小马过河托福听力分科目词汇

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词汇专题5【小马过河】

3.胆小
Timid a. 胆小的 Cowardly adv.胆怯地(cow饿的！) Trepidation n.害怕，颤抖=fear Tremulous a.胆小的 Trembling a.发抖的，胆小的 *Tremble a.发抖；担忧发抖：quiver=vibrate *Tremor n.大地轻微震动 *Tremendous a.极大的；很棒的，极好的（Fabulous a.寓言般的；极大的；极好的）
Fid 相信，信任
Confidence n.信心，自信 Confide v.吐露心事 Fidelity n.忠心，坚贞 Affidavit n.宣誓书 Confidant n.知心朋友（-ant表人） Confidential a.机密的 Diffident a.缺乏自信的，胆怯的 Perfidy n.不忠实，背叛（per-假的）
5.自信，坚定
Adamant a. 坚定的 Ambition n.雄心壮志（音：俺必胜！） Conviction n.坚定信念（con一起+victory胜利） Confident a.自信的 Persistent a.坚持的（per全部+sist站立） Resolution n. 坚决；解决 Stoic a.坚忍的；n.禁欲主义者 Determined 坚决的 Uncompromising a.不让步的,坚定的
2.献媚，谄媚
Adulation n. 谄媚 Compliment n.v. 恭维 Court v. 献殷勤（常考“球场”对应tennis） Cringe v. 畏缩；谄媚 Flatter v.谄媚 Toady n.谄媚者（音：投敌） Cajole v.哄骗，诱惑（jol笑） Fawn v.巴结奉承（音：奉~） Blandish v.谄媚，奉承（音:(送)白兰地）

托福听力考试常见习语汇总

托福听力考试常见习语分享到：摘要：今天，小马过河为大家搜集整理带来了托福听力考试中高频出现的托福听力习语，按首字母排序，希望大家能够利用好小马过河推荐的雅思学习备考资源，更多精彩相关文章，尽在小马过河！托福听力考试中高频出现的托福听力习语Aa big sale 大减价a bite to eat 一口(饭)，一点儿(吃的东西)a far cry from 离……差得老远，有很大的差别a heart of gold 心地好、慷慨大度a million things 很多事情(常用于形容某人很忙)a phone call away 一个电话之远，随叫随到(意为愿意帮忙，只要打个电话，对方就会立刻跑托福听力考试中高频出现的托福听力习语Bback out 退出baggage counter 行李柜台 bathing suit 游泳衣be a total bore 特没意思be all in a day's work 日常生活的一部分be attached to 对……有感情be backed up (交通)堵了；(活)拖下来了be bound for 去……地方be burned up 生气be free of 摆脱，清除托福听力考试中高频出现的托福听力习语Ccable TV 有线电视call for 说，预报call for directions 打电话问方向call it a day 就此结束，到此结束camping trip 露营campus security office 学校保卫办公室can help 能够避免can't get enough of something 听不够，用不够，吃不够托福听力考试中高频出现的托福听力习语Ddark sides 阴暗面department chair 系主任的职位；系主任dig into one's savings 动用某人的存款dirt cheap 特别便宜do some errands 做一些跑腿的事情do something over 把……再做一遍do the laundry 洗衣服=do the washing do with 用……凑和 dog tired 特别累 don't look at me 别看我！(通常表示不同意)don't tell me 你还说呢dorm council 宿舍管理委员会dorm supervisor 宿舍管理员托福听力考试中高频出现的托福听力习语Eeat out 出去吃饭eat up 吃光；占用editorial section (报纸的)社论版emergency landing 紧急着陆end up 结果是…… enroll in 选课entertainment committee 娱乐委员会托福听力考试中高频出现的托福听力习语Ffall apart 散架fall asleep (腿)麻了fall back on 依靠，依赖feel up to 感觉有能力做……few and far between 稀少，极少见field hockey 曲棍球field trip (学生的)实习fill a prescription 按处方抓药fill in for 代替=fill one's place=fill one's position =fill one's shoes fill out 填(表格等) fill somebody in on 将有关……的详情告诉某人film selection committee 电影评选委员会financial aid 助学金，奖贷学金，财政援助financial plan 财政计划finishing touches 最后润色托福听力考试中高频出现的托福听力习语Ggas stove 煤气炉genetic engineering 基因工程get (set， start) off on the wrong foot 开始就把事情给做糟了，出师未捷 get a lot out of something 从……当中学到很多get along with 和……相处不错get along without 没有……也行get around to 抽时间做……get at 想说……，意思是……get away 出去get back in shape 恢复身体=get into shape get back to 再和……联系托福听力考试中高频出现的托福听力习语Hhand-me-down 传给我的(东西)，送给我的(东西)hands down 易如反掌，非常容易hang on to 保留hang up 挂上(电话)hard feelings 不愉快的情绪，不好的情绪have……off 某天休息have a hand in 参与做……have a short memory 容易忘事，健忘have a way with 擅长have another commitment 另外有约，忙于另外一件事have enough of 受够了托福听力考试中高频出现的托福听力习语II can't put it down 我放都放不下来(指某本书很有意思)I don't know about that 我可不这么想I have no idea which way to turn 我不知道该怎么办I have seen enough 我看够了I have seen worse 我见过更糟的I'll say 我同意托福听力考试中高频出现的托福听力习语Kkeep an eye out for sb. 为某人留意着，为某人照看着keep current on =保持联络keep it between the two of us 这事只是你我之间的秘密，不可以告诉别人keep the information to oneself 不跟别人说keep one's opinions to oneself 有想法不跟别人说，自己闷在心里= keep( one's thoughts )to oneself keep the noise level down 降低噪音托福听力考试中高频出现的托福听力习语Llaboratory assistant 实验室助理laboratory manual 实验室说明书laundry detergent 洗衣粉leave……up to somebody 将……留给某人来做决定leave no stone unturned 用尽一切手段，千方百计leave well enough alone 差不多就不要再弄了，免得画蛇添足leave……around 把……乱放，乱扔let oneself in 自己进房间let someone off 让某人下车let out 让……走let someone out early 提前下课托福听力考试中高频出现的托福听力习语Mmachine oil 机油mad as a hornet 疯了mail box 油箱mail carrier 邮递员mail room 收发室make a mess of 把……搞得一团糟make do with 用……来凑合make it 支撑；赶上；成功make it to 赶上；找到托福听力考试中高频出现的托福听力习语Nnew student orientation 迎新情况介绍no big deal 没什么大不了的no charge 免费none to speak of 没什么值得提的，没什么值得说的 non-fiction 非小说类的书non-science major 非理科专业的学生nonstop train 直达快车not a whole lot 真的没有多少托福听力考试中高频出现的托福听力习语Ooccupy one's time 占用某人的时间off campus 在校外off hand 立刻；事先无准备的off the phone 不用电话off the shelves 不在书架上office hours 教师坐班时间on cloud nine 心情很好，很高兴on earth 究竟on edge 紧张on short notice 提前很短时间通知；忽然；急忙 on the dot 准时托福听力考试中高频出现的托福听力习语Ppale yellow 淡黄色parking meter 停车场计时器parking ticket 停车罚款单passing grade 及格分数peel off 剥皮，揭下来per se 本质上，本身performance evaluations 表现评估photo album 影集physical education 体育托福听力考试中高频出现的托福听力习语Rrain check 下次再邀的表示，邀请继续有效的凭证raise the roof 吵翻天，特别生气rare book collection (图书馆的)珍本书的收藏rave about 极力夸奖托福听力考试中高频出现的托福听力习语Ssales rack 货架save a place 占座save one's breath 别白费力气(说某事)save your explanation 别费尽解释了savings account 存款账户托福听力考试中高频出现的托福听力习语Ttake a break 休息一下take a few electives 上一些选修课take a rain check 希望对方下次再次邀请，就一定会答应take a while 需要一会儿take forever 要花很长时间托福听力考试中高频出现的托福听力习语U under the weather 身体不好，身体有点不舒服 under warranty 在保修期until further notice 另行通知up in the air 未定，悬而未决up to date 赶上；流行的托福听力考试中高频出现的托福听力习语W wait on 伺候waiting room 候诊室wake-up call 早上叫起服务wall paper 墙纸warm up 热身托福听力考试中高频出现的托福听力习语Y year book 年报，年鉴；学校的毕业班年刊You bet 当然You can say that again 当然是这样的，没错 You know that 这个习语本身没啥含义。

托福TPO2套听力真题(文本)

