中国加工贸易的中英文文献
江苏省加工贸易转型升级的研究外文翻译
The influence of processing trade on the adjustment of industrial structureLouis Vuitton Processing trade is the process of development of modern international trade, it is a new international division of labor and a profound reflection of intra-industry trade and international direct investment. Domestic and foreign strengths of the process, the rapid development of China's processing trade, not only make differences of China's abundant labor resources and comparative advantages, but also promote the upgrading of industrial structure in China, especially the development of high-tech industry.Processing trade has brought a large number of new products and new technologies, and formed a new industry. Foreign-funded enterprises engaged in processing trade, the technical level is generally higher than the domestic original level, for example, Beijing's survey showed that 81% of foreign investment projects in industrial systems, the introduction of advanced technology in other countries, so that theseenterprise level for 15 years.Beijing GE Hangwei CT machine so that the level of production in this area forward for 30 years, the Shanghai Intel introduced the world's highest performance desktop microprocessor packaging and testing production facilities.This situation not only widespread in the mechanical and electrical capital-and technology-intensive industries, is also more common in the traditional labor-intensive industries engaged in processing trade enterprises in the textile and other industries, the technology level, product quality is much higher thanThe original Chinese enterprises.The best example is the development of China's IT industry.The IT industry is one of the highest degree of internationalization of industrial, and therefore most suitable for the development of processing trade, since the 1990s, a large number of foreign investment in the IT manufacturing industry, engaged in processing trade, ranging from Intel, Nokia and other well-known multinationalcompanies, there are a lot of anonymity for multinational companies engaged in OEM production of Taiwan-funded enterprises.The rapid development of processing trade, China is relatively backward country from an electronics industry, the rapid rise of one of the most important to the world IT industry, hardware manufacturing base has a huge influence on IT products and international markets.If there is no processing trade, this stunning development is inconceivable.The export competitiveness of the export product mix to optimize product is a direct manifestation of the international competitiveness of industry, the structure of export products is the external reflection of the industrial structure.In the past decade, the dynamic optimization of product structure of China's processing trade trend is very clear.The early Chinese processing trade in textiles, clothing, toys, footwear and other labor-intensive products, with the growing number of foreign-invested enterprises in China engaged in processing trade, getting higher and higher proportion of mechanical and electrical products in the processing trade.2002, processing trade, exports of machinery and electronic products was $ 116.535 billion, accounting for 65% of the total exports of processing trade, accounting for 74.3 percent of the total export of electromechanical products.Exports of processing trade, computers, communications equipment, audio-visual products plays an important role.Processing trade export high-tech products in 2002 was $ 60,626,000,000, an increase of 46.2%.Processing trade, technology development, and advancement in technology.Technology and management of processing trade "spillover effect" three ways to promote technical progress and industrial upgrading of the relevant companies.The first path is the productof diffusion and competition.Since a large number of processing trade enterprises, both domestic and international markets, brought about by the processing trade enterprises, a large number of new products into the domestic market, on the one hand, to foster domestic demand, it also provides a model for the development and production of similar products of domestic enterprisesexpansion of the mobile communications market and the development of manufacturing is the most convincing example.The second way is to order requirements and technical support of the processing enterprises on supporting enterprises, greatly improving the technical level and product quality for supporting domestic enterprises, so that products meet international market requirements.The requirements of the international market.Pattern, since the mid-1990s, China's processing trade has changed out of the past "great progress" value-added rate and domestic procurement of continuous improvement, while the formation of cross-regional procurement network in China's coastal regions to formsome industrial characteristics of the industry significantly accumulation zone.The third way is the flow of technical and management personnel, the dissemination of advanced technology and management. Processing trade, promote high-tech industrial development of foreign direct investment has played a huge role in the rapid development of high-tech industries in China.Since the mid-1990s, China's high-tech industry has achieved rapid growth.1998 to 2002, hi-tech industrial output value of the average annual growth of over 24% higher than the 15 percent of all industrial output, the contribution rate of industrial output increased by 35%, high-tech product exports accounted for China's exportsThe proportion rose to 25%.In 2002, Chinese industrial output value of high-tech industry exceeded 2 trillion yuan, up 23.26 percent over the previous year; high-tech products exports amounted to $ 67.7 billion, an increase of 45.7 percent, higher than China's exports increased 23.4 percent.The high-tech industry has become the fastest growing industries in the national economy.Among them, foreign direct investment accounted for more than half of the high-tech industry accounted for to apply for two-thirds of the number of patents, accounting for three-quarters of the value of exports.This trend with the continuous growth of China's foreign investment and accelerate the development of processing trade is particularly evident in this development.Although in the strict sense, the growth of processing trade of foreign investment to promote high-tech industry can not be fully seen as the real growth and expansion of China's high-tech industries, but this part of the localization of the high-tech industries in the new global manufacturing division patterncut into the global production system, so that China's high-tech industries, rare elements of capital, technology and sales network conditions, can take advantage of a convenient way for China to become a global high-tech products manufacturingbase.Driven by foreign-invested high-tech industrial development of processing trade for the Chinese high-tech industrial growth of the construction of the initial scale.Processing trade in China's industrial policy areas, processing trade, the domestic industry into the international market.Chinese processing trade industry association can be as encouraged to focus on the implementation of the evaluation system of the processing trade industry, the development of processing trade in the context of China's industrial policy.The premise of the scale of processing trade maintained rapid growth, and promote technological progress and upgrading the industrial structure of the processing trade, and improve the rate of domestic procurement and value-added rate of processing trade to promote the extension of the processing trade to the procurement anddistribution and other services to encourage the processing trade, the gradual establishment ofown international marketing network, and finally to the integration of the processing trade and domestic industrial system, the Chinese developed into a world of highly competitive manufacturing base.Encourage technological innovation and technological progress, and