单片机红外遥控外文翻译知识交流
红外传感器论文中英文资料对照外文翻译
中英文资料对照外文翻译外文资料Moving Object Counting with an Infrared Sensor NetworkBy KI, Chi KeungAbstractWireless Sensor Network (WSN) has become a hot research topic recently. Great benefit can be gained through the deployment of the WSN over a wide range of applications, covering the domains of commercial, military as well as residential. In this project, we design a counting system which tracks people who pass through a detecting zone as well as the corresponding moving directions. Such a system can be deployed in traffic control, resource management, and human flow control. Our design is based on our self-made cost-effective Infrared Sensing Module board which co-operates with a WSN. The design of our system includes Infrared Sensing Module design, sensor clustering, node communication, system architecture and deployment. We conduct a series of experiments to evaluate the system performance which demonstrates the efficiency of our Moving Object Counting system.Keywords:Infrared radiation，Wireless Sensor Node1.1 Introduction to InfraredInfrared radiation is a part of the electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength lying between visible light and radio waves. Infrared have be widely used nowadays including data communications, night vision, object tracking and so on. People commonly use infrared in data communication, since it is easily generated and only suffers little from electromagnetic interference. Take the TV remote control as an example, which can be found in everyone's home. The infrared remote control systems use infrared light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to send out an IR (infrared) signal when the button is pushed. A different pattern of pulses indicates the corresponding button being pushed. To allow the control of multiple appliances such as a TV, VCR, and cable box, without interference, systems generally have a preamble and an address to synchronize the receiver and identify the source and location of the infrared signal. To encode the data, systems generally vary the width of the pulses (pulse-width modulation) or the width of the spaces between the pulses (pulse space modulation). Another popular system, bi-phase encoding, uses signal transitions to convey information. Each pulse is actually a burst of IR at the carrier frequency. A 'high' means a burst of IR energy at the carrier frequency and a 'low' represents an absence of IR energy. There is no encoding standard. However, while a great many home entertainment devices use their own proprietary encoding schemes, somequasi-standards do exist. These include RC-5, RC-6, and REC-80. In addition, many manufacturers, such as NEC, have also established their own standards.Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) has become a hot research topic recently. Great benefit can be gained through the deployment of the WSN over a wide range of applications, covering the domains of commercial, military as well as residential. In this project, we design a counting system which tracks people who pass through a detecting zone as well as the corresponding moving directions. Such a system can be deployed in traffic control, resource management, and human flow control. Our design is based on our self-made cost-effective Infrared Sensing Module board which co-operates with a WSN. The design of our system includes Infrared Sensing Module design, sensor clustering, node communication, system architecture and deployment. We conduct a series of experiments to evaluate the system performance which demonstrates the efficiency of our Moving Object Counting system.1.2 Wireless sensor networkWireless sensor network (WSN) is a wireless network which consists of a vast number of autonomous sensor nodes using sensors to monitor physical or environmental conditions, such as temperature, acoustics, vibration, pressure, motion or pollutants, at different locations. Each node in a sensor network is typically equipped with a wireless communications device, a small microcontroller, one or more sensors, and an energy source, usually a battery. The size of a single sensor node can be as large as a shoebox and can be as small as the size of a grain of dust, depending on different applications. The cost of sensor nodes is similarly variable, ranging from hundreds of dollars to a few cents, depending on the size of the sensor network and the complexity requirement of the individual sensor nodes. The size and cost are constrained by sensor nodes, therefore, have result in corresponding limitations on available inputs such as energy, memory, computational speed and bandwidth. The development of wireless sensor networks (WSN) was originally motivated by military applications such as battlefield surveillance. Due to the advancement in micro-electronic mechanical system technology (MEMS), embedded microprocessors, and wireless networking, the WSN can be benefited in many civilian application areas, including habitat monitoring, healthcare applications, and home automation.1.3 Types of Wireless Sensor NetworksWireless sensor network nodes are typically less complex than general-purpose operating systems both because of the special requirements of sensor network applications and the resource constraints in sensor network hardware platforms. The operating system does not need to include support for user interfaces. Furthermore, the resource constraints in terms of memory and memory mapping hardware support make mechanisms such as virtual memory either unnecessary or impossible to implement. TinyOS [TinyOS] is possibly the first operating system specifically designed for wireless sensor networks. Unlike most other operating systems, TinyOS is based on an event-driven programming model instead of multithreading. TinyOS programs are composed into event handlers and tasks with run to completion-semantics. When an external event occurs, such as an incomingdata packet or a sensor reading, TinyOS calls the appropriate event handler to handle the event. The TinyOS system and programs are both written in a special programming language called nesC [nesC] which is an extension to the C programming language. NesC is designed to detect race conditions between tasks and event handlers. There are also operating systems that allow programming in C. Examples of such operating systems include Contiki [Contiki], and MANTIS. Contiki is designed to support loading modules over the network and supports run-time loading of standard ELF files. The Contiki kernel is event-driven, like TinyOS, but the system supports multithreading on a per-application basis. Unlike the event-driven Contiki kernel, the MANTIS kernel is based on preemptive multithreading. With preemptive multithreading, applications do not need to explicitly yield the microprocessor to other processes.1.4 Introduction to Wireless Sensor NodeA sensor node, also known as a mote, is a node in a wireless sensor network that is capable of performing processing, gathering sensory information and communicating with other connected nodes in the network. Sensor node should be in small size, consuming extremely low energy, autonomous and operate unattended, and adaptive to the environment. As wireless sensor nodes are micro-electronic sensor device, they can only be equipped with a limited power source. The main components of a sensor node include sensors, microcontroller, transceiver, and power source. Sensors are hardware devices that can produce measurable response to a change in a physical condition such as light density and sound density. The continuous analog signal collected by the sensors is digitized by Analog-to-Digital converter. The digitized signal is then passed to controllers for further processing. Most of the theoretical work on WSNs considers Passive and Omni directional sensors. Passive and Omni directional sensors sense the data without actually manipulating the environmen t with active probing, while no notion of “direction” involved in these measurements. Commonly people deploy sensor for detecting heat (e.g. thermal sensor), light (e.g. infrared sensor), ultra sound (e.g. ultrasonic sensor), or electromagnetism (e.g. magnetic sensor). In practice, a sensor node can equip with more than one sensor. Microcontroller performs tasks, processes data and controls the operations of other components in the sensor node. The sensor node is responsible for the signal processing upon the detection of the physical events as needed or on demand. It handles the interruption from the transceiver. In addition, it deals with the internal behavior, such as application-specific computation.The function of both transmitter and receiver are combined into a single device know as transceivers that are used in sensor nodes. Transceivers allow a sensor node to exchange information between the neighboring sensors and the sink node (a central receiver). The operational states of a transceiver are Transmit, Receive, Idle and Sleep. Power is stored either in the batteries or the capacitors. Batteries are the main source of power supply for the sensor nodes. Two types of batteries used are chargeable and non-rechargeable. They are also classified according to electrochemical material used for electrode such as NiCd(nickel-cadmium), NiZn(nickel-zinc), Nimh(nickel metal hydride), and Lithium-Ion. Current sensors are developed which are able to renewtheir energy from solar to vibration energy. Two major power saving policies used are Dynamic Power Management (DPM) and Dynamic V oltage Scaling (DVS). DPM takes care of shutting down parts of sensor node which are not currently used or active. DVS scheme varies the power levels depending on the non-deterministic workload. By varying the voltage along with the frequency, it is possible to obtain quadratic reduction in power consumption.1.5 ChallengesThe major challenges in the design and implementation of the wireless sensor network are mainly the energy limitation, hardware limitation and the area of coverage. Energy is the scarcest resource of WSN nodes, and it determines the lifetime of WSNs. WSNs are meant to be deployed in large numbers in various environments, including remote and hostile regions, with ad-hoc communications as key. For this reason, algorithms and protocols need to be lifetime maximization, robustness and fault tolerance and self-configuration. The challenge in hardware is to produce low cost and tiny sensor nodes. With respect to these objectives, current sensor nodes usually have limited computational capability and memory space. Consequently, the application software and algorithms in WSN should be well-optimized and condensed. In order to maximize the coverage area with a high stability and robustness of each signal node, multi-hop communication with low power consumption is preferred. Furthermore, to deal with the large network size, the designed protocol for a large scale WSN must be distributed.1.6 Research IssuesResearchers are interested in various areas of wireless sensor network, which include the design, implementation, and operation. These include hardware, software and middleware, which means primitives between the software and the hardware. As the WSNs are generally deployed in the resources-constrained environments with battery operated node, the researchers are mainly focus on the issues of energy optimization, coverage areas improvement, errors reduction, sensor network application, data security, sensor node mobility, and data packet routing algorithm among the sensors. In literature, a large group of researchers devoted a great amount of effort in the WSN. They focused in various areas, including physical property, sensor training, security through intelligent node cooperation, medium access, sensor coverage with random and deterministic placement, object locating and tracking, sensor location determination, addressing, energy efficient broadcasting and active scheduling, energy conserved routing, connectivity, data dissemination and gathering, sensor centric quality of routing, topology control and maintenance, etc.中文译文移动目标点数与红外传感器网络作者KI, Chi Keung摘要无线传感器网络(WSN)已成为最近的一个研究热点。
