Effects of winds, tides and storm surges on ocean surface waves in the Sea of Japan
剑桥雅思阅读解析8（test2）
剑桥雅思阅读解析8(test2)店铺为大家整理收集了剑桥雅思阅读8真题解析：test2阅读原文解析，希望对各位考生的备考有所帮助,祝每位烤鸭考试顺利，都能取得好成绩!剑桥雅思阅读8原文(test2)READING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.Sheet glass manufacture:the float processGlass, which has been made since the time of the Mesopotamians and Egyptians, is little more than a mixture of sand, soda ash and lime. When heated to about 1500 degrees Celsius (℃) this becomes a molten mass that hardens when slowly cooled. The first successful method for making clear, flat glass involved spinning. This method was very effective as the glass had not touched any surfaces between being soft and becoming hard, so it stayed perfectly unblemished, with a 'fire finish'. However, the process took a long time and was labour intensive.Nevertheless, demand for flat glass was very high and glassmakers across the world were looking for a method of making it continuously. The first continuous ribbon process involved squeezing molten glass through two hot rollers, similar to an old mangle. This allowed glass of virtually any thickness to be made non-stop, but the rollers would leave both sides of the glass marked, and these would then need to be ground and polished. This part of the process rubbed away around 20 per cent of the glass, and the machines were very expensive.The float process for making flat glass was invented by Alistair Pilkington. This process allows the manufacture of clear, tinted and coated glass for buildings, and clear and tinted glass for vehicles. Pilkington had been experimenting with improving the melting process, and in 1952 he had the idea of using a bed of molten metal to form the flat glass, eliminating altogether the need for rollers within the float bath. The metal had to melt at a temperature less than the hardening point of glass (about 600℃), but could not boil at a temperature below the temperature of the molten glass (about 1500℃). The best metal for the job was tin.The rest of the concept relied on gravity, which guaranteed that the surface of the molten metal was perfectly flat and horizontal. Consequently, when pouring molten glass onto the molten tin, the underside of the glass would also be perfectly flat. If the glass were kept hot enough, it would flow over the molten tin until the top surface was also flat, horizontal and perfectly parallel to the bottom surface. Once the glass cooled to 604℃ or less it was too hard to mark and could be transported out of the cooling zone by rollers. The glass settled to a thickness of six millimetres because of surface tension interactions between the glass and the tin. By fortunate coincidence, 60 per cent of the flat glass market at that time was for six-millimetre glass.Pilkington built a pilot plant in 1953 and by 1955 he had convinced his company to build a full-scale plant. However, it took 14 months of non-stop production, costing the company ￡100,000 a month, before the plant produced any usable glass. Furthermore, once they succeeded in making marketable flat glass, the machine was turned off for a service to prepare it for years of continuous production. When it started up again it took another four months to get the process right again. They finallysucceeded in 1959 and there are now float plants all over the world, with each able to produce around 1000 tons of glass every day, non-stop for around 15 years.Float plants today make glass of near optical quality. Several processes —melting, refining, homogenising —take place simultaneously in the 2000 tonnes of molten glass in the furnace. They occur in separate zones in a complex glass flow driven by high temperatures. It adds up to a continuous melting process, lasting as long as 50 hours, that delivers glass smoothly and continuously to the float bath, and from there to a coating zone and finally a heat treatment zone, where stresses formed during cooling are relieved.The principle of float glass is unchanged since the 1950s. However, the product has changed dramatically, from a single thickness of 6.8 mm to a range from sub-millimetre to 25 mm, from a ribbon frequently marred by inclusions and bubbles to almost optical perfection. To ensure the highest quality, inspection takes place at every stage. Occasionally, a bubble is not removed during refining, a sand grain refuses to melt, a tremor in the tin puts ripples into the glass ribbon. Automated on-line inspection does two things. Firstly, it reveals process faults upstream that can be corrected. Inspection technology allows more than 100 million measurements a second to be made across the ribbon, locating flaws the unaided eye would be unable to see. Secondly, it enables computers downstream to steer cutters around