医学微生物学与免疫学.doc

合集下载

微生物学与免疫学教学大纲

微生物学与免疫学教学大纲

中国海洋大学本科生课程大纲课程属性:公共基础/通识教育/学科基础/专业知识/工作技能,课程性质:必修、选修一、课程介绍《微生物学与免疫学》是一门介绍微生物学与免疫学基本理论、基础知识和药学应用的课程,属于生物学的分支学科,包含免疫学内容的微生物学是高等院校医学类、药学类、生物类专业必开的重要基础课或专业基础课。

1.课程描述:该课程涵盖了微生物学和免疫学两个部分,微生物学是生物学的一个分支学科,免疫学是从微生物学分离出的一个独立学科,免疫学的发展只有100年左右的历史,已经成为基础医学中的一门重要医学基础课。

生物学和免疫学都已经在生物学、医学领域各自发展成为重要的两个学科方向,并且是两门独立的重要课程。

《微生物学与免疫学》是一门跨多学科的课程。

课该程内容涵盖了微生物学和免疫学两个部分,每一部分都具有跨学科性。

微生物研究内容涉及了生物学的多个学科,如形态学结构、生理学、生物化学、遗传学、生态学、分类学、传染与免疫学等。

其研究范围已经深入与扩大到工业、农业、海洋、水产、宇宙、食品、医药、畜牧等领域。

微生物学与生物化学、遗传学交叉形成了分子生物学,微生物基因组学则是数、理、化、信息、计算机等多学科交叉的结果。

免疫学是以研究免疫系统的组成、功能以及相关疾病的基本免疫机制为主要内容,以发展有效的免疫学措施达到预防与治疗疾病为目的的一门科学。

它涉及医学多门学科知识,如组织解剖、生理生化、分子细胞生物学、遗传学、病理学以及临床医学,它是一门多学科相互渗透极强的前沿学科。

免疫学是内容抽象、系统复杂、知识更新速度快、理论性强的生命科学前沿学科。

组成免疫系统的器官、细胞、分子借助血管、淋巴管连接,遍及全身各处。

众多的免疫器官、免疫细胞、免疫分子、免疫基因之间相互作用,不是简单的一对一线性关系,而是错综复杂的非线性相互反应,由多种传导信号系统介入,产生一系列不同的免疫功能。

诸如此类构成了免疫学的复杂网络特点。

20世纪70年代以来,借助分子生物学发展的成就,免疫学在以基因、分子、细胞、整体功能各有不同、互为基础的层次上研究免疫细胞生命活动的基本规律,开拓了认识生命奥秘的诸多重要途径。

《医学微生物与免疫学》复习资料

《医学微生物与免疫学》复习资料

《医学微生物学与免疫学》复习资料细菌的合成代谢产物中,对人有致病作用的、、。

正常菌群在、和条件下可转化为条件致病菌。

破伤风梭菌的致病条件是 __________ ,__________从甲型到丙型的五种肝炎病毒中,主要经血液传播的有__________ 、__________和 __________ 。

沙眼衣原体的传染途径是___________,所致疾病是___________ 。

免疫系统由_____ ___、___ _____、____ ____组成。

免疫功能表现为 ___________ 、 ___________ 、 ___________ 三方面。

最常引起脓毒血症的化脓性球菌是___________ 。

细菌在液体培养基中的生长现象有________、__________、_________。

高压蒸汽灭菌法的蒸汽压力为_________,温度是____ _,维持时间是____ _。

皮肤癣真菌是通过__________传染,引起 __________ 。

机体抵抗病原体入侵的第一道防线是屏障。

Ⅰ型超敏反应的发生有两阶段:无症状的阶段和有症状的阶段。

简述破伤风梭菌的特异性防治。

简述Ⅰ型超敏反应的防治原则。

在温度和时间相同的前提下,为什么湿热灭菌的效果优于干热灭菌?试分析引起外科手术切口感染的病原菌的来源。

(想想:手术的步骤,可能接触的物品等)乙肝病毒的传播途径主要有哪些?临床上乙肝“两对半”检查包括哪几项?列表比较人工自动免疫和人工被动免疫的主要区别。

简述如何预防乙型肝炎。

1.青霉素的杀菌机制是:A.干扰脂多糖合成B.抑制黏肽的合成C.干扰磷壁酸的合成D.抑制蛋白质的合成E.干扰细菌DNA的复制1.与致病有关的细菌代谢产物是:A.色素 B.细菌素 C.热原质 D.维生素 E.B+C2.某婴儿室护士采用煮沸法消毒婴儿配乳用品时,为提高沸点,可在水中加入:A.0.9%氯化钠 B.1%~2%过氧乙酸 C.0.5%亚硝酸钠D.1%~2%碳酸氢钠 E.1%~3%过氧化氢3.引起同胞兄弟之间移植排斥反应的抗原属于:A.异种抗原B.同种异型抗原C.自身抗原D.异嗜性抗原E.共同抗原4.ABO血型的天然抗体是:A.IgAB.IgMC.IgGD.IgDE.SIgA5.新生儿从初乳获得的免疫球蛋白是:A.IgAB.IgMC.IgGD.IgDE.SIgA6.在环境卫生,饮水卫生和食品卫生学中,常用做被粪便污染的检测指标的细菌是:A. 肺炎链球菌B.大肠埃希菌C.痢疾杆菌D.伤寒杆菌E.变形杆菌7.痢疾患者的粪便标本进行分离、培养应选用:A.肉汤培养基B.血平板C.葡萄琼脂平板D.厌氧培养基E.SS平板8.破伤风的紧急预防应注射:A.类毒素B.抗生素C.抗毒素D.抗毒素E.丙种球蛋白9.以下哪个不属于Ⅰ型超敏反应性疾病:A.皮肤过敏B.消化道过敏C.接触性皮炎D.过敏性休克E.呼吸道过敏10.一名未接种过卡介苗,外观上健康的中年人,当结核菌素试验阳性时,下列哪一项解释是错误的:A.不需要接种卡介苗B.未患过活动性结核病C.对结核病有免疫力D.需要接种卡介苗E.A+C11.能杀灭除细菌芽胞以外的所有致病微生物的方法是:A.清洁 B.消毒 C.灭菌 D.抑菌 E.抗菌12.紫外线的杀菌机理为:A.产生高热 B.损伤细胞膜 C.产生毒素D.产生热原质 E.干扰DNA的正常碱基配对13.关于再次应答,下述哪项是正确的:A、抗体出现慢,消失快B、抗体出现快,含量高,维持时间长C、产生的抗体主要为 IgMD、均能造成组织损伤E、抗体出现慢,维持时间长14.机体抵抗病原体入侵的第一道防线是:A.血脑屏障B.皮肤粘膜屏障C.胎盘屏障D.吞噬细胞E.补体15.不可用于预防Ⅰ型超敏反应的措施是:A.脱敏处理B.避免接触变应原C. 增强免疫力D. 肾上腺素E.皮肤试验16.患者,女性,76 岁。