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TPO-2TPO 02 – Listening PartConversationNarratorListen to a conversation between a student and a professor.StudentUh, excuse me, Professor Thompson. Iknow your office hours are tomorrow, but I was wondering if you had a few minutes freenow to discuss something.ProfessorSure, John. What did you want to talkabout?StudentWell, Ihave some quick questions about how to writeup theresearch project I did this semester—about climate variations.ProfessorOh, yes. You were looking at variations in climate in the Grant Cityarea, right?How far along have you gotten?StudentI’ve got all mydata, so I’m starting to summarize it now,preparing graphs and stuff.But I’m just. . . I’m looking at it and I’m afraid that it’s not enough, but I’m not sure what else to put in the report.ProfessorI hear thesame thing from everystudent. You know,you have t o remember now that you’retheexperton what you’ve done. So, think about what you’d need to include if you weregoing to explain your research project to someone with generalor casual knowledge about thesubject,like . . .like your parents. That’s usual lymy rule ofthumb: would myparentsunderstand this?StudentOK. I getit.ProfessorI hope you can recognizeby mysaying that how much you do know about thesubject.StudentRight.I understand. I was wondering if I should also include the notesfrom the researchjournalyou suggested I keep.ProfessorYes, definitely.You should use themto indicate what your evolution in thought was through time.So, just setup, you know, what was the purpose ofwhat you were doing—to tryto understandthe climate variabilityof this area—and what you did, and what your approach was.StudentOK. So, for example,I studied meteorological records; Ilooked at climate charts; I used differentmethods for analyzing the data, like certain statistical tests; and thenI discuss theresults. Isthat what you mean?ProfessorYes, that’s right. You should include allof that.The statistical tests areespecially important.And also be sure you include a good referencesection whereall your published and unpublisheddat a came from, ‘cause you have a lot of unpublished climate data.StudentHmm . .. something just came into mymind and wentout the other side.ProfessorThat happens to me a lot, so I’ve come up with a prettygood memory management tool. Icarryalit tle pad with me allthe time and jot down questions or ideas that I don’t want to forget.Forexample,I wentto the doctor with mydaughter and her baby son last week and we knew wewouldn’t remembereverything we wanted toask thedoctor, so we actually made a list offivethings we wanted answers to.StudentA notepad is a good idea. Since I’m so busy now at the end ofthe semester,I’m getting prettyforgetfulthese days. OK. I just remembered what I wastrying to say before.ProfessorGood. I was ho ping you’d come up with it.StudentYes. Itends up that I have data on more than just the immediate Grant Cityarea, so Ialsoincluded some regional data in the report.With everything else it should be a pretty goodindicator of the climate in this part of thestate.ProfessorSounds good. I’d be happy to look over a draft version before you hand in thefinal copy,if youwish.StudentGreat.I’ll plan to get you a draft of the paper by nextFriday. Thanks very much. Well,see ya.ProfessorOK.LectureNarratorListen to part ofa lecturein a philosophy class.ProfessorOK. Another ancient Greekphilosopher we need to discuss is Aristotle—Aristotle’s ethicaltheory.What Aristotle’s ethical theory is allabout is this: he’s trying to s how you how to behappy—what truehappiness is.Now,why is he interested in human happiness? It’s not just because it’s something that allpeople want to aim for. It’s more than that.But to get there we need to first make a veryimportant distinction. Letme introduce a couple oftechnicalterms: extrinsic value and intrinsicvalue. To understand Aristotle’s interest in happiness, you need to understand this distinction.Some things weaim for and value, not for themselvesbut for what theybring about in additionto themselves. IfI value something as a means to something else, then it has what we will call“extrinsic value.” Otherthings we desire and hold to be valuable for themselvesalone. Ifwevalue something not as a means to something else,but for itsown sake, letus say that it has“intrinsic value.” Exercise. Theremay be some people who value exercise for itself, but I don’t.Ivalue exercise because if Iexercise, I tend to stay healthier than I would if I didn’t. SoI desire to engage in exercise and I value exercise extrinsically .. . not for its own sake, but as ameans to something beyond it. Itbrings me good health.Health.Why do Ivalue good health? Well, hereit getsa littlemore complicated for me.Um,health is important for me because Ican’t . ..do other things I want to do— play music, teachphilosophy—if I’m ill. So health is important to me—has value to me—as a meansto a productivelife. Buthealth is also important to me because I just kind oflike to be healthy—it feelsgood. It’spleasant to be healthy,unpleasant not to be. So to some degreeI value health both for itselfandas a means to something else: productivity.It’s got extrinsic and intrinsic value for me. Thenthere’s some things that are just valued for themselves. I’m a musician, not a professionalmusician; I just play a musical instrument for fun. Why do I value playing music? Well,like mostamateur musicians, I only play because, well, Ijust enjoy it.It’s something that’s an end in itself.Now,something else I value is teaching. Why? Well, it brings in a modest income,but Icouldmake more moneydoing otherthings. I’d do it even if theydidn’t payme. I just enjoy teaching.In that sense it’s an end to itself.But teaching’s not something that has int rinsic value for allpeople—and that’s true generally.Most things that areenjoyed in and of themselvesvary fromperson to person.Some people value teaching intrinsically, but othersdon’t. So how does allthis relateto humanhappiness? Well, Aristotle asks: is theresomething that all human beings value .. . and valueonly intrinsically,for itsown sake and only for itsown sake? Ifyou could find such a thing, thatwould be the universal final good, or trulythe ultimate purpose or goal for all human beings.Aristotle thought the answer was yes. What is it?Happiness. Everyone will agree,he argues, thathappiness is theultimate end to be valued for itselfand really only for itself. For what otherpurpose is therein being happy? What does it yield? The attainment ofhappiness becomes theultimate or highest good for Aristotle.The nextquestion that Aristotle raises is: what is happiness? We all want it; weall desire it; weall seekit. It’s thegoal we have in life. But what is it? How do we fin d it? Here he notes,withsome frustration, people disagree.But he does give us a couple ofcriteria, or features, to keep inmind as welook for what true human happiness is. True human happiness should be,as he putsit, plete in that it’s allwe require. Well,true human happiness .. . if you had that,what else do you need?Nothing. And, second, truehappiness should be something that I canobtain on myown. I shouldn’t have torely on other people for it. Many people value fame andseekfa me. Fame for them becomesthegoal. But,according toAristotle, this won’t work either,because fame dependsaltogether too much on other people.I can’t getit on myown, withouthelp from other people. Inthe end, Aristotle says that true happiness is theexercise of reason—alife of intellectualcontemplation . . .of thinking. So let’s see how he comes tothat.LectureNarratorListen to part ofa psychology lecture.The professor is discussing behaviorism.ProfessorNow,many people consider John Watson tobe the founder ofbehaviorism. And like otherbehaviorists, he believed that psychologists should study only the behaviors theycan observeand measure. They’renot interested in mentalprocesses. While a person could describe histhoughts, no one else can see or hear them toverify the accuracyof his report.Butone thing youcan observe is muscular habits. What Watson did wasto observe muscular habits because heviewed them as a manifestation of thinking. One kind ofhabit that he studied are laryngealhabits. Watson thought laryngeal habits . . .you know, from larynx, in other words, relatedto thevoice box . . . he thought those habits were an expression of thinking. Heargued that for veryyoung children, thinking is really talking out loud to oneself because theytalk out loud even ifthey’renot trying to communicate with someone in particular. Asthe individual matures, thatovert talking to oneselfbecomes coverttalking to oneself, but thinking still shows up as alaryngeal habit. One ofthe bits ofevidence that supportsthis is that when people are trying tosolve a problem, they, um, typically have increased muscular activityin the throat region. That is,if you put electrodeson the throatand measure muscle potential—muscle activity—you discoverthat when people are thinking, like if they’re diligently trying to solve a problem, thatthere ismuscular activity in the throat region.So, Watson made the argument that problem solving, or thinking, can be defined as a set ofbehaviors—a set of responses—and in this case theresponse he observed was the throat activity.That’s what he means when he calls it a laryngeal habit. Now,as Iam thinking about what I amgoing to be saying, mymuscles in mythroat are responding. So, thinking can be measured asmuscle activity.Now,the motor theory.. . yes?StudentProfessor Blake,um, did he happen to look at people who sign? I mean deaf people?ProfessorUh, he did indeed,um, and to jump ahead, what one finds in deafindividuals who use sign language when they’re given problems ofvarious kinds, theyhave muscular changes in their hands when theyaretrying to solve a problem .. . muscle changes in the hand, just like themuscular changes going on in the throat region for speaking individuals. So,for Watson, thinkingis identicalwith the activity ofmuscles. A related conceptof thinking was developed by William James. It’s called ideomotor action.Ideomotoraction is an activity that occurswithout our noticing it,without our being aware ofit.I’ll give you one simple example.Ifyou think of locations, theretends to be eyemovement thatoccurswith your thinking about that location. In particular,from wherewe’resitting, imaginethat you’re asked tothink of our university library. Well, if you close your eyesand think of thelibrary, and if you’re sitting directlyfacing me,then according tothis notion, your eyeballs willmove slightly to theleft, to your left, ‘cause the library’s in that generaldirection.James and otherssaid that this is an idea leading to a motor action, and that’s why it’s called“ideomotor action”—an idea leads to motor activity.Ifyou wish to impress your friends andrelatives, you can change this simple process into a magic trick. Ask people to do something suchas I’ve just described: think ofsomething on theirleft; think of something on their right. You getthem to thinkabout two things on eitherside with their eyesclosed, and you watch their eyesverycarefully. And if you do that, you’ll discover that you can see rather clearlythe eyemovement—that is, you can see themovement of the eyeballs. Now,then you say, thinkofeitherone and I’ll tellwhich you’rethinki ng of.OK. Well, Watson makesthe assumption that muscular activity is equivalent to thinking. Butgiven everything we’ve been talking about here,one has to ask: are therealternativesto thismotor theory—this claim that muscular activitiesare equivalent to thinking? Isthereanythingelse that might accountfor thischange in muscular activity,otherthan saying that it is thinking?And theanswer is clearlyyes. Isthereany way to answer the question definitively? I think theanswer is no.LectureNarratorListen to part ofa lecturein an astronomy class. You will not need to rememberthe numbers theprofessor mentions.ProfessorOK. Let’s get going. Today I’m going to talkabout how the asteroid belt was discovered.And .. . I’m going to start bywriting some numbers on the board. Heretheyare:We’ll startwith zero,then 3, .. . 6, .. . 12.Uh, tellme what I’m doing.Female studentMultiplying by2?ProfessorRight.I’m doubling thenumbers, so 2 times12 is 24, and the nextone I’m going to w riteafter 24would be . ..Female student48.Professor48. Then 96. We’ll stop therefor now. Uh, now I’ll writeanother row of numbers under that.Tellme what I’m doing. 4, 7, 10 . . .How am Igetting this second row?Male StudentAdding 4 to the numbers in the first row.ProfessorI’m adding 4 to each number in the first row to give you a second row.So the last two will be 52,100, and now tellme what I’m doing.Female StudentPutting in a decimal?ProfessorYes, Idivided all t hose numbersby 10 by putting in a decimal point. Now I’m going to writethenames ofthe planets under the numbers. Mercury. .. Venus. . . Earth.. .Mars. So,what do thenumbers mean? Do you rememberfrom the reading?Male StudentIsit the distance of theplanets from theSun?ProfessorRight.In astronomical units—not perfect, but tantalizingly close. The value for Marsis off by. . .6or 7 percentor so. It’s . .. but it’s within 10 percentof theaverage distance to Marsfrom theSun.But Ikind of hav e toskip the one afterMars for now. Then Jupiter’s right thereat 5-pointsomething, and then Saturn is about 10 astronomical units from the Sun. Um, well, thispattern isknown as Bode’s Law.Um, it isn’t really a scientific law, not in thesense of predi cting gravitationmathematically or something, but it’s attempting a pattern in the spacing ofthe planets, and itwas noticed byBode hundreds of years ago. Well,you can imagine thatthere was some interestin whythe 2.8 spot in the pattern was skipped, and um . .. but therewasn’t anything obviousthere,in the earlytelescopes. Then what happened in the late 1700s? The discovery of . .. ?Female StudentAnother planet?ProfessorThe nextplanet out,Uranus—after Saturn. And look, Uranus fits in the next spot in the patternprettynicely,um, not perfectly,but close. And so then people got really excitedabout thevalidityof this thing and finding the missing object between Marsand Jupiter.And telescopes,remember,weregetting better.So people wentto work on finding objectsthat would be at thatmissing distance from theSun, and then in 1801, the object Cereswas discovered.And Cereswas in the right place—themissing spot. Uh,but it was waytoo faint to be a planet. Itlooked like a little star. Uh, and because of itsstarlike appearance, um, it was called an“asteroid.” OK? “Aster” is Greekfor “star,” as in “astronomy.” Um,and so, Cereswas the firstand is thelargest ofwhat became many objectsdiscovered at that same distance. Not just onething, but all the objectsfound at thatdistance from the asteroid belt. So the asteroid belt is themost famous success ofthis Bode’s Law.That’s how the asteroid belt was discovered.LectureNarratorListen to part ofa lecturefrom a Botanyclass.ProfessorHi, everyone. Good tosee you all today.Actually, I expected the population to be a lot lowertoday.It typically runs between 50 and 60 percenton the day theresearch paper is due. Um, I was hoping to have your examsback today,but, uh, the situation was that Iwent away for theweekend, and Iwas supposed to get in yesterdayat five, and I expected tofully completeall the examsby midnight or so, which is the time that Iusually go to bed,but myflight was delayed,and Iended up not getting in unt ilone o’clock in the morning. Anyway,I’ll do mybest to have them finished by the nexttime we meet.OK. In the last class, we started talking about useful plant fibers. In particular,we talked about cotton fibers, which we said were veryuseful, not only in thetextile industry,but also in the chemicalindustry,and in the production of manyproducts, such as plastics,paper,explosives,and so on. Todaywe’ll continue talking about useful fibers, and we’ll begin with a fiber that’s commonly known as “Manila hemp.” Now, for some strange reason, manypeople believe thatManila hemp is a hemp plant. But Manila hemp is not really hemp. It’s actually a member of the banana family—it even bears littlebanana-shaped fruits. The “Manila” part of thename makes sense, because Manila hemp is produced chiefly in the Philippine Islands and, ofcourse, the capitalcity ofthe Philippines is Manila.Now,as fibers go,Manila hemp fibers arevery long. Theycan easily be severalfeetin length and they’realso verystrong, veryflexible. Theyhave one more characteristic that’s veryimportant, and that is that theyare exceptionally resistant to salt water.And this combination ofcharacteristics—long, strong, flexible, resistant to salt water—makes Manila hemp a greatmaterialfor ropes, especially for ropesthat are gonna be used on ocean-going ships. In fact,bythe early1940’s, even though steelcableswere available, most ships in the United StatesNavywerenot moored with steelcables; theyweremoored with Manila hemp ropes.Now,whywas that? Well,the main reason wasthat steelcablesdegrade very, veryquickly incontactwith salt water.Ifyou’ve ever been to San Francisco, you know that the Golden GateBridge is red.And it’s red because ofthe zinc paint that goes on those stainless steelc ables. That, if theystartat one end ofthe bridge and theywork to theother end, bythe time theyfinish, it’s already time togo back and start painting the beginning of the bridge again, because the bridge was built with steelcables, and steelcablescan’t takethe salt air unless they’re treatedrepeatedly with a zinc-based paint.On the other hand, plant products like Manila hemp, you can drag through the ocean for weekson end.Ifyou wanna tie your anchor to it and drop it right into theocean, that’s no p roblem,because plant fibers can stand up for months, evenyears, in direct contactwith salt water.OK.So how do you take plant fibers that individually you could break with your hands and turn them into a rope that’s strong enough to moor a ship that w eighs thousands of tons? Well,what youdo is you extract these long fibers from the Manila hemp plant, and then you takeseveral of these fibers, and you group them into a bundle, because by grouping the fibers you greatlyincrease their breaking strength—that bundle of fibers is much stronger than any of theindividual fibers that compose it.And then you takethat bundle offibers and you twist it a little bit, because by twisting it, you increase itsbreaking strength even more. And then you take severalof these little bundles, and you group and twist them into bigger bundles, which you then group and twist into even bigger bundles, and so on, until eventually,you end up with a very, verystrong rope.源于：小马过河相关推荐：2012年11月18日托福写作真题解析2012年11月18日托福口语真题解析2012年11月18日托福阅读真题解析2012年11月18日托福听力真题解析。

托福TPO4套听力真题(文本)

托福TPO4套听力真题（文本）小马过河为大家准备了“托福TPO4套听力真题（文本）”，供各位备考托福的考生们参考使用，来提高自己的托福成绩！免费咨询电话：400-0123-267。