continuously improve the technical level of local enterprises.After decades of industrial construction, China has established a relatively complete industrial system.Overall, however, the technical level of Chinese industry is still with the developed countries there is a big gap.According to the third industrial census data show that the mid-1990s, the general technical level of Chinese large and medium-sized enterprises than the international level 5-10 years behind.The level of backwardness of the industrial technology is the main reason for the slow growth of supply capacity of China's processing trade of intermediate goods, which not only multinational companies will be Chinese processing trade part in the chain of low-tech, but technically impede the processing trade matchingdevelopment of the industry, which restricts the processing trade, technology diffusion and technology spillovers, thus hampering the upgrading of processing trade.Take practical and effective policy measures to promote Chinese enterprises to multinational corporations in the global production chain to keep to the high-tech-intensive, high value-added aspects of upgrading, China should further intensify efforts to support technological innovation and development, to encourage and promote enterprisesequipment upgrades, technological innovation and staff training, development and implementation of the industry, especially the complete system of technological innovation incentives in the high-tech industries, as soon as possible to change the general processing and manufacturing technology backwardness.Promote the development of supporting industries, and promote the localization of intermediate inputs for processing trade.Development of supporting industries is processing trade, promote local industrial growth, the basis of industrial upgrading.To this end, China needs to make full use of and continuously improve the production capacity and technical level of local enterprises to accelerate the state-owned enterprises reform, and actively support the development of private enterprises, the rapid growth of supporting industries to provide micro-main.In addition, should also reform and improve the existing systems and policies conducive to the development of supporting industries, to encourage the processing trade to increase domestic procurement, processing trade policy priorities.Specific adjustments include: reform of the tariff system, and gradually reduce tariffs on manufactures to reduce the tax difference of the final products and intermediate products; reform of the customs supervision mode to improve the efficiency of supervision, to provide convenient conditions for the deep processing carry; improve the export tax rebate policy, reduce the tax rebateto reduce the rebate link.Strengthen the supporting enterprise technology, capital and information to support the role of government, research units and intermediary institutions, supporting the production of domestic-funded enterprises have the ability to provide technical advice, joint technology development, manpower training, provision of preferential loans, subsidies and variousinformation services, to mobilize all forces to promote the development of supporting industries for domestic enterprises.Follow the investment, to encourage foreign investment and promote the formation of supporting industries group, cultivatinghigh-tech industries, supporting production base, the upgrading of processing trade to create a more favorable industrial space.To strengthen basic research, and foster self-development capacity of the high-tech industries.The ultimate goal of integration into the globalization of transnational corporations operating system is China's own industrial upgrading and technological progress, and learn from other East Asian economies to economic development experience and lessons learned in vitro, we need practical measures to prevent introduction of foreign capital in technological dependence.To this end, China's industrial technology development should be long-term perspective.The one hand, as soon as possible to reform the research system at all levels, to encourage research and institutional innovations to strengthen the mutual cooperation of the research, the promotion of scientific research institutions and enterprise and industrialization of scientific research; the other hand, to maintain and steadily improve China's basic researchinvestment, strengthening the forces of higher education, to strengthen human resources for training and reserve the use of international technology transfer at the same time, maintaining and promoting self-development capacity of various industries, especially high-tech industries, for the protection of China's economic security, the Industrial Economics and Industrial Technologycatch up to build a good foundation.加工贸易对产业结构调整的影响加工贸易是现代国际贸易发展过程中出现的一种新型国际分工方式，是产业内贸易和国际直接投资的深刻反映。
加工贸易发展文献综述【精选资料】
加工贸易发展文献综述摘要：加工贸易是改革开放的一个重要成果，在我国工业化和国际化进程中发挥了举足轻重的作用。
但以往加工贸易主要集中于沿海，在内陆地区基本上是空白，难以分享到加工贸易所带来的好处。
新形势下，如何推动内陆地区加工贸易加快发展并实现转型升级，已成为待解决的问题。
关键词：加工贸易、现状、问题、方向正文：加工贸易是一国利用本国生产能力和技术，进口料件加工成成品后再出口的一种国际贸易方式，是经济全球化的产物。
随着IT和交通技术的突破性进展，全球通讯和物流成本大幅降低，为各种生产要素实现世界范围内的优化配置提供了条件。
许多产品的生产和价值链，在全球范围按专业分工展开，其生产环节大都选择在成本最低的国家和地区，加工贸易由此诞生，并成为各国尤其是发展中国家参与国际分工的重要方式。
改革开放以来，我国顺应时代潮流，积极发展加工贸易，把劳动力优势与国际化的市场、资本、技术和管理优势相结合，参与国际经济大循环，取得了显著成效。
1、国内外加工贸易发展现状研究近几年，在中央倡导全面协调可持续发展的科学发展观的历史背景下,中国加工贸易在发展中暴露出的“低层次、低水平、低增值，高能耗、高污染”问题越来越突出，国内学术界开始关注加工贸易转型升级一般途径和对策研究。
隆国强从提升国际生产价值链位置，加强企业技术创新，延长产业链条，企业进入服务环节，发展本土跨国公司等方面促使加工贸易转型升级，并提出从政策上促使加工贸易从东部到中西部的梯度转移[1]。
张旭宏提出要引进更高技术，实施产业聚集与配套，提高加工深度，延长价值链，培育自创品牌[2]。
刘德学从分析全球生产网络和全球价值链角度，研究了制定发展战略、实施产业政策、创建学习型组织、建立知识管理系统等对策建议[3]。
孙国辉提出加工贸易转型升级机制综合体现于企业、产业、地区多个层面，并从战略定位、政策体系和社会化服务等方面论述支持体系建设[4]。
何斯斐针对加工贸易转型面临的准入门槛低、国内采购率低、结构区域分布不平衡等问题，提出建立机制、完善制度、优化区域布局等对策建议[5]。
国贸毕业外文文献及其翻译
China’s Competitive Performance: A Threat To East Asian Manufactured Exports?There is growing concern in Southeast and East Asia about the competitive threat posed by China’s burgeoning exports, exacerbated by its accession to the WTO. The threat is not confined to labor-intensive products but spans the whole technological and skill range. At the same time, China is rapidly raising its imports from the region, and it is not clear whether its burgeoning exports will damage its neighbors. We examine the dime nsions of China’s competitive threat in the 1990s, benchmarking competitive performance by technology and market, and finds that market share losses are so far mainly in low technology products, with Japan being the most vulnerable market. We analyze market share changes and highlight product groups that are directly or indirectly exposed to a competitive threat. We examine intra-regional trade and find that China and its neighbors are raising high technology exports in tandem: the nature of the international production systems involved lead to complementarily rather than confrontation. China is thus acting as an engine of export growth for its neighbors in terms of direct trade. However, this will change as China moves up the value chain and takes on the activities that have driven East Asian export growth.IntroductionConcern about China’s competitive threat is widespread (in developed economies like US as well as developing ones like Mexico), but is strongest in East and Southeast Asia. China’s burgeoning exports–backed by cheap and productive labor, a large stock of technical manpower, huge and diversified industrial sector, attractiveness to foreign investors, pragmatic use of industrial policy, and, now, freer access to world markets under WTO – lead to apocalyptic visions of export losses.2 China is most threatening to neighbors that rely primarily on low wages for their export advantage. However, as it upgrades its export structure, the more advanced economies (Singapore, Hong Kong, Korea and Taiwan) also fear for their competitiveness. The current hollowing out of their low-end manufacturing may soon extend to complex production, design, development and related services. Domestic markets are also threatened by China, but so far most attention seems to have