单片机温度控制英文文献及翻译
Temperature Control Using a Microcontroller:An Interdisciplinary Undergraduate Engineering Design ProjectJames S. McDonaldDepartment of Engineering ScienceTrinity UniversitySan Antonio, TX 78212AbstractThis paper describes an interdisciplinary desig n project which was done under the author’s supervision by a group of four senior students in the Department of Engineering Science at Trinity University. The objective of the project was to develop a temperature control system for an air-filled chamber. The system was to allow entry of a desired chamber temperature in a prescribed range and to exhibit overshoot and steady-state temperature error of less than 1 degree Kelvin in the actual chamber temperature step response. The details of the design developed by this group of students, based on a Motorola MC68HC05 family microcontroller, are described. The pedagogical value of the problem is also discussed through a description of some of the key steps in the design process. It is shown that the solution requires broad knowledge drawn from several engineering disciplines including electrical, mechanical, and control systems engineering.1 IntroductionThe design project which is the subject of this paper originated from a real-world application.A prototype of a microscope slide dryer had been developed around an OmegaTM modelCN-390 temperature controller, and the objective was to develop a custom temperature control system to replace the Omega system. The motivation was that a custom controller targeted specifically for the application should be able to achieve the same functionality at a much lower cost, as the Omega system is unnecessarily versatile and equipped to handle a wide variety of applications.The mechanical layout of the slide dryer prototype is shown in Figure 1. The main element of the dryer is a large, insulated, air-filled chamber in which microscope slides, each with a tissue sample encased in paraffin, can be set on caddies. In order that the paraffin maintain the proper consistency, the temperature in the slide chamber must be maintained at a desired (constant) temperature. A second chamber (the electronics enclosure) houses a resistive heater and the temperature controller, and a fan mounted on the end of the dryer blows air across the heater, carrying heat into the slide chamber. This design project was carried out during academic year 1996–97 by four students under the author’s supervision as a Senior Design project in the Department of Engineering Science at Trinity University. The purpose of this paper isto describe the problem and the students’ solution in some detail, and to discuss some of the pedagogical opportunities offered by an interdisciplinary design project of this type. The students’ own report was presented at the 1997 Nat ional Conference on Undergraduate Research [1]. Section 2 gives a more detailed statement of the problem, including performance specifications, and Section 3 describes the students’ design. Section 4 makes up the bulk of the paper, and discusses in some detail several aspects of the design process which offer unique pedagogical opportunities. Finally, Section 5 offers some conclusions.2 Problem StatementThe basic idea of the project is to replace the relevant parts of the functionality of an Omega CN-390 temperature controller using a custom-designed system. The application dictates that temperature settings are usually kept constant for long periods of time, but it’s nonetheless important that step changes be tracked in a ―reasonable‖ manner. Thus the mai n requirements boil down to·allowing a chamber temperature set-point to be entered,·displaying both set-point and actual temperatures, and·tracking step changes in set-point temperature with acceptable rise time, steady-state error, and overshoot.Although not explicitly a part of the specifications in Table 1, it was clear that the customer desired digital displays of set-point and actual temperatures, and that set-point temperature entry should be digital as well (as opposed to, say, through a potentiometer setting).3 System DesignThe requirements for digital temperature displays and setpoint entry alone are enough to dictate that a microcontrollerbased design is likely the most appropriate. Figure 2 shows a block diagram of the students’ design.The microcontroller, a MotorolaMC68HC705B16 (6805 for short), is the heart of the system. It accepts inputs from a simple four-key keypad which allow specification of the set-point temperature, and it displays both set-point and measured chamber temperatures using two-digit seven-segment LED displays controlled by a display driver. All these inputs and outputs are accommodated by parallel ports on the 6805. Chamber temperature is sensed using apre-calibrated thermistor and input via one of the 6805’s an alog-to-digital inputs. Finally, a pulse-width modulation (PWM) output on the 6805 is used to drive a relay which switches line power to the resistive heater off and on.Figure 3 shows a more detailed schematic of the electronics and their interfacing to the 6805. The keypad, a Storm 3K041103, has four keys which are interfaced to pins PA0{ PA3 of Port A, configured as inputs. One key functions as a mode switch. Two modes are supported: set mode and run mode. In set mode two of the other keys are used to specify the set-point temperature: one increments it and one decrements. The fourth key is unused at present. The LED displays are driven by a Harris Semiconductor ICM7212 display driver interfaced to pins PB0{PB6 of Port B, configured as outputs. The temperature-sensing thermistor drives, through a voltage divider, pin AN0 (one of eight analog inputs). Finally, pin PLMA (one of two PWM outputs) drives the heater relay.Software on the 6805 implements the temperature control algorithm, maintains the temperature displays, and alters the set-point in response to keypad inputs. Because it is not complete at this writing, software will not be discussed in detail in this paper. The control algorithm in particular has not been determined, but it is likely to be a simple proportional controller and certainly not more complex than a PID. Some control design issues will be discussed in Section 4, however.4 The Design ProcessAlthough essentially the project is just to build a thermostat, it presents many nice pedagogical opportunities. The knowledge and experience base of a senior engineering undergraduate are just enough to bring him or her to the brink of a solution to various aspects of the problem. Yet, in each case, realworld considerations complicate the situation significantly.Fortunately these complications are not insurmountable, and the result is a very beneficial design experience. The remainder of this section looks at a few aspects of the problem which present the type of learning opportunity just described. Section 4.1 discusses some of the featuresof a simplified mathematical model of the thermal properties of the system and how it can beeasily validated experimentally. Section 4.2 describes how realistic control algorithm designs can be arrived at using introductory concepts in control design. Section 4.3 points out some important deficiencies of such a simplified modeling/control design process and how they can be overcome through simulation. Finally, Section 4.4 gives an overview of some of the microcontroller-related design issues which arise and learning opportunities offered.4.1 MathematicalModelLumped-element thermal systems are described in almost any introductory linear control systems text, and just this sort of model is applicable to the slide dryer problem. Figure 4 shows a second-order lumped-element thermal model of the slide dryer. The state variables are the temperatures Ta of the air in the box and Tb of the box itself. The inputs to the system are the power output q(t) of the heater and the ambient temperature T¥. ma and mb are the masses of the air and the box, respectively, and Ca and Cb their specific heats. μ1 and μ2 are heat transfer coefficients from the air to the box and from the box to the external world, respectively.It’s not hard to show that the (linearized) state equationscorresponding to Figure 4 areTaking Laplace transforms of (1) and (2) and solving for Ta(s), which is the output of interest, gives the following open-loop model of the thermal system:where K is a constant and D(s) is a second-order polynomial.K, tz, and the coefficients ofD(s) are functions of the variousparameters appearing in (1) and (2).Of course the various parameters in (1) and (2) are completely unknown, but it’s not hard to show that, regardless of their values, D(s) has two real zeros. Therefore the main transfer function of interest (which isthe one from Q(s), si nce we’ll assume constant ambient temperature) can be writtenMoreover, it’s not too hard to show that 1=tp1 <1=tz <1=tp2, i.e., that the zero lies between the two poles. Both of these are excellent exercises for the student, and the result is the openloop pole-zero diagram of Figure 5.Obtaining a complete thermal model, then, is reduced to identifying the constant K and the three unknown time constants in (3). Four unknown parameters is quite a few, but simple experiments show that 1=tp1 _ 1=tz;1=tp2 so that tz;tp2 _ 0 are good approximations. Thus the open-loop system is essentially first-order and can therefore be written(where the subscript p1 has been dropped).Simple open-loop step response experiments show that,for a wide range of initial temperatures and heat inputs, K _0:14 _=W and t _ 295 s.14.2 Control System DesignUsing the first-order model of (4) for the open-loop transfer function Gaq(s) and assuming for the moment that linear control of the heater power output q(t) is possible, the block diagram of Figure 6 represents the closed-loop