浙江省2019高考英语 第三部分 写作导练案 第三讲 概要写作练习
第三讲概要写作
李仕才
典例展示
(2016·浙江高考样题)阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Getting rid of dirt，in the opinion of most people，is a good thing.However，there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.
In the early 16th century，people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease，as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in.A particular danger was thought to lie in public baths.By 1538，the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom.So did the King of England in 1546.Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way.Henry Ⅳ，King of France，was famously dirty.Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath，the King ordered that，to avoid the attack of disease，the nobleman should not go out.
Though the belief in the merit(好处) of dirt was long－lived，dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18 century.Scientifically speaking，cleaning away dirt is good to health.Clean water supply and hand washing are practical means of preventing disease.Yet，it seems that standards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War Ⅱ.Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea: Clothes need to be whiter than white，cloths ever softer，surfaces to shine.Has the hate for dirt，however，gone too far?
Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays.Many first－time parents nervously try to warn their children off touching dirt，which might be responsible for the spread of disease.On the contrary，Mary Ruebush，an American immunologist(免疫学家)，encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system.And the latter(后者) position is gaining some ground.
【参考范文】
People have mixed opinions about dirt on our skin.(要点1) For a long time in history，
people of some European countries believed that dirt protected people from getting ill.(要点2) However，people began to change their attitudes towards dirt about 200 years ago.People have been told that washing dirt off our body can keep us healthy.(要点3) Yet，some scientists believe that exposure to some dirt may help our immune system.(要点4)
思路导航
一、审题
二、要点分析
1．文章第一段就是本篇文章的主题句，亮明了总的观点：“However，there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.”换句话说：“Different people have different attitudes towards dirt.”再结合下文谈到的主题可知“Different people have different attitudes towards dirt on the skin.”范文中的要点1“People have mixed opinions towards dirt on our skin.”概括非常精练。
2．第二段主要谈到了在16世纪，人们认为“dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease”尤以英、法两国的贵族为代表。结合第三段第一句“Though the belief in the merit(好处) of dirt was long－lived，dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18 century.”可知，直到18世纪之前，人们都认为dirt是很
“友好的”，有助于预防疾病。范文中的要点2“For a long time in history，people of some European countries believed that dirt protected people from getting ill.”很好地总结了这些要点。
3．第三段用“Though”引出人们对dirt观点的转变“...since the 18th century.Scientifically speaking，cleaning away dirt is good to health.”再结合本段最后一部分“Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea...”可得出要点3“However，people began to change their attitudes towards dirt about 200 years ago.People have been told that washing dirt off our body can keep us healthy.”