been on exports.Offsetting this threat are the promise of the giant Chinese market (WTOaccession is only one of several initiatives to liberalize regional trade) and the potential for collaboration with it in exporting to the rest of the world. Trade within the East Asian region is flourishing. China is a growing importer from the region of natural resources that it does not possess. It is also raisin g imports of manufactured products. Its advanced neighbors are selling it sophisticated consumer and producer goods, and using it as a base for processing exports to third countries. The multinational companies (MNCs) that now account for around half of Chinese exports (and far more of its high technology exports, UNCTAD,2002) are incorporating China into production systems spanning the region (‘fragmentation’ and‘segmentation’ are used to describe this phenomenon3), so promoting considerable intra-firm trade with other regional bases. China’s own enterprises are likely to specialize with respect to reg ional counterparts and so raise intra-industry trade in differentiated products. Perhaps worryingly for competitors in other regions, such integration can lead China to complement regional competitiveness as a whole, rather than substitute its exports for those of its neighbors.It is difficult to assess, however, whether complementarily between China and the regional economies will fully offset its competitive threat. The dynamics and complexity of the interactions make it impossible to quantify the outcome, even to predict broad directions. The basic issue is whether China’s higher wage neighbors can move into more advanced export activities or functions rapidly enough to permit continued export expansion. If they can, they can continue with export-led growth. If they cannot, they will suffer export deceleration and/or a shift in specialization towards primary products or slow-growing segments of manufactured exports. The outcome, in other words, will depend on the relative growth of technological and other capabilities in Chinese and regional enterprises, with the former having such advantages as lower wages, larger scale economies, greater industrial depth, pools of technical skill and a proactive government. However, as East Asian countries differ widely in these factors (Lall, 2001), they face different kinds and intensity of competitive threat. The nature of the threat depends, moreover, on the organization of the production and marketing system: independent local firms are likely to compete more directl y than affiliates of thesame MNC spread over different countries in an integrated system.This paper does not try to measure China’s competitive threat or its effects, but to map relative export performance in the 1990s by technology and destination and so assess where the threat appears most intense. We focus on major East Asian exporters5 and on exports to third markets, but we also analyses complementarities between China and East Asia, particularly in electronics, the region’s largest export and the one where MNC systems dominate. As the 1990s predate China’s WTO accession, we do not go into the implications of this accession; however, the analysis of competitive trends has implications for the evolution of future trade by the region as liberalization grows.Background on Chinese export performanceChinese manufactured exports grew by 16.9% per annum over 1990-2000, compared to 6.4% for the world, 12.0% for all developing countries and 10.3% for the rest of East Asia. Its share of world manufactured exports rose from 1.7% to 4.4% over the decade and continued rising rapidly. 6 Thus, by 2002 China accounted for 5.1% of world merchandise exports; it was then the fifth largest exporter (after USA, Germany, Japan and France, and ahead of the UK). China’s share of developing world manufactured exports rose from 11% to 20% over the 1990s and of the East Asian region excluding China from 18.7% to 41.8%. Its export gains (see below) spanned the entire technological spectrum, and were most dynamic in the complex end of the range, in products that have recently driven the export growth of the rest of East Asia.This export surge is likely to be sustained for some time to come. China has ‘spare capacity’ in that its per capita exports are still relatively small,7 wages are much lower than in its main neighbors and it has large reserves of cheap and disciplined labor (though drawing it into exports will involve the cost of building links with the interior).8 More importantly, its advantages are not static (confined to cheap labor); they are upgrading rapidly. China is investing heavily in technology and advanced skills; for example, the share of the relevant age group enrolled in tertiary education rose from 9 percent in 1997 to 13 percent in 2000 (UNESCO website). It is exploiting the scale offered by its giant market to become competitive in capital-intensive activities beyond the reach of manyneighbors. It is using its diverse industrial base to deepen local content. It is drawing in export-oriented FDI at an impressive rate, using its market attractions to induce investors to raise local R&D and linkages; till now it has been able to impose performance requirements of the type soon to be banned under WTO rules.WTO accession may constrain China’s ability to use indust rial policy (Nolan, 2001) but it will also open up new export opportunities, particularly in textiles and garments.9 Accession may also enhance its domestic competitiveness: it will improve the investment climate for FDI, make imported inputs cheaper (for enterprises outside special export regimes) and induce faster restructuring of domestic enterprises (Ianchovichinaetal, 2003, and Lemoyne and Unal-Kesenci, 2002).Market share changes in major developed country marketsWe analyze market shares of China and its neighbors in three major markets: Japan, the US and West Europe, according to technology categories (Annex Table 1). In terms of value, the most important market for China in 2000 is the US ($49 billion), followed by Japan ($36 billion) and West Europe ($38 billion). However, the rest of the world is almost as large a destination for Chinese exports as these together ($106 billion in 2000) and within this the rest of East Asia is larger than any major OECD market by itself ($74.6 billion).The competitive position of each country can be analyzed in terms of the market share in 1990 and 2000 and the change over the decade. The annex table shows the following:Total manufactured exports: China does best in Japan, followed at some distance by the US. In common with most neighbors, its market share gain is weakest in West Europe. Korea loses market shares in both Japan and US, while Taiwan loses only in the US. Hong Kong’s loses market shares in all markets, particularly in the US and Japan. Like Taiwan, Singapore loses only in the US. The new Tigers gain share in all markets. With the exception of Indonesia, with a rather tepid performance, the others all gain most share in the Japanese market. Resource based products: China again leads the region in terms of market share increases, with a pattern similar to that for total exports. However, Korea has alarge gain in Japan, in contrast to Taiwan and Singapore, which lose shares; the latter two also lose in the US. Thailand is a big gainer in Japan while Indonesia and the Philippines lose out in the US. Low technology products: China’s massive market share gains are again concentrated in Japan. The four mature Tigers generally suffer losses in market share, but Singapore sees an increase in Japanese market share. The best overall performance among the new Tigers is by Indonesia.Medium technology products: While the Chinese pattern of success recurs, the new Tigers make significant gains in Japan and Korea incurs a significant loss. Taiwan and Singapore suffer losses in the US market. High technology exports: Taiwan again diverges from Korea in its performance in Japan, the former showing the second largest gain in the group (after China) and the latter the largest loss. In the US market, the