清晰、更有说服力。
英语写作总结(通用5篇)
英语写作总结（通用5篇）1.英语写作总结第1篇对于我们初中生来说，尤其是我们九年级的学生的英语写作是语言应用的一个重要方面，也是语言能力测定的重要手段，衡量写作水平的'标准便是看其是否能运用学过的语言材料，语法知识等用文字的形式来表达描述。
这需要我们有较好的语法知识，掌握一定数量的句型，习惯用语，熟练的写作技巧，这样才能写出通顺而且生动的文章来。
要提高英语写作水平，需要两方面的训练：一是语言基础方面的训练，要有扎实的造句、翻译等基本功，即用词法、句法等知识造出正确无误的句子；二是写作知识和能力方面的训练以掌握写作方面的基本方法和技巧。
怎样才能写出好的文章，要从以下几个方面练习：一、加强练习词语造句训练要加强练习词语造句的训练。
词句对作文相当于造房的材料，无好材料就造不出好房子。
平时在学习阅读时要注意收集积累，把好的词语、好的短语、好的句型做好笔记。
平时在练习中的错误也要做好记录，再对照正确句子，使地道的英语句子如同条件反射，落笔就对。
但是这要在平时多做积累，多加练习。
二、用英语写日记要养成记英语日记勤练笔的好习惯。
经常用英语记日记，等于天天在练笔，这无疑是提高英语写作的行之有效的好办法。
在记日记时，不要总是用简单句，要有意识地用一些好的词组、句型、关联词和复合句等，使文句更优美生动，但是也不要运用一些汉语是的句子，还有要按照题目或所给情景写文章练笔。
写好后对照范文，找出差距，然后再练习，这对提高英语作文也很有帮助，在游泳中学会游泳，只有多练习才能练好，多加强一些笔头上的练习，这对于中学生是一种最有助于提高英语的写作水平。
三、加强一些课内外阅读阅读是写作的基础，在阅读方面下的功夫越深，驾驭语言的能力也就越强。
所以要写好英语先要读好英语，在语言学习方面狠下苦功，教科书要读透，因为教科书中的文章都是一些很好的范文，文笔流畅，语言规范，精彩的一些课文段落要背诵。
再就是要进行大量课外阅读，并记住一些好文章的篇章结构。
学术英语期末总结
学术英语期末总结One of the primary areas of improvement in my academic English skills is in listening and note-taking. In the beginning of the semester, I found it challenging to follow the fast pace of lectures and take detailed notes. However, with practice and the use of effective listening strategies, such as focusing on the main ideas and taking shorthand notes, I have become more adept at understanding lectures and extracting important information. I now feel more confident in my ability to listen to academic presentations and take comprehensive notes.Another significant aspect of academic English is reading and comprehending complex texts. At the start of the semester, I struggled to understand dense academic articles and textbooks. However, through consistent practice and the implementation of reading strategies, such as skimming and scanning for main ideas and key terms, I have made significant progress in my reading comprehension. I am now able to identify the main arguments and supporting evidence in academic texts, which has greatly enhanced my ability to engage with and critically analyze the materials.Writing is another crucial component of academic English, and it is an area in which I have made substantial improvements throughout the semester. Initially, I was unsure about the appropriate structure and style foracademic writing. However, through studying various academic essays and receiving feedback from my professors and peers, I have acquired a better understanding of academic writing conventions. I now pay more attention to organizing my ideas coherently, providing evidence to support my arguments, and using appropriate academic vocabulary. I have also learned how to properly cite sources, which is an essential skill in academic writing. As a result, my essays have become more structured, well-supported, and academically rigorous.In addition to developing my listening, reading, and writing skills, I have also made progress in my speaking abilities. At the beginning of the semester, I felt uncomfortable participating in class discussions and expressing my thoughts in English. However, with regular practice and the support of my classmates, I now feelmore confident in expressing my opinions, asking questions, and engaging in academic dialogues.Participating in group discussions and delivering presentations have given me the opportunity to improve my fluency, pronunciation, and overall communication skills.I have learned to use appropriate academic language andto express my ideas clearly and effectively.To further enhance my academic English skills, I have employed several strategies throughout the semester.First, I have consistently practiced listening, reading, and writing in English to develop my language proficiency.I have listened to podcasts, read academic articles, andwritten essays on a regular basis to improve my language comprehension and production. Second, I have actively engaged in class discussions and group activities to develop my speaking skills and confidence. By actively participating in these activities, I have learned tothink critically and express my ideas persuasively in English. Third, I have sought feedback from my professors and peers on my written and spoken work to identify areas for improvement and to implement necessary changes. Their feedback has been invaluable in refining my academic English skills. Finally, I have utilized online resources and language