4．文章最后一段第一句指出，现在人们对于dirt的态度还是有所不同，“On the contrary”引出专家的观点，一位免疫学家认为dirt有助于增强免疫系统。这一观点得到了一些支持。范文中的要点4“Yet，some scientists believe that exposure to some dirt may help our immune system.”表达很恰切。
三、要点连接
在写完了要点之后，下一步的工作就是要把这些要点用适当的连接词进行连接，使上下句之间具有连贯性。本篇文章整篇结构是总分结构，要点2和要点3在观点上截然相反，因此，两者之间需要表示转折的连接词，范文用了“However”恰到好处。要点3和要点4在观点上又存在不同，因此，范文用了连接词“Yet”。
技法提导
一、必备能力
概要写作是基于阅读理解和书面表达的有机结合体，是阅读理解和书面表达的沟通桥梁。这一题型主要考查学生对文章主旨大意的概括和准确获取关键词的能力，同时考查学生用简洁的语言概括文章重要信息的能力以及对文章整体结构的把握能力。因此考生必须具备以下三种能力：
1．要具有准确理解文章的能力
要看清楚文章的结构，设法反映出原文中的所有要点和作者的观点。
2．要具有意义筛选的能力
学会区分事实和观点、重要和次要、普遍与特殊、相关与不相关、原因和结果等复杂的逻辑关系。
3．要具有用英文解释英文的能力
用自己简单的语言解释比较复杂的语言文字，切记不可抄袭原文。
二、写作步骤
1．阅读全文
首先要通读全文，对文章的体裁和大意有所了解。阅读时要快速地找到主题句，以便抓住中心，理解全文。考生还需要根据文章内容列出一个简单的提纲，以便在写作过程中不会遗漏要点，总结全面。
2．写出初稿
在写作过程中，考生要注意词数要求，使用精炼的句子概括文章的要点，可以引用所给阅读材料的重要词语，但不可过多，否则便失去了概要的意义；考生还需谨记：概要必须全面、清晰地表达所给阅读材料的信息，客观、准确地反映所给阅读材料的真实意图，不可随意添加或增减内容。
3．修正定稿
初稿完成后，要将其与所给阅读材料核对一遍，看原材料中的要点是否在概要中都得到了体现，语句间的衔接是否符合逻辑，同时还需要检查句子是否有错误，时态和语态的使用是否正确，标点、格式、大小写是否有误等。通过细致的修正与调整，力争使文章在各个方面都万无一失。
三、应试技巧
1．议论文
议论文类型的文章通常包括论点、论据和结论三部分，其关键是找出主题句或结论句。因此写议论文的概要主要是找出主题句、支撑句和结论句。若文中有一分为二的观点的，两种观点都要概括，不要漏掉其中一方的观点。概要模板：论点＋论据(＋结论)。
议论文可用以下开头语：
①The passage/author argues that...本文/作者主张……
②The passage/author highlights the importance of...本文/作者强调了……的重要性。
③The passage/author discusses the impact of...本文/作者讨论了……的影响。
④The passage/aut hor compares...with...本文/作者比较了……与……
2．说明文
此类文章通常会有中心句(多在首段)，写概要时要注意找出中心句，抓住关键词，然后重组文章的信息，用自己的话表述出来。不同类型的说明文的几种参考模板：
(1)描写某事物的性质功用。即“对象＋性质功用＋利好”：(In the passage) the writer introduces...(对象) to us...(性质或功用)……(对象带来的利好)
(2)针对某个问题提出解决方法或措施。即“问题＋解决方法”：The passage tells us...(问题)……(方法1)……(方法2)……(方法3)
(3)介绍某现象及其原因和结果。即“现象＋原因＋结果”：The author/writer said/talks about...(现象)……(原因/本质1)……(原因/本质2)……(结果)
说明文可用以下开头语：
①According to the passage，we can know...根据文章我们可知……
②This passage/article is mainly about....这篇文章主要是关于……
③I n the passage，the writer/author mainly tells us....在这篇文章中作者主要告诉我们……
④A new study found....一个新的研究发现……
⑤The purpose of the report is to show...这一报告的目的是表明……
3．记叙文
记叙文的概要，一般包括记叙文的六个要素：找出时间(when)，地点(where)，什么人(who)，做了什么事(what)，原因是什么(why)，结果怎么样(how)，也就是考生应先通读阅读短文，找出这六个要素，然后用自己的话将这六个要素串成几句话即可。当然，不一定每篇记叙文都包含这六个要素，但某人做了某事，结果如何是应当包括的。如果是夹叙夹议的文章，作者对故事的内容发表了议论，或指出了故事给人们的启示的，我们概括时要加上这一内容。因此，概要中一般应包括：
(1)谁做了什么？(who did what)
(2)结果怎么样？(what was the result)
(3)文章揭示了什么？(包括作者的看法、观点、感悟，或写作目的。假如原文没有提及，概括时可以不写)
记叙文可用以下开头语：
①The passage/story is mainly about...本文/这个故事主要是关于……
②The author tells us a story about...作者告诉我们一个关于……的故事
③The passage is a story about...本文是一个关于……的故事
④According to the passage，we know...根据短文，我们知道……
四、概要写作四项原则
1．概要写作时，一定要使用第三人称。
2．概要写作时，一定不可加入自己的观点。
3．概要写作时，一定不可对原文内容加以评论。
4．概要写作时，一定不要引入与原文内容无关的信息。
实战演练
?
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Are you shy? If you are，you are not alone.In fact，close to 50 percent of people are shy.Almost 80 percent of people feel shy at some point in their lives.These days，shyness is becoming more and more common.Now，scientists are trying to understand shyness.They have some interesting ideas about why people are shy.