flaws.Float glass is sold by the square metre, and at the final stage computers translate customer requirements into patterns of cuts designed to minimise waste.Questions 1-8Complete the table and diagram below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 1-8 on your answer sheet.Early methods of producing flat glassMethod Advantages Disadvantages1............Glass remained2........... ? Slow3.............RibbonCould produce glass sheets of varying 4.............non-stop process ? Glass was 5...........20% of glass rubbed awayMachines were expensive图片11Questions 9-13Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this9 The metal used in the float process had to have specific properties.10 Pilkington invested some of his own money in his float plant.11 Pilkington’s first full-scale plant was an instant commercial success.12 The process invented by Pilkington has now beenimproved.13 Computers are better than humans at detecting faults in glass.READING PASSAGE 2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 on the following pages.Question 14-17Reading passage 2 has six paragraphs, A-F.Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B and D-F from the list of headings below.Write the correct number, i-ix, in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet.List of Headingsi Predicting climatic changesii The relevance of the Little Ice Age todayiii How cities contribute to climate change.iv Human impact on the climatev How past climatic conditions can be determinedvi A growing need for weather recordsvii A study covering a thousand yearsviii People have always responded to climate changeix Enough food at lastExample AnswerParagraph A Viii14 Paragraph BExample AnswerParagraph C V15 Paragraph D16 Paragraph E17 Paragraph FTHE LITTLE ICE AGEA This book will provide a detailed examination of the Little Ice Age and other climatic shifts, but, before I embark on that, let me provide a historical context. We tend to think of climate — as opposed to weather — as something unchanging, yet humanity has been at the mercy of climate change for its entire existence, with at least eight glacial episodes in the past 730,000 years. Our ancestors adapted to the universal but irregular global warming since the end of the last great Ice Age, around 10,000 years ago, with dazzling opportunism. They developed strategies for surviving harsh drought cycles, decades of heavy rainfall or unaccustomed cold; adopted agriculture and stock-raising, which revolutionised human life; and founded the world's first pre-industrial civilisations in Egypt, Mesopotamia and the Americas. But the price of sudden climate change, in famine, disease and suffering, was often high.B The Little Ice Age lasted from roughly 1300 until the middle of the nineteenth century. Only two centuries ago, Europe experienced a cycle of bitterly cold winters; mountain glaciers in the Swiss Alps were the lowest in recorded memory, and pack ice surrounded Iceland for much of the year. The climatic events of the Little Ice Age did more than help shape the modern world. They are the deeply important context for the current unprecedented global warming. The Little Ice Age was far from a deep freeze, however; rather an irregular seesaw of rapid climatic shifts, few lasting more than a quarter-century, driven by complex and still little understood interactions between the atmosphere and the ocean. The seesaw brought cycles of intensely cold winters and easterly winds, then switched abruptly to years of heavy spring and early summer rains, mild winters,and frequent Atlantic storms, or to periods of droughts, light northeasterly winds, and summer heat waves.C Reconstructing the climate changes of the past is extremely difficult, because systematic weather observations began only a few centuries ago, in Europe and North America. Records from India and tropical Africa are even more recent. For the time before records began, we have only 'proxy records' reconstructed largely from tree rings and ice cores, supplemented by a few incomplete written accounts. We now have hundreds of tree-ring records from throughout the northern hemisphere, and many from south of the equator, too, amplified with a growing body of temperature data from ice cores drilled in Antarctica, Greenland, the Peruvian Andes, and other locations, we are close to a knowledge of annual summer and winter temperature variations over much of the northern hemisphere going back 600 years.D This book is a narrative history of climatic shifts during the past ten centuries, and some of the ways in which people in Europe adapted to them. Part One describes the Medieval Warm Period, roughly 900 to 1200. During these three centuries, Norse voyagers from Northern Europe explored northern seas, settled