病原生物学(医学微生物学跟免疫学)课程教学大纲文档

病原生物学(医学微生物学跟免疫学)课程教学大纲文档

病原生物学(微生物)课程教学大纲课程简介一、课程简介医学微生物学与免疫学为一门医学基础课,其包括医学微生物学的细菌、真菌和病毒,及与病原生物学相关的免疫学的抗原、免疫球蛋白、补体、免疫应答、抗感染免疫和超敏反应等免疫学基础内容。

医学微生物学主要研究与人体健康有关的病原微生物的生物学性状、致病性和免疫性,以及所引起疾病的生物学、免疫学诊断和防治。

免疫学基础主要研究免疫系统的组成、结构与功能、各类免疫应答发生发展规律,以及免疫学理论在疾病诊治中的应用。

通过本课程学习,能使学生较为全面掌握与医学有关的主要病原微生物的生物学特性与致病性,认识人体对病原微生物的免疫作用,感染与免疫相互关系,以及所引起疾病的病原学检测、免疫学诊断方法及防治原则。

医学微生物学与免疫学既是一门医学基础课,又是一门与临床医学、预防医学密切相关桥梁课程,其内容渗透于医学相关的各学科。

因此,本课程着重基本理论与临床医学、预防医学实践相关知识的介绍,为学习其他医学相关知识奠定病原学和免疫学的基础。

本大纲适用于护理专科和本科、口腔医学专科、医学检验专科、乡村医学专科和临床医学专科二、总体要求通过本课程学习,要求学生能够:1.掌握细菌、真菌、病毒等病原体的生物学特性及其致病性。

2.掌握免疫系统的组成、结构和功能、及发生规律。

3.能理论联系实际,将医学微生物学、免疫学知识应用于临床医学、预防医学。

4.能在显微镜下识别主要病原体的形态特征,及微生物学检查的特点。

5.培养良好的学习习惯,提高发现问题、观察问题和解决问题的能力。

四、考核要求1.按照掌握、熟悉二个层次,记忆、解释和应用三个方面进行考核。

2.理论考核成绩占80%,题型为:①选择题、②填空题、③简答题(名词解释)、④问答题。

3.实验和平时成绩占20%。

第一部分医学微生物学概述学习目的和要求掌握:微生物的种类及各类微生物的结构特点了解:微生物的概念分布,微生物与人类及医学的关系课程内容一、微生物的概念微生物的概念、特点、微生物与人类的关系。