TPO-4TPO 04 – Listening PartConversationNarratorListen to a conversation between a student and a librarian.LibrarianCan I help you?StudentYeah, Ineed to find a review. It’s for myEnglish class. Wehave to find reviews of theplay we are reading. But theyhave to be from when the play was first performed,so I need to know when that was and I suppose I should startwith newspaper reviews and…LibrarianContemporary reviews.StudentSorry?LibrarianYou want contemporaryreviews. What’s the name of the play?StudentIt’s Happy Strangers. Itwas written in 1962 and we are supposed to writeabou t itsinfluence on American theatre and show why it’s been so important.LibrarianWell, that certainly explains whyyour professor wantsyou to read some ofthose old reviews. The critiquesreally torethe play to pieceswhen it opened.It’s so controve rsial. Nobody had everseen anything like it on the stage.StudentReally? Isthat a big deal?LibrarianOh, sure. Ofcourse thecritiques’reaction made some people kind ofcuriousabout it.Theywanted to see what’s causing all the fuss. In fact,we wer eonvacation in New York. Oh, I had tobe, eh,around 16 or so, and myparentstookme to see it. That would’ve been about 1965.StudentSo that wasthe year premier,great, but eh,newspaper from back then weren’tonline,so, how do I…LibrarianWell, wehave copies ofall the newspapers in the basement, and all the majorpapers publish reference guides to their articlesreviews,etc. You willfindthem in the reference stacksin the back. ButI start with 1964, so I thinktheplay had been running for a little while when I saw it.StudentHow do you like it?I mean just two characterson the stage hanging aroundand basically doing nothing.LibrarianWell, Iwas impressed. Theactors werefamous, and besides it was myfirsttime in a realtheatre.But you are right.It was definitelydifferent from manyplays that we read in high school. Ofcourse, in a small town the assignmentsare prettytraditional.StudentYeah, I’ve only read it but it doesn’t seem like it would be much fun to watch.The st orydoesn’t progress in anysort oflogical matter,doesn’t have realending either,just stops. Honestly,you know,I thought it was kind of slow andboring.LibrarianOh, wellI guess you might think that. Butwhen Isaw it back then it wasanything but boring. Some parts werereally funny,but Iremembercrying too.But I’m not sure just reading it. You know, they’ve done thisplay at least onceon campus. I’m sure thereis a tape of theplay in our video library. You mightwant to borrow it.StudentThat’s a good idea. I’ll have a better idea of what I really thinkof it before I read those reviews.LibrarianI’m sure you willbe surprised that anyone ever found it radical. But you will see whyit is still powerful, dramatically speaking.StudentYeah, it must be something about it,or the professor wouldn’thave assigned it.I’m sure I’ll figure it out.LectureNarratorListen to part ofa lecturein a biology class. The class is discussing animal behavior.ProfessorOk, the nextkind ofanimal behavior I want to talkabout might be familiar toyou. You mayhave seen, for example, a bird that’s in the middle ofa mating ritual, and suddenly it stops and preens,you know, takesa few momentstostraighten its feathers, and then returns tothe mating ritual. This kind of behavior,this doing something that seems completelyout ofplace, is what wecalla ‘Displacement Activity’. Displacement activitiesare activities that animal’s engaging in when theyhave conflicting drives. Ifwe takeour examplefrom a minute ago, if thebird is afraid ofits mate,it’s conflicted.It wantsto mate but it’s also afraid and wantsto run away. So, instead, it startsgrooming itself.So, the displacement activity,the grooming, the straightening ofits feathers,seems to be an irrelevant behavior.So, what do you think anotherexample ofa displacementactivity might be?KarlHow about an animal that, um, instead of fighting its enemyor running away,itattacksa plant or a bush?ProfessorThat’s reallygood suggestion, Karl. But that’s called ‘redirecting’.The animal isredirecting itsbehavior to another object, in this case, theplant or the bush.But that’s not an irrelevant or inappropriate behavior.The behavior makessense. It’s appropriate under the circumstances.But what doesn’t make senseis the object thebehavior‘s directed towards. Ok, who else? Carol?CarolI thinkI read in another class about an experimentwhere an object that theanimal was afraid of was put nextto its food – nextto the animal’s food. Andthe animal, it wasconflicted between confronting theobject and eating thefood, so instead, it just fellasleep. Like that?ProfessorThat’s exactlywhat I mean. Displacement occursbecause theanimal’s got twoconflicting drives – two competing urges, in thiscase, fear and hunger. Andwhat happens is, theyinhibit each other,theycanceleach other out in a wayand a third seemingly irrelevant behavior surfaces through a processthat wecall‘Disinhibition’. Now in disinhibition, thebasic idea is that two drivesthatseem to inhibit,to hold back, a third drive. Or, well,they’re getting in a wayofeach in a… in a conflict situation and somehow lose control,lose theirinhibiting effecton that third behavior,which means thatthe third drive surfaces, it’s expressed in theanimal’s behavior.Now,these displacementactivities can include feeding, drinking, grooming, even sleeping. These arewhat we call ‘Comfort Behavior’.So whydo you thinkdisplacement activitiesare so often comfort behaviors, such as grooming?KarlMaybe because it’s easy for them to do? I mean,grooming is like one of themost accessible things an animal can do. It’s something theydo all thetime,and theyhave the stimulus right there on the outside oftheir bodies in order to do thegrooming, or if food is right in front of them.Basically, theydon’t have to think verymuch about those behaviors.CarolProfessor,isn’t it possible that animals groom because they’ve got messed upa little from fight ing or mating? I mean if a bird’s feathersget ruffled or an animal’s fur,maybe it’s not so strange for them to stop and tidythemselves upat that point.ProfessorThat’s another possible reason although it doesn’t necessarily explain other behavi ors such as eating, drinking or sleeping. What’s interesting is that studies have been done that suggest thatthe animal’s environment mayplay apart in determining what kind of behavior it displays. For example,there’s abird, the ‘wood thrush’,anyway, when the ‘wood thrush’is in an attack-escapeconflict, that is, it’s caught between the two urges to escape from or to attackan enemy,if it’s sitting on a horizontalbranch, it’ll wipe itsbeak on itsperch.Ifit’s sitting on a verticalbranch, it’ll groom its breast feathers.The immediateenvironment of thebird, its immediate,um, its relationship to its immediateenvironment seemsto play a part in which behavior will display.LectureNarratorListen to part ofa lecturein a literatureclass.ProfessorAll right,so let me close today’s class with some thoughts to keep in mindwhile you are doing tonight’s assignment. You will be reading one of RalphWaldo Emerson’s best-known essays ‘Self-Reliance’and comparing it with hispoems and other works. Ithink this essay has the potentialto be quitemeaningful for all ofyou as young people who probably wonder about thingslike truth and whereyour lives are going - all sorts ofprofound questions.Knowing something about Emerson’s philosophie s will help you when youread ‘Self-Reliance’.And basically, one ofthe main beliefs that he had wasabout truth. Not that it’s something that wecan be taught,Emerson says it’sfound within ourselves. So this truth,the idea that it’s in each one ofus, is oneof thefirst points that you’ll see Emerson ** in this essay. It’s a bitabstract but he’s very into…ah…into each person believing his or her ownthought, believing in yourself, the thought or conviction that’s truefor you. But actually, he tiesthat in with a sort of ‘universal truth’ – something that everyone knows but doesn’t realizetheyknow. Most of us aren’tin touch with ourselvesin a way,so we just aren’t capable of recognizing profound truth. Ittakesgeniuses, people like, say,Sh akespeare, who’reunique because when theyhave a glimpse at this truth,this universal truth,theypay attention to it and expressit and don’t just dismiss it like most people do.So Emerson is reallyinto each individual believing in and trusting him orherself.You’ll see thathe writesabout, well,first, conformity. Hecriticizes that people of his time for abandoning their own minds and their own wills for thesake of conformity and consistency. Theytryto fit in with the restof the worldeven thou gh it’s at odds with their beliefsand their identities. Therefore,it’sbest to be a non-conformist – to do your own thing, not worrying about whatother people think. That’s an important point. Hereally drives thisargumenthome throughout the essay.When you are reading, I want you to think about that and why thatkind ofthought would be relevant to the readers of his time. Rememberthis is 1838,‘Self-Reliance’was a novel idea at thetime and the United State’s citizenswereless secure about themselvesas individuals and as Americans. Thecountry as a whole was trying to define itself. Emerson wanted to give peoplesomething to reallythink about, help them find theirown wayand what it meantto be who theywere.So that’s something that I thin k is definitely as relevanttoday as it was then, probably, um, especially among young adults likeyourselves, you know,uh, college being a time to sort of reallythink about whoyou are and where you’re going.Now we already said that Emerson really emphasizesnon-conformity, right,asa way to sort of not lose your own self and identityin the world, to have yourown truth and not be afraid to listen to it. Well, he takes thisa stepfurther. Notconforming also means, uh, not conforming with yourself or your past. Whatdoes that mean?Well, if you’ve always been a certain way or done a certainthing, but it’s not working for you anymore,or you’re not content,Emersonsays that it’d be foolish to be consistent evenwith our own past. ‘Focus on t hefuture,’ he says, “That'swhat matters more.Inconsistency is good.”He talksabout a ship’s voyage and this is one of themost famous bits oftheessay - how the best voyage is made up of zigzag lines. Up close, it seemsalittle all over theplace, but from fartheraway, the truepath shows and in theend it justifies all theturns along the way.So, don’t worry if you are not surewhere you’re headed or what your long-term goals are.Staytrue to yourselfand it’ll make sense in the end. I mean,I can at test tothat. BeforeI was aliteratureprofessor, Iwas an accountant.Beforethat,I was a newspaperreporter.My life is taking some prettyinteresting turns and here I am, veryhappy with my experiencesand wherethey’ve brought me. Ifyou relyonyourself and trust your own talents,your own interest, don’t worry,your pathwill make sense in the end.ConversationNarratorListen to a conversation between a student and a professor.ProfessorHey,Jane, you look like you arein a hurry.StudentYeah, things are a little crazy.ProfessorOh yeah? What’s going on?StudentOh, it’s nothing. Well, since it’s your class, I guess it’s OK. It’s, it’s just I am having trouble with mygroup project.ProfessorAh, yes, due next week.What’s your group doing again?StudentIt’s about United StatesSupreme Court Decisions. We are looking at theimpact of recent caseson propertyrights, municipal land use cases, owningdisputes.ProfessorRight,OK. And i t’s not going well?StudentNot really.I’m worried about othertwo people in my group. Theyare just sittingback, not really doing their fair share ofthe work and waiting for an A. It’s kindof stressing me out,because we aregetting close to thedeadline and I feellikeI’m doing everything for this project.ProfessorAh, the good old free writerproblem.StudentFree writer?ProfessorAh, it’s just a term that describes thissituation, when people in the group seekto getthe benefits ofbeing in a group without contributing tothe work. Anyway,what exactly do you mean when you say theyjust sit back? I mean,they’vebeen following theweekly progress repotswith me.StudentYes, but I feellike I’m doing 90% ofthe work. I hateto sound so n egative here,but honestly, theyare taking credit for things theyshouldn’t take credit for. Likelast weekin the library,we decided to split up theresearch into 3 partsandeach of us was supposed to find sources in the library for our parts. I went offto the stackand found some really good materialfor mypart, but when I gotback to our table,theywere just goofing off and talking. So I wentand gotmaterialsfor theirsections as well.ProfessorUm…you know you shouldn’t do that.StudentI know,but I didn’t want to risk the project going down thedrain.ProfessorI know Teresa and Kevin. I had both ofthem on othercourses. So, I’m familiarwith the workand work habits.StudentI know,me too. That’s why this has reallysurprised me.ProfessorDo you…does your group like your topic?StudentWell, Ithink we’d all ratherfocus on casesthat deal with personal liberties,questions about freedom of speech,things like that.But Ichose propertyrights.ProfessorYou chose the topic?StudentYeah, Ithought it would be good for us, all of us to trysomething new.ProfessorUm…maybe that’s part of theproblem. Maybe Teresa and Kevin aren’t thatexcited about the topic? And since you picked it,have you thought…talktothem at all about picking a different topic?StudentBut we’ve got all the sourcesand it’s due next week. We don’t have time to start from scratch.ProfessorOK, I will letyou go ‘cause I know you are so busy. But you might consider talking to your group about your topic choice.StudentI willthink about it. Gotto run, see you in class.LectureNarratorListen to part ofa lecturein a geology class.ProfessorNow we’ve got a few minutes beforewe leave for today.So I’ll just touch on an inter esting subject that I think makesan important point. We’ve been covering rocks and different types ofrocks for the last severalweeks. Butnext weekwe are going to do something a bit different.And to get started I thought I’d mention something that sho ws how uh…as a geologist, you need toknowabout more than just rocksand the structureof solid matter,moving rocks, you may have heard about them.It’s quite a mystery.Death valley is this desert plane, a dry lake bed inCalifornia surrounded bymountains and on the desertfloor these huge rocks,some ofthem hundreds of pounds. And theymove. Theyleave long trailsbehind them,tracksyou might say as theymove from one point to another.Butnobody has been able to figure out how theyare moving because no one haseverseen it happen.Now there area lot of theories,but all we know for sure is that people aren’t’moving the rocks. Thereare no footprints, no tyretracks and no heavymachinery like a bulldozer…uh, nothing was everbrought in to move theseheavy rocks.So what’s going on? TheoryNO.1 ---Wind? Some researchersthink powerfuluh…windstorms might move the rocks. Most of therocks move in the samedirection as the dominant wind pattern from southwest to northeast.But some,and thisis interesting, move straight west while some zigzag or even move inlarge circles.Um…How can that be?How about wind combined with rain? The ground ofthis desertis made of clay. It’s a desert,so it’s dry.But when thereis theoccasionalrain, the clay gr ound becomesextremelyslippery.It’s hard foranyone tostand on, walk on. Some scientiststheorized that perhaps when theground is slipperythe high winds can then move the rocks. There’s a problemwith this theory.One team ofscientists flooded an area ofthe desert with water,then tryto establish how much wind forcewould be necessary to move therocks. And guess this, you need winds of at least five hundred miles an hour to move just the smallest rocks. And winds that strong have neverbeen recorded. Ever!Not on thisplanet.So Ithink it’s safe to say that that issues has been settled.Hereis another possibility–ice.It’s possible that rain on thedesert floor could turn to thin sheetsof ice when temperaturesdrop at night. So if rocks…uh becomi ngbetter than ice,uh … OK, could a pieceof ice with rocks in it be pushed around by thewind? Butthere’s a problem with thistheory,too. Rockstrapped in ice togetherwould have moved togetherwhen the ice moved. Butthat doesn’talways happen. The rocksseem to take separate routes.Thereare a fewother theories. Maybe the ground vibrates, or maybe theground itself is shifting, tilting. Maybe the rocksare moved bya magnetic force. But sadly all these ideas have been eliminated as possibilities. The re’s just no evidence.I bet you are saying to yourself well, whydon’t scientists just setup video camerasto record what actually happens? Thing is this is a protective wilderness area. So by law that type of research isn’t allowed. Besides, in powerful windstorms, sensitive camera equipment would be destroyed. Sowhycan’t researchers just live therefor a while until theyobserve the rocks’moving? Same reason.So whereare we now? Well, right now we still don’t have any answers. So allthis leads backto mymain point – you need to know about more than justrocks as geologists. The researchersstudying moving rocks, well, theycombine their knowledge of rockswith knowledge of wind, ice and such…umnot successfully, not yet.But you know,theywould even have been able to getstartedwithout uh… earth science understanding – knowledge about wind,storms, you know,meteorology. You need tounderstand physics. So forseveralweeks like Isaid we’ll be addressing geology from a wider prospective.I guess that’s all for today. See you next time.LectureNarratorListen to part ofa lecturein a United Statesgovernment class.ProfessorOK, last timewe were talking about government support for the arts. Who cansum up some of themain points? Frank?FrankWell, Iguess there wasn’t reallyany, you know, official government support forthe artsuntil thetwentieth century. Butthe first attempt theUnited Statesgovernment made to,you know, to support the artswas the FederalArtProject.ProfessorRight,so what can you say about the project?FrankUm…it was started during the Depression, um…in the 1930s to employout-of-work artists.ProfessorSo wasit successful? Janet?What do you say?JanetYeah, sure,it was successful. I mean, for one thing, the project established a lot of…uh like community art centersand galleriesand places like ruralareas where people hadn’t really had access to thearts.ProfessorRight.FrankYeah. Butdidn’tthe government end up wasting a lot of money for art that wasn’t even verygood?ProfessorUh…some people might say that. Butwasn’t theprimary objective of the FederalArt Project to provide jobs?FrankThat’s true.Imean…it did provide jobs for thousands of unemployed artists. ProfessorRight.But then when the United Statesbecame involved in the Second World War,unemployment was down and it seems that these programs weren’treally necessary any longer.So, moving on, we don't actuallysee any govern…wellany realgovernment involvement in the artsagain until theearly 1960s, when President Kennedyand otherpoliticians started topush for major funding to support and promotethe arts. Itwas felt bya number ofpoliticians that …wellthat the governmenthad a responsibilityt o support the artsas sort of…oh, what can we say?...thethe soul…or spirit of the country. The idea was that therebe a federal subsidy…um…uh…financial assistance to artists and artistic or cultural institutions. And for just those reasons, in 1965, the National Endowment for the Artswas created.So it was through the NEA,the National Endowment for the Arts, um…that the artswould develop, would be promoted throughout the nation. And thenindividual statesthroughout thecountry started to establish their own state arts councils to help support the arts. Therewas kind of uh…culturalexplosion.And bythe mid 1970s, by 1974 I think, all fifty stateshad their own arts agencies, their own state artscouncils that work with the federalgovernmentwith corporations, artists, performers, you name it.FrankDid you just say corporations? How are theyinvolved?ProfessorWell, you see, corporations aren’t always altruistic. Theymight not support the artsunless…well, unless the government made i t attractive for them to do so,by offering corporations tax incentives tosupport the arts, that is, by lettingcorporations pay less in taxesif theywerepatrons ofthe arts. Um, theKennedyCentre in Washington D.C., you mayuh…maybe you’ve been there,or Lincoln Centrein New York. Bothof these werebuilt with substantialfinancial support from corporations. And the Kennedyand Lincoln centresaren’t the only examples. Manyof your cultural establishments in theUnitedStateswill have a plaque somewhere acknowledging the support – themoneytheyreceived from whatevercorporation. Oh, yes, Janet?JanetBut aren’t therea lot ofpeople who don’t think it’s thegovernment’s role tosupport the arts?ProfessorWell, as a matter offact, a lot ofpoliticians who did not believe in governmentsupport for the arts, theywantedto do away with the agencyentirely, for thatveryreason, to get rid of governmentalsupport.But theyonly succeeded intaking away about half the annual budget. And as far as thepublic goes,well…thereare about as many individuals who disagree with the governmentsupport as thereare those who agree.In fact,with artistsin particular, youhave lots of artistswho support and who have benefited from this agency,although it seems that just as many artistssuppose a government agencybeing involved in the arts, for many different reasons, reasons like theydon’twant the government to controlwhat theycreate.In other words, theargumentsboth for and against government funding ofthe artsare as manyand, and as varied as the individual styles ofthe artists who hold them.源于：小马过河相关推荐：2012年11月18日托福写作真题解析2012年11月18日托福口语真题解析2012年11月18日托福阅读真题解析2012年11月18日托福听力真题解析。