Greenland, and visited North America. It was not a time of uniform warmth, for then, as always since the Great Ice Age, there were constant shifts in rainfall and temperature. Mean European temperatures were about the same as today, perhaps slightly cooler.E It is known that the Little Ice Age cooling began in Greenland and the Arctic in about 1200. As the Arctic ice pack spread southward, Norse voyages to the west were rerouted into the open Atlantic, then ended altogether. Storminess increased in the North Atlantic and North Sea. Colder, much wetter weatherdescended on Europe between 1315 and 1319, when thousands perished in a continent-wide famine. By 1400, the weather had become decidedly more unpredictable and stormier, with sudden shifts and lower temperatures that culminated in the cold decades of the late sixteenth century. Fish were a vital commodity in growing towns and cities, where food supplies were a constant concern. Dried cod and herring were already the staples of the European fish trade, but changes in water temperatures forced fishing fleets to work further offshore. The Basques, Dutch, and English developed the first offshore fishing boats adapted to a colder and stormier Atlantic. A gradual agricultural revolution in northern Europe stemmed from concerns over food supplies at a time of rising populations. The revolution involved intensive commercial farming and the growing of animal fodder on land not previously used for crops. The increased productivity from farmland made some countries self-sufficient in grain and livestock and offered effective protection against famine.F Global temperatures began to rise slowly after 1850, with the beginning of the Modern Warm Period. There was a vast migration from Europe by land-hungry farmers and others, to which the famine caused by the Irish potato blight contributed, to North America, Australia, New Zealand, and southern Africa. Millions of hectares of forest and woodland fell before the newcomers' axes between 1850 and 1890, as intensive European farming methods expanded across the world. The unprecedented land clearance released vast quantities of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, triggering for the first time humanly caused global warming. Temperatures climbed more rapidly in the twentieth century as the use of fossil fuels proliferated and greenhouse gas levels continued to soar. The rise has been even steeper since theearly 1980s. The Little Ice Age has given way to a new climatic regime, marked by prolonged and steady warming. At the same time, extreme weather events like Category 5 hurricanes are becoming more frequent.Questions 18-22Complete the summary using the list of words, A-I, below.Write the correct letter, A-I, in boxes 18-22 on your answer sheet.Weather during the Little Ice AgeDocumentation of past weather conditions is limited: our main sources of knowledge of conditions in the distant past are 18...........and 19.................. We can deduce that the Little Ice Age was a time of 20.............. , rather than of consistent freezing. Within it there were some periods of very cold winters, other of 21...............and heavy rain, and yet others that saw 22................with no rain at all.A climatic shiftsB ice coresC tree ringsD glaciersE interactionsF weather observationsG heat waves H storms I written accountsQuestions 23-26Classify the following events as occurring during theA Medieval Warm PeriodB Little Ice AgeC Modern Warm PeriodWrite the correct letter, A, B or C, in boxes 23-26 on your answer sheet.23 Many Europeans started farming abroad.24 The cutting down of trees began to affect the climate.25 Europeans discovered other lands.26 Changes took place in fishing patterns.READING PASSAGE 3You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 on the following pages.Questions 27-32Reading Passage 3 has six paragraphs, A-F.Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.Write the correct number, i-viii, in boxes 27-32 on your answer sheet.List of Headingsi The difficulties of talking about smellsii The role of smell in personal relationshipsiii Future studies into smelliv The relationship between the brain and the nosev The interpretation of smells as a factor in defining groups vi Why our sense of smell is not appreciatedvii Smell is our superior senseviii The relationship between smell and feelings27 paragraph A28 paragraph B29 paragraph C30 paragraph D31 paragraph E32 paragraph FThe meaning and power of smellThe sense of smell, or olfaction, is powerful. Odours affect us on a physical, psychological and social level. For the most part, however, we breathe in the aromas which surround us without being consciously aware of their importance to us. It is only when the faculty of smell is