单片机外文翻译
单片机-外文翻译-外文文献-英文文献-单片机简介-中英对照电子教案
Single chip brief introductionThe monolithic integrated circuit said that the monolithic micro controller, it is not completes some logical function the chip, but integrates a computer system to a chip on. Summary speaking: A chip has become a computer. Its volume is small, the quality is light, and the price cheap, for the study, the application and the development has provided the convenient condition. At the same time, the study use monolithic integrated circuit is understandsthe computer principle and the structure best choice.The monolithic integrated circuit interior also uses with the computer function similar module, for instance CPU, memory, parallel main line, but also has with the hard disk behave identically the memory component7 what is different is its these part performance is opposite our home-use computer weak many, but the price is also low, generally does not surpass 10 Yuan then Made some control electric appliance one kind with it is not the 'very complex work foot, We use now the completely automatic drum washer, the platoon petti-coat pipe: VCD and so on Inside the electrical appliances may see its form! It is mainly takes the control section the core part.It is one kind of online -like real-time control computer, online -like is the scene control, needs to have the strong antijamming ability, the low cost, this is also and the off-line type computer (forinstance home use PC,) main differenceThe monolithic integrated circuit is depending on the procedure, and may revise. Realizes the different function through the different procedure, particularly special unique some functions, this is other component needs to take the very big effort to be able to achieve, some are the flowered big strength is also very difficult to achieve. One is not the very complex function, if develops in the 50s with the US 74 series, or the 60s's CD4000 series these pure hardware do decides, the electric circuit certainly arc a big PCB board ! But if, if succeededin the 70s with the US puts in the market the series monolithic integrated circuit, the result will have the huge difference. Because only the monolithic integrated circuit compiles through you the procedure may realize the high intelligence, high efficiency, as well as redundant reliabilityThe CPU is the key component of a digital computer. Its purpose is to decode instruction received from memory and perform transfers, arithmetic, logic, and control operations with data stored in internal registers, memory, or I/O interface units. Externally, the CPU provides one or more buses for transferring instructions, data, and control information to and from components connected to it. A microcontroller is present in the keyboard and in the monitor in the generic computer; thus these components are also shaded. In such microcontrollers, the CPU may be quite different from those discussed in this chapter. The word lengths may be short, the number of registers small, and the instruction sets limited. Performance, relatively speaking, is poor, but adequate for the task. Most important, the cost of these microcontrollers is very low, making their use cost effective.Because the monolithic integrated circuit to the cost is sensitive, therefore present occupies the dominant status the software is the most preliminary assembly language7 it was except the binary machine code above the most preliminary language, since why were such preliminary must use?Why high-level did the language already achieve the visualization programming level not to use? The reason is very simple, is the monolithic integrated circuit docs not have home computer such CPU, and also has not looked like the hard disk such mass memory equipment. Inside even if a visualization higher order language compilation script only then a button, also will achieve several dozens K the sizes! Does not speak anything regarding the home use PC hard disk, but says regarding the monolithic integrated circuit cannot accept. The monolithic integrated circuit in the hardware source aspect's use factor must very Gao Caixing, therefore assembly, although primitive actually massively is using, Same truth, if attains supercomputer'son operating system and the application software home use PC to come up the movement, home use PC could also not withstand.It can be said that the 20th century surmounted three "the electricity" the time, namely the electrical time, the Electronic Age and already entered computer time. However, this kind of computer, usually refers to the personal computer, is called PC machine. It by the main engine, the keyboard, the monitor and so on is composed. Also has a kind of computer, most people actually not how familiar. This kind of computeris entrusts with the intelligence each kind of mechanical monolithic integrated