system. Td(s) is the desired, or set-point, temperature,C(s) is the compensator transfer function, and Q(s) is the heater output in watts.Given this simple situation, introductory linear control design tools such as the root locus method can be used to arrive at a C(s) which meets the step response requirements on rise time, steady-state error, and overshoot specified in Table 1. The upshot, of course, is that a proportional controller with sufficient gain can meet all specifications. Overshoot is impossible, and increasing gains decreases both steady-state error and rise time.Unfortunately, sufficient gain to meet the specifications may require larger heat outputs than the heater is capable of producing. This was indeed the case for this system, and the result is that the rise time specification cannot be met. It is quite revealing to the student how useful such an oversimplified model, carefully arrived at, can be in determining overall performance limitations.4.3 Simulation ModelGross performance and its limitations can be determined using the simplified model of Figure 6, but there are a number of other aspects of the closed-loop system whose effects on performance are not so simply modeled. Chief among these are·quantization error in analog-to-digital conversion of the measured temperature and· the use of PWM to control the heater.Both of these are nonlinear and time-varying effects, and the only practical way to study them is through simulation (or experiment, of course).Figure 7 shows a SimulinkTM block diagram of the closed-loop system which incorporates these effects. A/D converter quantization and saturation are modeled using standard Simulink quantizer and saturation blocks. Modeling PWM is more complicated and requires a customS-function to represent it.This simulation model has proven particularly useful in gauging the effects of varying thebasic PWM parameters and hence selecting them appropriately. (I.e., the longer the period, the larger the temperature error PWM introduces. On the other hand, a long period is desirable to avoid excessive relay ―chatter,‖ among other things.) PWM is often difficult for students to grasp, and the simulation model allows an exploration of its operation and effects which is quite revealing.4.4 The MicrocontrollerSimple closed-loop control, keypad reading, and display control are some of the classic applications of microcontrollers, and this project incorporates all three. It is therefore an excellent all-around exercise in microcontroller applications. In addition, because the project isto produce an actual packaged prototype, it won’t do to use a simple evaluation board with theI/O pins jumpered to the target system. Instead, it’s necessary to d evelop a complete embedded application. This entails the choice of an appropriate part from the broad range offered in a typical microcontroller family and learning to use a fairly sophisticated development environment. Finally, a custom printed-circuit board for the microcontroller and peripherals must be designed and fabricated.Microcontroller Selection. In view of existing local expertise, the Motorola line of microcontrollers was chosen for this project. Still, this does not narrow the choice down much. A fairly disciplined study of system requirements is necessary to specify which microcontroller, out of scores of variants, is required for the job. This is difficult for students, as they generally lack the experience and intuition needed as well as the perseverance to wade through manufacturers’ selection guides.Part of the problem is in choosing methods for interfacing the various peripherals (e.g., what kind of display driver should be used?). A study of relevant Motorola application notes [2, 3, 4] proved very helpful in understandingwhat basic approaches are available, and what microcontroller/peripheral combinations should be considered.The MC68HC705B16 was finally chosen on the basis of its availableA/D inputs and PWMoutputs as well as 24 digital I/O lines. In retrospect this is probably overkill, as only oneA/D channel, one PWM channel, and 11 I/O pins are actually required (see Figure 3). The decision was made to err on the safe side because a complete development system specific to the chosen part was necessary, and the project budget did not permit a second such system to be purchased should the firstprove inadequate.Microcontroller Application Development. Breadboarding of the peripheral hardware, development of microcontroller software, and final debugging and testing of a customprinted-circuit board for the microcontroller and peripherals all require a development environment of some kind. The choice of a development environment, like that of themicrocontroller itself, can be bewildering and requires some faculty expertise. Motorola makes three grades of development environment ranging from simple evaluation boards (at around $100) to full-blown real-time in-circuit emulators (at more like $7500). The middle option was chosen for this project: the MMEVS, which consists of _ a platform board (which supports all 6805-family parts), _ an emulator module (specific to B-series parts), and _ a cable and target head adapter (package-specific). Overall, the system costs about $900 and provides, with some limitations, in-circuit emulation capability. It also comes with the simple but sufficient software development environment RAPID [5].Students find learning to use this type of system challenging, but the experience they gain in real-world microcontroller application development greatly exceeds the typical first-course experience using simple evaluation boards.Printed-Circuit Board. The layout of a simple (though definitely not trivial) printed-circuit board is another practical learning opportunity presented by this project. The final board layout, with package outlines, is shown (at 50% of actual size) in Figure 8. The relative simplicity of the circuit makes manual placement and routing practical—in fact, it likely gives better results than automatic in an application like this—and the student is therefore exposed to fundamental issues of printed-circuit layout and basic design rules. The layout software used was the very nice package pcb,2 and the board was fabricated in-house with the aid of our staff electronics technician.5 ConclusionThe aim of this paper has been to describe an interdisciplinary, undergraduate engineering design project: a microcontroller- based temperature control system with digital set-point entry and set-point/actual temperature display. A particular design of such a system has been described, and a number of design issues which arise—from a variety of engineering disciplines—have been discussed. Resolution of these issues generally requires knowledge beyond that acquired in introductory courses, but realistically accessible to advance undergraduate students, especiallywith the advice and supervision of faculty.Desirable features of the problem, from a pedagogical viewpoint, include the use of a microcontroller with simple peripherals, the opportunity to usefully apply introductorylevel modeling of physical systems and design of closed-loop controls, and the need for relatively simple experimentation (for model validation) and simulation (for detailed performance prediction). Also desirable are some of the technologyrelated aspects of the problem including practical use of resistive heaters and temperature sensors (requiring knowledge of PWM and calibration techniques, respectively), microcontroller selection and use of development systems, and printedcircuit design.AcknowledgementsThe author would like to acknowledge the hard work, dedication, and ability shown by the students involved in this project: Mark Langsdorf, Matt Rall, PamRinehart, and David Schuchmann. It is their project, and credit for its success belongs to them.References[1] M. Langsdorf, M. Rall, D. Schuchmann, and P. Rinehart,―Temperature control of a microscope slide dryer,‖ in1997 National Conference on Undergraduate Research,(Austin, TX), April 1997. Poster presentation.[2] Motorola, Inc., Phoenix, AZ, Temperature Measurementand Display Using the MC68HC05B4 and the MC14489,1990. Motorola SemiconductorApplicationNote AN431.[3] Motorola, Inc., Phoenix, AZ, HC05 MCU LED DriveTechniques Using the MC68HC705J1A, 1995. MotorolaSemiconductor Application Note AN1238.[4] Motorola, Inc., Phoenix, AZ, HC05MCU Keypad DecodingTechniques Using the MC68HC705J1A, 1995. MotorolaSemiconductor Application Note AN1239.[5] Motorola, Inc., Phoenix, AZ, RAPID Integrated DevelopmentEnvironment User’s Manual, 1993. (RAPID wasdeveloped by P & E Microcomputer Systems, Inc.).11。
单片机-外文翻译-外文文献-英文文献-单片机简介-中英对照电子教案
Single chip brief introductionThe monolithic integrated circuit said that the monolithic micro controller, it is not completes some logical function the chip, but integrates a computer system to a chip on. Summary speaking: A chip has become a computer. Its volume is small, the quality is light, and the price cheap, for the study, the application and the development has provided the convenient condition. At the same time, the study use monolithic integrated circuit is understandsthe computer principle and the structure best choice.The monolithic integrated circuit interior also uses with the computer function similar module, for instance CPU, memory, parallel main line, but also has with the hard disk behave identically the memory component7 what is different is its these part performance is opposite our home-use computer weak many, but the price is also low, generally does not surpass 10 Yuan then Made some control electric appliance one kind with it is not the 'very complex work foot, We use now the completely automatic drum washer, the platoon petti-coat pipe: VCD and so on Inside the electrical appliances may see its form! It is mainly takes the control section the core part.It is one kind of online -like real-time control computer, online -like is the scene control, needs to have the strong antijamming ability, the low cost, this is also and the off-line type computer (forinstance home use PC,) main differenceThe monolithic integrated circuit is depending on the procedure, and may revise. Realizes the different function through the different procedure, particularly special unique some functions, this is other component needs to take the very big effort to be able to achieve, some are the flowered big strength is also very difficult to achieve. One is not the very complex function, if develops in the 50s with the US 74 series, or the 60s's CD4000 series these pure hardware do decides, the electric circuit certainly arc a big PCB board ! But if, if succeededin the 70s with the US puts in the market the series monolithic integrated circuit, the result will have the huge difference. Because only the monolithic integrated circuit compiles through you the procedure may realize the high intelligence, high efficiency, as well as redundant reliabilityThe CPU