situation is reversed, with Singapore joining Taiwan in losing market shares. Among the new Tigers, Malaysia and the Philippines are the big gainers in Japan, but the other two also benefit significantly. The Philippines is the second largest winner in the group in the US market. In sum, China’s main market share gains in the developed world are concentrated in Japan (though the US accounts for a larger dollar value of export growth). This is also true of its neighbors with the exceptions of Korea and Indonesia (Hong Kong was an all-round loser). To the extent that we can interpret market share changes to be causally related to China’s export surge, it would seem that the mature Tigers suffered the most from Chinese competition. The largest such loss is in low technology products, which is to be expected, but this not take into account the growth of LT exports by Korea and Taiwan to China. The relatively low gains by the lower-income new Tigers in LT may also reflect the impact of Chinese competition – without the offsetting increase in exports of intermediates to China.ConclusionsChina’s export surge has raised grave concerns in the region. While some of the apocalyptic predictions may have been overdone, it is certainly possible that rapid export growth by such a massive entrant will adversely affects export growth in its neighbors. As this analysis shows,however, the outcome is complex.For a start, the rise in China’s exports is matched by that in its imports – within the region its import growth outpaces its export growth. With appropriate restructuring of activities to match new competitive needs, its neighbors should be able to maintain high rates of export growth.There are two main drivers of regional exports to China. The first is to meet its burgeoning demand for imported products: primary products and resource-based manufactures that it cannot produce capital goods and intermediates for domestic -oriented production and more sophisticated consumer goods than its industry can currently provide. The second is to meet the needs of its export industries. This has two components: ‘processing’ activity in special economic zones that use imported inputs for export activities, and other exporters that also need imports. Processing activity is increasingly organized as part of integrated production systems, particularly its high technology segments, though some domestic oriented industries are also being plugged into this system as they realize scale and learning economies and become globally competitive. Both drivers are likely to continue into the foreseeable future, though their composition will change as Chinese and regional capabilities develop.中国竞争力的表现：是对东亚制成品出口的威胁吗？越来越多的东南亚和东亚地区关注中国出口的迅速增长所带来的竞争威胁，中国加入WTO后，更加剧了这种情况。
加工贸易全球化背景下工业化的新道路的外文翻译
外文翻译外文题目：Processing Trade: Globalization's new road of industrialization出处： Asish Arora. Processing Trade: Globalization’s new roadof industrialization. Information Economics and Policy ,2007:88-96 作者： Asish Arora译文：加工贸易:全球化背景下工业化的新道路一、经济全球化对发展中国家传统的工业化战略提出严峻挑战第二次世界大战以来,特别是近20年来,在技术进步的推动下,经济全球化进程逐渐加快,成为世界经济发展的不可逆转的潮流。
经济全球化在给各国经济发展战略带来重大机遇的同时,也对各国经济发展战略提出了严峻挑战,特别是发展中国家传统的工业化道路面临严峻挑战。
传统的工业化道路主要有两种,一种是进口替代战略,另一种是出口导向战略。
进口替代战略的思想可以追溯到美国的汉密尔顿和德国的李斯特。
其主要思路是通过保护国内市场,使国内新兴产业(幼稚产业)免遭来自发达国家的强力竞争而夭折。
这一战略发挥作用的基本前提是通过设置贸易壁垒对国内市场形成有效保护。
历史上,美国、德国在其追赶阶段,都不同程度地实施了进口替代战略,而且对促进本国的工业化起到了重要作用。
二次世界大战以后,拉美国家推行进口替代战略,对其工业化进程也起到了一定的作用,但是,由于进口替代战略隔绝了国际竞争压力,这些国家虽然形成了一定的工业能力,但其国际竞争力较为低下,导致其国际收支严重失衡,多次爆发货币危机。
自70年代末以来,拉美国家已经逐步调整发展战略,放弃实施进口替代战略。
以日本为代表的部分东亚国家在“二战”以后成功地实施了出口导向战略。
实施出口导向战略的国家,一方面,政府采劝产业政策”的手段,以政策扶持其“支柱产业”增强国际竞争力,不断拓展国际市场;另一方面,通过各种手段保护其国内市场,为其支柱产业提供尽可能多的市场机会。
中国的对外贸易外文翻译及原文
外文翻译原文Foreign T rade o f ChinaMaterial Source:W anfang Database Author:Hitomi Iizaka1.IntroductionOn December11,2001,China officially joined the World T rade Organization(WTO)and be c a me its143rd member.China’s presence in the worl d economy will continue to grow and deepen.The foreign trade sector plays an important andmultifaceted role in China’s economic development.At the same time, China’s expanded role in the world economy is beneficial t o all its trading partners. Regions that trade with China benefit from cheaper and mor e varieties of imported consumer goods,raw materials and intermediate products.China is also a large and growing export market.While the entry of any major trading nation in the global trading system can create a process of adjustment,the o u t c o me is fundamentally a win-win situation.In this p aper we would like t o provide a survey of the various institutions,laws and characteristics of China’s trade.Among some of the findings, we can highlight thefollowing:•In2001,total trade to gross domestic pr oduct(GDP)ratio in China is44%•In2001,47%of Chinese trade is processed trade1•In2001,51%of Chinese trade is conduct ed by foreign firms in China2•In2001,36%of Chinese exports originate from Gu an gdon g province•In2001,39%of China’s exports go through Hong Kong to be re-exported elsewhere2.Evolution of China’s Trade RegimeEqually remarkable are the changes in the commodity composition of China’s exports and imports.Table2a shows China’s annu al export volumes of primary goods and manufactured goods over time.In1980,primary goods accounted for 50.3%of China’s exports and manufactured goods accounted for49.7%.Although the share of primary good declines slightly during the first half of1980’s,it remains at50.6%in1985.Since then,exports of manufactured goods have grown at a muchfaster rate than exports of primary goods.As a result,the share of manufactur ed goods increased t o90.1%,and that of primary good decr eased to9.9%by2001.Also shown in those tables are five subgr oups for manufactur ed goods and primary goods.China’s export was highly dependent on its exports of coal, petroleum,and petr oleum products until mid-80s.The large export volume of petr oleum was also support ed by a sharp rise in oil prices during the period.In1985, the share of mineral fuels is26.1%.In1986,the su d d en decline in the share of primary goods in total exports occurs,which is largely associated with the decline in the export volume of mineral fuels.The price reforms coupled with the declined world petr oleum price areattributable t o the decline.Domestic agriculture production expanded during the1980’s in response to the higher prices thr ough the price reforms and mo r e opportunities given t o the producers to market their products.Although the share of food and live animals in total exports has declined over time,China has become a net exporter of such products since1984.T urning to the manufactur ed goods,the large increase in the share of the manufactur ed goods in the total exports since mid-80s is largely accounted for by the increase in the export in the textile category and the miscellaneous products category.These two gr oups include labor-intensive products such as textiles,apparel, footwear,and toys and sporting goods.During the1990s,the category that exhibited the mos t significant surge in exports is machinery and transport equipment.Its share exp anded from9.0%in1990t o35.7%in2001.3.China’s Processing Trade and Trade by For eign Invested FirmsChina established the legal framework for processing and assembly arrangements in1979.Since then,China has built up considerable strengths in assembling and processing of industrial parts and components.It covers a wide range of industries such as electric machinery,automobile,aerospace,and shipbuilding.T able3a and T able3b demonstrate the amount of processing exports and imports and the importance of stateowned enterprises(SOEs)and foreign-invested enterprises(FIEs)in such forms of trade for1995-2001. Throughout the period from1995to2001,the shares of these two types of processing exports exceed more than half of China’s total exports.In2001，processing exports account for55.4%of the total exports.As is seen in T able3a, process&assembling was dominat ed by SOEs in1995.However,the tr end has been changing.The share of SOEs in process&assembling has been steadilydeclining over the years from84%in1995to62%in2001.The other type of trade, process