00830现代语言学200610历年真题及答案
自考现代语言学2022年10月真题试题与(00830)_2
自考现代语言学2022年10月真题试题与（00830）自考现代语言学2022年10月真题试题与答案解析（00830）1.[单选题] In distinguishing competence and performance, Chomsky looks at language from a ____ point of view, and to him competence is a property of the mind of each individual.A.sociologicalB.psychologicalC.historicalD.cultural2.[单选题] Of the following speech sounds, is represented in narrow transcription.A.[i]B.[i:]C.D.[l]3.[单选题] All the following morphemes can be definitely regarded as derivational morphemes EXCEPT________.A.-iumB.-ingC.semi-D.-ly4.[单选题] In the X-bar theory, the head of the phrase “quite above the desk” is .A.quiteB.aboveC.theD.desk5.[单选题] If you say that there is no direct connection between a linguistic form and what it refers to, you hold a view of meaning study.A.namingB.conceptualistC.contextualD.behaviorist6.[单选题] The notion of________ is essential to the pragmatic study of language. It is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer.A.contextB.utteranceC.conversational implicatureD.speech act7.[单选题] During the Renaissance movement, many of _______words became part of the educated English lexicon.A.Germantin and GreekC.ItalianD.French8.[单选题] The most distinguishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its ________.A.accentB.morphemese of wordse of structure9.[单选题] The case of Phineas Gage shows us that___________.A.human language ability is not located in the brain because Phineas’ brain was not so damaged that he could still speakB.human language ability is located in the right hemisphere of the brainC.if human language ability is located in the brain, it is situated right at the frontD.if human language ability is located in the brain, it is not situated right at the front10.[单选题] There are a number of factors pertaining to the learner that potentially influence the way in which a second language is acquired. Which of the following is NOT an individual learner factor? .A.InstructionB.MotivationC.PersonalityD.Age11.[案例题] A d ________study of language is a historical study, which studies the development of language over a period of time.12.[案例题] To describe the physical properties of speech sounds, a___ phoneticians use spectrographs to record the sound waves.13.[案例题] According to their position in the new words, a _______are divided into two kinds: prefixes and suffixes.14.[案例题] Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker known as linguistic c________?15.[案例题] According to the b____________ view of meaning study, the meaning of a linguistic form is the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer.16.[案例题] According to Austin’s new model of speech act theory, a speaker might be performing three acts simultaneously when speaking: locutionary act, i ______ act and pcrlocutionary act.17.[案例题] Sound a _______refers to the physiological effect of one sound on another.18.[案例题] Language varieties other than the standard are called nonstandard or v ______languages.19.[案例题] The c __________period hypothesis refers to a period in one's life experience extending from about age two to puberty, during which the human brain is most ready to acquire a particular language and language learning can proceed easily, swiftly, and without explicit instruction.20.[案例题] Although they lack grammatical morphemes, t _______sentences in the multiword stage are not simply words that are randomly strung together, but follow the principles of sentence formation.21.[案例题] Linguistics can be defined as the scientific study of any particular language such as English, Chinese and Latin.22.[案例题] Chinese is a typical tone language, which has four tones.23.[案例题] Semantically, the meaning of a compound is often the sum total of the meanings of its components.24.[案例题] Combinational rules are rules that group words and phrases to form grammatical sentences.25.[案例题] sense and reference are two important notions associated with lexical meaning.26.[案例题] What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use should be taken into consideration.27.[案例题] The division of English language into the periods of OldEnglish, Middle English and Modem English is nonconventional and not arbitrary.28.[案例题] language itself is not sexist, but it reflects sexism in society as it can connote sexist attitudes as well as attitudes about social taboos or racism.29.[案例题] When we say that language provides a means for the expression or communication of thought, we mean that language is the only means of expressing thought.30.[案例题] Like overt teaching, imitation plays at best a very minor role in the child’s mastery of language.31.[案例题] arbitrariness32.[案例题] suprasegmental features33.[案例题] morphology34.[案例题] finite clause35.[案例题] stylistic synonyms36.[案例题] constatives37.[案例题] cognate38.[案例题] language planning39.[案例题] interpersonal communication40.[案例题] language acquisition41.[案例题] Which enjoys priority in modern linguistics, speech or writing? Why?42.[案例题] What are the four maxims under the cooperative principle? And illustrate with one example how the violation of the maxim of quality gives rise to conversational implicature.。
全国自考《现代语言学》历年真题及详解【圣才出品】
全国⾃考《现代语⾔学》历年真题及详解【圣才出品】2015年10⽉全国⾃考《现代语⾔学》真题及详解课程代码：00830选择题部分I.Directions:Read each of the following statements carefully.Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and blacken the corresponding letter A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(2%×10=20%)1.A study of the features of the English language used in Charles Dickens’time can be regarded as a _____study.A.diachronicB.prescriptiveC.synchronicD.historical【答案】C【解析】研究某⼀时期的语⾔特征属于共时研究，故选C项。