微生物学与免疫学

微生物学与免疫学

微生物学与免疫学
微生物学与免疫学是生物学的两个分支领域。

它们均被用于研究
各种生物体的结构,功能,发育和行为。

微生物学包括研究微量生物,即多种微小细菌,真菌,病毒和其他生物之间的关系。

免疫学研究同
一物种内部的免疫系统,包括免疫细胞,分子,反应机制和免疫反应。

微生物学研究了微生物是如何用来改变自然环境,以及如何影响
人类健康。

微生物学家通过研究这些微量生物的特性,发现它们如何
影响当下的疾病。

此外,它们也可以研究如何利用这些微生物来制备
有效的药物,并使用它们来进行食品加工。

此外,还可以研究微生物
如何影响不同气候条件下的农作物和使用它们来加速植物的生长。

而免疫学则是研究神经机能受损后,如何应对免疫反应中的相关
分子变化的领域。

免疫学家也研究免疫系统如何显示抗病毒,肿瘤等
抗性,以及抗生素如何来抗击有害微生物。

研究员们还探究了免疫反
应的内在调节机制,以及健康的状态下如何维持一个正常的免疫反应。

因此,从本质上来说,微生物学与免疫学是两个紧密相关的生物
学领域,它们都有助于我们了解更多关于生物体如何应对其环境以及
它们如何维护健康状态的信息。

医学免疫学与微生物学 实验指导

医学免疫学与微生物学 实验指导

《医学微生物学与医学免疫学》实验指导前言医学微生物学与免疫学是医学院校必设的基础课程之一,该学科具有理论与实践紧密结合的特点及实验教学在学科中的重要性。

本课程设置要求学生不仅要掌握基础理论、基本知识,而且要学习和掌握各项基本技能。

本书结合中药学专业的教学工作实际,编实验项目,每个实验说明实验目的,实验原理,实验内容方法,实验要求及注意事项,并附有一定量的思考题。

本书依教学进程安排实验次序,可帮助学生巩固基础理论知识,培养学生基本技能,提高教学效果。

实验学时:4学时形态二《医学微生物学》实验指导实验一细菌分布检测、理化及药物因素对细菌影响的检测(一)细菌分布的检测【实验目的与要求】1.掌握无菌操作技术。

2.熟悉细菌菌落的观察及计数方法。

3.了解微生物在自然界及正常人体的分布,增强无菌观念。

【实验原理】细菌广泛分布于自然界中,人的体表和与外界相通的腔道中也有细菌存在。

通过本次实验理解微生物学科实验中强调无菌操作、防止污染和感染的重要性,为今后在医疗实践中建立牢固的无菌观念打下基础。

【实验仪器、器材与试剂】1.实验仪器和器材:无菌平皿、普通琼脂平板、血平板、高层琼脂培养基、微波炉、无菌吸管、胶帽、酒精灯、打火机、无菌试管、试管架等。

2.实验试剂:自来水或纯净水、生理盐水等。

【实验项目、方法与步骤】1.空气中细菌分布的检测——沉降法(1)取一个普通琼脂平板并作好标记。

(2)置于实验室某处,揭开盖。

操作时不要用手接触培养基,以免造成结果误差。

(3)让培养基暴露在空气中30min,然后盖好皿盖,置37℃生化培养箱内培养18~24h。

(4)取出观察并纪录结果。

2.水中细菌分布的检测——倾注培养法(1)取已灭菌的吸管,套上胶帽。

(2)右手持吸管带胶帽的一端,其余部分迅速通过火焰,以杀灭吸管表面可能存在的细菌。

(3)以挤压胶帽的办法,吸取1ml自来水或纯净水,置于无菌平皿中(注意:不要错放入平皿盖内)。

(4)取已融化并冷却至50℃左右(手握感觉热而不烫手)的高层琼脂培养基,迅速倾15~20ml 入已盛有1ml待测水的平皿中,立即加上平皿盖,在实验台上轻轻水平摇动,使琼脂与水样充分混合,静置于台面,等待琼脂凝固。

医学微生物学与免疫学

医学微生物学与免疫学

医学微生物学与免疫学
医学微生物学与免疫学是两个关键的医学学科,它们在研究和应用中发挥着重要的作用。

微生物学研究微小生物的结构、生理特性、生活习性以及与宿主相互作用的方式。

免疫学研究人体对外来物质的免疫反应和免疫系统的功能。

微生物学在医学中的应用十分广泛。

微生物可以是病原体,引起疾病如细菌感染、病毒感染等。

微生物学的研究有助于了解病菌的生长、传播和致病机制,并找到相应的防治策略。

例如,研究微生物的药敏性可以指导抗生素的使用,以避免耐药性的产生。

此外,微生物学还对食品安全、环境保护等领域有重要影响,通过研究微生物的作用可以提高食品加工的卫生标准,减少环境污染的风险。

免疫学的研究和应用对于预防和治疗疾病至关重要。

免疫系统是人体对抗病原体的防线,免疫学的研究有助于了解人体免疫应答的机制和调节。

通过了解免疫系统中不同细胞和分子的相互作用,可以开发新的免疫治疗方法,如癌症免疫治疗和自身免疫疾病的治疗。

此外,免疫学的研究还有助于疫苗的开发,预防传染病的爆发和流行。

微生物学和免疫学之间有着密切的联系。

微生物可以影响免疫系统的功能,而免疫系统也可以影响微生物的生长和传播。

微生物学和免疫学的交叉研究可以帮助我们更好地理解疾病的发生和发展机制,从而
为疾病的预防和治疗提供新的思路和方法。

总之,医学微生物学和免疫学是两个相互补充的学科,它们的研究和应用对于人类健康具有重要意义。

随着科学技术的不断进步,我们对微生物和免疫系统的认识也在不断深化,相信它们将为医学领域的进一步发展做出更大的贡献。

医学免疫学与微生物学(Medical immunology and Microbiology)

医学免疫学与微生物学(Medical immunology and Microbiology)