with imported materials was largely conducted by FIEs and their shares have been gradually increasing from81%in1995to88%in2001.In China’s imports(see T able3b),processing trade is relatively small comp a r ed to exports. After it peak ed at49%in1997,processed imports decline to39%in2001.The decreasing importance of SOEs can be seen in China’s imports as well.Shares by SOEs decr eased from81%in1995t o58%in2001for process&assembling,and from18%to7%for process with imported materials.The decr eased role for SOEs in processing trade may reflect the inefficiency in conducting their business.Since 1997,the Chinese government decided t o implement the shareholding system and t o sell a large numbe r of medium-and small-sized SOEs to the private sector.A n u mbe r of larger enterprise gr oups will be established in various industries thr ough mergers,acquisitions,and leasing and contracting.The restructuring of SOEs is intended to increase profits and to improve their competitive edge.4.China’s Tr ade by Provinces and RegionsA regional breakdown of exports and imports reveals important characteristics of the foreign trade in China.In1997,89.1%of the total exports came from the Eastern region of China(Beijing,Tianjin,Heibei,Lioaning,Guangxi,Shanghai, Jiangsu,Zhejiang,Fujian,Shangdong,Guandong and Hainan).Within the East,the Southeast region accounts for76.3%of China's exports in1997.4Gu ang dong alone pr oduces41.6%of the total exports for the sa me year.Such regional imbalances in exporting activities persist to the present day.In2001,Guandong's share of the national exports is36.0%.For the Southeast and the East,the shares are respectively 79.0%and91.1%.This imbalance of the regional growth in foreign trade may partially be attributed t o the various geographic-specific and sequential o pen-d oo r policies China has exercised thr oughout the last twenty years.The strong growth of th e export sector in the coastal area has been support ed by the massive use of foreign direct investment(FDI).FDI was first attracted by the creation of the Special Economic Zones(SEZ).FDI was concentrated in the provinces of the Southeast coast,namely,Guandong and Fujian.The multinational enterprises that are export-oriented or use adv anced technologies are able to enjoy various preferential policies in the SEZs,such as r educed or ex empt e d corporate income tax,exemption from import tariffs on imported equipment and raw materials.In1984,fourteen coastal cities were opened and were grant ed similar policies as SEZs.Out of thosefourteen cities,ten are located in the Southeast coast regions and four are in the rest of the Eastern regions.Furthermore in1985,similar preferential policies were grant ed t o other coastal economic regions,Pearl River Delta,Y angtze River Delta and Minnan Delta which is t o the south of Fujian.In1990,Pu d o n g in Shanghai was opened and was grant ed extensive preferential policies.Since1984,the Chinese government established thirty-two national-level Economic and T echnological Development Zones(ETDZs).The share of exports in The Y angtze River Delta,the home of Shanghai and two provinces,Jiangsu and Zhejiang has grown steadily during the period1997to 2001.The share of those three regions grew to10.1%,11.0%,and9.1%in2001 from8.1%,7.9%and5.9%in1997,respectively.As the role of high-tech industry beco mes mo r e significant in China’s output and China’s comparative advantage in skilled-labor and capital-intensive industries beco mes higher,the Y angtze River Delta be co mes a new magnet for investment by foreign enterprises.These foreign investments in turn lead to mo r e export and trade.5.Foreign T rade by Major World RegionsUsing China’s official statistics,Table4a and4b highlight merchandise export s and imports t o and from major world regions for1993-2001:Asia,Africa,Europe, Latin America,North America and Oceania.As we see from Table4a,China’s most important export region has always been Asia,which absorbs53%of China’s exports in2001.However,their share of absorption declines from almost62%,their peak level of1995.The importance of North America and Europe in China’s exports, however,has been increasing since1998.In2001,North America takes in mo r e than22%of exports and Europe takes in mo r e than18%.6.China’s Merchandise Exports and Imports by Major Trading PartnersTable5a and Table5b document China’s merchandise exports to and imports from its major trading partners,using China’s official statistics.According to Tabl e 5a,the major exports markets for China in2001are:the United States(20.4%), Hong Kong(17.5%),Japan(16.9%)and the European Union(15.4%).It is well-known that a large proportion of Chinese exports to Hong Kong are re-exported elsewhere so that the true size of the Hong Kong export market has t o be estimated. T o save space for this paper,we will just rely on the official Chinese figures.6Even without adjusting for re-exports,the United States in2001is the largest export market for China.Thus,from an international trade perspective alone,the most important bilateral trade relationship for China is the relationship with the UnitedStates.T ogether t he United States,Hong Kong,Japan and the European Union take in70.2%of China’s exports in2001.Within ASEAN(Association of Southeast Asian Nations),Singapore has been the largest export market for China.In2001, 31.5%of China’s total exports to ASEAN is destined for Singapore.Within the European Union(EU),Germany is the largest market with23.8%of the total Chinese exports going to the EU.9.ConclusionIn the future,we see that there are at least two challenges facing China in the area of international trade.First,with China’s competitiveness growing,many countries will perceive that their producers will no t be able to c o mpe t e with the Chinese exports,either in the third market or in their own domestic market.The backlash will take the form of an increased use of anti-dumping duties and safeguards.W e have already seen the use of such trade instruments against China from a variety of countries,including Japan,the European Union and the United States.A relatively new development is that even developing countries such as India and Mexico are using anti-dumping measur es against Chinese exports to their countries.The difficulty with anti-dumping duties is that they are generally WT O-consistent.Thus joining the WTO d o es no t mean that other countries will reduce their use of anti-dumping duties against China.A second challenge facing China is how t o manage its trade relationship with the United States.The United States is the largest economy on earth.The United States is China’s largest export market.It is also a critical source of technology.A stable and healthy relationship with the United States is important for China’s economic development.It is always a difficult adjustment process for countries to accept a newly e mer gen t economic power.The United States as well as other countries may perceive China as a potential economic threat.Judging from the experience of the relationship betw een the United States and a rising Japan in the 1970s and the1980s,it will n o t be too har d to imagine that there will be difficulties in the trade relationship betw een the United States and China.Managing and smoothing such a relationship should be an important goal for China.译文中国的对外贸易资料来源:万方数据库作者：Hitomi Iizaka1、简介2001年12月11日，中国正式加入世界贸易组织（WTO），成为其第143个成员，中国在世界经济中的作用将继续增强和深化。
中国加工贸易正在迅速转变 外文文献及翻译
中国加工贸易正在迅速转变外文文献及翻译China's processing XXX to the business activity of importing raw and auxiliary materials。
parts and components。
accessories。
and packaging materials from abroad in bond。
and then re-XXX。
This trade can involve processing with XXX.Processing with supplied materials involves the foreign party supplying both the imported materials and parts。
XXX does not need to make foreign exchange payments for the imports and only charges the foreign party a processing fee。
On the other hand。
processing with imported materials requires the business enterprise to make foreign exchange payments for the imported materials and parts。