is the key component of a digital computer. Its purpose is to decode instruction received from memory and perform transfers, arithmetic, logic, and control operations with data stored in internal registers, memory, or I/O interface units. Externally, the CPU provides one or more buses for transferring instructions, data, and control information to and from components connected to it. A microcontroller is present in the keyboard and in the monitor in the generic computer; thus these components are also shaded. In such microcontrollers, the CPU may be quite different from those discussed in this chapter. The word lengths may be short, the number of registers small, and the instruction sets limited. Performance, relatively speaking, is poor, but adequate for the task. Most important, the cost of these microcontrollers is very low, making their use cost effective.Because the monolithic integrated circuit to the cost is sensitive, therefore present occupies the dominant status the software is the most preliminary assembly language7 it was except the binary machine code above the most preliminary language, since why were such preliminary must use?Why high-level did the language already achieve the visualization programming level not to use? The reason is very simple, is the monolithic integrated circuit docs not have home computer such CPU, and also has not looked like the hard disk such mass memory equipment. Inside even if a visualization higher order language compilation script only then a button, also will achieve several dozens K the sizes! Does not speak anything regarding the home use PC hard disk, but says regarding the monolithic integrated circuit cannot accept. The monolithic integrated circuit in the hardware source aspect's use factor must very Gao Caixing, therefore assembly, although primitive actually massively is using, Same truth, if attains supercomputer'son operating system and the application software home use PC to come up the movement, home use PC could also not withstand.It can be said that the 20th century surmounted three "the electricity" the time, namely the electrical time, the Electronic Age and already entered computer time. However, this kind of computer, usually refers to the personal computer, is called PC machine. It by the main engine, the keyboard, the monitor and so on is composed. Also has a kind of computer, most people actually not how familiar. This kind of computeris entrusts with the intelligence each kind of mechanical monolithic integrated circuit (also to call micro controller). , This kind of computer's smallest system only has used as the name suggests a piece of integrated circuit, then carries on the simple operation and the control. Because its volume is small, usually hides in is accused the machinery "the belly". It in the entire installment, plays is having like the human brains role, it went wrong, the entire installment paralyzed. Now, this kind of monolithic integrated circuit's use domain already very widespread, like the intelligent measuring appliance, the solid work paid by time control, the communication equipment, the guidance system, the domestic electric appliances and so on, Once each product used the monolithic integrated circuit, could get up causes theeffect which the product turned to a new generation, often before product range crown by adjective ‘ intelligence ' , like intelligence washer and so on. Nowsome factory's technical personnel or other extra-curricular electronic exploiter do certain products, are not the electric circuit are too complex, is the function is too simple, and is imitated extremely easily. Investigates its reason, possibly on card, in the product has not used on the monolithic integrated circuit or other programmable logical component.单片机简介单片机又称单片微控制器，它不是完成某一个逻辑功能的芯片，而是把一个计算机系统集成到一个芯片上。
红外遥控系统毕业论文中英文资料对照外文翻译文献
中英文资料对照外文翻译文献红外遥控系统摘要目前红外数据通信技术是在世界范围内被广泛应用的一种无线连接技术，它也可以被许多软硬件平台所支持。
红外收发器产品具有成本低，体积小，传输速率快，点对点传输安全性好，不受电磁干扰等特点，可使得信息在几个不同产品器件之间快速、便捷、安全地交换与传输。
红外数据通信技术在短距离无线传输领域内有着十分显著的优势，红外遥控收发系统的设计和存在具有非常高的运用价值。
目前，红外收发器产品在便携式产品中的应用潜力很大。
全世界约有1亿5千万台设备和仪器是采用红外数据通信技术的，在电子产品、工业设备、医疗设备等领域内使用范围很广。
几乎所有笔记本电脑、手机都配置红外收发器接口。
伴随着红外数据传输技术的愈发成熟、生产和使用成本下降，红外收发器在短距离通讯领域内将会得到更加广泛的应用。
设计这个系统的目的是用红外线作为传输媒介来传输操作者或用户的操作信息和指令，然后由接收器电路翻译出原信号，主要是利用编码芯片和解码芯片对信号进行调制解调，这其中，编码芯片用的是台湾生产的PT2262，解码芯片是PT2272。
它们的主要工作原理是：通过编码键盘可以为PT2262提供输入信息，PT2262对输入的信息进行编码并加载到38KHZ 的载波上并调制红外发射二极管，再将其辐射到空间，然后再由接收系统接收信号并解调出原始的信息内容，由PT2272对原信号进行解码，从而驱动相应的电路完成用户的操作指令和操作要求。
关键字：红外线；编码；解码；LM386；红外收发器。
1 绪论1．1 课题研究的背景及意义目前，在世界范围内，红外数据通信技术是被广泛使用的一种无线连接技术，被许多的硬件和软件平台所支持。
是一种通过数据脉冲与红外脉冲之间的相互转换实现无线数据收发的技术。
红外收发器产品具有成本低，体积小，传输速率快，点对点传输安全性好，不受电磁干扰等特点，可使得信息在几个不同产品器件之间快速、便捷、安全地交换与传输。
单片机温度控制系统论文中英文资料对照外文翻译文献
单片机温度控制系统论文中英文资料对照外文翻译文献原文题目：Single-chip microcomputer temperature control system DescriptionThe at89s52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 4K bytes of Flash Programmable and Erasable Read Only Memory (PEROM) and 128 bytes RAM. The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry standard MCS-51™ instruction set and pinout. The chip combines a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel at89s52 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly flexible and cost effective solution to many embedded control applications.Features:• Compatible with MCS-51™ Products• 4K Bytes of In-System Reprogrammable Flash Memory• Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles• Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz• Three-Level Program Memory Lock• 128 x 8-Bit Internal RAM• 32 Programmable I/O Lines• Two 16-Bit Timer/Counters• Six Interrupt Sources• Programmable Serial Channel• Low Power Idle and Po wer Down ModesThe at89s52 provides the following standard features: 4K bytes of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, two 16-bit timer/counters, a five vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry. In addition, the at89s52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM,timer/counters, serial port and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power Down Mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator disabling all other chip functions until the next hardware reset.Pin Description:VCC Supply voltage.GND Ground.Port 0Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port. As an output port each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When is are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high impedance inputs.Port 0 may also be configured to be the multiplexed loworder address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode P0 has internal pullups.Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming, and outputs the code bytes during program verification. External pullups are required during program verification.Port 1Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pullups. The Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pullups.Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and verification.Port 2Port 2 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pullups. The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pullups.Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory and during accesses to external data memory that use 16-bit addresses (MOVX @ DPTR). In this application it uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that use 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register.Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals during Flash programming and verification.Port 3Port 3 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pullups. The Port 3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pullups.Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the at89s52 as listed below:Port pin alternate functionsP3.0 rxd (serial input port)P3.1 txd (serial output port)P3.2 ^int0 (external interrupt0)Port 3 also receivessome control signals forFlash programming andverification. RSTReset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is runningresets the device.ALE/PROGAddress Latch Enable output pulse for latching the low byte of the address duringaccesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming.In normal operation ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency, and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external Data Memory.If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode.PSENProgram Store Enable is the read strobe to external program memory.When the at89s52 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data memory.EA/VPPExternal Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset.EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions.This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage(VPP) during Flashprogramming, for parts that require 12-volt VPP.XTAL1Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit. XTAL2Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.Oscillator CharacteristicsXTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively, of an inverting amplifierwhich can be configured for use as an on-chip oscillator, as shown in Figure 1. Either a quartz crystal or ceramic resonator may be used. To drive the device from an external clock source, XTAL2 should be left unconnected while XTAL1 is driven as shown in Figure 2. There are no requirements on the duty cycle of the external clock signal, since the input to the internal clocking circuitry is through a divide-by-two flip-flop, but minimum and maximum voltage high and low time specifications must be observed. P3.3 ^int1 (external interrupt1) P3.4 t0 (timer0 external input) P3.5 t1 (timer1 external input) P3.6 ^WR (external data memory write strobe) P3.7^rd (external data memory read strobe)Idle ModeIn idle mode, the CPU puts itself to sleep while all the onchip peripherals remain active. The mode is invoked by software. The content of the on-chip RAM and all the special functions registers remain unchanged during this mode. The idle mode can be terminated by any enabled interrupt or by a hardware reset.It should be noted that when idle is terminated by a hard ware reset, the device normally resumes program execution, from where it left off, up to two machine cycles before the internal reset algorithm takes control. On-chip hardware inhibits access to internal RAM in this event, but access to the port pins is not inhibited. To eliminate the possibility of an unexpected write to a port pin when Idle is terminated by reset, the instruction following the one that invokes Idle should not be one that writes to a port pin or to external memory.Status of External Pins During Idle and Power Down Modesmode Program memory ALE ^psen Port0 Port1Port2Port3idle internal 1 1 data data data DataIdle External 1 1 float Data data Data Power down Internal 0 0 Data Data Data Data Power down External 0 0 float data Data data Power Down ModeIn the power down mode the oscillator is stopped, and the instruction that invokes power down is the last instruction executed. The on-chip RAM