impaired for some reason that we begin torealise the essential role the sense of smell plays in our sense of well-beingA A survey conducted by Anthony Synott at Montreal's Concordia University asked participants to comment on how important smell was to them in their lives. It became apparent that smell can evoke strong emotional responses. A scent associated with a good experience can bring a rush of joy, while a foul odour or one associated with a bad memory may make us grimace with disgust. Respondents to the survey noted that many of their olfactory likes and dislikes were based on emotional associations. Such associations can be powerful enough so that odours that we would generally label unpleasant become agreeable, and those that we would generally consider fragrant become disagreeable for particular individuals. The perception of smell, therefore, consists not only of the sensation of the odours themselves, but of the experiences and emotions associated with them.B Odours are also essential cues in social bonding. One respondent to the survey believed that there is no true emotional bonding without touching and smelling a loved one. In fact, infants recognise the odours of their mothers soon after birth and adults can often identify their children or spouses by scent. In one well-known test, women and men were able to distinguish by smell alone clothing worn by their marriage partners from similar clothing worn by other people. Most of the subjects would probably never have given much thought to odour as a cue for identifying family members before being involved in the test, but as the experiment revealed, even when not consciously considered, smells register.C In spite of its importance to our emotional and sensorylives, smell is probably the most undervalued sense in many cultures. The reason often given for the low regard in which smell is held is that, in comparison with its importance among animals, the human sense of smell is feeble and undeveloped. While it is true that the olfactory powers of humans are nothing like as fine as those possessed by certain animals, they are still remarkably acute. Our noses are able to recognise thousands of smells, and to perceive odours which are present only in extremely small quantities.D Smell, however, is a highly elusive phenomenon. Odours, unlike colours, for instance, cannot be named in many languages because the specific vocabulary simply doesn't exist. ‘It smells like…,’ we have to say when describing an odour, struggling to express our olfactory experience. Nor can odours be recorded: there is no effective way to either capture or store them over time. In the realm of olfaction, we must make do with descriptions and recollections. This has implications for olfactory research.E Most of the research on smell undertaken to date has been of a physical scientific nature. Significant advances have been made in the understanding of the biological and chemical nature of olfaction, but many fundamental questions have yet to be answered. Researchers have still to decide whether smell is one sense or two — one responding to odours proper and the other registering odourless chemicals in the air. Other unanswered questions are whether the nose is the only part of the body affected by odours, and how smells can be measured objectively given the non-physical components. Questions like these mean that interest in the psychology of smell is inevitably set to play an increasingly important role for researchers.F However, smell is not simply a biological and psychologicalphenomenon. Smell is cultural, hence it is a social and historical phenomenon. Odours are invested with cultural values: smells that are considered to be offensive in some cultures may be perfectly acceptable in others. Therefore, our sense of smell is a means of, and model for, interacting with the world. Different smells can provide us with intimate and emotionally charged experiences and the value that we attach to these experiences is interiorised by the members of society in a deeply personal way. Importantly, our commonly held feelings about smells can help distinguish us from other cultures. The study of the cultural history of smell is, therefore, in a very real sense, an investigation into the essence of human culture.Questions 33-36Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter in boxes 33-36 on your answer sheet.33 According to the introduction, we become aware of the importance of smell whenA we discover a new smell.B we experience a powerful smell.C our ability to smell is damaged.D we are surrounded by odours.34 The experiment described in paragraph BA shows how we make use of smell without realising it.B demonstrates that family members have a similar smell.C proves that a sense of smell is learnt.D compares the sense of smell in males and females.35 What is the write doing in paragraph C?A supporting other researchB making a proposalC rejecting a common beliefD describing limitations36 What does the write suggest about the study of smell in the atmosphere in paragraph E?A The measurement of smell is becoming more accurate.B Researchers believe smell is a purely physical reaction.C Most smells are inoffensive.D Smell is yet to be defined.Questions 37-40Complete the sentences below.Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet.37 Tests have shown that odours can help people recognise the.......... belonging to their husbands and wives.38 Certain linguistic groups may have difficulty describing smell because they lack the appropriate ................ .39 The sense of smell may involve response to................ which do not smell, in addition to obvious odours.40 Odours regarded as unpleasant in certain.................are not regarded as unpleasant in others.剑桥雅思阅读8原文参考译文(test2)PASSAGE 1 参考译文：玻璃板制造：浮法工艺早在美索不达米亚时期和古埃及时期人们就开始制造玻璃，当时制作出的玻璃只不过是沙子、碳酸钠和石灰的混合物而已。
海平面上升英语作文
海平面上升英语作文Sea level rise is a pressing issue facing our planet due to climate change. The melting of polar ice caps and glaciers, as well as the thermal expansion of seawater, are contributing to the increase in sea levels around the world. 海平面的上升是由于气候变化面临的紧迫问题。
极地冰盖和冰川的融化，以及海水的热胀冷缩，都导致了全球海平面的上升。
One of the most immediate impacts of rising sea levels is the threat to coastal communities. Low-lying areas are at risk of being inundated by higher tides and storm surges, resulting in devastating flooding and erosion. Coastal cities and towns are particularly vulnerable to the effects of sea level rise, with millions of people living in areas that may soon be underwater. 海平面上升最直接的影响之一是对沿海社区的威胁。
低洼地区面临着被高潮和风暴潮淹没的风险，导致灾难性的洪水和侵蚀。
沿海城镇和城市特别容易受海平面上升的影响，数百万人居住在可能很快会被淹没的地区。
In addition to the physical destruction caused by flooding, rising sea levels also have significant economic repercussions. Coastalinfrastructure, such as roads, buildings, and ports, are at risk of damage from saltwater intrusion and erosion. The cost of rebuilding and reinforcing these structures can be astronomical, putting a strain on national budgets and resources. 除了洪水造成的实体破坏，海平面上升也会带来重大的经济影响。
如何考虑风的影响英语作文
如何考虑风的影响英语作文1. The wind is a force of nature that can have a significant impact on our daily lives. It can affect our mood and emotions, as the sound of the wind blowing through the trees can be calming or eerie.2. In terms of physical effects, the wind can create resistance when we walk or ride a bike, making it harder to move forward. It can also blow away loose objects or cause damage to structures, such as knocking down trees or blowing off roofs.3. The wind can also affect our ability to hear and communicate. When it is strong, it can drown out other sounds, making it difficult to have a conversation or hear important information. It can also carry sound over long distances, allowing us to hear things that are far away.4. The wind can have a positive effect on our environment. It helps to disperse pollutants and bringsfresh air into stagnant areas. It also plays a crucial role in pollination, as it carries pollen from one plant to another, ensuring the reproduction of many plant species.5. In some cultures, the wind is seen as a spiritual force. It is believed to carry messages or bring good or bad luck. People may look to the wind for guidance or signs of what is to come.6. The wind can also be a source of renewable energy. Wind turbines harness the power of the wind to generate electricity, providing a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels. This helps to reduce carbon emissions and combat climate change.7. The wind can be unpredictable and changeable. It can shift direction or intensity suddenly, catching us off guard. This unpredictability adds an element of excitement and adventure to outdoor activities like sailing or kite flying.8. The wind can have a cooling effect on hot summerdays, providing relief from the heat. It can also create a wind chill factor in colder weather, making it feel even colder than the actual temperature.9. The wind can create beautiful natural phenomena,such as waves crashing against the shore or leaves rustling in the trees. These sights and sounds can be awe-inspiring and remind us of the power and beauty of nature.10. Overall, the wind is a force that cannot be ignored. It has the power to shape our experiences and surroundingsin both subtle and dramatic ways. By considering its influence, we can better appreciate and adapt to the ever-changing conditions of our environment.。
海上风电的基本术语(中英文对照)
3.13 hub height (wind turbines) 轮毂高度（风力发电机组） height of the centre of the swept area of the wind turbine rotor above the mean sea level 风力发电机风轮掠扫面积的中心点距离平均海平面的高度