托福听力巅峰词组100例(二)

托福听力巅峰词组100例（二）小马过河为大家准备了“托福听力巅峰词组100例（二）”，供各位备考托福的考生们参考使用，来提高自己的托福成绩！免费咨询电话：400-0123-26721. help-wanted section.22. hang around.23. Socrates (苏格拉底)24. I hope this isn't catching. (富有感染力)25. They are rare breed.26. Don't you think it would be wise to review how much we've spent to date?27. -Come swimming with me?-Sorry, but I'm up to my neck in work.28. She said the demonstration(示范教学) begins at 8 o'clock, didn't she?29. Better than half the class was absent.30. I spent the last 48 hours cramming for it.31. How about reviewing the notes now over a cup of coffee? (一边...一边...)32. I'm just taking it one step at a time.(gradually)33. Susan is head and shoulders above the rest of us.34. May I have a package of safety pins(别针),please?35. The art museum shop has all sorts of prints (版画)that are inexpensive and colorful.36. Last night I tossed and turned in bed, too exhausted to sleep.37. She went back to classes right after she was released from the hospital.38. Your hard work won't go unrewarded.39. finish his biology project.40. raise the roof来源于：小马过河相关推荐：托福写作增分材料托福写作四种易犯错误托福写作“五段式”套路托福写作备考4大方向。

小马过河-听力

听写方法：（1）听一句——动笔写（写不出来再听一遍，最多3-5遍）（2）找weakness——回原文对照——划出关键词或weakness（3）听第二句（重复第一句过程）……………………（4）听最后一句（5）全文统一听一边（抓关键词；寻找主干脉络；适当note-taking）听写要求：（1）请大家听写完再看文字答案（2）对照文字答案时，找出未能识别出来或者识别有误的地方并用记号标注出来（3）听写完的内容自己总结（不熟悉听觉的单词；关键词）（4）听写是一句一句的听，对于句子短的可以两三句合并，大家自己把握（5）最好只给自己三遍的机会来训练自己的听觉存储力（6）听写所推荐的软件请在论坛里下载（7）更有效的听写不推荐非要把每一篇文章听写完之后再对照文字答案，这样对于很长的文章来说，听觉模糊的或未识别/识别错的地方已经印象模糊，故不能更有效果的从听写中得到你的weakness（8）我会针对文章的长度进行切割，把文字答案切割成小的part以适合每次听写，按照跟贴的顺序完成大家的听写。

比如：先听写第一楼；再第二楼；……以此类推其他：（1）听相同的文章的提高是有局限性的。

因为你在反复的过程里已经不再痛苦了，也就没有更多的进步了。

（2）建议是：对于听写完的文章可以反复跟读。

反复跟读同样的文章的收获会比每天跟读不同文章的收获巨大。

训练note taking的六个步骤（1）做笔记并做题（2）对答案后听写（3）找到答案出处，并划出来（4）认真研究出答案位置的特征及规律（无论题目做对或做错）（5）边听边看边读一遍文章，重点放在划线部分（6）重新听并做一次笔记——达到写而有用，只记录研究过的考点信息。

听写维修手册注：常见故障维修，请详细参阅，自觉保养，以后不要再问了【置顶守则】Horse，你第一次听这些托福听力材料的时候大概能听懂百分之多少阿？Horse答曰：第一次听我根本就没有能力去想这个问题……更现在无法回忆这个问题，我只能告诉你第一次做托福的听力，50道题我错了35个！初级篇1.该怎么彻底提高听力?听写是提高听力的唯一途径2.一天练习几篇文章合适？根据自己的复习时间来决定，每天多少小时，而不是几篇，严格按照要求去做3.是不是听写的时候一定要原字不动的写下来呢??听写是听一句，写出来，一定是一字不差的，几遍之后找到自己写不全或者写不出来的原因从而得到提高！4.需要先背单词再练听写么？如果你具有4级或4级以上水平，请开始听写。