and then export the finished products after processing.The processing trade has played a significant role in China's economic development over the past few decades。
It has been a major contributor to the country's export growth and has helped to attract foreign investment。
加工贸易文献综述
加工贸易研究综述国外学者对加工贸易的研究主要从产品内分工入手，并从产品内贸易方式进行跨国投资的角度，研究加工贸易对东道国产业升级的促进作用。
Robert J.Carbaugh（1998）指出，水平分工的实质是将同一产品的零部件的生产或不同生产工艺过程分布在不同的国家进行，然后统一组装制成成品，而加工贸易方式是国际水平分工得以实现的重要手段[1]。
Daniel M.（1999）认为，随着经济全球化的发展，全球范围内正在进行新一轮的产业结构调整，加工贸易固有的特点将促使其进一步成为很多国家参与国际分工的重要形式[2]。
大多数学者同意加工贸易能促进东道国的经济增长。
Ernst D(2002) [3]、Kandogan(2003)[4]指出，跨国公司在东道国投资办厂，将企业的产品质量管理方法和工艺技能传授给当地居民，因而使东道国或地区能更好地掌握技术资料、提高产品设计、质量控制和市场驾驭等方面的能力。
当地企业承接其全球生产体系中的加工环节，可以增加东道国的外汇收入、解决就业等。
加工贸易为东道国或地区带来一种技术溢出效应，并促进产业升级。
Jacke Cukrowski（2003）指出，加工贸易方式可以使投资方主动提供世界上最先进的技术，并使用投资方的国际营销渠道，形成生产规模，占领产品的国际市场。
通过技术和市场的不断渗透，东道国企业可以加快自己的技术研究开发能力，建立自己的营销网络，形成自主的知识产权，占领国际市场，从而促进了本国的产业升级[5]。
Ge（1999）以垄断价格模型为基础，建立一个动态模型用来分析来分析出口加工区对一国经济开放和转型的作用，并指出加工贸易带来的技术学习和适应效应对欠发达国家的经济开放和产业结构调整将产生积极影响[6]。
Gereffi（2000）认为，发展中国家可利用发达国家将其非核心业务外包，减少成本的契机，通过发展加工贸易的方式嵌入到全球价值链的战略环节[7]。
Gibbons P.(2001)通过全球价值链理论指出加工贸易企业的升级方式，OEM企业可以从购买者技术溢出中获益而成为行业内的主要供货商，他们可以将生产过程中附加值低的部分转移给其他企业，从而处于不断升级的状态[8]。
最新3459C山东省加工贸易转型升级对策研究外文文献及翻译汇总
3459C山东省加工贸易转型升级对策研究外文文献及翻译China's processing trade undergoing a rapid transformation Processing trade refers to the business activity of importing all or part of the raw and auxiliary materials, parts and components, accessories, and packaging materials from abroad in bond, and re-exporting the finished products after processing or assembly by enterprises within the mainland. It includes processing with supplied materials and processing with imported materials. Under processing with supplied materials, the imported materials and parts are supplied by the foreign party which is also responsible for selling the finished products. The business enterprise does not have to make foreign exchange payment for the imports and only charges the foreign party a processing fee. Under processing with imported materials, the business enterprise makes foreign exchange payment for the imported materials and parts and exports the finished products after processing.Since the processing trade policy was implemented in late 1970s, the processing trade in China has been developing in a sustained and rapid manner; the total volume of exports and imports in the form of processing trade increased from US$2.5 billion in 1981 toUS$831.9billion in 2006, up by nearly 333 times, and its proportion in foreign trade increased from 5.7 percent to 48.6 percent.The Department of Mechanic, Electronic and Hi-Tech Industry of the Commerce Ministry of PRC stated that what was more satisfactory than an increase in quantity was that as the processing trade developed continually and rapidly, the transformation and upgrading of processing trade had been accelerated. More and more foreign-funded enterprises transferred their processing and manufacture with a higher technology level and a larger appreciation content to China; influenced by the technology and management spillover effects in processing trade, more and more Chinese companies had speeded up their technology improvement and industrial upgrading.The industrial structure in processing trade has been continuously optimized.During the Tenth Five-Year Plan period, the export value realized in the processing trade of mechanic and electronic products amounted to US$928.2 billion, accounting for 70.7 percent of the total processing trade export value and 74.0% of the total export value for mechanic and electronic products; such an export value is 2.4 times more than that in the Ninth Five-Year Plan period with an annual growth rate of 29 percent, which is 1.2 times the growth rate for China's processing trade export value during the same period of time. China has become the largest producer and exporter of mechanic and electronic products like mobile phones, home appliances and laptops in the world. In 2005, 99.9 percent of the laptops manufactured in China, 99 percent of the color video projectors and the microcomputers manufactured in China, 98 percent of the plasma color TV sets manufactured in China, 97percent of DVD players manufactured in China, and 96 percent of the ships manufactured in China were exported in the form of processing trade. During the Tenth Five-Year Plan period, the export value realized through the processing trade of hi-tech product amounted toUS$543.8 billion, accounting for 41.4 percent of the total processing trade export value and 87 percent of the total export value for hi-tech products; such an export value is 4.5 times more than that in the Ninth Five-Year Plan period with an annual growth rate of 41 percent and 1.7 times the growth rate for China's total export value realized in the form of processing trade during the same period.In 2006, the respective export values realized in the processing trade of mechanic and electronic products and hi-tech products amounted to US$391.32 billion and US$245.84 billion, the proportion of which in the total export value realized in the form of processing trade were respectively 76.7 percent and 48.2 percent, up 1.6 percentage points and 1.4 percentage points year on year respectively.The regional distribution of processing trade has been somehow ameliorated. Firstly, the processing trade in the middle and western parts of China developed fast though it started rather late there. In 2005, the total export value and total import value realized in the form of processing trade in the middle and western parts of China added up to US$14.95 billion, 1.6 times more than that in 2000 with an annual growth rate of 23 percent, a bit faster than the growth rate for China's processing trade as a whole. Secondly, the product structure of the processing trade in the middle and western parts of China has also been somehow ameliorated. In 2005, the export value realized in the processing trade of mechanic and electronic products in the middle and western parts of China was US$3.07 billion, 2.2 times more than that in 2000 with an annual growth rate of 26 percent, and the proportion of such an export value in the export value realized in the form of processing trade in the middle and western parts of China was 33 percent, 7 percentage points higher than in 2000. Thirdly, the processing trade in coastal areas, in which the Pearl River Delta once seized an absolute proportion, is gradually developing in the Yangtze Delta and the Bohai Rim. In 2005, the processing tradein Guangdong Province accounted for 42.3 percent of the gross in China with a decrease of 10.3 percentage points than in 2000; during the same period, the proportion seized by Jiangsu Province amounted to 21.3 percent of the gross in China with an increment of 11.3 percentage points and that seized by Shanghai amounted to 12 percent of the gross in China with an increment of 2 percentage points.In 2006, there realized a respective export value of over US$1.7 billion through processing trade in Henan, Anhui and Hubei, three provinces in the middle and western partsof China; various provinces like Jiangxi, Sichuan, Hubei, Anhui and Yunnan saw a growth margin of over 65 percent for their exports through processing trade.The industry chain of processing trade has been extending continuously. First of all, the carrying forward services for deep processing for the purpose of processing trade presents a trend of rapid development, its scale is getting increasingly larger and it occurs more and more frequently. In the second place, as the processing trade kept extending towards independent research and development along its industrial chain, more and more research and development centers have been built up. Till now, foreign companies have set up over 750 research and development centers in China; nearly 40 transnational corporations have established regional HQs in China.As introduced by personnel in charge in the Department of Mechanic, Electronic and Hi-Tech Industry, the Ministry of Finance, the National Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Commerce, the General