and Special Function Registers retain their values until the power down mode is terminated. The only exit from power down is a hardware reset. Reset redefines the SFRs but does not change the on-chip RAM. The reset should not be activated before VCC is restored to its normal operating level and must be held active long enough to allow the oscillator to restart and stabilize.Program Memory Lock BitsOn the chip are three lock bits which can be left unprogrammed (U) or can be programmed (P) to obtain the additional features listed in the table below:Lock Bit Protection ModesWhen lock bit 1 is programmed, the logic level at the EA pin is sampled and latchedduring reset. If the device is powered up without a reset, the latch initializes to a random value, and holds that value until reset is activated. It is necessary that the latched value of EA be in agreement with the current logic level at that pin in order for the device to function properly. Programming the Flash：The at89s52 is normally shipped with the on-chip Flash memory array in the erased state (that is, contents = FFH) and ready to be programmed.The programming interface accepts either a high-voltage (12-volt) or a low-voltage (VCC) program enable signal.The low voltage programming mode provides a convenient way to program the at89s52 inside the user’s system, while the high-voltage programming mode is compatible with conventional third party Flash or EPROM programmers.The at89s52 is shipped with either the high-voltage or low-voltage programming mode enabled. The respective top-side marking and device signature codes are listed in the following table.Vpp=12v Vpp=5vTop-side mark at89s52xxxxyywwat89s52xxxx-5yywwsignature (030H)=1EH(031H)=51H(032H)=FFH (030H)=1EH (031H)=51H (032H)=05HThe at89s52 code memory array is programmed byte-bybyte in either programming mode. To program any nonblank byte in the on-chip Flash Programmable and Erasable Read Only Memory, the entire memory must be erased using the Chip Erase Mode. Programming Algorithm:Before programming the at89s52, the address, data and control signals should be set up according to the Flash programming mode table and Figures 3 and 4. To program the at89s52, take the following steps.1. Input the desired memory location on the address lines.2. Input the appropriate data byte on the data lines.3. Activate the correct combination of control signals.4. Raise EA/VPP to 12V for the high-voltage programming mode.5. Pulse ALE/PROG once to program a byte in the Flash array or the lock bits. Thebyte-write cycle is self-timed and typically takes no more than 1.5 ms. Repeat steps 1 through 5, changing the address and data for the entire array or until the end of the object file is reached.Data Polling: The at89s52 features Data Polling to indicate the end of a write cycle. During a write cycle, an attempted read of the last byte written will result in the complement of the written datum on PO.7. Once the write cycle has been completed, true data are valid on all outputs, and the next cycle may begin. Data Polling may begin any time after a write cycle has been initiated.Ready/Busy: The progress of byte programming can also be monitored by theRDY/BSY output signal. P3.4 is pulled low after ALE goes high during programming to indicate BUSY. P3.4 is pulled high again when programming is done to indicate READY.Program Verify: If lock bits LB1 and LB2 have not been programmed, the programmed code data can be read back via the address and data lines for verification. The lock bits cannot be verified directly. Verification of the lock bits is achieved by observing that their features are enabled.Chip Erase: T he entire Flash Programmable and Erasable Read Only Memory array is erased electrically by using the proper combination of control signals and by holdingALE/PROG low for 10 ms. The code array is written with all “1”s. The chip erase operation must be executed before the code memory can be re-programmed.Reading the Signature Bytes: The signature bytes are read by the same procedure as a normal verification of locations 030H, 031H, and 032H, except that P3.6 and P3.7 must be pulled to a logic low. The values returned are as follows.(030H) = 1EH indicates manufactured by Atmel(031H) = 51H indicates 89C51(032H) = FFH indicates 12V programming(032H) = 05H indicates 5V programmingProgramming InterfaceEvery code byte in the Flash array can be written and the entire array can be erased by using the appropriate combination of control signals. The write operation cycle is selftimed and once initiated, will automatically time itself to completion.译文题目：单片机温度控制系统描述at89s52是美国ATMEL公司生产的低电压，高性能CMOS8位单片机，片内含4Kbytes 的快速可擦写的只读程序存储器（PEROM）和128 bytes 的随机存取数据存储器（RAM），器件采用ATMEL公司的高密度、非易失性存储技术生产，兼容标准MCS-51产品指令系统，片内置通用8位中央处理器（CPU）和flish存储单元，功能强大at89s52单片机可为您提供许多高性价比的应用场合，可灵活应用于各种控制领域。
单片机红外遥控外文翻译
Infrared Remote And Chips Are IntroducedPeople's eyes can see the visible wavele ngth from long to short accord ing to the arrangement, in order to red, orange, yellow, green, green, blue, violet. One of the red wavelengths for 0.62 ~ 0.76 mount, Purple is 0.38 wavelength range ~ mount. Purple is shorter than the wavelength of light called ultraviolet ray, red wavele ngths of light is Ion ger tha n that of in frared light. In frared remote control is to use wavelength for 0.76 ~ 1.5 mount between the near in frared to tran sfer con trol sig nal.Commo nly used in frared remote con trol system of gen eral poi nts tran smit and receive two parts. The main component part for the launch of infrared light emitting diode. It is actually a special light emitting diode, due to its internal material differs from ordinary light emitting diode, resulting in its ends on certain voltage, it is a rather infrared light. Use of infrared light emitti ng diode the in frared wavele ngths, for 940nm appeara nee and ordin ary, just the same light emitting diode five different colors. Infrared light emitting diode gen erally have black and blue, tran spare nt three colors. Judgme nt of infrared light emitting diode and judgment method, using a millimeter to ordinary diode electric block measure of infrared light emitting diode, reverse resista nee. The in frared light emitti ng diode lumin esce nce efficie ncy to use special instrument to measure precise, and use only spare conditions to pull away from roughly judgment. Receiving part of infrared receiving tube is a photose nsitivediode.In actual application of it receiving diode to reverse bias, it can work normally, i.e., the infrared receiving circuit application in diode is used to reverse, higher sensitivity. Infrared receiving diode usually have two round and rectangular. Due to the power of infrared light emitting diode (or less commonly 100mW), so ir receiving diode received signals is weak, so will increasehigh-gain ones.the amplifiercircuit.In com mon CX20106A, etc. PC1373H moo n in frared receivi ng special amplifier circuit. In recent years both amateur or formal products, mostly using in frared recei vinghead fini shed. The head of in frared recei ving product packages gen erally has two kin ds: one kind USES sheet shield ing, A kind of plastic packaging. There are three pin, namely the power is (VDD), power negative (GND) and data output (VO or OUT). Infrared receiving head foot arrangement for types varied, manufacturer's instructions. Finished the advantages of infrared receiving head is not in need of sophisticated debugg ing and shell scree n, use rise as a tran sistor, very convenient. But whe n used in the infrared receivingattention finished first carrier frequency.In frared remote com mon carrier freque ncy for 38kHz, this is tran smitted by using 455kHz Tao Zhe n to decide. At the launch of crystals were in teger freque ncy, freque ncy coefficie nts, so com mon ly 12, so 455kHz 宁12 hun dredth kHz 38kHz hun dredth 379,000. Some remote con trol system adopts 36kHz, 56kHz, etc. general 40kHz launched by thecrystals of oscillation freque ncy to decide.In frared remote characteristic is not in flue nee the surro unding environment and does not interfere with other electric equipment. Due to its cannot pen etratewalls, so the room can use com mon household applia nee of remote control without mutual interferenee, Circuit testing is simple, as long as give n circuit connection, gen erally does not n eed any commissi oning can work, Decoding easily, can undertake multiple remote control. Because each manufacturer produces a great deal of infrared remote application-specific integrated circuit, when need press diagram so jip. Therefore, the infrared remote now in household applia nces, in door close (less tha n 10 meters) in the remote control is widely used.Multiple infrared remote control system of infrared emission control buttons, there are many parts general representative of different control function. Whe n pressed a butt on, corresp ondin gly in the receiver with differe nt output.Receiving the output state can be roughly divided into pulse, level, selflock ing and in terlock, data five forms. "The pulse output is accordi ng to laun ch" whe n the butt on, the receiver output term in als output corresp onding "effective", a pulse width 100ms in gen eral. "Level" refers to the output launch press butt on, the receiver output corresp onding output level ", "effective transmit to loosen the receiver" level "disappears. This"effective pulse" and "effective", may be of high level is low, and may also depe nd on the output corresp onding static state, such as feet for low, static "high" for effective, As for the static, "low" high effective. In most cases, "high" for effective. "Since the lock" refers to launch the output of each time you press the butt on, a receiver output corresponding change, namely originally a state for high level into a low level, originally for low level into high level. The output power switch and mute as control etc. Sometimes also called the output form for "inv ert". "The in terlock" refers to multiple outputs each output, at the same time only one output. The TV sets of this case is selected, the otheris like the light and sound in put speed, etc."Data" refers to launch the output some key, use a few output form a bi nary nu mber, to represe ntdiffere nt keystroke.Normally, the receiver except a few data output, but also a "valid" output data, so the timely to collect data. This output form with single-chip microcomputer or are com monly used in terface. In additi on to the above output form outside, still have a "latch" and "temporary" two forms. The so- called "latch" refers to launch the output signal of each hair, the receiver output corresponding ", "new store until you receive signals. "Temporary" output and the introductionof "level" output is similar.Remote dista nce (Remote Con trol effect of RF Remote Con trol dista nce) are the major factorsasfollows:un ched in power tran smissi on power: while dista nee, but great power consumpti on, easy to gen eratenterfere nee.2.and receiving the receiver sensitivity, receiving, remote distanee in creased sen sitivity to improve, but easy to cause disturba nee maloperati on or abuse.3.antenna, using linear antenna, and parallel, remote distanee, but occupies a large space, in use the antennaspin, pull can in crease the remote dista nee.4.and the higher height: antenna, remote farther, but by objective eon diti ons.5. a nd stop: curre nt use of wireless remote use of UHF band stipulated by the state, the propagation characteristics of approximate linear transmission, light, small, transmitters and receivers diffraction between such as walls are block ing will greatlydisco un ted remote dista nee, if is rein forced eon crete walls, due to theabsorpti on effect eon ductor, radiowaves.Con sideri ng the desig n of hardware volume small to be embedded in the remote control, so we chose 20 foot single-chip chip AT89C2051. Below is the introduction of the function.