医学免疫学与微生物学(Medical immunology and Microbiology)"Medical immunology and Microbiology" syllabus _ syllabus _ medical immunology and microbiology __ filterlingTeaching outline of medical immunology and MicrobiologyFirst, the nature and task of curriculumAccording to the National College of medical professional training objectives, higher medical college students characteristics of educational system and the State Education Commission formulated the basic requirements of main courses (College), medical immunology and medical microbiology for setting a course. This course is divided into two chapters. The first is medical immunology, which mainly teaches basic immunology, and the second is medical microbiology, including bacteriology, virology, and other three parts of microbiology.Medical immunology is one of the fastest growing subjects. It has penetrated into various fields of preclinical medicine and clinical medicine, and has formed many branches and interdisciplinary subjects. Medical immunology is the science of studying the composition and function of human immune system, the law and effect of immune response, and the pathogenesis, diagnosis and prevention of disease. Medical microbiology is the study of biological characteristics, heredity and variation, pathogenicity and immunity, laboratory diagnosis and prevention principles of pathogenic microorganisms related to medicine.Medical immunology and microbiology is a compulsory basicmedical course for clinical medical students. The task is to enable students to master the basic theory, basic knowledge and basic skills of medical immunology and microbiology, and lay the foundation for studying other basic medical courses and clinical medicine courses.Two, the basic requirements of curriculum teachingThe basic teaching requirement of this course is divided into two parts; in medical immunology teaching, students are required to master the composition and function of the immune system, immune response and regulation of physiological function, the basic mechanism of hypersensitivity reaction and the principle of prevention and treatment, and understand the relationship between immunological diseases, immunological applications in the medical practice; in medical microbiology teaching, students are required to master the bacteria, viruses and fungi, pathogenic microorganism morphology, structure, growth and reproduction, genetic variation and other biological characteristics, pathogenicity and immunity of pathogenic microorganisms, inspection methods and principle of prevention and treatment of microbial infections and pathogens, disinfection and sterilization method.The number of hours in this course is 90, the number of TV teaching hours is 18, and the experimental class hours are 27. This course is 5 credits.The first basic immunologyOverview (1 hours)[teaching content]First, the concept of modern immunology and ImmunologyTwo. The composition and function of the immune system[teaching requirements]Grasp the concepts of modern immunity and immunology, and the function of immune system.Be familiar with the composition of the immune system.To understand the main characteristics of immunology development today.Chapter 1 immune organs (3 hours)[teaching content]The structure and function of central immune organsTwo. The structure and function of peripheral immune organs[teaching requirements]To master the distribution of T and B lymphocytes in peripheral immune organs.Familiarity with the structure and function of the central andperipheral immune organs.Understanding the pathway of lymphocyte recirculation.The second chapter: immune cells (3 hours)[teaching content]Hematopoietic stem cellTwo, lymphocyte 1.T lymphocyte, 2.B lymphocyte 3.NK cellThree. Mononuclear phagocyteFour. Antigen presenting cellsFive. Other immune cells[teaching requirements]To grasp the surface markers, subclasses and functions of T and B lymphocytes, and the concept of antigen-presenting cells.Familiar with the concept of hematopoietic stem cells, the characteristics and functions of NK cells, the surface markers and major functions of mononuclear phagocytes, and understand the characteristics and functions of other immune cells.The third chapter: immunoglobulin (3 hours)[teaching content]The concept of immunoglobulin and antibodyTwo. The structure, functional region and enzymatic fragments of immunoglobulinThree. Biological activity of immunoglobulinFour. Immunoglobulin serotypes (antigenicity)Five. Characteristics and functions of various immunoglobulinsSix. Immunoglobulin genes and biosynthesisSeven. Artificial antibodies[teaching requirements]Grasp the concept of immunoglobulin and antibody, the structure, function and enzymatic fragments of immunoglobulin, biological activity of immunoglobulin.Familiar with the characteristics and functions of various immunoglobulins, and the concept of monoclonal antibodies.Understanding the serotypes, genes, and biosynthesis of immunoglobulins.The fourth chapter: complement system (3 hours)[teaching content]First, the concept of complementTwo. Composition and properties of complement systemThree. Activation of complement system1. activation of classical pathways2. alternative pathway activationFour. Regulation of complement system activationFive. The biological function of complement system[teaching requirements]Mastering the concept of complement and the biological function of complement system.Be familiar with the activation and regulation of complement system.Understanding the site and nature of complement formation.The fifth chapter cytokines (1.5 hours)[teaching content]First, the concept of cytokinesTwo. Kinds of cytokinesThree. Characteristics of cytokinesFour. The biological role of cytokinesFive. Characteristics and biological activities of major cytokines[teaching requirements]To grasp the concept and classification of cytokines.Understanding the characteristics and biological functions of cytokines.The sixth chapter antigen (2 hours)[teaching content]The concept of antigenTwo. The factors that determine immunogenicityThree. Specificity and cross reactivity of antigenFour. Classification of antigensFive. Important antigen substances in medicine[teaching requirements]The basic concepts of antigen, antigen determinant, thymus dependent antigen, non thymus dependent antigen, complete antigen and hapten are mastered.Familiar with the factors that determine immunogenicity, important antigen substances in medicine.The seventh chapter is mainly about the histocompatibility complex and its products (2 hours)[teaching content]First, the concept of MHCGene structure of two and HLAThree. Structure, distribution and function of HLA moleculeThe medical significance of four and HLA[teaching requirements]Master the basic concepts of MHC.Familiar with the structure, distribution and function of HLA molecules.Understanding the genetic structure of HLA and its medical significance.The eighth chapter was immune response (5 hours)[teaching content]- overview of immune responseTwo, B cell-mediated humoral immune response(I) the process of B cell response induced by thymus dependent antigen(two) the general law of antibody production and its medical significance(three) humoral immune effectThree. Cell-mediated immune response(1) cell-mediated immune response mediated by TD cells(two) cell-mediated immune response mediated by Tc cellsFour. Immune tolerance(1) the concept of immune tolerance(two) factors affecting the formation of immune tolerance(three) the characteristics and clinical significance of immune toleranceFive. Negative feedback regulation of immune response(1) negative feedback regulation of antibodies(two) Regulation of Ts cells[teaching requirements]To understand the concept and characteristics of immune response, the process of B cell response induced by thymus dependent antigen, the general rule of antibody production, the cell-mediated immune response mediated by TD cells and Tc cells, and the concept of immune tolerance.Familiar with the characteristics of immune tolerance.To understand the negative feedback regulation of immune response and the factors influencing immune tolerance formation.The ninth chapter hypersensitivity (4 - 5 hours)[teaching content]First, the concept and classification of hypersensitivityTwo. The pathogenesis of various types of hypersensitivity and common diseasesPrinciple of prevention and treatment of type three and I hypersensitivity diseases[teaching requirements]To understand the concept and classification of hypersensitivity, and the pathogenesis of each type of hypersensitivity reaction.Familiar with the clinical types of hypersensitivity diseases, I type hypersensitivity disease prevention and treatment principles.The tenth chapter immunology application (2 hours)[teaching content]First, immune prevention and control(1) artificial immunity and artificial passive immunity(two) commonly used biological agents for artificial immunity(three) precautions for vaccination 122Two 、 immunological detection(1) antigen and antibody reactions and their detection methods1. characteristics of antigen antibody reaction in vitro2. factors affecting antigen antibody reaction3. commonly used antigen antibody reaction detection method(two) detection of immune function of organism1. commonly used in vitro detection2. commonly used in vivo detection[teaching requirements]Master the concepts of artificial immunity and artificial passive immunity, and commonly used biological agents for artificial immunity.Familiar with the types of vaccination and precautions.To understand the characteristics, influencing factors and common detection methods of antigen antibody reaction in vitro, it is commonly used in vitro and in vivo detection methods of immune function.Second Medical MicrobiologySummary[teaching content]First, the concept and classification of microorganismsTwo. The relationship between microorganisms and human beingsThree. The concept and category of medical microbiologyFour. General situation and current situation of medical microbiology[teaching requirements]Grasp the concepts of microorganisms, pathogenic microorganisms and medical microbiology.Familiar with the classification of microorganisms and their relationship with human beings.To understand the category and development of medical microbiology.Bacteriology part (eleventh to twenty-third)The eleventh chapter is the morphology and structure of bacteria (2 hours, including an overview)[teaching content]First, the size and morphology of bacteriaTwo. The structure of bacteria(1) the basic structure of bacteria(two) the special structure of bacteriaThree. The principle of bacterial morphology examination[teaching requirements]Master the typical and atypical bacteria morphology, cell wall structure and characteristics of G and G + bacteria, special structure and medical significance of bacteria.Familiar with the units for measuring bacteria, the basic structure of bacteria, and the significance of gram staining.To understand the examination method of bacterial morphology.The twelfth chapter is