circuit (also to call micro controller). , This kind of computer's smallest system only has used as the name suggests a piece of integrated circuit, then carries on the simple operation and the control. Because its volume is small, usually hides in is accused the machinery "the belly". It in the entire installment, plays is having like the human brains role, it went wrong, the entire installment paralyzed. Now, this kind of monolithic integrated circuit's use domain already very widespread, like the intelligent measuring appliance, the solid work paid by time control, the communication equipment, the guidance system, the domestic electric appliances and so on, Once each product used the monolithic integrated circuit, could get up causes theeffect which the product turned to a new generation, often before product range crown by adjective ‘ intelligence ' , like intelligence washer and so on. Nowsome factory's technical personnel or other extra-curricular electronic exploiter do certain products, are not the electric circuit are too complex, is the function is too simple, and is imitated extremely easily. Investigates its reason, possibly on card, in the product has not used on the monolithic integrated circuit or other programmable logical component.单片机简介单片机又称单片微控制器，它不是完成某一个逻辑功能的芯片，而是把一个计算机系统集成到一个芯片上。
单片机专业术语英汉互译文本
单片机专业术语英汉互译文本单片机是一种微型计算机，广泛应用于嵌入式系统和物联网领域。
在单片机的开发和应用中，涉及到大量的专业术语，下面是一些常用的英汉互译文本。
1. Microcontroller - 单片机2. Microprocessor - 微处理器3. Firmware - 固件4. Hardware - 硬件5. Embedded system - 嵌入式系统6. Interrupt - 中断7. Timer - 定时器9. Counter - 计数器10. Analog to digital converter (ADC) - 模数转换器11. Digital to analog converter (DAC) - 数模转换器12. Input/output (I/O) - 输入输出13. Port - 端口14. Pin - 引脚15. Memory - 存储器16. Flash memory - 闪存17. Random access memory (RAM) - 随机存取存储器18. Read only memory (ROM) - 只读存储器19. Electrically erasable programmable read only memory (EEPROM) - 可擦写可编程只读存储器21. Universal asynchronous receiver transmitter (UART) - 通用异步收发器22. Inter-integrated circuit (I2C) - 串行总线23. Serial peripheral interface (SPI) - 串行外设接口24. Pulse width modulation (PWM) - 脉宽调制25. Direct memory access (DMA) - 直接内存存取26. Debugging - 调试27. In-circuit debugging (ICD) - 端口调试28. Debugger - 调试器29. Integrated development environment (IDE) - 集成开发环境30. Bootloader - 引导程序32. System on chip (SoC) - 系统芯片33. Low power consumption - 低功耗34. Power management unit (PMU) - 电源管理单元35. Crystal oscillator - 晶振36. Clock cycle - 时钟周期37. Bit - 位38. Byte - 字节39. Word - 字40. Assembly language - 汇编语言41. C programming language - C语言42. High level language - 高级语言44. Integrated circuit (IC) - 集成电路45. Field programmable gate array (FPGA) - 现场可编程门阵列46. Printed circuit board (PCB) - 印制电路板47. Soldering - 焊接48. Surface mount technology (SMT) - 表面贴装技术49. Through-hole technology (THT) - 通孔技术。
单片机英文文献资料及翻译
单片机英文文献资料及翻译单片机(英文：Microcontroller)Microcontroller is a small computer on a single integrated circuit that contains a processor core, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals. Microcontrollers are designed for embedded applications, in contrast to the microprocessors used in personal computers or other general purpose applications.A microcontroller's processor core is typically a small, low-power computer dedicated to controlling the operation of the device in which it is embedded. It is often designed to provide efficient and reliable control of simple and repetitive tasks, such as switching on and off lights, or monitoring temperature or pressure sensors.MEMORYMicrocontrollers typically have a limited amount of memory, divided into program memory and data memory. The program memory is where the software that controls the device is stored, and is often a type of Read-Only Memory (ROM). The data memory, on the other hand, is used to store data that is used by the program, and is often volatile, meaning that it loses its contents when power is removed.INPUT/OUTPUTMicrocontrollers typically have a number of programmable input/output (I/O) pins that can be used to interface with external sensors, switches, actuators, and other devices. These pins can be programmed to perform specific functions,such as reading a sensor value, controlling a motor, or generating a signal. Many microcontrollers also support communication protocols like serial, parallel, and USB, allowing them to interface with other devices, including other microcontrollers, computers, and smartphones.APPLICATIONSMicrocontrollers are widely used in a variety of applications, including:- Home automation systems- Automotive electronics- Medical devices- Industrial control systems- Consumer electronics- RoboticsCONCLUSIONIn conclusion, microcontrollers are powerful and versatile devices that have become an essential component in many embedded systems. With their small size, low power consumption, and high level of integration, microcontrollers offer an effective and cost-efficient solution for controlling a wide range of devices and applications.。
