effect,effective,effectiveness,efficiency,efficacy和potency
efficient和effective的区别
efficient和effective的区别
efficient是指工作效率高，其名词形式为efficiency，意为“效率，功效”。
effective是指某种事物起了作用，产生了效果，其名词形式为effectiveness，意为“效果，有效”。
efficient双语例句
1.With today's more efficient contraception women can plan their families and careers.
如今有了更加有效的避孕方法，女性便可以规划她们的家庭和事业。
2.An efficient transport system is critical to the long-term future of London.
高效的公共交通系统对伦敦长远的未来至关重要。
3.She was efficient and reliable.
她办事很有效率，也很可靠。
4.This is currently the most efficient way to transmit certain types of data like electronic mail.
这是目前传送电子邮件等某些类型的数据的最高效方式。
5.Taking risks is the only way employees can provide effective and efficient customer service.
员工能够为客户提供有价值、高效的服务的唯一途径就是敢于冒险。
Efficacy, effectiveness, efficiency的区别
Australian Prescriber Vol. 23 No. 6 2000E D I T O R I A LEfficacy, effectiveness, efficiency John Marley, Professor, Department of General Practice, University of Adelaide, AdelaideIndex words: drug utilisation, cost-effectiveness, drug evaluation.(Aust Prescr 2000;23:114–5) How is it, that guidelines for treatment often seem unrelated to the patient sitting in front of the doctor? Guidelines are mostly based on evidence gathered from randomised controlled trials. These trials are very good at assessing efficacy – that is, can a treatment work? Despite this, trials are not without substantial biases. Many people may be screened before a few are chosen to be included in a study, yet the results of the study will be applied to the very people who were excluded. The population studied in trials tends to be young, male, white, suffering from a single condition and using a single treatment. Most patients, at least in general practice, do not fit this description. They often have multiple illnesses, take multiple medications and are either too young or too old to have been included in clinical trials. Perhaps we should accept a proposal to define efficacy in relation to medications as ‘the extent to which a drug has the ability to bring about its intended effect under ideal circumstances, such as in a randomised clinical trial’.*Efficacy is not the same as effectiveness.1 A treatment is effective if it works in real life in non-ideal circumstances. In real life, medications will be used in doses and frequencies never studied and in patient groups never assessed in the trials. Drugs will be used in combination with other medications that have not been tested for interactions, and by people other than the patient – the ‘over the garden fence’ syndrome. Effectiveness cannot be measured in controlled trials, because the act of inclusion into a study is a distortion of usual practice. Effectiveness can be defined as ‘the extent to which a drug achieves its intended effect in the usual clinical setting’.* It can be evaluated through observational studies of real practice. This allows practice to be assessed in qualitative as well as quantitative terms.2Australia is well suited to conduct observational studies because we have a high standard of relatively unrestricted practice and good national databases, such as those held by the Health Insurance Commission. These databases can be used for validating researchers’ separate database effectiveness studies. In America there are very large patient databases held by the Health Maintenance Organisations. Their size is impressive, but size is not everything. The data may have been collected primarily for billing and they may be incomplete. Clinical practice is often governed by protocols, and