the growth, reproduction and metabolism of bacteria (2 hours)[teaching content]First, the nutrients of bacteriaTwo. Growth and reproduction of bacteriaThree. Metabolites of bacteria and their significanceFour. Artificial culture of bacteria[teaching requirements]Grasp the conditions, methods and speed of bacterial growth and reproduction, the types and significance of bacterial synthetic metabolites.Familiarity with bacterial growth curves and the significance of catabolic products.To understand the methods of artificial culture of bacteria, the common medium, the growth of bacteria in the culture medium and the practical significance of artificial culture of bacteria.The thirteenth chapter: heredity and variation of bacteria (2 hours)[teaching content]First, the concept of heredity and variationTwo. Examples of bacterial variationThree. The material basis of bacterial genetic variationFour. The mechanism of bacterial variationFive. The practical application of bacterial variation[teaching requirements]Grasp the basic concepts of heredity, variation, plasmid and bacteriophage.Familiar with bacterial common variation and the mechanism of variation.Understanding the practical application of bacterial variation.The fourteenth chapter: pathogenicity of bacteria (3 hours)[teaching content]First, the concept of pathogenicity and virulence of bacteriaTwo. Invasive ability of bacteria(1) surface structure of bacteria(two) invasive enzymesThree. Bacterial toxins(a) exotoxin(two) endotoxinFour, the number of bacteria and invasion of the portalFive. The occurrence, development and outcome of infection(1) the source of infection(two) the way of infection(three) the type of infection[teaching requirements]Master the concept of bacterial virulence factors, bacterial invasion, characteristic and difference between inside and outside the bacterial toxin, the concept of dominant recessive infection infection, bacteremia, sepsis, carriers, sepsis, sepsis.Be familiar with the source and mode of infection.Understanding the number of bacteria and the relationship between portal invasion and disease.The fifteenth chapter is antibacterial immunity (1 hours)[teaching content]First, the nonspecific defense function of organism(1) barrier structure(two) phagocytes(three) antibacterial substances in body fluidsTwo. Specific antibacterial immunity of organism(1) the function and characteristics of humoral immunity(two) the function and characteristics of cellular immunity[teaching requirements]To master the antibacterial action of skin, mucous membrane, placenta and blood-brain barrier, and the process and result of phagocytosis and sterilization by phagocytes.Familiarity with antibacterial activity and characteristics of humoral and cellular immunity.To understand the types and functions of antibacterial substances in body fluids.The sixteenth chapter disinfection and sterilization (1 hours)[teaching content]First, physical disinfection and sterilization method(1) thermal sterilization(two) ultraviolet radiation and ionizing radiation sterilization(three) filtration sterilization methodTwo. Chemical disinfection(1) chemical disinfectants(two) the action mechanism of chemical disinfectant(three) factors affecting the action of chemical disinfectants[teaching requirements]Grasp the concepts of disinfection, sterilization, asepsis and aseptic operation.Familiar with the commonly used thermal sterilization method, ultraviolet sterilization method, commonly used chemical disinfectants.To understand the action mechanism and influence factors of commonly used chemical disinfectants.The seventeenth chapter is the laboratory detection principle of bacterial infection (2 hours)[teaching content]Detection of pathogenic bacteria and their components(1) collection and submission of specimens(two) commonly used detection methodsTwo. Detection of bacterial specific antibodies(1) serological tests commonly used(two) precautions for detecting antibodies and analysisresults[teaching requirements]Familiar with specimen collection and submission, isolation, cultivation and identification of pathogenic bacteria, serological detection methods commonly used to understand the results of the note.The eighteenth chapter ~ twenty-three chapter bacteriology each part (8 hours)[teaching content]A pathogenic cocci: Staphylococcus, Streptococcus (including pneumococcus), Neisseria gonorrhoeaeTwo. Enterobacteriaceae: Escherichia, Salmonella, Shigella, and other intestinal bacteriaThree. Vibrio and Campylobacter; Vibrio cholerae and CampylobacterFour, anaerobic bacteria, anaerobic bacterium, PI anaerobicbacteriaFive. Mycobacterium: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, leprosy bacillusSix. Other pathogenic bacteria[teaching requirements]This part is mainly based on self-study. Familiar with the main biological characteristics of pathogenic bacteria, pathogenicity and immunity, laboratory examination principles and principles of prevention and treatment.Virology part (twenty-fourth to thirty-second)Summary[teaching content]Basic concepts and characteristics of virusesThe twenty-fourth chapter is the basic character and classification of virus (3 hours)[teaching content]The morphology, structure and chemical composition of the virus(1) the size and morphology of the virus(two) the structure and chemical composition of virusesTwo. Virus proliferation and interference(1) proliferation of viruses(two) the interference of virusThree, physical and chemical factors on the impact of the virusFour. Classification of viruses(1) modern classification(two) clinical classification[teaching requirements]Grasp the basic concept, basic structure, proliferation mode and proliferation cycle of virus.Familiar with the chemical composition and interference phenomenon of virus.To understand the influence of physical and chemical factors on the virus, and to classify the virus.The twenty-fifth chapter: virus infection and immunity (3 hours)[teaching content]Infection and pathogenicity of viruses(1) the route of viral infection and its diffusion in vivo(two) the results and pathogenesis of viral infection(three) the type of virus infectionTwo. Antiviral immunity(1) nonspecific immunity(two) specific immunity[teaching requirements]Grasp the way of virus infection and the way of diffusing in vivo.Be familiar with the pathogenesis of viral infection and the type of infection.Understanding the mechanism of organism antiviral infection.The twenty-sixth chapter is the laboratory detection principle of virus infection (1.5 hours)[teaching content]First, specimen collection and processingTwo, commonly used detection methods(1) detection of virus bodies(two) detection of viral antigens and antibodies(three) detection of viral nucleic acids[teaching requirements]To understand the sample collection, treatment and common detection methods of virus infection.The twenty-seventh chapter is the prevention and cure principle of virus infection (O.5 hours)[teaching content]First, the specific prevention of viral infection(1) artificial immunity(two) artificial passive immunityTwo. Prevention and treatment of viral infectionThe twenty-fifth chapter: virus infection and immunity (3 hours)[teaching content]Infection and pathogenicity of viruses(1) the route of viral infection and its diffusion in vivo(two) the results and pathogenesis of viral infection(three) the type of virus infectionTwo. Antiviral immunity(1) nonspecific immunity(two) specific immunity[teaching requirements]Grasp the way of virus infection and the way of diffusing in vivo.Be familiar with the pathogenesis of viral infection and the type of infection.Understanding the mechanism of organism antiviral infection.The twenty-sixth chapter is the laboratory detection principle of virus infection (1.5 hours)[teaching content]First, specimen collection and processingTwo, commonly used detection methods(1) detection of virus bodies(two) detection of viral antigens and antibodies(three) detection of viral nucleic acids[teaching requirements]To understand the sample collection, treatment and common detection methods of virus infection.The twenty-seventh chapter is the prevention and cure principle of virus infection (O.5 hours)[teaching content]First, the specific prevention of viral infection(1) artificial immunity(two) artificial passive immunityTwo. Prevention and treatment of viral infection[teaching requirements]Be familiar with artificial immune preparations commonly used in viral infections. Understand the commonly used drugs for the prevention and treatment of viral infections.Twenty-eighth chapters to thirty-two chapters on Virology (9 hours)[teaching content]Respiratory viruses(1) influenza virus(two) other respiratory virusesTwo. Enterovirus(1) poliovirus(two) the coxsackie and echovirus (three) other enterovirusesThree. Hepatitis virusFour, China(1) Japanese encephalitis virus (two) epidemic hemorrhagic fever virus Five. Other viruses(1) rabies virus(two) human immunodeficiency virus (three) herpes virus(four) rubella virus[teaching requirements]To grasp the main biological characteristics, pathogenicity and immunity of influenza virus, hepatitis virus and human immunodeficiency virusFamiliar with the main biological characteristics, pathogenicity and immunity of poliovirus, Japanese encephalitis virus, epidemic hemorrhagic fever virus, rabies virus, herpes virus and rubella virus.Understanding: common types of respiratory viruses, enteroviruses, and herpes viruses. Detection and prevention of the above viruses thirdThirty-third chapter to thirty-seven chapter other pathogenic microorganism (2 hours)[teaching content]Mycoplasma aChlamydia trachomatis twoRickettsia threeFour, helicoidFive. Pathogenic fungi[teaching requirements]Grasp the basic concepts of mycoplasma, chlamydia, Rickettsia, leptospira and fungi.Familiar with the main biological characteristics, pathogenicity and immunity of mycoplasma, chlamydia, Rickettsia, leptospira and fungi.To understand the detection and prevention principles of pathogenic microorganisms.Experiment (27 hours, 3 hours per experiment)Precipitation reaction(1) two-way agar diffusion test(two) one way agar diffusion testTwo. Agglutination reaction(I) agglutination test in vitro(two) slide agglutinationThree. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assayDouble antibody sandwich method for the detection of early pregnancy (using Kit)Four. Bacterial morphology, special structure observation and microscope use(1) observation of basic morphologyCoccus, bacillus, vibrio.(two) observation of special structureSpores, capsule, flagella, fimbriae.(three) microscopeFive. Bacterial culture and staining examination(1) colony observationSmooth, rough, mucoid.(two) observation of pigment and hemolysis(three) Gram staining methodIn experiment six, tetanus exotoxin of pathogenic and antitoxin protective effect (animal experiment)Seven. Determination of anti streptococcal hemolysin "O" (using Kit)Eight, endotoxin (pyrogen) -- Determination of limulus test (the kit)Nine. Methods of virus culture and laboratory diagnosis。