Is it possible to be born shy? Many scientists say yes.They say 15 to 20 percent of babies behave shyly.These babies are a little quieter and more watchful than other babies.Interestingly，these shy babies usually have shy parents.As a result，scientists think that some shyness is genetic.
Family size might cause people to be shy as well.Scientists at Harvard University studied shy children.They found that 66 percent of them had older brothers and sisters.As a result，they became shy.At the same time，children with no brothers and sisters may be shy as well.Growing up alone，they often play by themselves.They are not able to learn the same social skills as children from big families. You may also be shy because of where you were born.When scientists studied shyness in different countries，they found surprising differences.In Japan，most people said they were shy.But in Israel，only one of three people said so.What explains the difference? One scientist says the Japanese and Israelis have different opinions of failure.In Japan，when people do not succeed，they feel bad about themselves.They blame themselves for their failure.In Israel，the opposite is true.Israelis often blame failure on outside reasons，such as family，teachers，friends，or bad luck.In Israel，freedom of opinion and risk taking are strongly supported.This may be why Israelis worry less about failure and are less shy.
For shy people，it can be difficult to make friends，speak in class，and even get a good job.But scientists say you can get over your shyness.They suggest trying new things and practicing conversation.And don’t forget—if you are shy，you are not
the only one.
【写作指导】
本文是一篇说明文。这篇文章的主题段是第一段，主要告诉人们害羞是一种普遍的现象。因此，在概括时要把文章主题段的中心词(shy，common，why)用自己的话概括出来。为了避免雷同，用自己的话概括时要注意同义词的转换，如原文中的why可用the reason转述。其次，还应注意不能遗漏要点，即害羞的原因，不同国家间的原因是不一样的以及专家给出的克服害羞的建议等。
最后，注意词数在60词左右，恰当使用过渡词与亮点句型，以使行文连贯。
【参考范文】
Shyness is common and some reasons may account for it according to scientists.(要点1) They think shyness may come from genetics，family size and birth place.(要点2) For instance，younger children or the only child are more likely to be shy.(要点3)Israelis are less shy than Japanese because of their different attitudes towards failure.(要点4) To help people suffering from shyness，scientists also give some useful suggestions.(要点5)
?
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
We’ve reached a strange—some would say unusual—point.While fighting world hunger continues to be the matter of vital importance according to a recent report from the World Health Organization(WHO)，more people now die from being overweight than from being underweight.It’s the good life that’s more likely to kill us these days. Worse，nearly 18 million children under the age of five around the world are estimated to be overweight.What’s going on?
We really don’t have many excuses for our weight problems.The dangers of the problem have been drilled into us by public－health campaigns since 2001 and the message is getting through—up to a point.
In the 1970s，Finland，for example，had the highest rate of heart disease in the world and being overweight was its main cause.Not any more.A public－health campaign has greatly reduced the number of heart disease deaths by 80 percent over the past three decades.
Maybe that explains why the percentage of people in Finland taking diet pills doubled between 2001 and 2005，and doctors even offer surgery of removing fat inside and change the shape of the body.No wonder it ranks as the world’s most body－conscious country.
We know what we should be doing to lose weight—but actually doing it is another matter.By far the most popular excuse is not taking enough exercise.More than half of us admit we lack willpower.
Others blame good foo d.They say: it’s just too inviting and it makes them overeat.Some also blame their parents—their genes.But unfortunately，the parents are wronged because they’re normal in shape，or rather slim.
It’s a similar story around the world，although people are relatively unlikely to have tried to lose weight.Parents are eager to see their kids shape up.Do as I say—not as I do.