小马过河托福听力场景分类(上)文本

McKie• • 2010 8 5VESTIBULUM LORMEW: So how do you like living in the renovated dorms?M: There aren’t much different than the old dorms, just some new pane and windows. The windows are nice so they shut off the noise really well. The street’s just outside, but I can barely hear the traffic.W: Um, they must be good windows, I bet they must have double panes and glass; they shut off a lot of noise that the single pane wouldn’t stop.M: Yeah, I wish I had something just the factor between me and my neighbor’s room. Sometimes he turns up the music so loud that I have trouble getting into sleep. Anyway I guess I’m better off than the people who’ll be moving into the new dorms. Did you see how thin the walls are that they putting up between those rooms?W: I haven’t seen them but I did read something about them in the campus newspaper. They are supposed to be better than the thick concrete wall you’ve got here.M: Better? How?W: Well, what they doing is separating each room with 2 thin layer of plasterboards and each one is nailed to a different frame. That way they vibrate independently.M: Oh, I see, so the sound from one room doesn’t just vibrate the wall and go directly into next room. There is a gap between 2 layers of wall.W: That’s right.M: Well, I’m still stuck with this neighbor and I am not sure what to do.W: You know heavy bear wall doesn’t help. You should hang something up like some fur rags or some decorated cross. That would act like a kind of a second wall and absorb some sound. I got some extras you can use, people hey.M: I’d appreciate it; anything to get a good night sleep.1 2 3W: Can I help you find something? Oh, hi, Rick!M: Oh, hi, Julie. When did you start working here? I thought you were waiting tables in Teresa’s café.W: Yeah, I quitted, because I had to work too many nights. I started here just a few days ago. It’s perfect! I work all afternoon shift. So my mornings are free for classes, and I can study at night. So what are you looking for?M: Well, I can’t seem to find the 8th book for English 626. I only found these seven. I’m probably looking right at itW: Um…English 626…English 626… Are you sure they are 8?M: Yeah, they are 8 titles on my syllabus. And look, the card on the shelf had eight listed. But I can only find seven of the books.W: You are right. Oh, here they are. They are on the wrong shelves over here by economics books.I’ll have to put these into the English books so they are not so hard to find.M: Thanks a lot. Can you point me the direction of the computer paper?W: Sure, it’s… 2 or 3 aisles over. Why don’t you follow me? It’s easier just to show you.1 2 3M: Janet! Nice to see you again. Ready to plan you schedule for next semester?W: Yeah, I’ve already looked at the list of classes. And I hope to take business law and intro tofinance this coming semester.M: That sounds good. And it is always best plans the courses in your major first and then fit out the requirements on the electives then.W: I like to take one other business course, but I am not sure which one?M: How are about an economics course?W: I took one this past semester and got a lot out of it.M: Oh, that’s right I remember you telling me about it. Well, let’s see what else you need? W: I need another English course and was thinking about taking a poetry class.M: Let me see, the prerequisite for all the poetry classes is the English composition.W: I took that my first semester.M: Well, modern American poetry fits in your scheduleW: With Doctor Turner?M: Um-huh…W: That’ll be great! I heard all about her from my roommate, the English major.M: This should up tobe a pretty good semester for you, what else do you need to take?W: I have to take one more math course but I have been putting it at all. I heard that calculus is really tough.M: It is! But you may want to take it and just take these four courses this semester.W: That’s not a bad idea! I just hope it doesn’t affect my grade point average!1 2 3W: Excuse me. Do you mind if I ask you a few questions?M: No I guess not.M: Great! This is for a student council report; we want to find out what students think the campus food service the results would tell us what kind of changes to push for.M: I think everyone has pretty strong opinions about that.W: Yeah, that’s one thing I found out already. Ok, first how often do you eat in the cafeteria? M: Almost everyday, I’ve got a meal contract.W: And do you usually eat here at Anderson hall.M: Yeah, I live next door.W: And you mention that you have a meal contract, is that right?M: Uh-huh! For breakfast and dinner, Monday to Saturday.W: What’s your general impression of the food here?M: Well, people complain a lot, but basically I think it’s ok. The vegetables are usually overcooked, but I mean they had to feed hundreds of people here. You are not going to get something freshly prepared just for you.W: What if I just put down generally satisfactory, would like more fresh vegetables, ok?M: Sure.W: So you think the other things like soup and dessert’s okay?M: Yeah, that’s about right.W: Is there anything you like to change about the cafeteria?M: Yes, the hours. Sometimes it’s a real rush for me to get back here before 6:30.1 2 34 5W: Excuse me! I need to a copy of Steven Hakim’s Brief History of Time. And I don’t know where to look for it?M: Did you check the status on the library’s computer?W: I tried but I couldn’t figure out what to do.M: Well I can call it up right here. You wanted Hakim’s book right? It looks like it will be out for another 6 weeks.W: Oh no, I really need it for paper that due in 2 weeks. Is there anything you can do?M: Sure, we can try to get it from another library, just fill out this form and it should be here in 3 or 5 days. But it will cost 2 dollars.W: What a relief! That’s a really help!**********************************************************M: Good morning. Is this where we should come to add or drop a course?W: Yes, it is. Just write the name of the course you want to drop on this little form.M: Great! Now where do I write the Astronomy course that I want to add?W: Sorry it’s too late to add a course. You could only add courses two weeks since this semester. And Friday was the last day.M: But I’m senior. And if I dropped the class without adding in one, I wouldn’t have enough credits to graduate.W: So, what you have to do then is to get the professor’s approval and have him sign the special add form. Then bring it back to me, and I put it through.M: Okay. Thanks. I hope I’ll be able to find them.**********************************************************M: Hi, Lanyard, we missed you in psychology class yesterday.W: I have a terrible cough. So I stayed at home. Do you take notes?M: Well, no one can ever recite for my handwriting. Tina was there, too. And you are more likely to be able to read her notes.W: Do you know where she is today?M: I know she has class in the morning. But she always eats lunch in the cafeteria around noon.W: Good! I’ll try to catch her then.M: So you are going to be writing for the school newspaper?W: Yes, I’m excited about it. I’m thinking about journalism as a career.M: Well! Congratulations! How do they decide whom to hire?W: I have to send the writing sample. I used one of the essays I’ve written for the literature class, then the editor assigned me a topic to write a short article about it.M: What did you write about?W: Actually, it was a lot of fun. I wrote about the students’ play that has been performed this month.M: Oh, I saw that play. The director is a friend of mine. It really called in a stir around here. W: Yeah, I know. That’s what I wrote about --people’s reaction to it. It’s really interesting. M: Have you finished the article? Can I read it?W: Sure. I just made a couple of copies. So you can have one.M: Thanks. I wish I were a better writer. Working for the paper sounds like fun.W: Well, they’re looking to add one or two more photographers to the staff.M: You’re kidding! May be I’ll go over and apply.W: If you want, I’ll walk over with you to the newspaper office and introduce you to the photographic editor and some of the other photographers.M: That will be terrific! But can we go tomorrow? I have to go to math class now. And if we go tomorrow, then I’ll have time tonight to put together a portfolio of photographs to show them.W: Sure. And maybe you should call them and set up a time to meeting them tomorrow. M: Good idea. I’ll do that before I go to class.W: All right. See you tomorrow.1 23 4 5W: Hey, Kevin, I haven’t seen you since the beginning of the semester, how is it going? M: Well, I am a little overwhelmed. It’s strange. I always want to go to a big university like this but now I am here. I am not so sure. I mean the courses are interesting enough, but… W: What’s bothering you then?M: Well after going to a small high school and knowing everybody it’s a pretty shagged to be in huge lecture hall with hundreds of students. And not one professor even knows my name. W: I know you mean. I’ve so pretty lost myself last year but I know about something that might help. It’s called the mentor group.M: The what?W: The mentor group. It’s like a support group. I joined it last year when I was a first year student.M: So what is it?W: It’s basically professors and small group of students getting together informally to discuss all kinds of subjects. You have the chance to meet professors and other students.M: Hem, sounds worthwhile, but doesn’t it take up a lot of studying timeW: Not really, you can study all the time you know and this is like a little break.M: I guess you could meet professor whose course you might take later!W: Exactly, that’s what happened to me! I am taking the psychology course with Professor Green. I didn’t know how interesting psychology was, till I got to talk to him in the mentor group.M: You talk to him in the mentor group! Is it too late to join?W: I don’t think so; if I were you I go over to the dean’s office and sign up.M: I was going to the library to return a book but I can do it later I guess.1 2 3 xx4W: Here we are at registration again; I can’t believe how much tuition has gone up.M: I know. It’s ridiculous. You know my cousin Anne pays nothing to go her school in Kentucky.W: Nothing! Maybe I should transfer there.M: You can’t, only students from certain part of Kentucky can go. It’s only for students from the Appalachian Mountains area.W: So with no tuition how do they run the school?M: Well, they get a lot of donations.W: And that pays for everything?M: Well, they also get some money from the government and besides that all the students are required to work at the college. That’s why the college doesn’t need to hire a lot ofoutside-workers.W: Oh yeah, that will help cut the school expenses, so what kind of job do they do?M: My cousin helps to clean the dorms. I think her roommate washes dishes in the cafeteria. Things like that.W: That sounds great! Come to think of it. I heard of something in Georgia called hope scholarship.M: Hope scholarship? What’s that?W: I think they used state lottery money to give free tuition. But not everyone from Georgia qualifies. You need at least B average in high school.M: I should apply for that. I had really good grades in high school.W: No, you had to be from Georgia.M: Just my luck.1 2 xx3W: What’s the matter? I’ve never seen you look so tense?M: Oh, I am just frustrated. That’s all. I have been working on this lab report for my biology class for hours and the results keep coming out wrong.W: Did you use the right procedures?M: Yeah, that’s not the problem…it’s just the…well, it’s just, you know every time I do the statistics I get the different results. Did you ever take biology?W: No, I fill my science requirement with physics, I really don’t care for biology especially dissection. I must pass it down in high school. We had to cut open that.M: Ok, I get the picture, I am bit squish myself but biology requires the least math, which isn’t my best subject. I really don’t see why we even have to take science classes if we are not major in it. I am never going to use this in the real life.W: Well that’s not the point really, a college graduate suppose to be well-rounded it. You knowwith broad education. You can only specialize in grad school.M: Sure, if I ever get there. It just seems I run one biology lab report could stand in the wave of brilliant career in sociology.W: You don’t be silly; you will manage somehow. See how come you don’t have the result for one of your XXX to write down.M: Whoops! I must forgot to add it in. No wonder my figures were messed up!1 2 3 xx 4 5W: Hi, Mark, how is it going?M: Well, not so great.W: What's wrong?M: I’ve got a big problem with the poetry course that’s required for my major.W: Is it all sold up?M: No, no, there's plenty room, but there's prerequisite. I’ve got to take an introduction to poetry before I can take the special course in poets of the 1960's, and the introductory course is only offered in the evenings.W: You don't like evening classes?M: No, that's not the point. I work in the cafeteria every evening; I need the money to pay my tuition.W: Can you ask someone that work to switch hours with you? Maybe you could just switch a couple of evening since the course probably only needs two times a week?M: I wish I could, my boss just did me a favor by putting me on evenings. And he'll hit the ceiling if I ask to change again.W: Wait a minute, I have an idea, have you checked the course over at the community college? They might offer intro-to-poetry course during the day!M: Hey, that's a great idea! I am free this afternoon, I think I'll go over and check it out.W: Yeah, their courses are actually cheaper and you can transfer the credits over here!M: Thank for the advice, Linda. I'll let you know what happens.W: Sure, Mark, good luck! Oh, while you there, could you find out when the pool is open? M: No problem.1 2 3 45M: I'm really glad we got Cindy to be in our study group.W: That's for sure, his background in art should be a big help getting ready for this art history final.M: Now, what we'll have to do is to figure out where we’re going to meet.W: Why don't we just meet in the library?M: The six people in the group will probably make too much noise. How about