2.Of the following consonants,_____is dental.A.[t]B.[p]C.[?]D.[θ]【答案】D【解析】[θ]是⾆齿⾳，故D项正确。
[t]是齿龈⾳（alveolar），[p]爆破⾳（plosive），[?]是腭⾳（palatal）。
3.The inflectional morpheme in the word“deforestated”is_____.A.de-B.forestC.-ateD.-ed【答案】D【解析】曲折词素指的是不改变单词意思⽽改变单词词性的词素，-ed将单词由动词变为形容词，属于曲折词素，故D项正确。
de-和-ate是派⽣词素，forest是词根。
4.The syntactic rules of any language are_____in number,and yet there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.A.finiteB.non-finiteC.infiniteD.definite【答案】A【解析】任何语⾔的句法规则都是有限的，但是⼈们能够制造并理解⽆数句⼦，这是由语⾔的递归性和⼆重性决定的，故A项正确。
《现代语言学》试题
《现代语言学》试题2018年4月高等教育自学考试课程代码：00830I.Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which oneof theour choices best completes the statement and blacken the correspondingletter A, B, C orD on the ANSWER SHEET.1. Language is a system of arbitrary symbols used for humancommunication.A. visualB. vocalC. writtenD. spoken2. The English sounds [j] and [w] areA. liquidsB. glidesC. affricativesD. nasals3. The optimum age for second languageacquisition isA. early teenageB. 7 years oldC. 6 years oldD. 20 years old4. modify the meaning and in manycases change the part of speech of the original word.A. Prefixes 13. Roots C. Suffixes D. Stems5. Neurolinguists have concluded that threeareas of the left hemisphere are vital to language, namely, Broca's area, Wernicke's area andA. neuronsB. cerebral cortexC. Exner's areaD. the angular gyrus6. A clause that takes a subject and a finiteverb, and at the same time stands alone is known as a finite clause.A. semanticallyB. structurallyC. sociolinguisticallyD. phonologically7. is a linguistic situation in whichtwo standard languages are used by an individual or by a group of speakers,such as the inhabitants of aparticular region or a nation.A. CreoleB. VernacularC. BilingualismD. Diglossia8. The sense relation that holds between the twowords piece and peace isA. polysemyB. homonymyC. hyponymyD. synonymy9. As an important theory in the pragmatic studyof language, speech act theory was originated with in the late 50's of the 20thcentury.A. Paul GriceB. John SearleC. Noam ChomskyD. John Austin10. Ingeneral, linguistic change in the system and the vocabulary of a language is more noticeable than thatin other systems of the grammar.A. syntacticB. morphologicalC. soundD. semanticII.Directions: Fill in the blank on the ANSWER SHEET in each of the following statementswith one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note thatyou are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given.11.According to Chomsky, a speaker has internalized a set of r about his language, which enableshim to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences.12. Englishvowels may be distinguished as front, c and back.13. B learning theory suggested that achild's verbal behavior was conditioned through association between a stimulusand the following response.14. I morphemes manifest variousgrammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree,and case.15. Thelocalization of cognitive and perceptual functions ina particular hemisphereof the brain is called I16.Syntactic rules that comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledgeof a language speaker is known as linguisticc17. A p is a variety of language that isgenerally used by native speakers of other languages as a medium ofcommunication.18. S refers to the sameness or closesimilarity of meaning.19.According to J. Austin, a I actis the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveyingliteral meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.20. It isgenerally accepted that the history of the English language is divided into theperiods of Old English, M Englishand Modem English.IIIDirections: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false.Put a T for true or F for false on the ANSWER SHEET. If you think a statementis false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version.21. Modemlinguistics regards the written language as primary.22. [s] and[z] are two alveolar fricatives in English.23. Ingeneral, language learning refers to children's development of their firstlanguage.24. The wordupdate is formed by derivation.25. The caseof Genie demonstrates that the language facultyof an average human degeneratesafter the critical period.26.Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss ofgrammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.27. Of thetwo sounds/b/and/1/, children are more likely to acquire/1/first rather than/b/.28. Theconceptualist view of meaning was further strengthened by Bloomfield, who drew onbehaviorist psychology when trying to define the meaning of linguistic form.29.Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is the realization of the abstractmeaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication.30. Language change is essentially a matter ofchange in the grammar.IV.Directions: Explain the following terms and give examples for illustrationwhere appropriate.31.displacement32. phoneme33.interlanguage34. root35. thecritical period hypothesis36.Universal Grammar37. slang38. hyponymy39.perlocutionary act40. semanticchangeV.Directions: Answer the following questions.41.Linguistics is generally defined as "the scientific study oflanguage". Describe briefly the process of linguistic study.42. What isthe Cooperative Principle? Please make ananalysis of what maxim is violated byB and what implicature is produced in the following conversation.A: Thespeaker is an awful bore. Don't you think?B: Thelecture hall is spacious, isn't it?