medications are limited to those supplied by the current preferred providers. The reimbursement mechanism for doctors may mean that they code conditions at the highest severity level. Patients belonging to one of these organisations may not represent the American population as a whole. In Britain, the General Practice Research Database, compiled from practice electronic records, is very useful, especially for studies in pharmacoepidemiology. The British enjoy relatively unrestricted clinical practice, but they do not have readily usable national datasets against which to check the validity of their database studies.It is an irony that drugs are licensed for use almost exclusively on the results of controlled trials, yet they are withdrawn from use because of observational data that would not be acceptable to licensing authorities. Biases are present in observational studies, just as they are in trials, but they can be defined and often controlled for, giving these studies a much greater value than that currently awarded to them.*From a suggested dictionary of pharmacoepidemiology byC. Ineke Neutel, University of Ottawa Institute on Health ofthe Elderly, Research Department, SCO Health Services.43 Bruyere Street, Ottawa CANADA K1N 5C8.114Australian Prescriber Vol. 23 No. 6 2000Efficiency depends on whether a drug is worth its cost to individuals or society. The most efficacious treatment, based on the best evidence, may not be the most cost-effective option. It may not be acceptable to patients. In every country, rationing of health care is a reality. There is no country, however wealthy, that can afford to deliver all the health care possible to the whole of its population at all times. Rationing may be implicit or explicit, but it will happen. Good effectiveness and efficiency studies will make this rationing more informed.Good practical guidelines, such as the Therapeutic Guidelines series, are clearly very important and extremely useful. They could be made even more relevant to the patient in front of the doctor, by being less dependent on efficacy studies. We should make more use of effectiveness and efficiency studies and abandon the censorship of the evidence drawn from them. R E F E R E N C E S1.Haynes B. Can it work? Does it work? Is it worth it? Br Med J 1999;319:652-3.2.Greenhalgh T. Is my practice evidence-based? Br Med J 1996;313:957-8. E-mail: john.marley@.au115。
中层干部八大核心管理技能
管理縱橫技能-八.管理發展簡史
〄管理發展簡史
1776年 1911年 1913年 1916年 1933年 1945年 1953年 1960年 1972年 系統管理 科學管理 官僚制度 行政管理 人際關系 定量管理 組織行為 系統理論 權變理論 勞動分工 鐵鍬實驗 亞當〃斯密 弗雷德裡克〃泰勒 馬克斯〃韋伯 亨利〃法約爾 梅奧 戴明 道格拉斯〃麥格裡格 切斯特〃巴納德
中層干部八大核心管理技能
制作〆Power&Andy
Agenda
1. 管理縱橫技能 2.时间管理技能 3.有效授权技能
4.组织沟通技能
5.团队管理技能
6.目标管理技能
7.有效决策技能 8.有效领导技能
中層干部八大核心管理技能之一
管理縱橫技能
Management&Managers
3）會後控制
〄會議結束前運用“會議檢查表” 〄“會議記錄”有效性的秘訣 〄會後個人承擔的行動項目和責任控制
時間管理技能-一.善用生命的資源
工作場所中10位時間的竊賊
時間的竊賊 3.電話人 原因 方便自己還是方便別人〇 解決行動〆 1）有些瑣事讓助手或秘書決定々 2）工作電話要有紀錄々 3）養成3分鐘內把問題解決並掛掉電話的
工作場所中10位時間的竊賊
時間的竊賊 5.別人打擾 解決行動〆 確認工作的目標和價值。 6.拖延 解決行動〆 找借口 原因 “面子”
遲早都要做，不如現在做。
時間管理技能-一.善用生命的資源
工作場所中10位時間的竊賊
時間的竊賊 7.不當的受托 原因 逞強，好表現 解決行動〆 1）集中精力做好分內之事々 2）勇於說“不”。
管理縱橫技能
一. 二. 三. 四. 五. 六. 七. 八. 管理是什麼〇 誰是管理者〇 管理者做什麼〇 深入理解管理 管理者的角色 管理者理念 管理者的素質 管理發展簡史
你知道临床试验中Efficacy,effectiveness和efficiency的区别吗？
你知道临床试验中Efficacy,effectiveness和efficiency的区别吗？：是指药物在实验室中或临床试验研究的理想环境下所能达到的最⼤预期效效Efficacy：是指药物在实验室中或临床试验研究的理想环境下所能达到的最⼤预期果。
为什么医⽣有时觉得治疗指南与现实中的治疗看起来不相关呢？指南多数是由循证的随机对照试验结果⽽得出。
这些试验可以⽤于评估治疗的有效性（efficacy）。
但是，临床试验研究却不能保证没有严重的偏倚。
尽管临床试验研究可能会筛选很多⼈，然后选择其中少数⼈参与研究，但研究的结果可能适⽤于被排除的少数⼈中。
参与试验的研究⼈⼝更趋向于年轻的，⽩种⼈，男性，仅患单⼀疾病，且应⽤单⼀治疗⽅法。