单片机缩写的英文全称及中文名称
单片机缩写的英文全称及中文名称单片机缩写的英文全称是Microcontroller，中文名称是微控制器。
一、引言单片机（Microcontroller）是一种集成电路芯片，能够实现计算、处理和控制功能。
它由微处理器核心、存储器、输入输出接口等多种电子元件组成，广泛应用于各种电子产品中。
在单片机的缩写中，“Micro”表示微型或微小，“controller”表示控制器。
本文将介绍单片机的英文全称及中文名称，并解释其在电子领域中的重要性。
二、单片机的英文全称及简介单片机的英文全称是Microcontroller，简称MCU。
它是一种在单个芯片上集成了微处理器核心和各种外围设备，如存储器、定时器、模拟输入输出接口等的集成电路。
单片机主要用于控制和处理各种电子设备，包括个人电脑、手机、汽车电子、家用电器等。
三、单片机的中文名称及优势单片机的中文名称是微控制器。
与传统的微处理器相比，单片机具有体积小、功耗低、成本低等优势。
由于其整合了多种外围设备，单片机可以实现复杂的控制和计算功能，极大地简化了电子产品的设计和制造过程。
单片机还具备易于编程与编译、易于调试的特点，使得开发人员可以更快速、更高效地完成各种应用。
四、单片机的应用领域单片机广泛应用于各种电子产品中，以下是几个主要的应用领域：1. 汽车电子：单片机在汽车电子中扮演着重要的角色，可以实现引擎控制、车身控制、安全控制等功能，提高了汽车的性能和安全性。
2. 家用电器：单片机被应用于各种家电产品，如空调、洗衣机、电视等。
它能够实现多种功能，提供更高的智能化和人性化体验。
3. 工业控制：单片机在工业自动化领域中得到广泛应用。
它可以实现对机械设备、生产线等的监控和控制，提高了生产效率和质量。
4. 通信设备：单片机在通信领域中扮演重要角色，如手机、电子支付终端等。
它可以实现数据处理、通信协议支持等功能，保证了通信设备的正常运行。
五、单片机的发展趋势随着科技的不断发展，单片机在未来将继续迎来更大的发展空间。
单片机外文翻译
中文2623字附录四外文资料翻译A microcontroller (or MCU) is a computer-on-a-chip. It is a type of microprocessor emphasizing self-sufficiency and cost-effectiveness, in contrast to a general-purpose microprocessor (the kind used in a PC).The majority of computer systems in use today are embedded in other machinery, such as telephones, clocks, appliances, vehicles, and infrastructure. An embedded system usually has minimal requirements for memory and program length and may require simple but unusual input/output systems. For example, most embedded systems lack keyboards, screens, disks, printers, or other recognizable I/O devices of a personal computer. They may control electric motors, relays or voltages, and read switches, variable resistors or other electronic devices. Often, the only I/O device readable by a human is a single light-emitting diode, and severe cost or power constraints can even eliminate that.In contrast to general-purpose CPUs, microcontrollers do not have an address bus or a data bus, because they integrate all the RAM and non-volatile memory on the same chip as the CPU. Because they need fewer pins, the chip can be placed in a much smaller, cheaper package.Integrating the memory and other peripherals on a single chip and testing them as a unit increases the cost of that chip, but often results in decreased net cost of the embedded system as a whole. (Even if the cost of a CPU that has integrated peripherals is slightly more than the cost of a CPU + external peripherals, having fewer chips typically allows a smaller and cheaper circuit board, and reduces the labor required to assemble and test the circuit board). This trend leads to design.A microcontroller is a single integrated circuit, commonly with the following features: central processing unit - ranging from small and simple 4-bit processors to sophisticated 32- or 64-bit processors input/output interfaces such as serial ports(UARTs)other serial communications interfaces like I²C, Serial Peripheral Interface and Controller Area Network for system interconnect peripherals such as timers and watchdog RAM for data storage ROM, EPROM, EEPROM or Flash memory for program storage clock generator - often an oscillator for a quartz timing crystal, resonator or RC circuit many include analog-to-digital convertersThis integration drastically reduces the number of chips and the amount of wiring and PCB space that would be needed to produce equivalent systems using separate chips and have proved to be highly popular in embedded systems since their introduction in the 1970s.Some microcontrollers can afford to use a Harvard architecture: separate memory buses for instructions and data, allowing accesses to take place concurrently.The decision of which peripheral to integrate is often difficult. The Microcontroller vendors often trade operating frequencies and system design flexibility against time-to-market requirements from their customers and overall lower system cost. Manufacturers have to balance the need to minimize the chip size against additional functionality.Microcontroller architectures are available from many different vendors in so many varieties that each instruction set architecture could rightly belong to a category of their own. Chief among these are the 8051, Z80 and ARM derivatives.Higher performance with the 80C51：Specifically targeted at high-end 8-bit microprocessor applications requiring low power consumption, the 80C51 has all of the 8051's architectural features, including its enhanced CPU and I/O functions. The on-chip program memory size remains 4 Kbytes, with a full 64-kbyte external range. The 128byte on-chip RAM also is externally expandable to 64kbytes. Also , on board are two 16-bit time counters , a full duplex serial port, and a 1-bit Boolean processor for control functions, Figure 2b shows the 80C51's pinot for both the