(1)AT89C2051 internal structure and performaneeAT89C2051 is a byte flash 2K with programmable read-only memory can be erased EEPROM (low voltage, high performanee of eight CMOS microcomputer. It adopts ATMEL of high-density non-volatile storage tech no logy manu facturi ng and in dustrial sta ndard MCS - 51 in structio n set and lead. Through the comb in ati on of sin gle chip in gen eral CPL1 and flash memory, is a strong ATMEL AT89C2051 microcomputer, its application in many embedded control provides a highly flexible and low cost solutions. The compatible with 8051 AT89C2051 is CHMOS micro eontroller, the Flash memory capacity for 2KB. And CHMOS 80C51 process,have two kinds of leisure and power saving operation mode. The performanee is as follows.5.CUP, 2KB Flash memory,Worki ng voltage range 2.7-6V, 128KB data storage.The static worki ng way: 0-24MHz,15 root input/output line.A programmable serial, 2 a 16-bit timing/counters.There is a slice of in sideprecisio nsimulatio n comparator, 5thei nterrupt sources,2 priority.Programmable serial UART channel, Directly LED driver output,The internal structureof AT89C2051 is shown in figure 1.Figure 1 AT89C2051 in terior structure(2)AT89C2051 chip pin andfunctionIn order to adapt to the requirement of intelligent instrument, embedded in the chip foot AT89C2051 simplified configuration, as shown in figure b. The major cha nges to: (1) the lead foot from 20 to 40 wires, (2) in creased a simulated comparator.=DiagrambAT89C2051 foot figure.AT89C2051 pin fun ctio n:1.the VCC: voltage.1.to GND.1.P1 mouth: P1 mouth is an 8-bit two-way I/O port. P1.2 ~ P1.7 mouth pin theinternal resista nee provides. P1.0 and P1.1 requireme nts on the exter nal pull-up resistors. P1.0 and P1.1 also separately as piece in side precisi on simulati on comparator with in put (AIN0) and reversed-phasei nput (AIN1). Output buffer can absorb the P1 mouth 20mA current and can directly LED display driver. Whe n P1 mouth pin into a "1", can make its in put. Whe n the pin P1.2 ~ P1.7 as in put and exter nal dow n, they will be for the internal resista nee and flow curre nt (IIL). I n flash P1 mouth duri ng the procedure and program code datareceiving calibration.2.P3: the P3.0 ~ P3.5 P3, P3.7 is the in ternal resista nce with seven twoway I / 0 lead. P3.6 for fixed in puts piece in side the comparator output sig nal and it as a gen eral I/O foot and in accessible. P3 mouth buffer can absorb 20mA curre nt. When P3 mouth pin in to "1", they are the internal resista nee can push and in put. As in put, and the low exter nal P3 mouth pin pull-up resistors and will use curre nt (IIL) outflow. P3 mouth still used to impleme nt the various fun etio ns, such as AT89C2051 show n in table P3 mouth still receive some for flash memory programming and calibration of program con trol sig nals.5.RST: reset in put. RST once, all into high level I/O foot will reset to "1". When the oscillator is running, continuous gives RST pin two machine cycle of high level can finish reset. Each machine cycle to 12 oscillator or clock cycle.6.XTAL1: as the oscillator amplifier in put and inv erse internal clock gen eratori nput.7.XTAL2: as the oscillator reversed-phase the amplifier's output.P3 mouth function as isshown in table 1.Table 1(3)the software and hardware constraintsAT89C2051Due to the foot of the chip AT89C2051, no set limits of external storage in terface, so, for exter nal memory read/write in structio ns as MOVX etc.Due to 2KB ROM, so, the space to jump instruction should pay attention to the destination address range (transfer 000H - 7FFH), beyond the range of addresses, will not meet wrong results. The scope of data storage is OOH (7FH --whe n stack man ipulatio n), alsoshould be no ticed.The in put sig nal is simulated by the origi nal P3.6 foot into the microcontroller, sothe original P3.6 foot.Un able to exter nal use. Simulati on comparator can compare two simulation, if the size of the voltage external A D/A converter and its output as A comparator an alog in put, and by simulat ing the comparator ano ther in put voltage to be measured, through the introduction of the software method can realize the A/D con versi on.8.the Flash memory AT89C2051)Provide a 2KB of si ngle-chip AT89C2051 in Flash memory chips, which allows theonline program to modify or use special programming program ming.(1)Flash memory en crypti onAT89C2051 SCM has 2 encryption, can programming (P) or programming (U) to obtain different encryption functionality. Encryption functionality table asshown in table 1-1.En crypt a conten terased only through chips to eraseoperatio n.(2)Flash memory program ming and procedures the piece in side chip AT89C2051 Flash memory program ming.Note:1.the cou nters RESET at an EPROM in side the risi ng edge, and 000HRESET to XTAL1 by foot is executed,pulse count.2.piecesof 10ms to erasePROG pulse.3.duri ng the programmi ng P3.1 pulled low RDY/BSY in structio ns.⑶AT89C2051 SCM in Flash memory chips program ming steps are as follows:1.in the seque nee is the VCC GND pin, add worki ng voltage, XTAL1 pin RESET, receiving GND pin, other than the abovetime, waiting for 10ms.2.In P3.2 pin RESET,heighte ning level.3.In P3.3, P3.4, P3.5, P3.7 pinjadd model multilevel.4.P1.0 P1.7 -- for the 000H un itadd data bytes.5.RESET to increasethe 12V activation programming.6.P3.2 jump to a one byte programming or encryption.7.calibration has been programming, data from 12V to RESET logic level "H" and setP3.3 P3.7 -- for the correct level, and can output data in P1 mouth.8.For the n ext addresses) in the unit XTAL1 byte program ming, a pulse, make address counter add 1, in mouth add programming data.9.programming and calibration circuit figure c, d.Figure c programming circuitFigure d calibration circuit Explanation:(1)P3.1 during programming instructionsto below RDY/BSY,(2)single erasingthe PROG 10ms need,(3)internal EEPROM address coun ter on the rising edge RESET, and 000H RESET to XTAL1 by foot pulses are executed.Along with the rapid developme nt of scie nee and tech no logy, huma n society has un derg one earth-shak ing cha nges. Make our life more colorful. I n these cha nges, the remote control tech no logy has bee n widely permeatesTV, aerospace,military, sports andother product ion, all aspects of life. From the broad sense, all equipped with electric locomotive facility or electrical switches, if feel some n ecessary, can con sider to improve existi ng with remote control device, the operation fixed switch to realize the remote operation of the original equipment,stop, the variable,etc. Function.switch, for example, can be used to control the electric control switch the light switch, We design the infrared remote control system to realize the opponent switch quantity control. Infrared remote characteristic is not in flue nce the surro unding en vir onment and does not in terfere with other electric equipment. Due to its cannot penetrate walls, so the room can use com mon household applia nce of remote con trol without mutual in terfere nce, Circuit testi ng is simple, as long as give n circuit conn ecti on, gen erally does not need any commissioning can work, Decoding easily, can undertake multiple remote con trol.红外遥控人的眼睛能看到的可见光按波长从长到短排列，依次为红、橙、黄、 绿、青、蓝、紫。
外文翻译——基于单片机的红外防盗报警系统设计
外文原文Based on infrared alarm technology security systems1 the introduction1.1 the research significance of this topic research situation at home and abroad .With the development of society and science and technology unceasing development, people's living standards been improved greatly, and to the private property protection means in the unceasing enhancement, the intelligent facilities for anti-theft puts forward new requirements. This design is to meet the need of modern residential anti-theft designed family electronic alarm system. It in previous devices based on improved greatly, because use the single-chip processor signal, not only can used for single residential area, also can be used in a large-scale residential security systems. It's the job of the performance is good, do not appear to report and misstatement phenomenon, safe and reliable.In our country, the present market condition alarm basically has triggered alarm system pressure switch electron and alarm system and pressure shading triggered alarm system, etc. Various kinds of alarm, but this several common alarm there are some shortcomings. This system USES a human pyroelectric infrared sensor in the human body detector in the flied, passive pyroelectric infrared detectors because of its low cost, easy fabrication, low cost, installation is more convenient, anti-theft performance is stable and high sensitivity, safe and reliable, has attracted broad family characteristics such as popular with the customers. And alarms installation concealment, not easily by rogue found.1.2 infrared alarm technology introduction1.2.1 nature objects of the infrared radiationThe nature of any object, as long as the temperature above absolute zero (273 ℃), constantly outward issued infrared radiation, and travel at the speed of light energy. Object radiate outward infrared radiation of energy and the object of temperature and infrared radiant wavelength. Assuming objects launching infrared radiation of peak wavelength for a few, its temperature for T, the radiation energy equals infrared radiation of peak wavelength gerben and object product temperature T. This product is a constant, namely:The higher the temperature of the objects, emit infrared radiation of the smaller peak wavelength, send out infrared radiation energy is bigger also.1.2.2.pyroelectric effectPassive infrared detector also called pyroelectric infrared detector, its main working principle is pyroelectric effect. Pyroelectric effect means if make some strong dielectric material (such as qin batio3, qin wrong acid lead P (zT), etc.) of the surface temperature changes, then with the temperature rise or fall, material surface occurs polarization, namely on the surface of the charge will be produced change, and material surface charge lost