但现实中⼤多数患者并不符合这⼀要求。
他们往往同时患有多种疾病，需要服⽤多种药物，或者年龄太⼩或太⼤，⽽被排除在临床试验之外。
我们应该将“Efficacy”定义为“在理想的情况下，如在⼀个随机临床试验中，药物可达到的预期效果”。
Effectiveness：是指药物在现实临床中是有效的。
与efficacy不同，⼀种治疗如果它在真实条件下有效果，说明这种治疗是有效的（effective）。
在真实条件下，药物的剂量、使⽤频率和患者群体都是临床随机试验研究中所没测试过的。
临床中的有效性是不能在对照试验中进⾏测定的，因为⽆法按照研究规范设置纳⼊标准。
Effectiveness可以被定义为“⼀种药物在真实的临床条件下，通过观察性研究评估其实际疗效。
Efficiency：我们应该多利⽤效益和效率的研究和舍弃⼀些不必要的审查。
Efficiency取决于⼀种药物的价值是否与个⼈或社会⽀付的费⽤相当。
循证医学中最有效的治疗未必是最划算的治疗，也可能是患者难以承受的治疗。
在所有国家都不可能让所有⼈同时享有最合理的医疗保健。
既有良好的临床有效性effectiveness⼜能符合好的成本效益efficiency的研究将使更多患者受益。
效率英语单词
效率英语单词以下是20个关于“效率”相关的单词：一、efficiency（效率；效能；功效）1. 单词用法- 作不可数名词。
例如：The new machine has greatly improved the efficiency of production.（新机器极大地提高了生产效率。
）2. 近义词- effectiveness（有效性；效力），productivity（生产力；生产率）3. 短语搭配- energy efficiency（能源效率）；efficiency improvement（效率改进）4. 双语例句- We should strive to raise the efficiency of our work.（我们应该努力提高工作效率。
）二、productivity（生产率；生产力；多产）1. 单词用法- 作不可数名词。
例如：High - tech equipment can boost productivity in the factory.（高科技设备能提高工厂的生产率。
）2. 近义词- output（产量；输出），yield（产量；收益）3. 短语搭配- labour productivity（劳动生产率）；increase productivity（提高生产率）4. 双语例句- Thepany is trying various methods to enhance productivity.（公司正在尝试各种方法来提高生产率。
）三、effectiveness（有效性；效力）1. 单词用法- 作不可数名词。
例如：The effectiveness of this medicine needs to be further tested.（这种药的有效性需要进一步测试。
）2. 近义词- efficiency（效率；效能），validity（有效性；正确性）3. 短语搭配- cost - effectiveness（成本效益；性价比）；effectiveness evaluation（有效性评估）4. 双语例句- We are concerned about the effectiveness of the new teaching method.（我们关注新教学方法的有效性。
Unit 4 Sports 课后练习
• He was working on a new book D I went to see him. A. first time B. for the first time C. by the first time D. the first time 语境: 我第一次去看他的时候，他正在写一本新书. The first time 作为名词词 组可引导时间状语从句。类似的还有the last time, next time, the moment等
3.With all the items his son needed C , she rushed him to the school. A. to buy B. buying C. bought D. to be bought With的复合结构中，his son needed为all the items的定语，过去分词bought 表示buy的动作已结束，与items之间为逻辑上的动宾关系。
1. A such a have loss, the businessman didn’t have the courage to go on. A. Having suffered B. Suffering C. To suffer D. Suffered 考察非谓语动词形式作状语.意为遭受严重损失后，那位商人没有勇气继续 做生意了。因为遭受重创先发生，故用现在分词的完成式. 2. D the window, my finger was seriously cut. A. Having cleaned B. To cleaned C. While cleaning D. While I was cleaning 考察非谓语动词的用法.也就是说，主句动作发生在从句动作过程中，所以 A和B不对，C要求cleaning 的逻辑主语要与主句的主语一致，所以也不对； 当分词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时，只能用状语从句。
形容词和副词
形容词和副词1.temporary adj. 临时的，暂时的；短暂的Most adolescent problems are temporary . 多数青少年问题是暂时性的。
n. 临时工，临时雇员plex adj. 复杂的；难懂的3.accurate adj. 精确的，准确的；正确无误的(常指文字，信息，测量) Police have stressed thatthis is the most accurate description of the killer to date...警方强调这是迄今对凶手最精确的描述。
4.efficient 与effective的区别efficient 高效；efficiency,意为“效率,功效”.effective 有效effectiveness,意为"效果,有效".increase efficiency of production and diminish cost of output（成本）His order to arrest me was no longer effective. Light clothes are effective in keeping cool in warm weather.The faith I placed in my doctor’s treatment perhaps helped in its effectiveness.5.constant adj. 不断的，持续的The Forbidden City attracts a constant stream of visitors everyday, especially in national holidays.6.contain 包含Factory shops contain a wide range of cheap furnishings（furniture）7.consist in=lie in在于The beauty of the plan consists in its simplicity.consist with 和……保持一致Deeds should consist with words言行一致consist of 由……组成My diet consisted almost exclusively(唯一地) of chocolate-covered biscuits and glasses of milk.8.obese adj. 极为肥胖的lean adj. 瘦的；贫瘠的；简洁的；精干的Obese people tend to havehigher blood pressure than lean people.9.frustrate v. 