expanded and the port mode.The 80S52 has a Vcc range of 4 to 6 V and is TTL-compatible between 4.5-5.5V, above 4.5V, the chip operates at clock rates of up to 15 MHz (see the table).the 80S52 offers an idle mode for lower power dissipation .This mode is initiated by setting a bit in a new on-chip register, called the PCON register that resides in previously unused chip area. When the bit is set, the CPU is disabled, but the timer-counter, interrupts, and serial port continue to function normally. A reset or any enabled interrupt terminates the idle mode.If an interrupt ends the idle mode. all register data remain unchanged and the interrupt is serviced. idle is implemented in much the same way as on the 80c49, that is, by splitting the on-chip clocks into two signals, one for the CPU and the other for the active idle circuitry, Using this technique, current drain in the idle mode is about 1 mA at a supply voltage of 6 V and an operating frequency of 15 MHzOther bits of the PCON registers can be set as flags to determine whether an interrupt has been used for its normal function or to terminate the idle mode. These flags permit an interrupt to do double duty, instead of having to dedicate a particular interrupt specifically to this mode.The AT89S2 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 8K bytes of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM). The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard MCS-51 instruction set and pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications.The AT89S52 provides the following standard features:8K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, two 16-bit timer/counters, a six vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89S52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down Mode saves the RAM contents butfreezes the oscillator disabling all other chip functions until the next hardware reset.Pin DescriptionVCC：Supply voltage.GND：Ground.Port 0：Port 0 is an 8-bit open-drain bi-directional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as highimpedance inputs.Port 0 may also be configured to be the multiplexed loworder address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode P0 has internal pullups.Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming,and outputs the code bytes during programverification. External pullups are required during programverification.Port 1: Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pullups.The Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs.When 1s are written to Port 1 pins they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs,Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pullups.Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and verification.Port 2: Port 2 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pullups.The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs.When 1s are written to Port 2 pins they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs,Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current, because of the internal pullups.Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory and during accesses to external data memory that use 16-bit addresses. In this application, it uses strong internal pullupswhen emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that use 8-bit addresses, Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register.Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals during Flash programming and verification.Port 3: Port 3 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pullups.The Port 3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs.When 1s are written to Port 3 pins they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs.RST: Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device.ALE/PROG: Address Latch Enable output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming.In normal operation ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency, and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external Data Memory. If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode.PSEN: Program Store Enable is the read strobe to external program memory.When the AT89S52 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data memory.EA/VPP: External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset.EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions.This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage(VPP) during Flash programming, for parts that require12-volt VPP.XTAL1: Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.XTAL2: Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.单片机即单片微型计算机，是把中央处理器、存储器、定时/计数器、输入输出接口都集成在一块集成电路芯片上的微型计算机。
(完整版)MCS-51系列单片机中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述