微生物学与免疫学和康复治疗

微生物学与免疫学和康复治疗

微生物学与免疫学和康复治疗
微生物学、免疫学和康复治疗是医学领域中非常重要的三个分支,它们各自拥有着独特的特点和功能,联合起来可以对许多疾病的治疗
起到至关重要的作用。

下面我们分别详细介绍一下这三个方面。

微生物学,是对微生物的结构、形态、生理、代谢、遗传等方面
的研究。

微生物具有很多种类,其中一些对人体健康有很大影响,如
细菌、病毒、真菌等。

有些微生物同人体形成共生状态,对人体健康
有好处,而一些微生物则会侵入人体并导致感染、疾病等不良后果。

了解微生物的特性,并采取相应的治疗措施,可以有效防治微生物引
起的疾病,如感冒、流感、肺炎、结核病等。

免疫学,则是研究机体如何识别、消灭外来侵入者的知识学科。

人体对外来入侵者有着非常完备的防御机制,包括天然免疫和获得性
免疫两个方面。

天然免疫是一种非特异性免疫,是指机体先天对抗病
原微生物的能力;获得性免疫是通过具体的抵御机体免疫损伤,能够
及时恢复机体正常功能状态。

康复治疗是指通过一系列综合性疗法,包括物理治疗、运动治疗、心理治疗等方法,恢复患者的生理功能、心理状态和社会适应能力的
一种治疗方案。

康复治疗可以切实帮助患者尽快恢复身体功能,提高
生活质量,并促进患者的康复;而对于一些不可逆性疾病,康复治疗
也可以帮助患者避免进一步的生理和心理损伤。

三个学科都与人的健康密切相关,它们之间有着密切的联系和互相作用,相互配合和支持,才能更加有效地维护人体健康。

未来,我们需要加大对三个学科的研究,拓展应用范围,进一步发展先进技术和治疗手段,促进健康医疗事业的高质量发展。

  1. 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
  2. 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
  3. 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。

医学微生物学与免疫学实验指导(供医疗、护理、口腔、药学等专业用)主编:彭效祥班级:学号:姓名:山东万杰医专微免教研室编制2007年6月12日目录实验项目一细菌形态及结构观察 (3)实验项目二细菌形态学检查法 (4)实验项目三细菌的分布 (6)实验项目四细菌的消毒及药敏试验 (7)实验项目五血型抗原检测 (9)实验项目六免疫球蛋白的测定 (10)实验项目七细菌凝集反应 (12)实验项目八琼脂双扩散试验 (13)实验一细菌形态及结构观察一、实验目的1、熟悉显微镜油镜的使用方法,学生能独立用油镜观察细菌标本。