learning platforms to supplement my in-class learning, such as using language learning apps and participating in language exchange programs. These resources have provided additional opportunities to practice and reinforce my academic English skills.In conclusion, this semester has been transformative for my academic English skills. Through consistent practice and the implementation of effective strategies, my listening, reading, writing, and speaking abilities have significantly improved. I am now more proficient in understanding lectures, comprehending complex texts, structuring academic essays, and expressing my ideas confidently and fluently. I am excited to continue developing my academic English skills, as they are instrumental in my academic and professional pursuits.。
学术英语 如何做总结
HUNTER COLLEGE READING/WRITING CENTERTHE WRITING PROCESSInvention: Guidelines for Writing a SummaryWhen you underline and annotate a text, when you ask yourself questions about its contents, when you work out an outline of its structure, you are establishing your understanding of what you are reading. When you write a summary, you are demonstrating your understanding of the text and communicating it to your reader.To summarize is to condense a text to its main points and to do so in your own words. To include every detail is neither necessary nor desirable. Instead, you should extract only those elements which you think are most important--the main idea (or thesis) and its essential supporting points, which in the original passage may have been interwoven with less important material.Many students make the mistake of confusing summary with analysis. They are not the same thing. An analysis is a discussion of ideas, techniques, and/or meaning in a text. A summary, on the other hand, does not require you to critique or respond to the ideas in a text. When you analyze a piece of writing, you generally summarize the contents briefly in order to establish for the reader the ideas that your essay will then go on to analyze, but a summary is not a substitute for the analysis itself. If you are writing a literature paper, for example, your teacher probably does not want you to simply write a plot summary of a text. You may include some very brief summary within a literature paper, but only as much as necessary to make your own interpretation, your thesis, clear.It is important to remember that a summary is not an outline or synopsis of the points that the author makes in the order that the author gives them. Instead, a summary is a distillation of the ideas or argument of the text. It is a reconstruction of the major point or points of development of a text, beginning with the thesis or main idea , followed by the points or details that support or elaborate on that idea.If a text is organized in a linear fashion you may be able to write a summary simply by outlining the major points from the beginning of the text to the end. However, you should not assume that this will always be the case. Not all writers use such a straightforward structure. They may not state the thesis or main idea immediately at the beginning, but rather build up to it slowly, and they may introduce a point of development in one place and then return to it later in the text.However, for the sake of clarity, a summary should present the author’s points in a straightforward structure. In order to write a good summary, you may have to gather minor points or components of an argument from different places in the text in order to summarize the text in an organized way. A point made in the beginning of an essay and then one made toward the end may need to be grouped together in your summary to concisely convey the argument that the author is making. In the end, you will have read, digested, and reconstructed the text in a shorter, more concise form.WHEN AND HOW TO SUMMARIZEThere are many instances in which you will have to write a summary. You may be assigned to write a one or two page summary of an article or reading, or you may be asked to include a brief summary of a text as part of a response paper or critique. Also, you may write summaries of articles as part of the note-taking and planning process for a research paper, and you may want to include these summaries, or at least parts of them, in