3.12 highest astronomical tide 最高天文潮 highest still water level that can be expected to occur under any combination of astronomical conditions and under average meteorological conditions. Storm surges, which are meteorologically generated and essentially irregular, are superimposed on the tidal variations, so that a total still water level abovehighest astronomical tide may occur. 在任何天文条件的组合下或一般气象条件下都可以预测的最 高静水位。风暴潮是气象的产物，它本质上没有规律，并与 潮汐变化相互重叠，所以总静水位可能高于最高天文潮。
3.9 fast ice cover固定冰盖 a rigid continuous cover of ice not in motion 静止状态下的连续刚性冰覆盖层 3.10 fetch风距 distance over which the wind blows constantly over the sea with approximately constant wind speed and direction 风以近似恒定的风速和风向持续地吹过海面所经过的距离 3.11 foundation基础 part of an offshore wind turbine support structure which transfers the loads acting on the structure into the seabed. Different foundation concepts are shown in Figure 1 together with the other parts of an offshore wind turbine. 海上风力发电机组的支撑结构的组成部分，能将作用在结构上的 载荷传递到海床上。不同类型的海上风力 发电机组基础以及其它部分如图1所示。
为什么风很重要英语作文
为什么风很重要英语作文英文回答：Wind is an essential force in the Earth's environmental systems, playing crucial roles in weather patterns, climate regulation, and the distribution of life on the planet.Here are several key reasons why wind is important:Weather Patterns: Wind is a primary driver of weather patterns. It transports heat and moisture around the globe, influencing temperature, precipitation, and cloud formation. Winds are also responsible for creating weather phenomena such as hurricanes, tornadoes, and monsoons.Climate Regulation: Wind contributes to climate regulation by distributing solar energy and heat. It helpsto maintain a balance between temperatures in different regions, preventing extreme heat or cold. Winds also influence the ocean currents, which play a significant role in global climate patterns.Seed Dispersal: Wind is essential for the dispersal of seeds in many plant species. Seeds carried by wind can travel long distances, allowing plants to spread to new areas and establish new populations. This process iscrucial for maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem health.Nutrient Cycling: Wind plays a role in nutrientcycling by transporting nutrients in the form of dust and aerosols. These nutrients can be deposited on land and in oceans, where they support plant and animal life.Erosion and Sediment Transport: Wind causes erosion by picking up and moving soil particles. It also transports sediment, which can shape landscapes and form new landforms over time.Energy Production: Wind is a renewable source of energy that can be harnessed through wind turbines. Wind energy is clean, sustainable, and cost-effective, making it a valuable resource for mitigating climate change and reducing dependence on fossil fuels.Atmosphere Circulation: Wind is a fundamental component of atmospheric circulation patterns. It helps to mix the air, distribute pollutants, and remove harmful substances from the atmosphere. Proper wind circulation is essential for maintaining air quality and human health.Navigation and Recreation: Wind has historically been used for navigation, particularly by sailors and aviators. It also plays a recreational role in activities such as sailing, windsurfing, and kite flying.中文回答：风是地球环境系统中的一股重要力量，它在天气模式、气候调节和地球上生命的分布中发挥着至关重要的作用。
风浪越的英语作文
The Dance of the Wind and WavesIn the vast expanse of the ocean, the dance of the wind and waves is a constant and captivating spectacle. The wind, a free and wild spirit, whirls and twirls across thesurface of the water, caressing it with its gentle breath and provoking it into a frenzy. The waves, in turn, riseand fall, crashing against the shore with thunderous force, yet yielding gracefully to the wind's whims.The interaction between the wind and waves is a symphony of nature, a harmonious blend of forces thatcreate a stunning display of power and beauty. The wind whistles and howls, driving the waves into towering crests that crash down with explosive force, sending spray of saltwater into the air. The waves, in turn, embrace the wind, lifting it up and carrying it across the vast expanse of the ocean, creating a dance that is both dynamic and serene.The dance of the wind and waves is not just a visual spectacle, but also a profound metaphor for life. Just as the wind and waves interact and depend on each other, so do we as human beings. We are constantly influenced byexternal forces, whether it be the challenges of life, the opinions of others, or the circumstances we find ourselves in. However, it is our ability to embrace these forces, to rise and fall with them, that defines our character and shapes our destiny.Just as the waves crash against the shore with thunderous