2、认识细菌的基本形态及特殊结构----鞭毛、荚膜、芽胞等。

二、实验内容1、显微镜油镜的使用方法及维护2、细菌形态及结构观察三、实验仪器、设备及材料1、显微镜2、标本(鞭毛、荚膜、芽胞、葡萄球菌、链球菌等)四、实验原理细菌较小,肉眼不能直接观察,通过显微镜放大1000倍后观察细菌的形态结构五、实验步骤1、显微镜油镜使用由指导教师讲解、演示、学生自己操作2、细菌的基本形态观察—个人操作个人使用油镜观察细菌中的球菌、杆菌、弧菌等形态标本片。

3、细菌的特殊结构观察—示教认真观察示教标本——芽孢、荚膜及鞭毛形态。

六、实验报告要求绘出观察到的细菌形态及结构图。

七、实验注意事项1、显微镜的正确使用2、避免压碎标本片和损坏镜头八、思考练习1、如何正确使用显微镜的油镜观察细菌2、绘制出细菌常见的形态与结构实验二细菌形态学检查法一、实验目的1、熟悉细菌涂片的制作。

2、掌握革兰氏染色法。

二、实验内容1、细菌涂片制作2、革兰氏染色法三、实验仪器、设备及材料1、菌种(金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌)、取菌环、玻璃片、生理盐水、酒精灯2、搪瓷盆、支架、冲洗瓶、染液(结晶紫或龙胆紫、碘液、95%酒精、稀释复红)四、实验原理1、G+菌细胞壁结构较致密, 含脂类少,乙醇不易透入, 95%乙醇可使细胞壁脱水,细胞间隙缩小,通透性下降,阻碍结晶紫和碘的复合物渗出;而G-菌的细胞壁结构较疏松, 含脂类量多.易被乙醇溶解, 致使细胞壁通透性增高, 细胞内的结晶紫和碘的复合物易被溶出而脱色.2、G+菌含大量核糖核酸镁盐,可与碘、结晶紫牢固结合,使已着色的细菌不易被脱色,G-菌含核糖核酸镁盐少,易被脱色。

3、G+菌等电点(PH2-3)比G-菌等电点(PH4-5)低,在同一PH染色环境中,G+菌比G-菌带的负电荷多,与带正电荷的碱性染料(结晶紫)结合牢固,不易脱色。

五、实验步骤1、细菌涂片制作—个人操作(1)、取洁净载玻片一张,于中心滴加生理盐水一小滴(2)、用铂金耳以无菌手续取菌少许,涂于生理盐水中,使成1cm2左右微混浊菌液,待干。

(3)、将涂片通过火焰三次,固定菌膜即成。

2、染色(1)、初染加结晶紫染液于涂片上,染一分钟后,用水洗去染液.(2)、媒染加碘液染一分钟,水洗.(3)、脱色加95%乙醇,不时摇动30秒,至无紫色脱落为止,水洗.(4)、复染加稀释石炭酸复红液一分钟,水洗,干后镜检.六、实验报告要求记录涂片及染色过程及观察结果。

七、实验注意事项(1)、染色结果常受操作者技术影响,尤其是容易过度脱色,往往阳性染成阴性. (2)、在同一载玻片上,需用已知金黄色葡萄球菌及大肠埃希菌作革兰阳性及阴性对照.(3)、染色关键在于涂片与脱色,涂片不宜过厚,固定不宜过热,脱色不宜过度. (4)、菌龄为18~24小时为佳.八、思考练习1、涂片的制作方法及革兰氏染色法的步骤2、革兰氏染色法的意义实验三细菌的分布一、实验目的1、了解细菌在自然界及正常人体皮肤上的分布情况,树立无菌观念。

2、熟悉细菌的培养方法二、实验内容1、细菌在自然界的分布:空气、水、土壤中细菌的培养。

2、正常人皮肤细菌培养。

三、实验仪器、设备及材料普通固体培养基、取菌环、试管、吸管、恒温培养箱四、实验原理培养基、恒温箱为细菌提供合适的生长繁殖的条件,使细菌能够繁殖,根据菌落的多少来判断空气、水、土壤中细菌和正常人皮肤细菌的多少。

五、实验步骤1、细菌在自然界的分布—小组集体操作(1)、空气培养取普通琼脂平板培养基一个,标明班级、小组、实验名称后,敞开培养基在空气中暴露10分钟,盖好后送37ºC培养箱中培养,24小时后看结果。

(2)、水培养取普通琼脂平板培养基一个,标明班级、小组、实验名称,以吸管吸取自来水0.1毫升,以无菌手续加入培养基中,再以接种环涂匀,放培养箱培养,24小时后看结果。

(3)、土壤培养取普通琼脂平板培养基一个,标明班级、小组、实验名称,再取小试管一支,加无菌盐水1毫升,取土壤一小粒放入盐水中摇匀,以无菌吸管吸取上清液0.1毫升注入培养基内,再以接种环涂匀,放培养箱培养,24小时后看结果。

2、正常人皮肤细菌培养:取普通琼脂平板培养基一个,标明班级、小组、实验名称,小组中找一名同学用任一手指在培养基表面沾几次,放培养箱培养,24小时后看结果。

六、实验报告要求记录结果(空气、水、土壤中细菌数的多少,正常人皮肤细菌数的多少)并解释七、实验注意事项1、在操作的过程中尽量减少杂菌的污染2、注意接种环的使用,避免滑破培养基,影响观察八、思考练习1、空气、水、土壤哪个环境中细菌数较多,哪个比较少,为什么?2、人的皮肤表面分布大量细菌的生理意义实验四细菌的消毒及药敏试验一、实验目的1、熟悉常用消毒方法(煮沸、酒精、碘酒、新洁尔灭、过氧乙酸、紫外线等)2、熟悉细菌药敏试验的方法及意义二、实验内容1、常用的消毒试验2、细菌药敏试验三、实验仪器、设备及材料1、酒精灯、试管、试管夹、酒精、碘酒、新洁尔灭、过氧乙酸、普通琼脂平板培养基、接种环、培养箱、紫外线灯。