Administration of Customs, and the State Administration of Taxation jointly issued the Circular on Adjusting the Tax Refund Rate of Some Export Commodities and Supplementing the Commodities Catalogue Prohibited form Processing Trade on September 15, 2006 so as to guide the transformation and upgrading of processing trade in China; on November 3, 2006, the Ministry of Commerce, the General Administration of Customs and the State Environmental Protection Administration jointly published the [2006] 82nd Announcement to get commercial products the tax refund for which were cancelled and certain commodities processed at a low level that will result in a serious pollution and consume a large amount of resources and energy enlisted in the Catalogue of Prohibited Commodities in Processing Trade.In the Catalogue of Prohibited Commodities in Processing Trade issued this time, priority has been given to commodities the tax refund for which were cancelled, which include 804 commodities belonging to various (ten-digit) tax item numbers and account for 6.5 percent of the total number of tax item numbers for export and import products. The import of 77 commodities is prohibited, and such commodities are mainly those the import of which is prohibited in international pacts or that will produce serious pollutions when being processed, including tiger bones, ores, ore residuals, and fiber waste; the export of 503 commodities were prohibited, and such a group is mainly made up of primary raw materials for deep processing like planks, sulfur, soil, and stone materials, and metal raw materials, but enterprises importing such commodities as raw materials for their processing trade will continue to enjoy the bonded treatment; both the export and import of 224 commodities were prohibited, and such commodities are mainly commodities processed at a low level, resultingin serious pollutions and consuming a large amount of resources and energy, like coal, pitch, flammable gases and pesticides.Personnel in charge from the Department of Mechanic, Electronic and Hi-Tech Industry believed that the new Catalogue of Prohibited Commodities in Processing Trade mainly involved highly resource-consuming chemical and smelting products with serious pollutions; and the gross processing trade will not be greatly affected as the processing trade of mechanic and electronic products account for 75 percent of the gross for China at present.Materials and parts imported in bond must be re-exported after processing, and enterprises may not sell their bonded materials and parts or finished products in China. If such goods have to be sold on the domestic market for special reasons, approval must be obtained from the commerce authorities in charge of processing trade at provincial level as well as Customs. Business enterprises and processing enterprises must promptly pay the tariffs and VAT exempted on the imported materials and parts if these goods are sold domestically, whether the import settlement is in renminbi or in foreign currency. For commodities subject to import restriction or import licensing, enterprises should apply for approval in arrears from the authorities concerned and obtain the necessary import approval documents or import licence. The commerce authorities in charge of processing trade at provincial level will verify the enterprise's application and import licence issued by the relevant import administration organ and issue a Domestic Sale Approval Certificate for Bonded Materials and Parts for Processing Trade (i.e. Domestic Sale Approval Certificate), specifying the corresponding import licence name and number in the "remarks" column. With this Domestic Sale Approval Certificate and the valid licence whose number is specified therein, Customs will proceed with taxation for domestic sale and verification and cancellation procedures in connection with processing trade. If an enterprise is unable to submit the import licence issued by the relevant import administration organ, the commerce authorities in charge of processing trade at provincial level may still issue the Domestic Sale Approval Certificate once Customs proceed with the verification and cancellation of the processing trade handbook after levying on the enterprise duties and interest thereon and a penalty ranging from 30% to 100% of the declared value of the imported materials and parts.With a view to strengthening supervision of processing trade by means of modern management methods and facilitating the development of new and high technology industries, the former MOFTEC and General Administration of Customs (GAC) jointly promulgated the Interim Measures for the Administration of Online Supervision and Approval of Processing Trade Enterprises on 25 October 2001. The measures provide a simplified framework for the administration of enterprises participating in the online system.According to the measures, these "online enterprises" engaged in processing trade are exempt from the customs duty deposit system. The commerce authorities would no longer examine and approve their processing trade contracts and would only appraise their qualification for carrying out processing trade, business scope and processing capabilities.Online enterprises applying for permission to engage in processing trade should submit to the commerce authorities their financial proofs and application materials. These include: business licence (copy), approval certificate of online enterprise issued by Customs, Registration Form for import-export rights or FIE approval certificate (copy), record of passing the joint annual appraisal (except newly established enterprises without such record), original of processing trade enterprise production capability certificate issued by the local commerce authorities at county-level or above, proof of the online enterprise's export performance in the previous year (copies of customs declaration forms or processing trade contract verification/cancellation forms), brief profile of the enterprise and the raw materials and parts it imports and the products it exports, and checklist of business scope.Upon receipt of an online enterprise's application, unless the processing trade activities involved are prohibited by the state, otherwise the commerce authorities would grant approval and issue an approval certificate to the online enterprise to engage in processing trade. Based on this certificate, Customs will set up a processing trade electronic account for the online enterprise concerned and implement online supervision. The online enterprise may then import raw materials and parts and export products within the approved scope中国加工贸易正在迅速转变加工贸易是指进口全部或部分原辅材料，零部件，配件的部分商业活动，并从国外债券的包装材料，再出口成品的企业在内地加工或装配后的产品。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
An Analysis on Characteristics of China’sProcessing Trade and Its Development StrategyRobert J.CarbaughSchool of International Business,Southwestern University of Finance and Economics1. The important position of processing trade in China’s foreign tradeIn China, the trade of exports can be classified into three types according to the trade mode, namely common trade, processing trade, and other trade. From the “sixth five-year plan” to the “eighth five- year plan”, China’s foreign trade has kept on rising, centering on the common trade and assisting by the processing trade. In 1994, the total values of processing trade surpassed that of common trade for the first time. After that, the exports of processing trade are increasing annually, and its position in China’s foreign trade is rising. Data shows that the proportion of processing trade to total exports has always surpassed 50% since 1995. This fact proves the important position of processing trade in China’s imports and exports of trade.2. The cha racteristics of China’s processing trade and the reasons for these characteristics in recent years2.1 Reviewing China’s total values of exports in last decade, we can conclude three characteristics of processing trade in China at present.Firstly, the pos ition of processing trade in China’s exports of trade tends to be