挫败；阻挠；使受挫折Doesn't it frustrate you that audiences in the theatre are sorestricted?10.sensitive adj. 感性的易受影响的Compared with his sister, Jerry is more even sensitive to,and more easily troubled by, emotional and relationship problems.11.accessible adj. 易接近的，可达到的Frank put the medicine in a top drawer(抽屉) to make sureit would not be accessible to the kids.12.几倍The new stadium being built for the next Asian Games will be three times as big as thepresent(现在的目前的) one.13.deliberately 故意地Don’t defend him any more. It’s obvious that he deliberately destroyedthe fence of the garden even without apology.14.relevant 有关的I don’t think what he said is relevant to the topic we are discussion now. Hehas missed the point.15.stubborn 固执倔强的Joe is proud and stubborn, never admitting he is wrong and alwayslooking for someone else to blame.16.otherwise 否则Thanks for your directions to the house; we wouldn’t have found it otherwise.17.meanwhile 同时；在此期间；（引出某一情形的另一方面，尤指与前面提到的完全相反时)与之相比，然而Smoking, even at light levels, is harmful to health. Drinking with measure, meanwhile, is beneficial.18.dreadful 糟糕透顶的He told us the dreadful news. (强调糟糕程度)极其非常We’ve made adreadful mistake19.clumsy adj. 笨拙的；复杂难懂的I'd never seen a clumsier, less coordinated boxer20. ridiculous adj. 可笑的，荒谬的It was an absolutely ridiculous decision21. urgent adj. 急迫的；极力主张的There is an urgent need for food and water22. 四个“永远”的区别：（1）perpetual A perpetual feeling, state, or quality is one that never ends or changes.（continuing without interruption）不断的 a perpetual stream of visitors 不间断的客流I thought her perpetual complaints were going to prove too much for me. 我想我再也受不了她无休无止的抱怨了。
effect的各种变形
effect的各种变形Effect是一个非常常见的英文单词，它通常被翻译为“效果”，但实际上，它还有许多其他的译法和变形。
在本文中，我们将探讨Effect的各种变形及其用法。
1. Effect首先，让我们来看看Effect的基本译法。
Effect是名词，表示“结果”、“影响”或“效果”。
例如：The effect of the medicine was immediate.（这种药的效果立竿见影。
）The new policy had a positive effect on the economy.（新政策对经济产生了积极的影响。
）2. AffectAffect是Effect的动词形式，表示“影响”、“作用于”或“使受到影响”。
例如：The bad weather affected our travel plans.（恶劣的天气影响了我们的旅行计划。
）The teacher's words affected the student deeply.（老师的话深深地影响了学生。
）3. EffectiveEffective是Effect的形容词形式，表示“有效的”、“有成效的”或“起作用的”。
例如：The new strategy was very effective in increasing sales.（新战略在增加销售方面非常有效。
）The medicine was very effective in treating the disease.（这种药治疗这种病非常有效。
）4. EffectivenessEffectiveness是Effective的名词形式，表示“有效性”、“成效”或“功效”。
例如：The effectiveness of the new policy remains to be seen.（新政策的有效性还有待观察。
）The effectiveness of the medicine has been proven in clinical trials.（这种药的功效已在临床试验中得到证明。
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Effect影响，效果adverse effect 副作用
Effective管用的，有效的effective method 有用的方法
Effectiveness
1. 有效性，管用性.
I doubt the effectiveness of the medicine. 我怀疑这种药的有效性。
2. 效益，更宽泛一些, 不那么具体, 指整体的有效程度。
3. （实际）效果，可指在临床实践中（即临床实际应用时）药物或治疗方案的起效程度（与efficacy相反）。
Efficiency
1. 效率（规定时间内的成果），比如一个人，一个机器的效率每人每天能做多少事情。
The efficiency of a washing machine in washing clothes in much higher than that of a man. 洗衣机洗衣服的效率比人高多了。
Efficacy功效，（理想）效力，比如预期疗效。
collective Efficacy 集体效能
Potency效能，力量，潜力，权势，多指药物的生物效能。
toxic potency 毒效
“正确地做事”强调的是效率（effciency），其结果是让我们更快地朝目标迈进；“做正确的事”强调的则是效能（effectivenss），其结果是确保我们的工作是在坚实地朝着自己的目标迈进。
管理大师彼得·德鲁克曾在《有效的主管》一书中简明扼要地指出：“效率是‘以正确的方式做事’，而效能则是“做正确的事”。
效率和效能不应偏废，但这并不意味着效率和效能具有同样的重要性。
我们当然希望同时提高效率和效能，但在效率与效能无法兼得时，首先应着眼于效能，然后设法提高效率。
“正确地做事”强调的是效率，其结果是让我们更快地朝目标迈进；“做正确的事”强调的则是效能，其结果是确保我们的工作是在坚实地朝着自己的目标迈进。
换句话说，效率重视的是做一件工作的最好方法，效能则重视时间的最佳利用——这包括做或是不做某一项工作。
麦肯锡卓越工作方法的最大秘诀就是，每一个麦肯锡人在开始工作前必须先确保自己是在“做正确的事”。
“正确地做事”是以“做正确的事”为前提。