your paper. The writer of a research paper is especially dependent upon summary as a means of referring to source materials. Through the use of summary in a research paper, you can condense a broad range of information, and you can present and explain the relevance of a number of sources all dealing with the same subject.You may also summarize your own paper in an introduction in order to present a brief overview of the ideas you will discuss throughout the rest of the paper.Depending on the length and complexity of the original text as well as your purpose in using summary, a summary can be relatively brief – a short paragraph or even a single sentence – or quite lengthy – several paragraphs or even an entire paper.QUALITIES OF A SUMMARYA good summary should be comprehensive, concise, coherent, and independent. These qualities are explained below:1. A summary must be comprehensive. You should isolate all the important points in the original passage andnote them down in a list. Review all the ideas on your list, and include in your summary all the ones that are indispensable to the author's development of his/her thesis or main idea.2. A summary must be concise. Eliminate repetitions in your list, even if the author restates the same points.Your summary should be considerably shorter than the source. You are hoping to create an overview;therefore, you need not include every repetition of a point or every supporting detail.3. A summary must be coherent. It should make sense as a piece of writing in its own right; it should notmerely be taken directly from your list of notes or sound like a disjointed collection of points.4. A summary must be independent. You are not being asked to imitate the author of the text you are writingabout. On the contrary, you are expected to maintain your own voice throughout the summary. Don't simply quote the author; instead use your own words to express your understanding of what you have read. After all, your summary is based on your interpretation of the writer's points or ideas. However, you should be careful not to create any misrepresentation or distortion by introducing comments or criticisms of your own.TWO TECHNIQUES FOR WRITING SUMMARIESSummarizing Shorter Texts (ten pages or fewer)1. Write a one-sentence summary of each paragraph.2. Formulate a single sentence that summarizes the whole text.3. Write a paragraph (or more): begin with the overall summary sentence and follow it with the paragraph summary sentences.4. Rearrange and rewrite the paragraph to make it clear and concise, to eliminate repetition and relatively minor points, and to provide transitions. The final version should be a complete, unified, and coherent whole Summarizing Longer Texts (eleven pages or more)1. Outline the text. Break it down into its major sections--groups of paragraphs focused on a common topics--and list the main supporting points for each section.2. Write a one or two sentence summary of each section.3. Formulate a single sentence to summarize the whole text, looking at the author's thesis or topic sentences asa guide.4. Write a paragraph (or more): begin with the overall summary sentence and follow it with the section summary sentences.5. Rewrite and rearrange your paragraph(s) as needed to make your writing clear and concise, to eliminate relatively minor or repetitious points, and to provide transitions. Make sure your summary includes all the major supporting points of each idea. The final version should be a unified, complete, and coherent whole.。
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专业英语写作考点总结Part ІAcademic English Writing （专业英语写作）Chapter 1 Six Considerations in Academic Writing1、Academic writing is a product of many consideration : audience, purpose,organization, style, flow and presentation.（学术写作六要素：写作对象，目的，组织结构，文体特征，表达连贯和宣讲或宣读）。
2、Organization usually has the following four parts : 问题-解决方法包括四个部分(1) description of a situation （描述情况）(2) Identification of a problem （甄别问题）(3) Description of a solution （描述解决方法）(4) Evaluation of the solution （评估解决方法）3、Formal Grammar Style：（正规的语法风格）(1) Generally avoid contractions （一般来讲避免使用略缩词）例：won’t改为will not(2) Use the more appropriate formal negative forms （使用更为适宜的正规的否定形式）例：not...any改为no not...much改为little not...many改为few (3) Limit the use of “run-on” expressions, such as and so forth and etc. （限制使用多个词连用的表达法）例：句子内不能出现and so forth和etc.出现时应将省略的部分扩展出来。