balance and eventually charge will change withvoltage or current form output.1.2.3 pyroelectric infrared sensor basic structurePyroelectric infrared sensors from sensor detection yuan, interference filters and mosfet verifier three parts. According to the number of detecting yuan to points, pyroelectric infrared sensors have unit, double yuanhe four yuan to wait for a few kinds, for human detection of infrared sensor adopts double yuan or four yuan type structure. According to pyroelectric infrared sensor utility cent, have the following kinds: used for measuring temperature sensor, it's the job of the wavelength of (1-20) nano, Used for flame detection sensor, it's the job of the wavelength for0.435 + / - 0.15 nano, For human detection sensor, it's the job of the wavelength of 7 to 15 feet. Figure 1.2 is a double detection yuan pyroelectric infrared sensor structure schematic drawing. The sensor will two opposite polarity, special1.2.4 pyroelectric infrared detector basic principlePyroelectric infrared sensor by receiving mobile human radiation that certain wavelengths of infrared radiation, can be transformed into and human body movement speed and distance, the direction of low-frequency signals about. When pyroelectric infrared sensor by ir radiation sources of radiation, its internal sensitive materials temperatures will rise, polarization intensity is abate, surface charge reduce, usually will release this part of the charge called pyroelectric charge. Because of pyroelectric charge how many can reflect material changes of temperature, so by pyroelectric charge by circuit transformed into the output voltage can also reflect material changes in temperature, thus detect ir radiation energy changes.2 hardware system design2.1 infrared anti-theft alarm system hardware designBecause this design focuses on family guard against theft, real-time monitoring of a narrower range, so this design by simply using a passive infrared detector is enough. Therefore, infrared intelligent anti-theft alarm system, and the specific design requirements for:(1)completes to high sensitive infrared sensor design, make its can warning of what happened real-time and accurate detection.(2) automatic alarm (automatic dial-up alarm audible and visual alarm). We design the system must have the following function module:1.passive infrared detector,2.sound-light alarm,3.telephone automatic dial-up function;4.continued uninterrupted power supply,According to the system to complete functions, we adopt single chip microcomputer as the core of the system unit, electronic detection, intelligent control and telephone tong2.2 telephone automatic dial-up alarm circuit designIn order to simplify the whole system design process, we do not adopt MT880 chip dialing. Realization process is as follows:First in telephone storage inside put on domestic host cell phone numberor alarm call 110. From MCU pins p2.0 and p2.1 drawn two wiring connect relays, a pick telephone keyboard MianDiJian, another connect telephone keyboard keys, automatic weighing dial because the phone keypad scanning is similar microcontroller keypad scanning, so can make SCM give fitst p2.0 a signal, lets telephone h-f, then give the p2.1 a signal, let relay connected, automatic weighing dial the key a potential, let telephone automatic dial-up, so they could finish the system alarm function.2.3 system working principleThe whole system hardware part mainly includes six parts: MCU module; Infrared detector, Acousto-optic alarm circuit; Telephone automatic dial-up alarm circuit; Power supply circuit, Working state instructions circuit. Its system working principle for: the sensors will be detected signals to lead signal processor processing, microcontroller judgment to P1.0 mouth have pulse falling edge jumping signal immediately transferred to the acousto-optic alarm program, at this moment, the red light buzzer alarm rapid flashes, lasted 30s. In the 30s inside if someone press the switch, then eliminate alarm remove alarm. if this time no one remove alarm, the proof nobody at home in 30s system will automatically triggers telephone finish the whole system of police work project. Later, microcontroller will continue to cycle back ? sentenced2.4 system total diagramIn proteus simulation system, the system circuit by crystals circuit, sound-light alarm circuit composed. Among them, we use connect the dedication of the P1.0 simulated infrared sensors, requirement when switch when pressed by the high jump, level is low, the equivalent of, sensor detects the state of man, the telephone line with P2.0 and P2.1 derivation, here without simulation telephone circuit diagram.Figure 3.53 software system design3.1 control module design programMicrocomputer in the initial plus electric, voltage is not steady state, causing instability, at this time the SCM in commonly after power up to system with a piece of delay. Time-lapse after detecting P1 mouth microcontroller state, detection levelsignal whether mutations, if is then calls the police processing procedure, including automatic dialup audible and visual alarm procedures, if no changes, ChuXiang level detection continues to P1 mouth state.Figure 4.1 main program flowchart3.2 system development adopted by the programming and commissioning of the platformThis system language using assembly language preparation, so choose wave6000, he has the microcontroller program edit, compile and debugging, etc., and generate hexadecimal. Files, through: machine TOPWIN burning software writeable microcontroller program memory. The simulation software use Proteus, he is from Britain Labcenter electronics company EDA software. The circuit of the simulation is interactive, aiming at the microprocessor application, still can directly based on schematic diagram of the virtual prototype programming, and implementing software source code level of real-time debugging, if have display and output, still can see after the operation of input and output effect.4 system debugging and test4.1 software debuggingAdopt modularization program design thought, fitst debugging subroutines, then gradually superposition debugging, through Proteus simulation software debugging, proof program can realize its function.4.2 system debuggingThrough the circuit of welding, each module function commissioning. I put the hardware that occur errors adjusted, in addition, infrared that piece, because is employing redirected of pyroelectric switch modified, so in must be taping photoconductive resistance to rise, has arrived in the days and nights can alarm function. The total system commissioning, through, error meets the requirement.5 closingThis system uses a pyroelectric infrared sensor, its make simple low cost and installation are more convenient and anti-theft performance is stable and strong anti-jamming capability, high sensitivity, safe and reliable.外文翻译基于红外报警技术的防盗系统1 绪论1.1 本课题的研究现状及研究意义随着社会的不断进步和科学技术不断发展，人们生活水平得到很大的提高，对私有财产的保护手段在不断的增强，对防盗设施的智能化提出了新的要求。
单片机外文文献翻译(2024)
引言：单片机（Microcontroller）是一种广泛应用于嵌入式系统中的小型计算机芯片。
它集成了处理器核心、存储器、外设接口和时钟电路等核心部件，可以独立运行。
随着全球化的发展，外文文献对于学习和研究单片机领域来说至关重要。
本文翻译的外文文献《MicrocontrollerbasedTrafficLightControlSystem》详细介绍了基于单片机的交通信号灯控制系统。
概述：交通信号灯控制是现代都市交通系统中至关重要的一环。
传统的交通信号灯控制系统通常由定时器控制，不能根据实际交通情况动态调整信号灯的时间。
而基于单片机的交通信号灯控制系统可以实现根据实时交通流量来动态调整信号灯的时间，优化交通效率。
本文将详细介绍该系统的设计和实现。
正文：一、单片机选型1.1.CPU性能：本文选择了一款高性能的32位单片机作为控制核心，它具有较高的处理能力和较大的存储器容量，可以同时处理多条交通路口的信号控制。
1.2.外设接口：该单片机具有丰富的外设接口，可以与交通信号灯、传感器和通信设备等进行连接，实现信号控制和数据交互。
1.3.低功耗设计：为了节约能源和延长系统寿命，在单片机选型时考虑了低功耗设计，降低系统运行的能耗。
二、硬件设计2.1.交通信号灯：在设计交通信号灯时，考虑了日夜可见性和能耗。
采用了高亮度LED作为信号灯光源，同时添加了光敏传感器控制信号灯的亮度，以满足不同时间段的亮度需求。
2.2.传感器：通过安装车辆感应器和行人感应器等传感器，可以在实时监测交通流量的基础上，智能调整信号灯时间，提高路口的交通效率。
2.3.通信设备：在交通信号灯控制系统中引入了通信设备，可以实现各交通路口之间的信息交互和协调控制，提高整体交通系统的效率。
三、软件设计3.1.程序架构：采用了多任务的实时操作系统，将交通信号灯控制、传感器数据处理和通信设备控制等功能分别封装成不同的任务，实现了系统的高效运行和任务调度。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Infrared Remote And Chips Are IntroducedPeople's eyes can see the visible wavele ngth from long to short accord ing to the arrangement, in order to red, orange, yellow, green, green, blue, violet. One of the red wavelengths for 0.62 ~ 0.76 mount, Purple is 0.38 wavelength range ~ mount. Purple is shorter than the wavelength of light called ultraviolet ray, red wavele ngths of light is Ion ger tha n that of in frared light. In frared remote control is to use wavelength for 0.76 ~ 1.5 mount between the near in frared to tran sfer con trol sig nal.Com mon ly used in frared remote con trol system of gen eral poi nts transmit and receive two parts. The main component part for the launch of infrared light emitting diode. It is actually a special light emitting diode, due to its internal material differs from ordinary light emitting diode, resulting in its ends on certain voltage, it is a rather infrared light. Use of infrared light emitti ng diode the in frared wavele ngths, for 940nm appeara nee and ordin ary, just the same light emitting diode five different colors. Infrared light emitting diode gen erally have black and blue, tran spare nt three colors. Judgme nt of infrared light emitting diode and judgment method, using a millimeter to ordinary diode electric block measure of in frared light emitti ng diode, reverse resista nee. The in frared light emitti ng diode lumin esce nce efficie ncy to use special in strume nt to measure precise, and use only spare con diti ons to pull away from roughly judgme nt. Recei ving part of in frared recei ving tube is a photose nsitive diode.In actual application of it receiving diode to reverse bias, it can work normally, i.e., the infrared receiving circuit application in diode is used to reverse, higher sensitivity. Infrared receiving diode usually have two round and rectangular. Due to the power of infrared light emitting diode (or less commonly 100mW), so ir receiving diode received signals is weak, so will in crease high-ga in on es.the amplifier circuit.In common CX20106A, etc. PC1373H moon infrared receiving special amplifier circuit. In recent years both amateur or formal products, mostly using in frared recei ving head fini shed. The head of in frared recei ving product packages gen erally has two kin ds: one kind USES sheet shield ing, A kind of plastic packaging. There are three pin, namely the power is (VDD), power negative (GND) and data output (VO or OUT). Infrared receiving head foot arrangement for types varied, manufacturer's instructions. Finished the advantages of infrared receiving head is not in need of sophisticated debugg ing and shell scree n, use rise as a tran sistor, very convenient. But whe n used in the infrared receiving attention finished first carrier frequency.In frared remote com mon carrier freque ncy for 38kHz, this is tran smitted by using 455kHz Tao Zhen to decide. At the launch of crystals were integer frequency, frequency coefficients, so commonly 12, so 455kHz 宁12 hun dredth kHz 38kHz hun dredth 379,000. Some remote con trol system adopts 36kHz, 56kHz, etc. general 40kHz launched by the crystals of oscillation