MCS-51系列单片机中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述Structure and function of the MCS-51 seriesStructure and function of the MCS-51 series one-chip computer MCS-51 is a name of a piece of one-chip computer series which Intel Company produces. This company introduced 8 top-grade one-chip computers of MCS-51 series in 1980 after introducing 8 one-chip computers of MCS-48 series in 1976. It belong to a lot of kinds this line of one-chip computer the chips have, such as 8051, 8031, 8751, 80C51BH, 80C31BH,etc., their basic composition, basic performance and instruction system are all the same.8051 daily representatives-51 serial one-chip computers.A one-chip computer system is made up of several following parts: (1) One microprocessor of 8 (CPU). ( 2) At slice data memory RAM (128B/256B),it use not depositing not can reading /data that write, such as result not middle of operation, final result and data wanted to show, etc. (3) Procedure memory ROM/EPROM (4KB/8KB ), is used to preserve theprocedure , some initial data and form in slice. But does not take ROM/EPROM within some one-chip computers, such as 8031, 8032.(4) Four 8 run side by side I/O interface P0 four P3, each mouth can use as introduction , may use as exporting too. (5) Two timer / counter, each timer / counter may set up and count in the way, used to count to the external incident, can set up into a timing way too, and can according to count or result of timing realize the control of the computer. (6) Five cut off cutting off the control system of the source. (7) One all duplex serial I/O mouth of UART (universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter (UART) ), is it realize one-chip computer or one-chip computer and serial communication of computer to use for. (8) Stretch oscillator and clock produce circuit, quartz crystal finely tune electric capacity need outer. Allow oscillation frequency as 12 megahertz now at most. Every the above-mentioned part was joined through the inside data bus .Among them, CPU is a core of the one-chip computer, it is the control of the computer and command centre, made up of such parts as arithmetic unit and controller , etc.. The arithmetic unit can carry on 8 persons of arithmetic operation and unit ALU of logic operation while including one, the 1 storing device temporaries of 8, storing device 2 temporarily, 8's accumulation device ACC, register B and procedure state register PSW, etc. Person who accumulate ACC count by 2 input ends entered of checking etc. temporarily as one operation often, come from person who store 1 operation is it is it make operation to go on to count temporarily , operation result and loop back ACC with another one. Inaddition, ACC is often regarded as the transfer station of data transmission on 8051 inside. The same as general microprocessor, it is the busiest register. Help remembering that agreeing with a express in the order. The controller includes the procedure counter, the order is deposited, the order deciphering, the oscillator and timing circuit, etc. The procedure counter is made up of counter of 8 for two, amounts to 16. It is a byte address counter of the procedure in fact, the content is the next IA that will carried out in PC. The content which changes it can change the direction that the procedure carries out. Shake the circuit in 8051 one-chip computers, only need outer quartz crystal and frequency to finely tune the electric capacity, its frequency range is its 12MHZ of 1.2MHZ. This pulse signal, as 8051 basic beats of working, namely the minimum unit of time. 8051 is the same as other computers, the work in harmony under the control of the basic beat, just like an orchestra according to the beat play that is commanded.There are ROM (procedure memory , can only read ) and RAM in 8051 slices (data memory, can is it can write ) two to read, they have each independent memory address space, dispose way to be the same with general memory of computer. Procedure 8051 memory and 8751 slice procedure memory capacity 4KB, address begin from 0000H, used for preserving the procedure and form constant. Data 8051- 8751 8031 of memory data memory 128B, address false 00FH, using for middle result to deposit operation, the data are stored temporarily and the data are buffered. In RAM of this 128B, there is unit of 32 bytes that can be appointed as the jobregister, this and general microprocessor is different, 8051 slice RAM and job register rank one formation the same to arrange the location. It is not very the same that the memory of MCS-51 series one-chip computer and general computer disposes the way in addition. General computer for first address space, ROM and RAM can arrange in different space within the range of this address at will, namely the addresses of ROM and RAM, with distributing different address space in a formation. While visiting the memory, corresponding and only an address Memory unit, can ROM, it can be RAM too, and by visiting the order similarly. This kind of memory structure is called the structure of Princeton. 