(4) Avoid addressing the reader as you(except, of course, if you are writing atextbook or other instructional materials). （避免向读者说“你”）例：You can see the results in Table 1.改为：The results can be seen in Table 1.(5) Be careful about using direct questions. In some fields they are common, while inothers they are not. （使用直接引语时需谨慎）例：What can be done to lower costs?改为：It is necessary to consider how costs may be lowered.或者We now need to consider how costs may be lowered.(6) Place adverb within the verb. （将副词放于动词词组内）例：This model was developed by Krugman originally.改为：This model was originally developed by Krugman.(7) Consider whether you should split infinitives.（考虑是否该使用割裂不定式）例：We need to adequately meet the needs of those enrolled in the program. (8) Aim for an efficient use of words. （目的是为了有效地使用词汇）例：There are some inorganic materials that can be used by bioengineers in the process of tissue engineering that have been shown to be very promising.改为：Some inorganic materials used in tissue engineering have shown great promise.习题：（1）You can use this model to analyze the effects of several parameter changes.错误：使用了you。
改为：This model can be used to analyze the effects of several parameter changes.（2）OK, what are the reasons that coffee prices have fallen? There’re a lot of possibilities.错误：使用了口语OK；直接引语的使用；使用了缩略词There’re。
改为：Coffee prices have fallen for many reasons.（3）You can see the difference between these two approaches to designing underground subway stations clearly.错误：使用了you；将副词clearly放在了句尾。
改为：The difference between these two approaches to designing underground subway station can clearly be seen.（4）Recent research has shown that the arms are used commonly for protection during a fall to the ground.错误：将副词commonly放在了动词之后。
改为：Recent research has shown that the arms are commonly used for protection during a fall to the ground.（5）So far, there hasn’t been any comprehensive study looking into the role of smiling in getting the initial trust of individuals.错误：使用了So far；使用了there be 结构；使用了not...any结构；使用了非正式的looking into。
改为：To date, no comprehensive study has examined the role of smiling in gaining the initial trust of individual.（6）There are some studies that have concluded that bamboo could be used bybuilders more widely than it is now as a construction material.错误：使用了there be 结构；副词widely 位置放错。
改为：Some studies have concluded that bamboo could be more widely used than it is now as a construction material.（7）These special tax laws have been enacted in six states: Illinois, Iowa,Ohio,etc.错误：使用了etc。
改为：These special tax laws have been enacted in six mid western states: Illinois, Iowa, Indiana, Ohio, Michigan, and Minnesota.（8）There isn’t very much research on the use of oil palm shell as coarse aggregate in the production of concrete.错误：使用了there be 结构；使用了not...very much。
改为：Little research has been done on the use of oil palm shell as coarse aggregate in the production of concrete.Chapter 2 Two Underlying Structures in Academic Writing（专业写作的两个基本结构）1、Two underlying structures in academic writing：（专业写作的两个基本结构）(1) general-specific structure （泛论-特指(GS)结构）(2) problem-process-solution structure （问题-过程-解决方法）2、GS texts usually begin with one of the following:（GS文本通常以下列一种形式开始）(1) A short or extended definition （简短或拓展定义）(2) A contrastive or comparative definition （对比或比较定义）(3) A generalization or purpose statement （一般化或目标性陈述）(4) A statement of fact. （事实陈述）3、Super ordinate-category word：technique, method, process, device, and system.（超级坐标词）4、Deletions（删除）：在下列情况下，你可以减少限制性关系代词A. 定语从句仅有关系代词、be动词、一个或多个介词短语B. 定语从句由被动态动词加上一些额外的信息C. 定语从句含有关系代词、以-ble结尾的形容词和额外的信息例题：p23(1). metal that is often used —> metal often used(2). device that is capable of —> device capable of(3). roof which is on top of —> roof on top of(4). precipitation which results from —> precipitation resulting from(5). This sentence cannot be reduced.(6). flute that is pitched an octave higher ---> flute pitched an octavehigher(7). a process that involves the selective transport—> a processinvolving the selective transport(8). a celestial body which has approximately the same mass —> acelestial body with approximately the same mass5、考题类型：句子排序例题：P276、Comparative Definitions（对比性定义）（1）比较定义基本上有两类：1) 呈现一个概念是如何随着时间的流逝而变化的这样一种史实陈述。