my dorm room? W: There is not enough space, where would we all sit?M: Oh, I know, the snack bar in the student center! It is not too crowd in the evening, and we can push some tables together.W: That'll work! I'll let everyone know to be there at 7:00 tonight.M: Excuse me. I am looking for the textbook for a course called Psychology of Personality,but Ican't find it anywhere.W: Is that the book for Dr. Peterson's course?M: That's right, Psychology 3601.W: Yes, yes, I was afraid of that. It seems we didn't order enough books for that class. You are the 7th person today who’s come in looking for one.M: But classes begin on Monday.W: I wouldn't worry, Dr. Peterson was aware of the problem, and we got another shipment of books coming in before the end of the month.M: Can I reserve the copy?W: No problem. Just give me your name and phone number, we'll call you when the books arrive.M: I’ve got another parking ticket. I don't understand why?W: What color sticker do you have?M: It's gold; it's for this lot!W: Well, where did you park?M: Over there, next to that green truck.W: You are right in front of the loading dock; that's where they unload the kitchen supplies. M: So what?W: You are lucky you only got a ticket. Normally, security tows any cars that park there.Listen to a conversation between an advisor and a student.W: Come on in, Paul, and have a seat. How can I help you?M: Well, I need to choose my major, and I guess I am not sure what I want to do for a career. W:O h!M: My problem is that I love philosophy, but my dad doesn't want me to get a degree in the humanities. He said that I'll be better off financially with a career in something like business. W: Yes, people in the humanities often do make lower salaries.M: Yeah, and I don't want to be poor, so I’m doomed.W: Hem...I guess you know that a lot of famous philosophers work in other fields, too. In fact, some of them did ground-breaking work.M: Like Aristotle?W: Um, this is just one example. There were doctors, lawyers, historians, mathematicians. Lock for example, he was trained to medicine.M: Yeah, but you are talking about geniuses. I get to grades, but I'm not a genius.W: My point is, you could work in a higher paid field and pursue philosophy on the side. It's not too late for you to declare a double major.M: But what other fields what I choose?W: I can help you with that, there's a special test you can take to determine your talents. You can take it now and it only takes an hour, then we can match your talents to a variety of job descriptions and go for there.M: Ok, that sounds like a good plan!M: Ms. Preska, I am Tim Louis.W: Nice to meet you, Tim. The work study office called to let me know you will come in. You are interested in job here this coming semester.M: Yes, I was hoping the library might be able to use me.W: We always need some help from work study students. Can you tell me a little about yourself?M: Let’s see, I am a sophomore. I live off campus and I major in business.W: Fine, what about work experience?M: I have been the lifeguard for 3 summers at city pool. Here on campus I work last year in the cafeteria. This semester I am at the computer center 3 evenings a week but I prefer the afternoon job.W: We have the opening for someone to share books 4 afternoons a week, a total of 16 hours. Will that suit you?M: Perfectly, my courses in next semester all meet in the morning.W: The job is yours then. Please read through this information before your begin, your first day of work will be 2 weeks from today.M: Thank you very much, I’ll see you then.M: So where are you going to be this summer?W: I’ve got a part time job at the gallery in New York. And I will be taking a joining class at night.M: That's great. You can learn a lot working in an art gallery, and there's no place like New York for an inspiring artist. I lived there myself when I was first at the college.W: I know how lucky I am to have this job but to tell you the truth; I have my heart set on going out west this summer.M: Out west? You mean California.W: No, the southwest, the desert and everythingM: Why the desert?W: Well, you know, Georgia O'Keeffe is my favorite artist, and she did such good work out there.M: That' true. But O'Keeffe didn't start out in the southwest, you know. She lived in New York for years, and she did some very impressive painting there.W: I guess you mean the skyscraper series. It's funny I never really thought about where she paint them before.M: It was in New York and she got a lot out of living there. She didn't always enjoy it. But later on she said that being around so many artists that help her to develop her own artistic vision.W: That's a new way of looking at the city. Now I can only find affordable place to live.Listen to part of the conversation between two college studentsM: Could we stop for a few minutes before we go over chapter five? I'm gonna need extra emerge to get through that one.W: Why? The first four chapters went really fast.M: I know, but the professor said the test would go up to chapter five. And that's the one I understand least. My notes from that day are a mess, circles made of broken lines, the word "GESTALT" in big letters, complete confusion.W: Ok, well, let's start with the broken lines. There suppose to be an illustration of the principle of closure. The idea is that your brain doesn't take in information exactly the same way as your eyes see it. I mean it's not like your eyes are camera and your brain just see the photographs it takes. The point is that your brain perceives more than your eyes actually see. Imaging individual broken lines and the shape of the circle, your brain perceives them to be a circle, even though the shape isn't complete. Your brain fills in the empty spaces because what it sees is familiar to a complete pattern.M: Oh, I get it. Our brains’ close is based in the circle --- closure, so is closure the same thing as GESTALT?W: Well, closure is part of GESTALT. It's one of the five principles that try to explain how the brain organizes the information it perceives.M: Hem, do you think that the other four principles would be on the test?W: Probably seems they are all in chapter five. We'd better go over all of them.M: Yeah, I'm sure you are right. But let's go and get something to eat before we do the rest, ok? Otherwise, I don't think my brain will be able to perceive anything.W: Sure, let's go.VESTIBULUM LORMEThe origin of farming of prehistoric timesW: I read the prehistoric people had settled in villages in start farming when they could no longer survive just by hunting and gathering. The idea was that they pushed out of the best land as the population grew, most likely they had noticed that some seeds sprout when they drop them, so when the people had to move to less productive area, they settled in permanent villages there and started planting seeds to keep from starving.M: That was the thinking until two years ago when archaeologists found evidence that goes against that theory. The new idea is that farming developed in the richest land areas and the people who started it weren’t been threaten by starvation. Apparently successful hunters and gatherers are living in villages long before they started cultivating crops, this villages just wanted to have more stable foods supply.W: What? You mean that people settled in the villages where they were still hunting and gathering wild food to eat? How did the archaeologists come to that conclusion?M: Well, one way was a new more accurate method that dating a small piece or something like grain of corn or wheat, you know earlier archeologists couldn’t date something that small so they have to date say the charcoal around it to get the estimated age.W: So with the new technique to determine the age of the tiny sample, they found out the grain was older than they had thought?M: No, just the opposite. They found out it was much younger, so that meant the mastication of grain probably occurred long after people had begun to live in the villages.1 2 3 45how to determine the date of settlementNow let we discuss the proper way to dig for the assign in an archaeological site, let's turn on our attention to the kinds of objects we might excavate there and what they could tell us about colonial life here on the east coast of North America. One thing we hope to learn when we study the buttons or the broken dishes or other artifacts that got from the site is just how long ago people were living there. So one of the most useful finds obviously would be a coin. But even a object doesn't have a year stamp right on it can still have the archaeologists to determine just when the site was being used. For instance one object from 1600 and 1700 you likely find is the clay pipe. Smoking was common then but not cigarettes. Tobacco was generally smoked in long thin pipes---clay pipes manufactured in England. These imported clay pipes were so cheap that even the poor could afford to use them and then just threw them away. That's why they were so common throughout the colonies and why we find so many broken and discard pipes in archaeological digs. But the style of the clay pipe, the shape of the bowl, the link of skin, the diameter of the hole all involved over the years. So we can assign seriously precise date to a pipe just by looking at it and comparing it to the similar pipe we already know the age of. And that information will tell us how long ago settlers were living in that site and can help us date the other artifacts found there. Let me pause here and ask you now what you think some of the other common objects might be and what we might be able to learn from them.1 2 coin 3 4 5native peopleBefore we continue you should understand an important concept. That is the notion of a culture area. A culture area is not a colony of artist but the geographic area inhabited by different people with similar cultures. A culture area is relatively consistent in term of land features. For instance, the land is completely mountains or flats and the climate. There are similarities in the kind of plants and animals and settlers. I take what I call a bottom-up approach to study of the culture. That does not mean that I go to those sites or people are digging for artifact but rather it means that I think of culture as something it grows out of the daily needs of people’s life, like finding food or protecting themselves against weather. The routines and social order the people create in order to deal with these things form the culture. So Inuit peoples lived in what’s now Alaska, people whose surrounding are cold and not fit for agriculture and who depend on fishing. You can image how their routines differ from Anasazi people who lived in warm desert region. So if that’s clear to everyone, we can continue. So moving on. Anthropologists feel that in what is now United States and Canada there are 9 culture areas. We will examine all of them in the next few weeks but for now let’s start with our own area.1 talk23 4W: Can you give me an idea about what I missed in sociology class on Tuesday?M: Oh, it was really interesting. First you under over material on how infants normally shift to become more interested in people than objects, you know, at first babies just like to look at things, only later do they start to interact with people, and then we talked about play as part as socialization of children.W: Play? You mean like games or make believe?M: Yeah. All different kinds of play, apparently it is important for children to experiment the different roles like pretending their parent instead of a child, also through the play they learned to adapt to the norms as the rules of their social groups.W: Which of the readings did the professor refer to?M: A lot of them come from Erik Eriksson’s work on psychological development, he said that for children, play isn’t just important replication the way as adults, when children play, they can deal with problems and they can learn then they can even like fear and frustration, if children aren’t successful in play, they may even have the emotional problems later in life. W: Is the class talking about any other research?M: Yeah, we talked about research on animals behavior and how young animals play, too. The professor said there is evident that play is biologically base, this means that animal actually had instincts that lead them to play to explore and learn about the environment.W: So it’s play that let animals and human get exposed to different experiences.M: Exactly. And it actually shot them all kinds of skills, thinking skills, as well as physical skills that they need to survive.W: I have to go now, but let’s talk about this more before the next class.1 how234 why5sociology courseM: I really like my sociology class. It’s a seminar on methods in sociology.W: That doesn’t sound terribly exciting.M: I thought so too at first. But we being reading different research studies we find outabout the conclusions, their finding and we also discuss the details of that how they do the study. Some of the reading has been fascinating.W: For an example?M: Well, we just read the study that was done in an elementary school. A school where a lot of students were failing. When the researchers went into the school, they thought they would find out how teachers low expectations contributed to students doing so poor in school.W: I think I’ve heard of that. Then when students don’t perform well in school it’s calledself-fulfilling something.M: Right self-fulfilling prophecy. But in this school, there was one first grade teacher they call her Ms. A who had very positive affect on student. The researchers talk to the students after they become adults and examine the students’ school records. Students who had been in Ms. A‘s class were much more like to do well in the school and they were more likely to be successful as adults than students who had been in the other first grade classes in that school. W: What was the teacher’s secret? Did the researchers ever find out?M: She just didn’t give up on anyone no matter how long it took to reach him. She also communicated to the students how important education is. The adults in the study all mention this when they were interviewed some 20 years later。