freque ncy to decide.In frared remote characteristic is not in flue nee the surro unding environment and does not interfere with other electric equipment. Due to its cannot pen etrate walls, so the room can use com mon household applia nee of remote control without mutual interferenee, Circuit testing is simple, as long as give n circuit connection, gen erally does not n eed any commissi oning can work, Decod ing easily, can un dertake multiple remote con trol. Because each manufacturer produces a great deal of infrared remote application-specific integrated circuit, when need press diagram so jip. Therefore, the infrared remote now in household applia nces, in door close (less tha n 10 meters) in the remote con trol is widely used.Multiple infrared remote control system of infrared emission control buttons, there are many parts general representative of different controlfunction. Whe n pressed a butt on, corresp ondin gly in the receiver with differe nt output.Receiving the output state can be roughly divided into pulse, level, self-lock ing and in terlock, data five forms. "The pulse output is accord ing to laun ch" whe n the butt on, the receiver output term in als output corresp onding "effective", a pulse width 100ms in general. "Level" refers to the output launch press butt on, the receiver output corresp onding output level ", "effective transmit to loosen the receiver" level "disappears. This "effective pulse" and "effective", may be of high level is low, and may also depe nd on the output corresponding static state, such as feet for low, static "high" for effective, As for the static, "low" high effective. In most cases, "high" for effective. "Si nee the lock" refers to launch the output of each time you press the butt on, a receiver output corresp onding cha nge, n amely origi nally a state for high level into a low level, orig in ally for low level into high level. The output power switch and mute as control etc. Sometimes also called the output form for "i nv ert". "The in terlock" refers to multiple outputs each output, at the same time only one output. The TV sets of this case is selected, the other is like the light and sound in put speed, etc."Data" refers to launch the output some key, use a few output form a bi nary nu mber, to represe nt differe nt keystroke.Normally, the receiver except a few data output, but also a "valid" output data, so the timely to collect data. This output form with single-chip microcomputer or are com monly used in terface. In additi on to the above output form outside, still have a "latch" and "temporary" two forms. The so-called "latch" refers to launch the output signal of each hair, the receiver output corresponding ", "new store until you receive signals. "Temporary" output and the in troducti on of "level" output is similar.Remote dista nee (Remote Con trol effect of RF Remote Con trol dista nee)are the major factors as follows:un ched in power tran smissi on power: while dista nee, but great power con sumpti on, easy to gen erate in terfere nee.2. and receiving the receiver sensitivity, receiving, remote distanee in creased sen sitivity to improve, but easy to cause disturba nee maloperati on or abuse.3. antenna, using linear antenna, and parallel, remote distanee, but occupies a large space, in use the antenna spin, pull can in crease the remote dista nee.4. and the higher height: antenna, remote farther, but by objective eon diti ons.5. a nd stop: curre nt use of wireless remote use of UHF band stipulated by the state, the propagation characteristics of approximate linear transmission, light, small, transmitters and receivers diffraction between such as walls are block ing will greatly disco un ted remote dista nee, if is rein forced eon crete walls, due to the absorpti on effect eon ductor, radio waves.Con sideri ng the desig n of hardware volume small to be embedded in the remote eontrol, so we chose 20 foot single-chip chip AT89C2051. Below is the in troducti on of the fun eti on.(1)AT89C2051 internal structure and performaneeAT89C2051 is a byte flash 2K with programmable read-only memory can be erased EEPROM (low voltage, high performanee of eight CMOS microcomputer. It adopts ATMEL of high-density non-volatile storage tech no logy manu facturi ng and in dustrial sta ndard MCS - 51 in structi on set and lead. Through the comb in ati on of sin gle chip in gen eral CPL1 and flash memory, is a strong ATMEL AT89C2051 microcomputer, its application in many embedded control provides a highly flexible and low cost solutions. The compatible with 8051 AT89C2051 is CHMOS micro eontroller, the Flash memory capacity for 2KB. And CHMOS 80C51 process, have two kinds ofleisure and power sav ing operati on mode. The performa nee is as follows.5. CUP, 2KB Flash memory,Working voltage range 2.7-6V, 128KB data storage.The static working way: 0-24MH z, 15 root in put/output line.A programmable serial, 2 a 16-bit timing/counters.There is a slice of in side precisi on simulatio n comparator, 5 the in terrupt sources, 2 priority.Programmable serial UART channel, Directly LED driver output,The internal structure of AT89C2051 is shown in figure 1.Figure 1 AT89C2051 in terior structure(2)AT89C2051 chip pin and functionIn order to adapt to the requireme nt of in tellige nt in strume nt, embedded in the chip foot AT89C2051 simplified configuration, as shown in figure b. The major cha nges to: (1) the lead foot from 20 to 40 wires, (2) in creased a simulated comparator.=Diagram b AT89C2051 foot figure.AT89C2051 pin fun ctio n:1. the VCC: voltage.2. to GND.3. P1 mouth: P1 mouth is an 8-bit two-way I/O port. P1.2 ~ P1.7 mouth pin the internal resista nee provides. P1.0 and P1.1 requireme nts on the external pull-up resistors. P1.0 and P1.1 also separately as piece in side precisi on simulatio n comparator with in put (AIN0) and reversed-phase in put (AIN1). Output buffer can absorb the P1 mouth 20mA current and can directly LED display driver. Whe n P1 mouth pin in to a "1", can make its in put. Whe n the pin P1.2 ~ P1.7 as in put and external dow n, they will be for the in ternal resista nee and flow curre nt (IIL). I n flash P1 mouth duri ng the procedure and program code data recei ving calibrati on.4. P3: the P3.0 ~ P3.5 P3, P3.7 is the in ternal resista nee with seven two-way I / 0 lead. P3.6 for fixed in puts piece in side the comparator output sig nal and it as a gen eral I/O foot and in accessible. P3 mouth buffer can absorb20mA curre nt. When P3 mouth pin in to "1", they are the in ternal resista nceca n push and in put. As in put, and the low exter nal P3 mouth pin pull-up resistors and will use current (IIL) outflow. P3 mouth still used to implement the various functions, such as AT89C2051 shown in table P3 mouth still receive some for flash memory programming and calibration of program con trol sig nals.5. RST: reset in put. RST once, all into high level I/O foot will reset to "1". When the oscillator is running, continuous gives RST pin two machine cycle of high level can finish reset. Each machine cycle to 12 oscillator or clock cycle.6. XTAL1: as the oscillator amplifier in put and in verse internal clock generator in put.7. XTAL2: as the oscillator reversed-phase the amplifier's output.P3 mouth fun cti on as is show n in table 1.addresses, will not meet wrong results. The scope of data storage is OOH(7FH --whe n stack man ipulatio n), also should be no ticed.The in put sig nal is simulated by the origi nal P3.6 foot into the microcontroller, so the original P3.6 foot.Un able to exter nal use. Simulati on comparator can compare two simulation, if the size of the voltage external A D/A converter and its output as A comparator an alog in put, and by simulati ng the comparator ano ther in put voltage to be measured, through the in troduct ion of the software method can realize the A/D con versi on.8. the Flash memory AT89C2051)Provide a 2KB of si ngle-chip AT89C2051 in Flash memory chips, which allows the online program to modify or use special programming program ming.(1) F lash memory en crypti onAT89C2051 SCM has 2 encryption, can programming (P) or programming (U) to obtain different encryption functionality. Encryption functionality table as shown in table 1-1.En crypt a content erased only through chips to erase operatio n.(2) F lash memory program ming and procedures the piece in side chip AT89C2051 Flash memory program ming.Note:1. the cou nters RESET at an EPROM in side the risi ng edge, and 000H RESET to XTAL1 by foot is executed, pulse count.2. pieces of 10ms to erase PROG pulse.3. during the programming P3.1 pulled low RDY/BSY instructions.(3) A T89C2051 SCM in Flash memory chips program ming steps are as follows:1.in the seque nee is the VCC GND pin, add worki ng voltage, XTAL1 pin RESET, recei ving GND pin, other tha n the above time, wait ing for 10ms.2.In P3.2 pin RESET, heighte ning level.3.In P3.3, P3.4, P3.5, P3.7 pin; add model multilevel.4. P1.0 P1.7 -- for the 000H unit add data bytes.5. RESET to in crease the 12V activati on program ming.6. P3.2 jump to a one byte programming or encryption.7. calibration has been programming, data from 12V to RESET logic level "H" and set P3.3 P3.7 -- for the correct level, and can output data in P1 mouth.8. For the n ext addresses) in the unit XTAL1 byte program ming, a pulse, make address coun ter add 1, in mouth add program ming data.9. programmi ng and calibrati on circuit figure c, d.Figure c program ming circuit Figure d calibratio n circuit Expla nati on:(1) P3.1 duri ng programmi ng in structio ns to be low RDY/BSY,(2) single erasing the PROG 10ms need,(3) internal EEPROM address coun ter on the rising edge RESET, and 000H RESET to XTAL1 by foot pulses are executed.Along with the rapid developme nt of scie nee and tech no logy, huma n society has un derg one earth-shak ing cha nges. Make our life more colorful. I n these cha nges, the remote control tech no logy has bee n widely permeates TV aerospace, military, sports and other producti on, all aspects of life. From the broad sense, all equipped with electric locomotive facility or electrical switches, if feel some n ecessary, can con sider to improve existi ng with remote control device, the operation fixed switch to realize the remote operation of the origi nal equipme nt, stop, the variable, etc. Fun cti on.switch, for example, can be used to control the electric control switch the light switch, We design the infrared remote control system to realize the opponent switch quantity control. Infrared remote characteristic is not in flue nce the surro unding en vir onment and does not in terfere with other electric equipment. Due to its cannot penetrate walls, so the room can use com mon household applia nce of remote con trol without mutual in terfere nce, Circuit testi ng is simple, as long as give n circuit conn ecti on, gen erally does not need any commissioning can work, Decoding easily, can undertake multiple remote con trol.红外遥控人的眼睛能看到的可见光按波长从长到短排列，依次为红、橙、黄、绿、青、蓝、紫。