2、抗生素药敏纸(选用10种)、普通琼脂平板培养基、培养箱、镊子、葡萄球菌与大肠杆菌。

四、实验原理1、高温煮沸可以杀死细菌;紫外线可被细菌吸收,妨碍其D N A复制;化学消毒剂可使菌体蛋白变性、破坏酶系统影响其代谢或改变细菌的细胞壁或细胞膜的通透性而杀菌。

2、将含有一定量抗菌药物的纸片或药片,平贴于已接种被检细菌的琼脂培养基上,纸片或药片中的药物即呈梯度向周围扩散,敏感菌株在纸片或药片的周围生长受到抑制,而形成抑菌圈。

根据抑菌圈的大小,可判断细菌对抗菌药物的敏感性。

五、实验步骤1、常用消毒法试验(1)、皮肤消毒试验---小组集体操作取普通琼脂平板培养基一个,以蜡笔于其背面分成4个区,标明标记,然后由四个同学分别操作:第一人以75%酒精消毒食指后,涂抹第一区。

第二人以碘酒消毒食指后,涂抹第二区。

第三人以0.1%新洁尔灭消毒食指后涂抹第三区。

第四人以0.5%过氧乙酸消毒食指后涂抹第四区,作完后送培养箱培养,24小时后看结果。

(2)、煮沸消毒试验---小组集体操作①取普通琼脂平板培养基一个,以蜡笔分成两个区,标明标记。

②取试管1支,加自来水约1毫升,以吸管吸取0.1毫升,种入培养基的1/2区内涂匀,剩余的水加热煮沸5分钟,再以无菌吸管吸取0.1毫升,种入培养基的另1/2,涂匀后放培养箱培养,24小时后看结果。

(3)、紫外线杀菌试验---小组集体操作①取普通琼脂平板培养基一个,标明标记,以无菌手续接种细菌②开启培养基暴露紫外线杀菌灯下40~50cm处,并以普通纸一张遮盖培养基的一半,照射40分钟后盖好培养基送培养箱培养,24小时后看结果。

2、细菌药敏试验---小组集体操作(1)、取普通琼脂平板两个,分别接种葡萄球菌与大肠杆菌(密集划线)。

(2)、取抗生素药敏纸(选用10种)分别贴入上述已接种细菌的平板上,37℃培养24小时后观察结果。

六、实验报告要求1、记录各实验结果并作出结论2、判断并解释药敏试验的结果,选择出合适的抗生素七、实验注意事项1、注意无菌操作、紫外线灯与培养基的距离2、仔细测量抑菌环大小,抑菌环大小是以测量抑菌环直径为标准来解释。

八、思考练习1、常用消毒灭菌法的原理及用途2、药敏试验的临床意义实验五血型抗原检测一、实验目的熟悉血型鉴定的方法,测知个人血型,了解血型抗原的分布。

二、实验内容血型鉴定---自我鉴定三、实验仪器、设备及材料抗A、抗B单克隆抗体,刺血针,酒精,碘酒,棉棒,灭菌玻璃片四、实验原理用已知的抗A、抗B单克隆抗体和人的红细胞表面的A或B抗原结合,根据反应现象判断结果。

五、实验步骤1、取洁净玻片一张,于左上角标记“抗A”,右上角标记“抗B”,并分别加抗A 与抗B血清一滴于相应区。

2、消毒无名指后以刺血针刺血,弃去第一滴,以另一洁净玻片的一角沾血少许涂于抗A侧,再以另一角沾血少许涂于抗B侧,摇匀,1-2分钟看结果,并判定血型。

六、实验报告要求记录血型鉴定结果,并说明细胞表面携带ABO血型抗原及血清中所含抗体情况。

七、实验(训)注意事项1、注意无菌操作,不要污染刺血针、伤口,以免引起感染。

2、取血量不要太多也不要太少,以免影响判断。

八、思考练习1、血型检测试验属于哪一类反应?2、你测量的结果是什么?并分析说明实验六免疫球蛋白的测定一、实验目的了解免疫球蛋白的测定方法,熟悉IgG、IgM、IgA的血清含量情况及正常值。

二、实验内容测定病人血清中IgG、IgM、IgA含量。

三、实验仪器、设备及材料含抗I g G、抗I g M、抗I g A抗体的琼脂单扩散板、加样器、病人血清四、实验原理小分子的抗原与抗体可在半固体琼脂中扩散。

将抗Ig血清均匀地混合于琼脂或琼脂糖胶内,检样中抗原(相应Ig)呈辐射状向含抗体的琼脂内扩散,至抗原与抗体的量达恰当比例时形成可见的沉淀环。

沉淀环直径的平方或面积与相应的抗原(IgG、IgA、IgM)含量成正比。

五、实验步骤1、取免疫球蛋白测定板(琼脂单扩散板)IgG、IgM、IgA各一个,标明标记。

2、用加样器吸取病人血清准确加入各试验孔中(每人加两孔),加满为止,不可过量或不足。

3、将测定板放入保湿皿中,置室温24小时后看结果。

六、实验报告要求记录各项测定的反应环直径,并计算出含量与正常值对比判定病人血清中免疫球蛋白含量是否正常。

七、实验注意事项1、向孔中加血清时,不要滴在孔的外面;加样器的枪头不要碰到孔周围的琼脂,以免使孔变形,影响结果。

2、为避免沉淀环变形,琼脂板要保持水平位置。

八、思考练习1、免疫球蛋白的测定属于哪一类免疫反应2、测定结果是否正常,如不正常为什么?实验七凝集反应一、实验目的熟悉试管细菌凝集反应的原理,操作方法及实用意义。

二、实验内容试管细菌凝集反应三、实验仪器、设备及材料试管、菌液、吸管、受检血清四、实验原理试管凝集试验是细菌、红细胞等颗粒性抗原与相应抗体在试管中直接凝集的半定量试验。

多用以测定抗体。

五、实验步骤见下表(1)将待检血清进行一系列倍比稀释,并设抗原对照。

(2)加一定量的诊断菌液(3)孵育,使细菌和抗体充分反应(置35℃温箱或水浴过夜或56℃水浴2--4小时)(4)观察每个试管内抗原的凝集程度,通常以产生明显凝集现象(2+)的最高血清稀释度为血清中抗体的效价。

相关文档
最新文档