新托福iBT听力专业词汇(分类)

GEOLOGY地质学geology 地质学geologist 地质学家crust 地壳mantle 地幔core 地核continental crust 大陆地壳oceanic crust 海洋地壳layer (stratum,复数地层plate 板块fault 断层fault plane 断层面fault zone 断层带rift (crack; split) 断裂disintegration (decomposition) 分解erosion 腐蚀fossil 化石igneous rock 火成岩sedimentary rock 沉积岩metamorphic rock 变质岩quartz 石英limestone 石灰岩marble 大理石granite 花岗岩lithogenous 岩成的lithosphere 岩石圈magma 岩浆mineral 矿物ore 矿石deposit 矿床platinum 白金，铂silver 银copper 黄铜aluminum 铝tin 锡lead 铅zinc 锌nickel 镍mercury 汞，水银sodium 钠钻石绿宝石冰川冰川的glacial epoch ( age, period)冰渍冰山火山活火山死火山volcano 休眠火火山喷发火山口火山的火山尘火山灰( quake;地震地震的地震学震级地震波灾变地理学家半球子午线，经线平行圈，纬线纬度经度海拔高度latitudes 温带地区horizon 地平线equator 赤道tropics 热带地区Arctic 北极Antarctic(Antarctica) 南极expedition 探险time zone 时区topography 地形，地形学plain 平原plateau (highland) 高地lowland 低地basin 盆地cavern (cave) 洞穴terrain 地域subterranean( underground) 地底下coastland 沿海地区island 岛屿continental island 大陆岛volcanic island 火山岛coral island 珊瑚岛islet 小岛peninsular 半岛continent 大陆continental shelf 大陆架ranges 山脉valley 峡谷canyon 峡谷channel (strait) 海峡remote-sensing 遥感的terrestrial 地球的，陆地的terrestrial heatgeothermal) 地热terrestrial magnetism(geomagnetism) 地磁continental drift 大陆漂移学说sea-floor spreading 海床扩展evaporation 蒸发salinity 含盐度ocean bottom 海床sediment 沉淀物，沉积物tropical 热带的temperate 温带的frigid 寒带的formation 形成frost heaving 冻胀现象fieldstone 卵石生物学与相关学科BIOLOGY植物PLANTbotany 植物学botanist 植物学家botanical (botanic) 植物的plant 植物aquatic plant 水生植物parasite plant 寄生植物root 根canopy 树冠层，顶棚foliage (leaf) 叶leaflet 小叶rosette (叶的)丛生stem 茎stalk 杆leafstalk 叶柄shoot (sprout ) 嫩芽，抽枝flower 花bud 花蕾petal 花瓣peel(skin) 果皮shell (硬) 果壳husk （干）果壳；（玉米）苞叶trunk 树干branch 树枝bough 大或者粗的树枝twig 小树枝bark 树皮jungle 丛林lawn 草坪meadow 草地，牧场prairie 大草原shrub (bush) 灌木cluster 一簇（灌木）fern 蕨类植物herb 草photosynthesis 光合作用symbiosis 共生wither (shrivel, fade) 凋谢pollen 花粉pollinate 传授花粉pollination 授粉cell 细胞tissue 组织organ 器官system 系统seeds 种子everlasting 永久的orchid 兰花pollinate 授粉crossbreed 杂交shrub 灌木sequoia 红杉root pressure 根压cohesion-tension 凝聚压力bore 腔，肠column 花柱symbiotic 共生的immunity 免疫organism 生物，有机物necrosis 坏死barren 贫瘠futile 无用的carbohydrate (starch) 碳水化合物（淀粉），糖类glucose 葡萄糖starch 淀粉fat 脂肪protein 蛋白质vitamin 维他命calorie 卡路里（热量单位）malnourished 营养不良的nutrition 营养动物ANIMALDarvinism达尔文学说natural selection 自然选择class 纲order 目family 科genus 属suborder 亚目species 种invertebrate 无脊椎动物vertebrate 脊椎动物aquatic( life) 水生动物reptile 爬行动物amphibian (amphibiousanimal) 两栖动物dinosaur 恐龙bird 鸟类extinction 灭绝mammal 哺乳动物primates 灵长目动物insect 昆虫antenna (复数antennae)触须larva 幼虫，幼体camouflage 伪装pest 害虫worm 虫，蠕虫hibernate 冬眠lizard 蜥蜴chameleon 变色蜥蜴regeneration 再生turtle 龟beast 野兽domesticate 驯养predatory (carnivorous )食肉的predator 捕食者prey （动词）捕食（名词）被捕食的动物scavenger 食腐动物migrate 迁移wing 翅膀，翼bill （鸟）嘴beak （鹰等的）嘴nest 筑巢dolphin 海豚whale 鲸鱼bat 蝙蝠gorilla 大猩猩chimpanzee 黑猩猩habitat 栖息地rodent 啮齿动物（如松鼠）primate 灵长动物plankton 浮游生物mollusk 软体动物coelenterate 腔肠动物（如珊瑚）shrimp 小虾prawn 对虾lobster 龙虾crab 螃蟹clam 蛤蜊sponge 海绵coral 珊瑚starfish 海星canary 金丝雀chirp (鸟，虫的叫声)唧唧squeak （老鼠等）吱吱porpoise 海豚sloth 树懒slothful 懒惰的hygiene 卫生sanitation 卫生parasite 寄生虫moth 蛾caterpillar 毛虫hordes (昆虫等)群swarms (昆虫等)群flock （鸟，羊等）群community 动物的群落或人的部落herd 兽群bunch （花等）束，捧beaver 海狸monogamous 一夫一妻的，一雄一雌的polygamous一夫多妻的，一雄多雌的polyandrous 一妻多夫的，一雌多雄的trapper 诱捕动物者rhinoceros 犀牛niche 小生态环境vestige 退化器官，遗迹oyster 牡蛎fertilizer 使…受精larvae 幼虫tentacle 触角homotherm 恒温动物poikilotherm 变温动物metabolism 新陈代谢baboon 狒狒breed (名词)品种，（动词）繁殖multiply （reproduce）繁殖hatch 孵spawn (鱼、虾、蛙等)孵offspring (young) 解剖学anatomy 解剖学appetite 食欲creature 生物microbe 微生物herbivorous 食草的carnivorous 食肉的omnivorous 杂食的生态学ECOLOGYecologist 生态学家ecosystem 生态系统balance (of nature) 自然界生态平衡fauna 动物群flora 植物群rain forest 雨林food chain 食物链acid rain 酸雨greenhouse effect 温室效应infrared radiation 红外线辐射ozone layer (ozonosphere) 臭氧层ultraviolet radiation 紫外辐射pollution 污染pollution control 污染控制air pollution 空气污染water pollution 水污染noise pollution 噪音污染soil pollution 土壤污染pollution-free 无污染pollutant 污染物noxious (toxic) 有毒的fumes （有毒）废气waste 废物solid waste 固体垃圾sewage (wastewater) 污水sewage purification 污水净化sewage disposal 污水处理decibel （噪音）分贝农业AGRICULTURE agriculture (farming) 农业agricultural 农业的land (soil) 土壤；土地soil conservation 土壤保护soil erosion 泥土流失silt 粉砂，泥沙clay 黏土，湿土clod 土块agrarian 土地的，农业的pilot (experimental ) 试验性的harrow( rake) 耙，耙土ridge 田埂furrow 犁沟plot （patch）小块地ranch 农场，牧场plantation 种植园orchard 果园nursery 苗圃seedbed 苗床sickle 镰刀spade 铲，锹shovel (平头) 铲pick 稿tractor 拖拉机cultivate (till) 耕作sow(seed) 播种harvest 收割weed 除草irrigate 灌溉manure(fertilizer) 肥料spray 喷洒（农药）insecticide(pesticide)杀虫剂pest 害虫rust 锈病grain (cereal) 谷物，谷粒granary(grain store) 粮仓mill 碾，磨wheat 小麦corn 玉米rice 大米barley 大麦sorghum 高粱oats燕麦rye 黑麦millet 粟，小米vegetable 蔬菜horticulture 园艺学hydroponics 水栽法，营养液栽培法greenhouse(glasshouse,hotbed) 温室cabbage 洋白菜lettuce 生菜mustard 芥菜spinach 菠菜broccoli 花椰菜cucumber 黄瓜eggplant 茄子pepper 辣椒pumpkin 南瓜tomato 西红柿beet 甜菜carrot 胡萝卜radish 小红萝卜pea 豌豆soybean 大豆celery 芹菜garlic 大蒜leek 韭菜onion 洋葱头potato 土豆peanut 花生sesame 芝麻cotton 棉花husbandry (animalhusbandry) 畜牧业pasture 牧场livestock 家畜fowl (poultry) 家禽cattle 牛，家畜buffalo 野牛dairy (dairy cattle) 奶牛dairy farm 乳牛场hay （作饲料用）干草haystack 干草堆fodder (feed) 饲料trough 饲料槽barn(shed) 牲口槽stable 厩，马厩cowshed 牛棚pigpen (hog pen, pigsty)猪圈sheepfold (sheep pen) 羊栏roost (hen house) 鸡舍fish farm 养鱼场aquaculture 水产养殖人类学ANTHROPOLOGYanthropologist 人类学家paleoanthropologist 古人类学家ecological anthropologist生态人类学家psychologicalanthropologist 心理人类学家origin 起源originate 起源于ancestor 祖先hominid 人（科）homogeneous 同一种族（种类）的tribe 部落clan 氏族archeologist 考古学家excavation 挖掘excavate (unearth) 挖掘ruins 遗迹，废墟remains 遗迹，遗骸artifact 手工艺品relic 遗物，文物antique 古物，古董antiquity 古代，古老Stone Age 石器时代Bronze Age （青）铜器时代Iron Age 铁器时代Paleolithic 旧石器时代的Mesolithic 中石器时代的Neolithic 新石器时代的archaeology 考古学anthropology 人类学morphology 形态学skull 颅骨cranial 颅骨的物理PHYSICSphysics 物理mechanics 力学thermodynamics 热力学acoustics 声学electromagnetism 电磁学optics 光学dynamics 动力学force 力velocity 速度acceleration 加速度equilibrium 平衡statics 静力学motion 运动inertia 惯性gravitation 引力relativity 相对gravity 地心引力vibration 震动medium (media) 媒质frequency 频率wavelength 波长pitch 音高intensity 强度echo 回声resonance 回声，洪亮sonar 声纳ultrasonics 超声学electricity 电static electricity 静电magnetism 磁性，磁力magnet 磁体electromagnet 电磁magnetic field 磁场electric current 电流direct current (DC) 直流电alternating current (AC) 交流电electric circuit 电路electric charge 电荷electric voltage 电压electric shock 触电electric appliance 电器conductor 导体insulator 绝缘体semiconductor 半导体battery (cell) 电池dry battery 干电池storage battery 蓄电池electronics 电子学electronic 电子的electronic component(part) 电子零件integrated circuit 集成电路chip 集成电器片，集成块electron tube 电子管vacuum tube 真空管transistor 晶体管amplification (名词)放大amplify （动词）放大amplifier 放大器，扬声器oscillation 震荡optical 光（学）的optical fiber 光学纤维lens 透镜，镜片convex 凸透镜concave 凹透镜microscope 显微镜telescope 望远镜magnifier 放大镜spectrum 光谱ultraviolet 紫外线X rays X射线Gamma rays γ射线infrared rays 红外线microwaves 微波dispersion 色散transparent 透明translucent 半透明opaque 不透明的化学CHEMISTRYchemical property 化学特性，化学性质chemical composition( makeup ) 化学成分chemical agent 化学试剂chemical reaction 化学反应chemical change 化学变化chemical bond 化学键chemical apparatus 化学器械substance (matter;material) 物质element 元素periodic table 周期表hydrogen 氢oxygen 氧nitrogen 氮helium 氦carbon 碳calcium 钙silicon 硅sulfur 硫iodine 碘compound 化合物hydrocarbon 碳氢化合物derivative 衍生物alchemy 炼金术petroleum (oil) 石油petroleum products 石油产品crude oil 原油refine 提炼，精炼gasoline 汽油methane 甲烷solution 溶液dissolve 溶解solvent 溶剂solubility 可溶性cohesive 聚合力adhesive 粘合力atom 原子nucleus 原子核electron 电子neutron 中子proton 质子molecule 分子particle 粒子ion 离子particle accelerator 粒子加速器catalysis （复数catalyses）催化作用catalyst 催化剂artificial 人造的synthetic 合成的synthetic fiber 人造纤维polymer 聚合物polymerization 聚合作用plastic 塑料dye 染料cosmetics 化妆品政治POLITICSconstitution 宪法legislation 立法Democrats 民主党Republicans 共和党Amendment 修正案Congress 美国国会Senate 参议院House of Representatives 众议院monarchy 君主制anarchism 无政府主义federal system 联邦制presidential system 总统制municipal 市的，市政的metropolitan 大都市的centralized 中央集权的ideology 意识形态maneuver 擦略tariff 关税immigrant 移民institutionalize 机构化election 选举vote 投票officeholding 任职veto 否决American Revolution 美国革命/独立战争Independence War 美国独立战争American Civil War 美国内战radical 激进的,根本的overturning 颠覆性的independent 独立的breathtaking 激动人心的military 军事的colonize 拓殖，殖民per capita 人均treason 叛国conspiracy 阴谋imprisonment 监禁release 释放pardon 特赦accusation 谴责，指控welfare 福利patronage 资助，赞助unionization 联合，结合教育EDUCATIONeducator 教育家higher education 高等教育moral character 道德品质domain 领域faculty 全体教员alumni 校友treasurer 生活委员，财务大臣elective system 选课制度curriculum 课程（总称）discipline 学科，管理learn by rote 死记硬背天文学ASTRONOMYastronomical 天文的astronomical observatory天文台astronomer 天文学家astrophysics 天文物理学astrology 占星学pseudoscience 伪科学cosmos(universe) 宇宙cosmology 宇宙学infinite 无限的cosmic 宇宙的cosmic radiation 宇宙辐射cosmic rays 宇宙射线celestial 天的celestial body (heavenlybody) 天体celestial map (sky atlas) 天体图celestial sphere 天球dwarf (dwarf star) 矮星quasar 类星体，类星射电源constellation 星座galaxy (Milky Way) 新河系cluster 星团solar system 太阳系solar corona 日冕solar eclipse 日食solar radiation 太阳辐射planet 行星planetoid (asteroid) 小行星revolve 旋转，绕转twinkle 闪烁naked eye 肉眼Mercury 水星Venus 金星Earth 地球Mars 火星Jupiter 木星Saturn 土星Uranus 天王星Neptune 海王星Pluto 冥王星orbit 轨道spin 旋转satellite 卫星lunar 月球的meteor 流星meteor shower流星雨meteoroid 流星体meteorite 陨石comet 彗星space (outer space) 太空，外层空间spacecraft (spaceship) 宇宙飞船spaceman ( astronaut) 宇航员，航天员space suit 宇航服，航天服space shuttle 航天飞机space telescope空间望远镜astronaut 宇航员star 恒星stellar 恒星的intergalactic 星系间的interstellar 恒星间的interplanetary 行星间的asteroid 小行星nebula 星云space debris 太空垃圾ammonia 氨corona 日冕chromosphere 色球photosphere 色球层convection zone 对流层vacuum 真空infrared ray 红外线chondrite 球粒absolute magnitude 绝对量级radiation 辐射emission 发射，散发high-resolution 高清晰度interferometer 干扰仪。