8051 memories are divided into procedure memory space and data memory space on the physics structure, there are four memory spaces in all: The procedure stores in one and data memory space outside data memory and one in procedure memory space and one outside one, the structure forms of this kind of procedure device and data memory separated form data memory, called Harvard structure. But use the angle from users, 8051 memory address space is divided into three kinds: (1) In the slice, arrange blocks of FFFFH, 0000H of location, in unison outside the slice (use 16 addresses). (2) The data memory address space outside one of 64KB, the address is arranged from 0000H 64KB FFFFH (with 16 addresses) too to the location. (3) Data memory address space of 256B (use 8 addresses). Three above-mentioned memory space addresses overlap, for distinguishing and designing the order symbol of different data transmission in the instruction system of 8051: CPU visit slice, ROM orderspend MOVC , visit block RAM order uses MOVX outside the slice, RAM order uses MOV to visit in slice.8051 one-chip computer have four 8 walk abreast I/O ports, call P0, P1, P2 and P3. Each port is 8 accurate two-way mouths, accounts for 32 pins altogether. Every one I/O line can be used as introduction and exported independently. Each port includes a latch (namely special function register), one exports the driver and a introduction buffer. Make data can latch when outputting, data can buffer when making introduction, but four function of pass away these self-same. Expand among the system of memory outside having slice, four ports these may serve as accurate two-way mouth of I/O in common use. Expand among the system of memory outside having slice, P2 mouth see high 8 address off; P0 mouth is a two-way bus, send the introduction of 8 low addresses and data / export in timesharing The circuit of 8051 one-chip computers and four I/O ports is very ingenious in design. Familiar with I/O port logical circuit, not only help to use port correctly and rationally, and will inspire to designing the peripheral logical circuit of one-chip computer to some extent. Load ability and interface of port have certain requirement, because output grade, P0 of mouth and P1 end output, P3 of mouth grade different at structure, so, the load ability and interface of its door demand to have nothing in common with each other. P0 mouth is different from other mouth, its output grade draws the resistance supremely. When using it as the mouth in common use, output grade is it leak circuit to turn on, is it urge NMOS draw the resistanceon taking to be outer with it while inputting to go out to fail. When being used as introduction, should write"1" to a latch first. Every one with P0 mouth can drive 8 Model LS TTL load to export. P1 mouth is an accurate two-way mouth too, used as I/O in common use. Different from P0 mouth output of circuit its, draw load resistance link with power on inside have. In fact, the resistance is that two effects are in charge of FET and together: One FET is in charge of load, its resistance is regular. Another one can is it lead to work with close at two state, make its President resistance value change approximate 0 or group value heavy two situation very. When it is 0 that the resistance is approximate, can draw the pin to the high level fast; when resistance value is very large, P1 mouth high electricity at ordinary times, can is it draw electric current load to offer outwards, draw electric current load to offer outwards, draw the resistance on needn't answer and thinking. Here when the port is used as introduction, must write into 1 to the corresponding latch first too, make FET end relatively about 20,000 ohms because of load resistance in scene and because 40,000 ohms, will not exert an influence on the data that are input. The structure of P2 some mouth is similar to P0 mouth, there are MUX switches. Is it similar to mouth partly to urge, but mouth large a conversion controls some than P1.P3 mouth one multi-functional port, mouth getting many than P1 it have "3 doors and 4 buffers". Two parts there, make her besides accurate two-way function with P1 mouth just, can also use the second function of every pin, "and" door 3 functions one switch in fact, it determines to be to output data of latch tooutput second signal of function. Act as W=At 1 o'clock, output Q end signal; act as Q=At 1 o'clock, can output W line signal. At the time of programming, it is that the first function is still the second function but needn't have software that set up P3 mouth in advance .It hardware not inside is the automatic to have two function outputted when CPU carries on SFR and