force, so do we face challenges in life with determination and courage. And just as the wind whirls and twirls across the surface of the water, so do we navigate our way through life, adapting and growing with eachpassing moment.The dance of the wind and waves teaches us to beresilient in the face of adversity, to embrace change, andto find balance in the midst of chaos. It reminds us that while we may be small and insignificant in the vast expanse of the universe, we have the power to create our own storms, to shape our own destiny, and to dance gracefully with the forces that shape our world.In conclusion, the dance of the wind and waves is not just a natural phenomenon, but also a profound metaphor for life. It teaches us to embrace the challenges of life, torise and fall with the forces that shape our world, and to find balance and harmony within ourselves. As we watch the dance of the wind and waves, let us also remember to dance gracefully with the forces that shape our own lives.**风浪之舞**在浩瀚无垠的海洋中，风浪之舞是一场持续且引人入胜的壮观景象。
The Atmospheric Tides of the Earths Atmosphere
The Atmospheric Tides of the Earths Atmosphere The atmospheric tides of the Earth's atmosphere are a fascinating natural phenomenon that have been studied for centuries. These tides are essentially waves that move through the atmosphere, driven by the gravitational pull of the Sun and Moon. They have a significant impact on weather patterns and can even affect the behavior of satellites in orbit around the Earth. In this essay, I will explore the atmospheric tides of the Earth's atmosphere from multiple perspectives.From a scientific perspective, the atmospheric tides of the Earth's atmosphere are a complex and fascinating subject of study. Scientists have been studying these tides for centuries, and have made significant progress in understanding their behavior and impact on the Earth's atmosphere. The tides are driven by the gravitational pull of the Sun and Moon, which causes the atmosphere to bulge and contract in a rhythmic pattern. This rhythmic pattern is known as the atmospheric tide, and it has a significant impact on weather patterns around the world.From a meteorological perspective, the atmospheric tides of the Earth's atmosphere are a critical factor in determining weather patterns. The tides can cause changes in air pressure, which can lead to changes in wind patterns and precipitation. They can also affect the behavior of storms and hurricanes, making them more or less severe depending on the strength of the tides. Meteorologists use sophisticated models to predict the behavior of the atmospheric tides, which helps them to make more accurate weather forecasts.From an environmental perspective, the atmospheric tides of the Earth's atmosphere are an important factor in understanding the Earth's climate. The tides can affect the amount of heat and energy that is absorbed by the Earth's atmosphere, which can have a significant impact on global temperatures. They can also affect the behavior of the Earth's magnetic field, which can have implications for the health of the planet's ecosystems. Understanding the atmospheric tides is therefore critical for developing strategies to mitigate the impact of climate change on the planet.From a cultural perspective, the atmospheric tides of the Earth's atmosphere have played an important role in human history and mythology. Many cultures have developed myths and legends around the Sun and Moon, which are believed to be responsible for the atmospheric tides. These myths have helped to shape human understanding of the natural world, and have inspired artists, writers, and musicians throughout history. Today, the atmospheric tides continue to inspire scientists and artists alike, as they seek to understand and capture the beauty and complexity of this natural phenomenon.From a personal perspective, the atmospheric tides of the Earth's atmosphere are a reminder of the wonder and complexity of the natural world. As a human, I am constantly amazed by the beauty and intricacy of the world around me, and the atmospheric tides are no exception. They remind me that there is still so much we don't understand about the natural world, and that there is always more to learn and discover. They also remind me of the importance of protecting the planet's ecosystems, so that future generations can continue to marvel at the wonders of the natural world.In conclusion, the atmospheric tides of the Earth's atmosphere are a complex and fascinating natural phenomenon that have captured the imagination of scientists, meteorologists, environmentalists, and artists alike. They have a significant impact on weather patterns, the Earth's climate, and the health of the planet's ecosystems. They have also played an important role in human history and mythology, inspiring artists and writers throughout the ages. As a human, I am constantly amazed by the beauty and complexity of the natural world, and the atmospheric tides are a powerful reminder of the wonder and mystery that surrounds us.。