stable. The proportion of the values of processing trade to the total values of exports is about 55% or so from 2000 to 2006. This proportion is relatively stable. It indicates the importance of processing trade in China and its position becomes stable. Indirectly, it shows that the industrial structure and sections of foreign trade are basically stable, and the income of processing trade is chiefly coming from some industries. Secondly, the industrial structure of processing is upgrading. According to the comparative advantage ladder, we know that the comparative advantages of different countries, from the lower to the higher, are resource-intensive, non-skillful-labor-intensive, skillful-labor- and technology-intensive, research- and technology-intensive. Along with the execution of reform and open policy, China’s trade has gained great development and made huge progresses in science and technology fields. The processing trade has stepped into the new machine-dominant era from the textile-dominant era.Thirdly, the added value of products in the processing trade has been greatly improved. The upgrading of industrial structure will inevitably increase the value of commodities and their added value, which can help us gain more profits from exports. That is vital for the further development of processing trade in China.2.2 Why processing trade becomes more important in China. And why the quantities and total values of exports increase annually.Firstly, thanks for the integration of international economy and the great division of trade, China has gradually become a giant in the field of processing trade. What our aim is to be a great power in the trade field at present. Therefore, the processing trade has to catch up with the same space. Developing the processing trade, as the most important trade mode, firstly can drive the deepening development of other trademodes.Secondly, according to Ricardo’s comparative advantage theory and Ohlin’s facto r endowment theory, China has rich natural resources and labor resources. That is our advantages and endowments at present. The trade theory tells us to make best use of favorable factors to develop the foreign trade.Thirdly, the processing trade is a mode of international trade resource allocation in essence. Different countries produce commodities at different levels based on their unique comparative advantages and engage in trade. In fact, this process is for different countries accomplishing different production at different stages. As a result, resources are optimized, and costs of production are reduced. Finally, the competence is enhanced.Fourthly, China’s present system is good for the development of processing trade. Companies that are engaged in processing trade can enjoy favorable taxation. No tax-drawback procedure in exports. It can reduce companies’ capital occupation and management costs. Besides, market for exports is relatively reliable. What the companies have to do is to manage well production and obey the contracts. Costs are under control. As far as the local governments are concerned, the processing trade is an important power to ensure the scale and the growing speed of exports, because it is free from the impact of policy changes, such as taxation, tax-drawback, and exchange rate, and market fluctuation.3. The potential problems in China’s processing tradeThe analysis above helps us understand the importance of processing trade and the characteristics in its development.In general, its development is optimistic. But we have to realize the fact that there are still many malpractices and potential problems in the development of processing trade. In specific, these problems are as follow.(1) In recent six years, the proportion of the values of processing trade to the total values of exports is about 55%. It seems fixed and loses its advantages in development.(2) Companies depend on processing trade for a long time, being short of endogenous development ability of economy and self-independent innovation.(3) Some projects of processing trade are not associated with the upward or downward industries. These projects fail to benefit the growth of economy and science and technology, except solving employment.(4) The processing trade has exerted certain negative effects on our environment, resources, and energy. In special, the low-value-added processing industries have destroyed the environment to such a severe degree.4. Suggestions and countermeasuresConsidering the present situations and the potential problems in China’s processing trade, author thinks that the government and companies can reduce the negative effects of processing trade on China from these aspects as follow. By this way, the processing trade can gain better development an d China’s economy can achieve a fast increase. Next, relevant explanations and suggestions are proposed in responding to the four problems brought forward in the third part of this paper.Firstly, the proportion of the values of processing trade to the total values of exports is relatively stable. The reason is that China’s processing trade is at the important period of industry upgrading and direction changing. The stable proportion is for lack of right chance. Why the values of trade in different industries are relatively stable is not because of losing advantages in development. As a matter of fact, it is an inevitable stagnation for reform.Secondly, the government should provide with motivation policies for companies’ self-independent innovation. Government can guide companies to pursue processing industry’s upward or downward development, creating a complete industrial chain, and trying to export the products with China’s brand.Thirdly, the processing trade chiefly focuses on processing materials supplied by clients chiefly and complementarily processing with imported materials. Processing materials supplied by clients is to produce commodities with semi-products supplied by clients according to requirements. The processing company can charge the clients for processing costs. Processing with imported materials is to produce commodities by self. Companies can manage the business by themselves, including the organization of material resources, the types of products, and the specific production. In a sense, it is the companies themselves who are responsible for their losses. They are meaningful for China’s economy, which can be illustrated by these points as follow.(1) Solve the contradiction between the surplus productivity of the state and the shortage of raw materials, increasing China’s foreign exchange.(2) Develop new labor resources and create new employment, flourishing the local economy.(3) Introduce foreign advanced technological and managerial experiences and drive the development of exterior economy.(4) Build up our own brands and products, enhancing companies’ self-independence, what can help to improve companies’ innovative spirits.Fourthly, the rise is originated from the improvement of quality instead of the increase of quantity, gaining success by quality. In the key period of constructing a wealthy society, the state council puts forward that it is a must to change the way of economic growth. As far as the foreign trade field is concerned, it is necessary to speed up the transformation of foreign trade growth. China should make best use of its comparative advantages, making up the shortage of resources, expanding the space of development, increasing the added values, and achieving the success by quality.Fifthly, sharpen the consciousness of environment protection. In the process of developing economy, we should emphasize the protection for ecological environment in order to achieve the harmony development of society, economy, and environment. Therefore, we should speed up the upgrade of industrial structure, reducing the low-value-added, highly-environment-polluted, and seriously-energy- consumed industries, pursuing the development of green industries.Source：International Journal of Business and Management, December, 2007, 77-80中国加工贸易特点与发展策略分析Qing Shi1.加工贸易在中国外贸中的重要地位中国按贸易方式将贸易分为三类：一般贸易、加工贸易及其他贸易。