seeks the location to visit to P3 mouth/at not lasting lining, there are inside hardware latch Qs=1. The operation principle of P3 mouth is similar to P1 mouth.Output grade, P3 of mouth, P1 of P1, connect with inside have load resistance of drawing, every one of they can drive 4 Model LS TTL load to output. As while inputting the mouth, any TTL or NMOS circuit can drive P1 of 8051 one-chip computers as P3 mouth in a normal way. Because draw resistance on output grade of them have, can open a way collector too or drain-source resistance is it urge to open a way, do not need to have the resistance of drawing outer. Mouths are all accurate two-way mouths too. When the conduct is input, must write the corresponding port latch with 1 first. As to 80C51 one-chip computer, port can only offer milliampere of output electric currents, is it output mouth go when urging one ordinary basing of transistor to regard as, should contact a resistance among the port and transistor base, in order to the electricity while restraining the high level from exporting P1~P3 Being restored to the throne is the operation of initializing of an one-chip computer. Its main function is to turn PC into 0000H initially, make the one-chip computer begin to hold the conductprocedure from unit 0000H. Except that the ones that enter the system are initialized normally, as because procedure operate it make mistakes or operate there aren't mistake, in order to extricate oneself from a predicament , need to be pressed and restored to the throne the key restarting too. It is an input end which is restored to the throne the signal in 8051 China RST pin. Restore to the throne signal high level effective, should sustain 24 shake cycle (namely 2 machine cycles) the above its effective times. If 6 of frequency of utilization brilliant to shake, restore to the throne signal duration should exceed 4 delicate to finish restoring to the throne and operating. Produce the logic picture of circuit which is restored to the throne the signal: restore to the throne the circuit and include two parts outside in the chip entirely. Outside that circuit produce to restore to the throne signal (RST) hand over to Schmitt's trigger, restore to the throne circuit sample to output , Schmitt of trigger constantly in each S5P2 , machine of cycle in having one more , then just got and restored to the throne and operated the necessary signal inside. Restore to the throne resistance of circuit generally, electric capacity parameter suitable for 6 brilliant to shake, can is it restore to the throne signal high level duration greater than 2 machine cycles to guarantee. Being restored to the throne in the circuit is simple, its function is very important. Pieces of one-chip computer system could normal running, should first check it can restore to the throne not succeeding. Checking and can pop one's head and monitor the pin with the oscilloscope tentatively, push and is restored to the throne the key, the wave form that observes andhas enough range is exported (instantaneous), can also through is it restore to the throne circuit group holding value carry on the experiment to change.MCS-51系列单片机的功能和结构MSC-51系列单片机具有一个单芯片电脑的结构和功能，它是英特尔公司的系列产品的名称。
单片机外文文献翻译(2024)
引言：单片机（Microcontroller）是一种广泛应用于嵌入式系统中的小型计算机芯片。
它集成了处理器核心、存储器、外设接口和时钟电路等核心部件，可以独立运行。
随着全球化的发展，外文文献对于学习和研究单片机领域来说至关重要。
本文翻译的外文文献《MicrocontrollerbasedTrafficLightControlSystem》详细介绍了基于单片机的交通信号灯控制系统。
概述：交通信号灯控制是现代都市交通系统中至关重要的一环。
传统的交通信号灯控制系统通常由定时器控制，不能根据实际交通情况动态调整信号灯的时间。
而基于单片机的交通信号灯控制系统可以实现根据实时交通流量来动态调整信号灯的时间，优化交通效率。
本文将详细介绍该系统的设计和实现。
正文：一、单片机选型1.1.CPU性能：本文选择了一款高性能的32位单片机作为控制核心，它具有较高的处理能力和较大的存储器容量，可以同时处理多条交通路口的信号控制。
1.2.外设接口：该单片机具有丰富的外设接口，可以与交通信号灯、传感器和通信设备等进行连接，实现信号控制和数据交互。
1.3.低功耗设计：为了节约能源和延长系统寿命，在单片机选型时考虑了低功耗设计，降低系统运行的能耗。
二、硬件设计2.1.交通信号灯：在设计交通信号灯时，考虑了日夜可见性和能耗。
采用了高亮度LED作为信号灯光源，同时添加了光敏传感器控制信号灯的亮度，以满足不同时间段的亮度需求。
2.2.传感器：通过安装车辆感应器和行人感应器等传感器，可以在实时监测交通流量的基础上，智能调整信号灯时间，提高路口的交通效率。
2.3.通信设备：在交通信号灯控制系统中引入了通信设备，可以实现各交通路口之间的信息交互和协调控制，提高整体交通系统的效率。
三、软件设计3.1.程序架构：采用了多任务的实时操作系统，将交通信号灯控制、传感器数据处理和通信设备控制等功能分别封装成不同的任务，实现了系统的高效运行和任务调度。
单片机的外文文献及中文翻译
SCM is an integrated circuit chip，is the use of large scale integrated circuit technology to a data processing capability of CPU CPU random access memory RAM, read-only memory ROM，a variety of I / O port and interrupt system，timers / timer functions （which may also include display driver circuitry，pulse width modulation circuit, analog multiplexer, A / D converter circuit）integrated into a silicon constitute a small and complete computer systems.SCM is also known as micro—controller (Microcontroller)，because it is the first to be used in industrial control。