【写作指导】
本文是一篇议论文。文章以论证的方式说明了优质生活导致的肥胖问题给人们的健康带来的危害，呼吁人们积极行动远离肥胖，不要再找借口。
写作时应注意把握文章要点：1.优质生活成了人们健康的杀手；2.始于2001年的公众健康运动让人们意识到肥胖的危害以及在减少肥胖方面所起的作用；3.人们采取消极行动去减肥；4.人们不要再找借口，应该积极采取行动远离肥胖。
写作时还应特别注意上下文的连贯和词数的要求。
【参考范文】
Nowadays，good life becomes the killer of our health.(要点1) Since 2001，people have gradually realized the dangers of overweight by public－health campaigns.(要点2) But they took some negative measures to lose weight.(要点3) Although there are some excuses like lacking of exercise，good food or genes，people should act positively to lose weight.(要点4)
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2016年浙江新高考英语题型解读—概要写作 一、2016年浙江新高考《考试说明》英语写作样题 第二节：概要写作（满分25分） 阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。 Getting rid of dirt, in the opinion of most people, is a good thing. However, there is no thing fixed about attitudes to dirt. In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block o ut disease, as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up t he skin and let ills in. A particular danger was though to lie in public baths. By 1538, the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom. So did the king of England in 15 46. Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a frie ndly way. Henry IV, King of France, was famously dirty. Upon learning that a nobleman h ad taken a bath, the king ordered that, to avoid the attack of disease, the nobleman sho uld not go out. Though the belief in the merit (好处) of dirt was long-lived, dirt has no longer been re garded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18 century. Scientifically speaking, cleaning awa y dirt is good to health. Clean water supply and hand washing are practical means of pre venting disease. Yet, it seems that standards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War II. Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea: clothes need to be whiter th an white, cloths ever softer, surfaces to shine. Has the hate for dirt, however, gone too f ar? Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays. Many first-time parents nervously try to warn their children off touching dirt, which might be responsible for the spread of diseas e. On the contrary, Mary Ruebush, an American immunologist (免疫学家), encourages ch ildren to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system. And the latter (后者) positi on is gaining some ground. （原创范文，仅供参考） One possible version： People have mixed opinions towards dirt on our skin. (要点 1 ) For a long time in histo ry, people of some European countries, such as France, believed that dirt protected peop le from getting ill. (要点 2 ) However, people began to change their attitudes to dirt abou t 200 years ago. People have been told that washing dirt off our body can keep us health y. (要点 3) However, some scientists believe that exposure to some dirt may help our im mune system. (要点 4) 【范文点拨】 (一)要点分析 1. 文章第一段就是本篇文章的主题句，亮明了总的观点：However, there is nothing fix ed about attitudes to dirt. 换句话说：Different people have different attitudes towards di rt. 再结合下文谈到的主题可知Different people have different attitudes towards dirt on th
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浙江高考英语百日训练之书面表达概要（8）含答案解析 【题文】 阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。 Although some people don't like using automatic hand dryers in restrooms, it may actually be argued that motion-sensing hand dryers are a practical alternative to paper towels. I believe that our school would benefit from investing in automatic hand dryers in all the restrooms. First of all, the automatic hand dryer is very sanitary（卫生的）. Instead of pulling on a lever (手柄) touched by a large number of students, users can just stick their hands under the air dryer. No bacteria can get on them because there is nothing to touch. Kids wouldn't get sick from the paper towel dispensers (纸巾盒) . In addition, if the school buys automatic hand dryers, we can save money. There is a terrible waste of paper towels in the restrooms. Students continuously pull on the lever for unneeded towels until the dispensers are empty. An automatic hand dryer costs about $500, with very little additional cost over time while paper towels can cost $25 a case, or about $500 a year. After just one year, it would pay for itself. Finally, our bathroom is a paper towel mess! There are always piles of paper towels on the floor. Sometimes