托福阅读tpo71R-1原文+译文+题目+答案+背景知识
托福阅读tpo71R-1Electrical Energy from the Ocean原文 (1)译文 (5)题目 (8)答案 (15)背景知识 (16)原文Electrical Energy from the Ocean①Solar energy reaching Earth is responsible for differential heating of the atmosphere and thus air circulation as wind. Some of the energy of wind is transferred to the oceans, where it causes waves and is partly responsible for oceanic currents, although Earth’s rotation also plays a role in currents. Gravitational attraction between Earth and the Sun and Moon generates tides and, along with Earth’s rotation, causes most coastal areas to experience a twice-daily rise and fall of sea level. In short, the oceans possess a tremendous reservoir of largely untapped energy.②If we could effectively harness the energy possessed by the oceans, an almost limitless, largely nonpolluting energy supply would be ensured. Unfortunately, ocean energy is diffuse, meaning that the amount of energy for a given volume of water is small and thus difficult to concentrate and use. Several ways of using ocean energy are being considered or are under development, and one is currently in use, although it accounts for only a tiny proportion of all energy production. Of the several sources of ocean energy ---temperature differences with depth; currents; waves; and tides ---only the last shows much promise for the near future.③Ocean water at depth might be as much as 25℃colder than surface water, a difference that allows for ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC). OTEC exploits this temperature difference to run turbines and generate electricity. The amount of energy available is enormous, but a number of practical problems must be solved before it can be used. For one thing, any potential site must be close to land and also have a sufficiently rapid change with depth to result in the required temperature difference. Furthermore, enormous quantities of warm and cold seawater would have to circulate through an electrical-generating plant, thus requiring that large surface areas bedevoted to this purpose.④The concept of OTEC is more than a century old, but despite several decades of research, no commercial OTEC plants are operating or even under construction, although small experimental ones have been tested in Hawaii and Japan.⑤Wind-generated ocean currents, such as the Gulf Stream, which flows along the east coast of North America, also posses energy that might be tapped to generate electricity. Unlike streams that can be dammed to impound a reservoir, any electrical-generating facility exploiting oceanic currents would have to concentrate currents’diffuse energy and contend with any unpredictable changes in direction. In addition, whereas hydroelectric generating plats on land depend on the rapid movement o water from the higher elevation to the turbines, the energy of ocean currents comes from their flow velocity, which is at most a few kilometers per hour.⑥The most obvious form of energy in the oceans lies in waves.Harnessing wave energy and converting it to electricity is not a new idea, and it has been used on an extremely limited scale. Unfortunately, the energy possessed by a wave is distributed along its crest and is difficult to concentrate. Furthermore, any facility would have to be designed to withstand the effects of storms and saltwater corrosion. The Japanese have developed wave-energy devices to power lighthouses and buoys, and a facility capable of providing power to about 300 homes began operating in Scotland during September 2000.⑦Perhaps tidal power is the most promising form of ocean energy. In fact, it has been used for centuries in some coastal areas to run mills, but its use at present for electrical generation is limited. Most coastal areas experience a twice-daily rise the fall of tides, but only a few areas are suitable for exploiting this energy source. One limitation is that the tidal range must be at least five meters, and there must also be a coastal region where water can be stored following high tide.⑧Suitable sites for using tidal power are limited not only by tidal range but also by location. Many areas along the U.S. Gulf Coast would certainly benefit from tidal power plants, but a tide range of generallyless than one meter precludes the possibility of development. Even areas with an appropriate tidal range such as the Arctic islands of Canada offer little potential because of their great distances from population centers.译文海洋电能①太阳能对地球的影响及海洋能量的潜力到达地球的太阳能是大气层差异加热的根源，进而导致空气循环，即我们所知的风。