Only a single chip by the CPU chip developed from a dedicated processor. The first design is by a large number of peripherals and CPU on a chip in the computer system, smaller，more easily integrated into a complex and demanding on the volume control device which. The Z80 INTEL is the first designed in accordance with this idea processor, then on the development of microcontroller and dedicated processors will be parting ways。
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杭州电子科技大学信息工程学院毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译毕业设计（论文）题目用单片机实现的数字时钟电路设计文献综述题目单片机控制系统系电子工程专业电子信息科学与技术姓名郭筱楠班级08091911学号********指导教师王维平单片机控制系统广义地说，微型计算机控制系统（单片机控制系统）是用于处理信息的，这种被用于处理的信息可以是电话交谈，也可以是仪器的读数或者是一个企业的帐户，但是各种情况下都涉及到相同的主要操作：信息的处理、信息的存储和信息的传递。
在常规的电子设计中，这些操作都是以功能平台方式组合起来的，例如计数器，无论是电子计数器还是机械计数器，都要存储当前的数值，并且按要求将该数值增加1。
一个系统例如采用计数器的电子钟之类的任一系统要使其存储和处理能力遍布整个系统，因为每个计数器都能存储和处理一些数字。
现如今，以微处理器为基础的系统从常规的处理方法中分离了出来，它将信息的处理，信息的存储和信息的传输三个功能分离形成不同的系统单元。
这种主要将系统分成三个主要单元的分离方法是冯-诺依曼在20世纪40年代所设想出来的，并且是针对微计算机的设想。
从此以后基本上所有制成的计算机都是用这种结构设计的，尽管他们包含着宽广的物理形式与物理结构，但从根本上来说他们均是具有相同基本设计的计算机。
在以微处理器为基础的系统中，处理是由以微处理器为基础的系统自身完成的。
存储是利用存储器电路，而从系统中输入和输出的信息传输则是利用特定的输入/输出（I/O）电路。
要在一个以微处理器为基础的时钟中找出执行具有计数功能的一个特殊的硬件组成部分是不可能的，因为时间存储在存储器中，而在固定的时间间隔下由微处理器控制增值。
但是，规定系统运转过程的软件却规定了包含实现计数器计数功能的单元部分。
由于系统几乎完全由软件所定义，所以对微处理器结构和其辅助电路这种看起来非常抽象的处理方法使其在应用时非常灵活。
这种设计过程主要是软件工程，而且在生产软件时，就会遇到产生于常规工程中相似的构造和维护问题。
图1.1 微型计算机的三个组成部分图1.1显示出了微型计算机中这三个单元在一个微处理器控制系统中是如何按照机器中的信息通信方式而联接起来的。
该系统由微处理器控制，微处理器能够对其自身的存储器和输入/输出单元的信息传输进行管理。
外部的连接部分与工程系统中的其余部分（即非计算机部分）有关。
尽管图中显示的只有一个存储单元，但是在实际中却有RAM和ROM两种不同的存储器被使用。
在每一种情况下，由于概念上的计算机存储器更像一个公文柜，上述的“存储器”一词是非常不恰当的；信息被存放在一系列已数字标记过的的“箱子”中，而且可以按照问题由“箱子”的序列号进行相关信息的参考定位。
微计算机控制系统经常使用RAM（随机存取存储器），在RAM中，数据可以被写入，并且在需要的时候，可以被再次读出。
这种数据能以任意一种所希望的次序从存储器中读出，而不必按照写入时的相同次序读出，所以有“随机”存取存储器。
另一类型ROM（只读存储器）是用来保持信息的，它们是不受微处理器影响的固定的信息标本；这些信息在电源切断后不会丢失，并通常用来保存规定微处理器化系统运转过程的程序。
ROM可像RAM一样被读取，但与RAM不一样的是不能用来存储可变的信息。
有些ROM在制造时将其数据标本放入，而另外的则可通过特殊的设备由用户编程，所以称为可编程ROM。
被广泛使用的可编程ROM可利用特殊紫外线灯察除，并被成为EPROM，即可察除可编程只读存储器的缩写。
另有新类型的期器件不必用紫外线灯而用电察除，所以称为电可察除可编程只读存储器EEPROM。
微处理器在程序控制下处理数据，并控制流向和来自存储器和输入/输出装置的信息流。
有些输入/输出装置是通用型的，而另外一些则是设计来控制如磁盘驱动器的特殊硬件，或控制传给其他计算机的信息传输。
大多数类型的I/O装置在某种程度下可编程，允许不同形式的操作，而有些则包含特殊用途微处理器的I/O装置不用主微处理器的直接干预，就可实施非常复杂的操作。
假如应用中不需要太多的程序和数据存储量，微处理器、存储器和输入/输出可全被包含在同一集成电路中。
这通常是低成本应用情况，例如用于微波炉和自动洗衣机的控制器。
当商品被大量地生产时，这种单一芯片的使用就可节省相当大的成本。
当技术进一步发展，更强更强的处理器和更大更大数量的存储器被包含形成单片微型计算机，结果使最终产品的装配成本得以节省。
但是在可预见的未来，当需要大量的存储器或输入/输出时，还是有必要继续将许多集成电路相互联结起来，形成微计算机。
微计算机的另一主要工程应用是在过程控制中。
这是，由于装置是按特定的应用情况由微机编程实现的，对用户来说微计算机的存在通常就更加明显。
在过程控制应用中，由于这种设备以较少的数量生产，将整个系统安装在单个芯片上所获取的利益常比不上所涉及的高设计成本。
而且，过程控制器通常更为复杂，所以要将他们做成单独的集成电路就更为困难。
可采用两种处理，将控制器做成一种通用的微计算机，正像较强版本的业余计算机那样；或者做成“包裹”式系统，按照像电磁继电器那样的较老式的技术进行设计，来取代控制器。
对前一种情况，系统可以用常规的编程语言来编程，正如以后要介绍的语言那样；而另一种情况，可采用特殊用途的语言，例如那种使控制器功能按照继电器相互连接的方法进行描述。
两种情况下，序均能存于RAM，这让程序能按应用情况变化时进行相应的变化，但是这使得总系统易受掉电影响而工作不正常，除非使用电池保证供电连续性。
另一种选择是将程序在ROM中，这样他们就变成电子“硬件”的一部分并常被称为“固件”。
尽管大规模集成电路的应用使小型和微型计算机的差别变得“模糊”，更复杂的过程控制器需要小型计算机实现他们的过程。
各种类型的产品和过程控制器代表了当今微计算机应用的广泛性，而具体的结构取决于对“产品”一词的解释。
实际上，计算机的所有工程和科学上的应用都能指定来进行这些种类的某一或某些工作。
而在本设计中压力和压力变送器当某一力加到某一面积上，就形成压力，假如这力是1牛顿均匀地加在1平方米的面积上，这压力被定义为1帕斯卡。
压力是一种普遍的工艺状态，它也是这个星球上的一个生活条件：我们生活在向上延伸许多英里的大气海洋的底部。
空气物质是有重量的，而且这种下压的重量形成大气压。
水，是生活的必需品，也是在压力之下提供给我们中的大多数人。
在典型的过程工厂中，压力影响沸点温度、凝固点温度、过程效率、消耗和其他重要因数。
压力的测量和控制，或者压力的不足—真空，在典型的过程控制中是极为重要的。
工厂中的工作仪器通常包括压力计、精密纪录仪、以及气动和电动的压力变送器。
压力变送器实现压力测量并产生正比于所传感压力的气动或电信号输出。
在过程工厂中，将控制仪表远远放在过程的附近是不现实的，并且大多数测量是不容易从远处传来的。
压力测量是一个例外，但是，如果要离测量点几百英尺外指示或记录某种危险化学品的高压，就会有来自这个压力所载的化学品所引发的危险。
为了消除这一问题，开发了一种信号传输系统。
这种系统常常可是气动或者电动的。
使用这种系统，就可以在某一地点安装大多数的指示、记录和控制仪器。
这也是最少数量的操作者有效的运行工厂成为现实。
当使用气动传送系统时，测量信号就由变送器将比例为0%～100%的测量值转换为气动信号。
变送器安装在靠近过程中的测量点上。
变送器输出—对气动变送器是输出压力—通过管道传给记录或控制仪表。
气动变送器的标准输出范围是20～100kPa ，这信号几乎在全球使用。
当使用电子压力变送器时，压力就被转换成电流或电压形式的电信号。
其标准范围对电流来说是4～20mA DC ，对电压信号来说是1～5V DC 。
当今，另一种电信号形式变的越来越常用，就是数字或离散信号。
基于计算机或微处理器的仪器或控制系统的应用正推动这类信号的应用不断增加。
有时，分析获取描述传感器/变送器特性的参数是很重要的。
当量程已知，去获取增益就非常简单。
假定电子压力传感器的量程为0～600kPa ，增益定义为输出变化除以输入变化。
这里，输出的电信号（4～20mA DC ），而输入的过程压力（0～600kPa ），这样增益就为：此外我们在本设计中还必须对温度进行测量，温度测量在工业控制中是很重要的，因为它作为系统或产品状态的直接指标，或者作为如反应率、能量流、涡轮机效率和润滑质量等间接指标。
现行的温度分度已使用了约200年，最初的仪器是基于气体和液体的热膨胀。
现在尽管有许多其他类型的仪器在使用，这些填充式系统仍常用于直接的温度测量。
有代表性的温度传感器包括：填充式热系统、玻璃液体温度计、热电偶、电阻温度探测器、热敏电阻、双金属器件、光学和辐射高温计和热敏涂料。
电气系统的优点包括高的精度和灵敏度，能实现开关切换或扫描多个测量点，可在测量元件和控制器之间长距离传输，出现事故时可调换元件，快速响应，以及具有测量高温的能力。
其中热电偶和电阻温度探测器则被最广泛的使用。
说明该AT89C51是一种低功耗，高性能CMOS 8位4K 的闪存可编程和可擦除只读存储器（PEROM ）字节的微型计算机。
该设备是采用Atmel 的高密度非易失性内存技术，并与行业标准的MCS - 51指令集和引脚兼容。
片上闪存程序存储器可以编程就可以在系统或由传统的非易失性存储器编程。
通过将集成在一个芯片上通用的8位闪存的CPU ，Atmel 的AT89C51是一个强大的微型计算机提供了一个高度灵活和成本有效的解决方案为许多嵌入式控制应用。
功能特点kPamA kPa mA kPa kPa mA mA Kr 027.0600160600420==--=AT89S51内提供了以下标准特性：4K字节闪存，128字节RAM，32个I / O线，两个16位定时器/计数器，一个五向量两级中断结构，一个全双工串行口，片上振荡器和时钟电路。
此外，AT89C51是静态逻辑设计与操作频率下降到零，并支持两种软件可选的节电模式。
空闲模式时CPU停止工作，而RAM，定时/计数器，串行口和中断系统继续工作。
掉电模式保存RAM的内容，但冻结振荡器关闭，直到下一个硬件复位芯片其它功能。
引脚说明Vcc：电源电压。
接地：接地。
P0口：P0口为一个8位漏级开路双向I/O口，每脚可吸收8TTL门电流。
当P0口的管脚第一次写1时，被定义为高阻输入。
P0能够用于外部程序数据存储器，它可以被定义为数据/地址的第八位。
在FIASH编程时，P0 口作为原码输入口，当FIASH进行校验时，P0输出原码，此时P0外部必须被拉高。
P1口：P1口是一个内部提供上拉电阻的8位双向I/O口，P1口缓冲器能接收输出4TTL门电流。
P1口管脚写入1后，被内部上拉为高，可用作输入，P1口被外部下拉为低电平时，将输出电流，这是由于内部上拉的缘故。