the extras fall from the dispenser unused. Many times kids make their used towel into a ball and aim for a basket. But if they miss the target, the paper ball stays on the floor. Paper towels leave so much litter in the restrooms that the restrooms are a mess. People use the hand dryers for just a few seconds, and they think that automatic hand dryers don't dry their hands as thoroughly as paper towels. However, studies have shown that when people dry their hands for at least 30 seconds, automatic dryers actually dry much better than paper towels. It is difficult to get every part of your hand dry using paper towels, but the air can if you take a few extra seconds. As you see there are some good points, let's install automatic hand dryers as soon as possible! ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 【答案】 Compared with paper towels, hand dryers have more advantages, which will benefit school in four ways. First, they are clean and healthy because bacteria can’t touch kids. Additionally, i t can help school save money. Thirdly, our bathroom can be kept clean and neat. Besides, it can dry our hands more effectively if we take longer time. Therefore, school is advisable to fix the equipment at once.(66) 【解析】 【分析】
高考英语之概要写作.pdf
概要写作（Summary writing），被称为“小作文”。概要写作分值占据15分，考查的是考生阅读和写作的综合能力。 概要写作所给定的语篇一般在200-250字，内容丰富多样，包含故事、时政、科普等，体裁以记叙文、说明文为主，字数一般要求在50-60字，答案尽量符合“Key points of a summary”的要求。 一．正确认识概要写作 1. Definition of summary writing（概要写作的定义） By summary, we mean a brief restatement, in your own words, of the content of a passage, an article, a chapter or a book. 2. Key points of a summary（概要写作的要点） Conciseness（简要性）：Omit unnecessary details like examples, explanations and other unimportant information. Length: 1/4-1/3 of the original text. Completeness（完整性）：To include all the main and supporting points delivered in you own words in a condensed manner. Accuracy（准确性）：To give the same attention and stress to the points as the author does. Coherence（连贯性）：Rather than an outline listed as key words and phrases, a summary is a paragraph with necessary transitions and function structures to make it flow. Objectivity（客观性）：Do not include your own ideas or emotions on the topic. The summary should reflect the content of the original passage only. 3. Steps to write a summary（概要写作的步骤） 1）Skim the text to find out the general theme. 2）Analyze the text’s structure to divide it into several sections, find out the main idea of each section and write it out briefly with your own words. (one sentence) 3）Write down the key supporting points for each main idea without involving minor details. 4）Organize the main and related supporting points in a logical order with necessary transitions to achieve coherence. 5）Proofread for grammatical, spelling and punctuation mistakes. 4. Beginning of a summary（概要写作的开头） Begin your summary with: *The author’s name *The article’s or chapter’s name *The author’s thesis statement—a general overview(survey) of the article. The Body: First of all, the author describes…… He then points out that…… In addition, the author talks about…… Finally, the author suggests…… Some other introductory phrases: *(The author) states in (this article) that…
浙江省2020届高三12月最新英语试卷精选汇编：读后续写概要写作
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精选2019高考英语作文训练(10)报告(情况描述 分析原因 表达观点)(含范文)
2019高考英语作文训练 作文训练之报告（情况描述+分析原因+表达观点）
句型提示： 1、书信功能句： 2、英语作文万能句： 1）I am writing to you to …(谈写信目的) 2) I am looking forward to your reply. （写信结束语） 3) I would appreciate it if you could …如果你能…，我将非常感激。 4) I wonder if you could …我想您是否能…. 5) Would it be possible for you to …? 您是否可以。。。？ 6) Would it be convenient for you to …? 您是否方便…? 7) I would like to …我想要… 8) It would be better for you to …您最好…
9) You might as well …您最好… 10) If I were you, I would …. 如果我是你，我会… 11） Would you please …? Could you …? 请您… 3、英语作文常用句式： 1) 主+谓+…,doing/done … 2) 主+谓+…,which/who 从句 3）主，同位语，+谓+… 4）主+谓+…,with 结构 5）What +从句 is that 从句 6）强调句或倒装句（起强调作用，需要强调时，用） 7）其他：so/such …that…; It is …before …; too … to …等 写作训练（10） 手机(cellphone)深刻影响着我们的生活。你校将要举办一场关于手机“为了社交还是反社交？”的讨论。请你参考上面图片以Cellphones, Social or Anti-social?为题写一篇英语短文表达自己的观点。 写作要点：1. 简述手机如何影响人们的日常生活； 2. 表达你的观点并说明原因。 写作要求：1. 文章中不得出现个人真实信息；2. 词数100左右。 思路点拨：1、人称：第三人称为主；时态：一般现在时为主； 2、要点：1）引入话题，手机如何影响生活，侧重对社交生活的影响；2）表达 自己的观点；3）2-3点原因，支撑自己的观点。 参考句型：1 have an impact on … 2. bring sb great convenience; make it easy for sb to communicate 3. have both social and anti-social effect 第一稿