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1.地理altitude海拔高度Antarctic南极的Antarctica南极洲Arctic北极的arid 干旱的Basin盆地canal运河Canyon峡谷cavern (cave)巨洞，洞窑channel海峡cleft 缝隙，劈开的cliff悬崖coastland沿海地区collide碰撞continent大陆continental drift大陆漂移continental island 大陆岛continental shelf 大陆架contour 轮廓，等高线copper铜coral island珊瑚岛core地核core地核cosmopolitan世界性的crack 裂缝crest山顶crevice (墙壁,岩石等的)裂缝crust地壳cycle天体的轨道dam水坝debris碎片delta三角洲demolish破坏,粉碎deposit 堆积物；沉淀物；沉积；矿床desert 沙漠diffuse传播,扩散disintegration分解dispose处理,处置distribute散布,分布diversity多样性dormant休眠的（火山）drill钻孔earthquake地震ebb衰落edge边缘,边界elevation抬升；高地；海拔eliminate排除endemic 风土的，地方的epicenter震中equator赤道erode侵蚀erosion腐蚀，侵蚀evaporation蒸发Expedition 探险extinct volcano死火山extract 开采，提炼fault plane 断层面fieldstone卵石flaw裂缝formation 形成frontier边境frost heaving冻涨现象gap缝隙geographer 地理学家geography地理geothermal 地热的gorge峽谷Grand Canyon大峡谷gulf（arm）海湾hemisphere 半球highland 高地hillside 山坡horizon地平线horizontal 水平的igneous rock火成岩incandescent 白炽的infertile贫瘠的insular 海岛的insulate隔离island 岛屿islet小岛latitude纬度ledge矿层，矿脉longitude 经度，经线lowland低地margin (湖,池等的)边缘marine航海的maritime海上的melt 融化meridian子午线mountainchain山脉mountainrange 山脉navigation航海oasis 绿洲offshore海面上的,远离岸的outskirt外边，郊区parallel 平行圈，纬线peninsula 半岛plain平原plateau (highland)高地precipice 悬崖range山脉，多山的地区region区域，地方salinity 盐度sea-floor spreading海床扩张sediment 沉淀物smelt 冶炼straits 海峡subsidiary辅助的，补充的subterrane表层下基岩subterranean地下的summit,top,crest,peak顶峰tectonics构造学temperate 温带的terrain 地形terrestrial 地球的，陆地的terrestrial magnetism地磁tide潮汐topography 地形，地形学tropical热带的tropic回归线volcanic island火山岛zone地域2地质active volcano活火山aluminum铝bonanza富矿带borehole地上凿洞cataclysm 灾难continental crust大陆地壳crater 火山口diamond钻石dormant volcano 休眠火山emerald翡翠erupt 喷出，爆发eruption爆发fault断层gem宝石geologic survey 地质调查Geologist地质学家geology地质学geomagnetism地磁学geonomy 地球学glacial冰川的；冰河时代的glacial epoch冰川期glacier冰川granite花岗岩iceberg 冰山inner core内核iron铁Jurassic period侏罗纪时期knot山脉的交结点landlocked area内陆lava火山岩浆layer (stratum,,pl:strata)地层lead铅limestone 石灰岩lithosphere岩石圈lodge小屋longitude经度lower reach下游magma岩浆magnitude 地震震级mantle地幔marble大理石metamorphic rock 变质岩mineral 矿物；矿石mountain slope山坡nickel镍nitrogenous氮的North Pole 北极Northern Hemisphere北半球ocean bottom海床oceanic crust海洋地壳orbit轨道ore矿石outburst爆发，突发outer core外核peak山顶petrify 石化pit深坑plate板块platinum 白金，铂quartz石英quartzite 石英岩ravine峡谷reclaim开垦,垦殖reef暗礁relic遗迹remains残余物remnant残余物remove移动Richter scale李氏震级ridge脊背rift (crack; split)裂缝；断裂riverbed河床ruby红宝石sedimentary rock沉积岩seism地震seismic地震的seismic focus 震源seismic intensity烈度seismic intensity scale 地震强度分级seismic map地震图seismic plane地震面seismic prospecting地震勘探seismic ray地震波射线seismic wave地震波seismogeography地震地理学seismogram地震图seismograph地震仪seismology地震学seismometerseismometry地震测量seismoscope 地震波示波仪silver银slope斜坡sodium钠South Pole南极Southern Hemisphere南半球speculate推测spring泉水squirt喷出Stone Age石器时代stratigraphy地层学subcontinent次大陆sulfur硫磺summit山顶swamp沼泽temperate温带的terrestrial heat 地热terrestrial magnetism地磁学thaw解冻time zone时区tin锡tremor颤动tributary支流Tropic of Cancer北回归线Tropic of Capricorn南回归线tropical rain forest热带雨林tunnel隧道,地道upper reach上游valley山谷vegetation植被vertical垂直的volcanic 火山的volcanic ash火山灰volcanic dust火山尘volcano 火山volcano eruption火山爆发watershed 分水岭zinc 锌3 动物学adaptation适应adder小毒蛇alga (复数algae)藻类alligator美洲鳄amphibian两栖动物amphibian两栖动物anatomy解剖学ancestry系谱，血统animal adaptation动物适应性animal cognition动物的认知能力animals communicate动物交往antenna触须(pl:antennae) anthropoid类人猿aquarium养鱼池aquatic 水生的,水栖的arachnid蜘蛛类的节肢动物armor甲artery动脉asymmetric不对称auk海雀baboon 狒狒bacteria细菌balance生态平衡bat 蝙蝠beak喙,鸟嘴beast兽beaver水獭biological vacuum生物演变真空期biologist生物学家bivalve 双壳类blood cell血液细胞brant黑雁breed n品种；v繁殖buffalo 美洲野牛burrow洞穴canary金丝雀carnivore食肉动物carnivorous食肉类的carrion crow 吃腐肉的乌鸦caterpillar 毛虫caviar 鱼子酱centipede蜈蚣chameleon 变色龙chemical composition化学成分chimpanzee黑猩猩chipmunk花栗鼠chirp唧唧喳喳叫cicada蝉circulatory system循环系统clam /蛤蜊claw爪子cobra 眼镜蛇cockroach 蟑螂cocoon (蚕)茧；(昆虫的)卵袋coelenterate腔肠动物cold-blooded 冷血cold-blooded animal冷血动物compound eye复眼coral珊瑚crab蟹crane鹤crayfish 淡水小龙虾，蝲蛄cricket蟋蟀crocodile鳄鱼crow 鸦Darwinism达尔文学说degenerationdie out灭绝digestion 消化digestive enzyme消化酶digestive system 消化系统dinosaur恐龙diving 潜水dolphin海豚domesticate驯养eagle 鹰earthworm蚯蚓echolocation声波定位ecologist生态学家ecology生态学ecosystem生态系统eel鳗鲡eland 大羚羊electric fish 发电鱼endangered species濒危物种Entomology昆虫学environment 环境evolution 进化excretory system排泄系统exposure 暴露extinction灭绝falcon猎鹰fang 毒牙fauna动物群feather羽毛，翎毛fertilize使…受精；施肥finch 雀(如燕雀、金翅雀等)flock羊群fluffy茸毛似的food chain 食物链form-changing animal变形动物fowl家禽frog青蛙fuzzy有茸毛的genetics 遗传学genus种类glue-like胶状golden eagle鹫gorilla大猩猩grasshopper蚂蚱greasy多脂的gregarious (social)群居的habitat 栖息地hair毛发hatch孵化hawk鹰herbivore食草动物herbivorous食草的herd兽群heredity遗传hibernation冬眠hide兽皮hive蜂巢homotherm恒温动物hopper单足跳者；跳虫〔如跳蚤、干酪蛆等）hormonal system内分泌系统hormone荷尔蒙，激素horn 角hornet 大黄蜂hump驼峰ingestion 摄食insect昆虫insecticide杀虫剂invertebrate无脊椎动物jaw 颚jellyfish水母larva幼虫；幼体（pl:lavae）lizard蜥蜴lobster龙虾mammal哺乳动物mandible下颚,下颚骨mantis螳螂marine biology海洋生物学mate交配metamorphosis变形microbe微生物migrate迁移migratory迁移的molecule 分子mollusk软体动物molt脱毛monogamous一雌一雄的；单配的moose驼鹿moth蛾子multiply繁殖mutation 变种natural selection自然选择nerve神经nest 筑巢pl.nestlenit幼虫，卵octopus 章鱼offspring (young)后代omnivorous杂食的order目organ器官Ornithology 鸟类学osprey鱼鹰ostrich鸵鸟otter水獭owl猫头鹰oyster牡蛎paleontologist古生物学家paleontology古生物学parasite寄生虫peck啄penguin企鹅perch（鸟）飞落；暂栖pest 害虫pesticide杀虫剂plankton 浮游生物poikilotherm冷血动物polyandrous一妻多夫的，一雌多雄的prairie dog草原土拨鼠，草原犬鼠prawn对虾predator食肉动物predatory食肉的prey被捕食的动物（v.捕食）primate灵长类动物pupa蛹raccoon浣熊rattlesnake响尾蛇raven大乌鸦regeneration再生reproduce繁殖reproductive system生殖系统reptile爬行动物respiration呼吸respiratory system呼吸系统rhinoceros犀牛robin知更鸟rodent啮齿动物ruminant反刍动物salamander 蝾螈scale鳞片scorpion蝎子scuba 水下呼吸器sea-urchin海胆secretion分泌；分泌物shell壳shrimp小虾skeleton骨骼，骷髅slothful懒惰的snail蜗牛solitary独居spawn卵；产卵species物种specimen标本speciology物种学spider蜘蛛spinal cord脊椎spine脊骨spineless无脊骨的spleen脾sponge海绵squid鱿鱼squirrel松鼠starfish海星sting针,刺,螫stork鹳stun使晕倒suborder亚目survival生存swarm蜂群symbiosis 共生现象symbiotic 共生的symmetry对称tadpole蝌蚪tentacle触须tissue 组织toad蟾蜍，癞蛤蟆toe趾trap诱捕turtle海龟tyrannosaurus暴龙unfertilized eggs未受精的卵variation 变异；变体venom毒液vertebrate脊椎动物vestige退化的器官victim牺牲者，受害者viper蝰蛇vitamin维生素vulture秃鹫warm-blooded animal温血动物wasp黄蜂whale鯨wild life野生wing翅膀worm虫Zoology动物学4考古学ancestor 祖先ancient civilization古代文明anthropologist人类学家antique古董antiquity古代，古老archaeologist考古学家Archaeology考古学archaic古老的artifact 人造物品ascend攀登，上升Bronze Age（青）铜器时代chronological按年代顺序排列的clan氏族；部落cranial颅骨的Cultural relics文物excavate (unearth)挖掘exhume掘出，挖出fossil化石hominid原始人类Iron Age铁器时代Mesolithic中石器时代的Neolithic Age新石器时代Paleoanthropology古人类学Paleolithic Age旧石器时代porcelain瓷器，瓷Prehistoric史前的primitive 原始的Rock painting岩画Ruin遗迹，废墟scoop铲子skull头骨tribe部落5美术与建筑Architect建筑学家architecture建筑学art gallery美术馆autograph真迹calligraphy书法Castle城堡cathedral大教堂framing装框imitating临摹impressionistic style印象派风格landscape painting山水画mosque清真寺oil painting油画panorama全景画paste裱糊pastel drawing彩粉画perspective透视画法portrait肖像画poster 招贴画pyramid金字塔repair person修理工sketch素描skyscraper摩天楼Sphinx狮身人面像the Statue of Liberty自由女神像the Triumphal Arch凯旋门6农业agricultural农业的agriculture农业aquaculture水产业arable可耕的barn谷仓conservatory温室cotton棉花cowshed牛棚cultivate 培养，耕作cultivation培养，教养eggplant茄子fertile肥沃的fodder饲料garlic大蒜granary谷仓graze放牧greenhouse温室，花房harvest收获hay干草haystack干草堆horticulture园艺husbandry管理hydroponics水耕法indigenous本土的irrigate灌溉livestock家畜manure 施肥于orchard 果园pasture牧地pigpen猪舍plantation耕地，种植园poultry家禽prolific多产的，丰富的ranch大农场seedbed苗床silt淤泥tractor拖拉机weed野草7气象学atmosphere大气层avalanche (snow slide)雪崩balmy温和的barometer气压计blast一阵blizzard暴风雪breeze微风chilly 寒冷的climate气候convection对流cumulonimbus积雨云current（气）流cyclone气旋damp (wet; moist; humid)潮湿的devastation破坏dew露disaster大灾难downpour倾盆大雨drizzle 细雨droplet小水珠drought旱灾dust storm尘暴evaporate蒸发fog (mist)雾forecast (predict)预报frigid寒冷的frost霜gale大风hail冰雹heat-wave热浪humidity湿度hurricane飓风lightening闪电meteorological气象学的meteorologist气象学家Meteorology气象学monsoon 季风precipitation降水sandstorm 沙暴shower阵雨smog烟雾stratosphere平流层tempest (storm)暴风雨tepid微温的thunder雷tornado龙卷风torrential rain暴雨tropical depression热带低气压troposphere对流层typhoon台风vapor蒸汽whirlwind旋风wind direction风向wind scale风级wind velocity风速8天文学ammonia氨asteroid小行星asteroid小行星astrology占星术astronaut宇航员astronomer天文学家astronomical天文的astronomical object天体Astronomy天文学astrophysics天文物理学Big Dipper北斗七星black hole黑洞celestial天上的celestial body天体celestial map天体图celestial sphere天球centrifugal force离心力centripetal force向心力chondrite球粒状陨石chromosphere太阳的色球层clockwise顺时针方向cluster星团comet彗星constellation星群，星座cosmic宇宙的cosmic radiation宇宙射线cosmic rays宇宙射线cosmology宇宙学cosmos (universe)宇宙counterclockwise逆时针方向eclipse (日/月)食emission发射，散发faint微弱的feeble微弱的galaxy星系gaseous bodies气态包gravitational force/吸引力Greenwich mean time格林威治时间heaven天空high–resolution高清晰度ignite点燃illusive object幻影物体image图像infinite无限的infrared ray红外线interferometer干扰仪intergalactic银河间的international date line国际日期变更线interplanetary行星间的interstellar恒星间的Jupiter木星leap year闰年light year光年luminosity光度Lunar月球的lunar calendar阴历Mars火星Martian火星的massive厚重的Mercury水星meteor流星meteor shower流星雨meteorite陨石meteoroid流星体Milky Way银河系molten溶化naked eye肉眼nebula星云Neptune海王星observatory天文台outer atmosphere大气层outer space外太空photosphere光球层planet行星planetarium天文馆planetoid /小行星Pluto冥王星Polestar北极星pseudoscience伪科学quasar类星体radiation辐射revolution公转revolve旋转rotation自转satellite人造卫星Saturn土星sky atlas天体图solar太阳的solar calendar阳历solar corona日冕solar eclipse日食solar radiation太阳辐射solar system太阳系space debris太空垃圾space shuttle航天飞机space suit太空服space telescope空间望远镜spacecraft太空船spin旋转star cluster星团stellar恒星的sunspot太阳黑子telescope望远镜time difference时差time zone时区universal宇宙的universe宇宙Uranus天王星Venus金星write dwarf白矮星9微生物amino acid氨基酸antibody抗体bacterium细菌biotical agency生物媒介calcium钙carbohydrate碳水化合物carbon dioxide二氧化碳cell细胞chromosome染色体disinfection消毒enzymes酵母fatigue (组织、器官等对刺激失去反应能力的)疲劳fermentation发酵fungus (fungi)真菌gene基因genetic engineering遗传工程glucose葡萄糖Immunology免疫学incubation孵蛋inflection传染(感染) malaria 疟疾，瘴气microbe微生物microorganism微生物microscopic精微的nucleus细胞核one-celled单细胞的oxidation氧化parasitic animal寄生动物parasitic diseases由寄生虫引起的病害parasitology寄生虫学pathogen病菌，病原体penicillin青霉素protozoa原生动物sanitation卫生schistosomiasis血吸虫病；裂体吸虫病starch淀粉sterilization灭菌toxin毒素vaccine疫苗virus病毒yeast酵母10文学与音乐accompaniment伴奏Aestheticism唯美主义allegory寓言Autobiography传记ballad民谣band music管乐cello大提琴chord和弦clarinet 单簧管classical music古典音乐Comparative literature比较文学concerto协奏曲conduct指挥descriptive prose描写性Diary日记duet二重唱Editorial社论Epilogue尾声essay随笔fairy tale童话fiction小说folk music民间音乐Futurism未来主义harmony和声harp竖琴Leading character主人公legend传说literary criticism文学评论Literary studies文学研究lullaby催眠曲model人物原型Modernism现代主义narrative prose叙述性plot情节；阴谋podium指挥台poetry诗歌Prelude序曲Prologue序言Prose散文proverb谚语Realism现实主义rock and roll摇滚乐Schools of literature文学流派serenade小夜曲11物理与化学acceleration加速度acceleration of gravity重力加速度Acoustics声学anode正极biochemistry生物化学calorie卡路里cathode负极chemical reaction化学反应combustion燃烧compound化合物conduction传导conservation of energy能量守恒Deceleration减速度decomposition分解dilution稀释direct current直流电distillation蒸馏electrode电极element化学元素expansion膨胀fluorescence荧光frequency频率gasify气化inorganic chemistry无机化学isotope同位素liquefy液化magnet磁铁magnetic force磁力Magnetism磁学Mechanics力学Newton’s laws of motions 牛顿运动定律Optics光学organic chemistry有机化学Physics物理学Power功率radioactivity放射性reagent试剂reduction还原reflection反射refraction折射resonance 共振sensitivity灵敏度solidify固化solution溶液test tube试管ultrasonic超生波ultraviolet ray紫外线uniform motion匀速运动vaporize汽化volt伏特voltage电压watt瓦特12植物学algae (pl. alga)海藻amber琥珀angiosperm被子植物annual一年生的annual plant一年生植物aquatic plant水生植物aroma香气bark树皮bean豆类植物blossom花botanic植物的botanical植物学的botanist植物学家botany植物学bough大树枝branch树枝broadleaf阔叶树bud芽bunch串，束bush灌木cactus仙人掌chlorophyll 叶绿素column花柱corn玉米crossbreed 杂交density密度desert plant沙漠植物dwell居住，栖息echinoderm棘皮类动物elm榆树eucalyptus桉树evergreen常绿树everlasting永久的fern蕨类植物field study(trip)野外实习flesh 果肉flexible柔韧性，易曲的foliage (leaf)叶fragrance香气fungus 菌类germinate发芽herb草herbicide 除草剂husk外壳jungle丛林kernel果仁larch 落叶松laurel月桂树lawn 草坪leaflet小叶liana藤蔓植物lichen 地衣,苔藓malnutrition营养不良marsh plant沼泽植物meadow 草地；牧场metabolism 新陈代谢morphology形态学moss苔藓nectar 花蜜nitrogen氮nourish 施肥于;滋养noxious有害的nutrition营养odor气味parasitic plant 寄生植物peculiarity特性peel (skin)果皮perennial 多年生的perennial plant多年生植物petal花瓣Photosynthesis光合作用pine松树pollen花粉pollinate对…授粉pollination授粉polygamous杂性的prairie大草原protein 蛋白质protoplasm原生质rain forest雨林ranch大农场raptor猛禽，肉食鸟redwood红木树root根部scent气味，嗅猎seed plant种子植物shoot (sprout)嫩芽；抽枝shrub (bush)灌木soybean大豆sprout 发芽spruce云杉stalk 柄stem茎stimulant刺激物toxic residue残毒tropical plant热带植物tundra plant 冻原植物twig小树枝vine藤walnut胡桃木wither (shrivel; fade)凋谢。