(完整版)高考英语概要写作2篇题目及答案
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要(2017宁波模拟) Many Chinese students have studied English for approximately ten years, but most of them cannot even speak English correctly or fluently. In my opinion, there are several obstacles that have caused this to happen. The main obstacle is fear! Another is the habit of mentally translating from Chinese to English and then to change these thoughts into spoken words and sentences. Many of these difficulties are caused by the way Chinese people study and learn the language. We must learn to speak as a child does. When we are learning a second language we need to remember how we learned our native language. Learning to understand and speak a language is one of the first skills a child develops. How does a child learn the language? He listens for a time and then he tries to repeat the words. Parents give great praise for the smallest effort and slightest improvement. Therefore, the child develops courage and is excited about learning. It takes a long time before he knows anything about grammar, spelling or formal sentence structures. As for language teachers, they should avoid criticism and be very encouraging and generous with praise. Criticism or pointing out faults too often causes students to lose self-confidence and develop a fear of speaking. The best way to motivate a student is using praise. The most important aspect of speaking is having good self-esteem. Self-esteem is how you feel about yourself. When most Chinese people are asked how their English is, or they are told their English is very good, they immediately respond by saying, "Oh my English is very poor." If you say this to yourself often enough, you will believe it. When someone compliments（称赞）you, just say "thank you". __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ 共（）词
高中英语概要写作题型解读与技巧
概要写作题型解读与技巧 第一部分概要写作总体介绍 1.题型介绍 ◆选材特点 (1)所需阅读的短文词数在350以内; (2)所选材料体裁没有限制，以说明文、议论文和记叙文为主。 ◆评分参考 阅卷时主要考虑以下内容： (1)对原文要点的理解和呈现情况; (2)应用语法结构和词汇的准确性; (3)上下文的连贯性; (4)对各要点表达的独立性情况。 注意：理解准确，涵盖全部要求，完全使用自己的语言，准确使用相应的语法结构和词汇，得分相应比较高。相反，如果概要写作部分出现两句以上整句抄自原文现象，得分档次将会大大降低;所写内容与所提供内容无关不得分。 2考查能力 概要写作，简言之就是对所读过的文章简要概括，写出文章的中心大意，也可称之为摘要。写概要时，读者要是把文章的具体信息用一些具有概括功能的词和句表述出来，而不是抄袭文章的原句，更不是把细节性信息作为中心，而是要通过对文章中的单词、词组和句子进行合理转换，对文章的具体信息进行概括，再用合适的语言表述出来。这一题型主要考查学生对文章主旨大意的概括和准确获取关键词的能力，同时考查学生用简洁的语言概括文章重要信息的能力以及对文章整体结构的把握能力。因此，概要写作是基于阅读理解和书面表达，是二者的有机结合体，是阅读理解和书面表达的沟通桥梁。 第二部分概要写作步骤和方法 一．概括的写作步骤： 1. 确定主题句。确定阅读文章的主题句，一般在段首。没有主题句的需要自己组合。 2. 寻找关键词。分析主题句意义，确定关键词，关键词一般体现为名词、形容词，关键词的数目决定了概括的信息浓度。 3. 重构主题句。概括的主题句逻辑上要统摄后面所有的支撑句。可以从作者的写作目的逆推，反映写作目的主题句是高度抽象的，它基本决定了概括的质量。
浙江新高考英语题型解读—概要写作
浙江新高考英语题型解读—概要写作 一、浙江新高考《考试说明》英语写作样题 阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。 Getting rid of dirt, in the opinion of most people, is a good thing. However, there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt. In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease, as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in. A particular danger was though to lie in public baths. By 1538, the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom. So did the king of England in 1546. Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way. Henry IV, King of France, was famously dirty. Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath, the king ordered that, to avoid the attack of disease, the nobleman should not go out. Though the belief in the merit (好处) of dirt was long-lived, dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18 century. Scientifically speaking, cleaning away dirt is good to health. Clean water supply and hand washing are practical means of preventing disease. Yet, it seems that standards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War II. Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea: clothes need to be whiter than white, cloths ever softer, surfaces to shine. Has the hate for dirt, however, gone too far? Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays. Many first-time parents nervously try to warn their children off touching dirt, which might be responsible for the spread of disease. On the contrary, Mary Ruebush, an American immunologist (免疫学家), encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system. And the latter (后者) position is gaining some ground.