(This issaid when it is known to both A and B that it is entirely possible for B tomake a comment on the speaker. )2018年10月高等教育自学考试《现代语言学》试题课程代码：00830I. Directions: Read each of the following statementscarefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statementand blacken the corresponding letter A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (2% ×10=20%)1. According to F.de Saussure, refers to theabstract linguistic system shared byall members ofa speech community.petenceB. performanceC. langueD. parole2. The Englishsound [u:] is aA. close vowelB. semi-close vowelC. semi-open vowelD. open vowel3. Which of thefollowing factors is NOT a learner factor?A.AcculturationB. PersonalityC. InteractionD. Motivation4. The words"take" and "table" are called because they can occur unattached.A. freemorphemesB. boundmorphemesC. formwordsD.inflectional morphemes5. What can bedrawn safely from the case of Genie is thatA. it confirmsthe critical period hypothesisB. human'slanguage acquisition device is independent of other intellectual abilitiesC. languagecannot be acquired at all after the critical periodD. the languagefaculty of an average human degenerates after the critical period and, asa result,most linguistic skills cannot develop6. Constituentsthat can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belongto the sameA. syntacticcategoryB.phonological categoryC.morphological categoryD.semantic category7. Sociolinguistics is primarily concerned with the social significance oflanguage and language usein different speech communities.A.variationB. changeC. structureD. form8. In semanticanalysis of a sentence, the basic unit is called , which is the abstraction of themeaning of a sentence.A.predicationB. predicateC. argumentD. sense9. The notion of is essential to the pragmatic studyof language.A.utteranceB. sentenceC. contextD. speech act10. The first and most widely investigated languagefamily of the world isA. theSino-Tibetan FamilyB. theIndo-European FamilyC. theAustronesian FamilyD. theAfroasiatic FamilyII. Directions: Fill in the blank on the ANSWER SHEET ineach of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which isalready given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and youare not allowed to change theletter given. (1% × 10=10%)11. Cultural t means that language can be passed on from one generation to the nextthrough teaching and learning, rather than by instinct.12. When pitch, stress, and sound length are tied to thesentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i13. Language acquisition is concerned with languaged in humans.14. Semantically, the meaning of a compound is often i , not always being the sum total ofthe meanings of its components.15. The relationship between the name and the meaning ofa word is quite .a16. Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionallycalled t rules, whose operationmay change the syntactic representation of a sentence.17. A creole language is originally a p that has become established as anative language in some speech community.18. P refersto the phenomenon that the same word may have more than one meaning.19. If one contributes more information than is requiredin a conversation, he/she violates the maxim of q20. Many of the most basic terms in the English languageoriginate from O English.III. Directions: Judge whether each of the followingstatements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false on the ANSWERSHEET. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so andthen give the correct version. (2%~10=20%)21. The description of a language at some point in timeis adiachronic study.22. [0] and [6] are two dental fricatives in English.23. Although there are individual differences in onsetand rate of language development, children across cultures follow the sameorder of language development.24. "Plural" is a morpheme.25. Language is the only means for thought.26. Parameters are syntactic options of UG that allowgeneral principles to operate in one way or another and contribute tosignificant linguistic variations between and among natural languages.27. A regional dialect is usually spoken by a group ofpeople living in the same community.28. Contexualism is based on the presumption that one canderive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts.29. The twosentences "Tom smokes." and "Tom is smoking." have the samepredication.30. Modemlinguistics regards the written language as primary, not the spoken.IV. Directions: Explain the followingterms and give examples for illustration where appropriate. (3% × 10=30%)31. duality32. word stress33. second language acquisition (SLA)34. stem35. cerebral plasticity36. AUX-movement37. speech community38. sense39. pragmatics40. historical linguisticsV. Directions: Answer the followingquestions. (10% × 2=20%)41. Name and describe 5 of the core branches oflinguistics.42. How are semantics and pragmatics related, and how dothey differ?2019年4月高等教育自学考试《现代语言学》试题课程代码：00830I.Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which oneof the four choices best completes the statement and blacken the correspondingletter A, B, C orD on the ANSWER SHEET. (2%×10=20%)1. Linguistics is generally defined as the study of language.A. synchronicB. scientificC. specificD. diachronic2. aimsto discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these soundsare used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.A. PhoneticsB. PhonologyC. PhoneD. Phoneme3. The American SLA scholar proposed the distinction betweenacquisition and learning.A. F. de SaussureB.N. ChomskyC.S. KrashenD.B.F.Skinner4. The basic unit in the study of morphology isA. phoneB. wordC. phonemeD. morpheme5. One of major mental functions controlled bythe right hemisphere of the brain isA. temporal orderingB. holistic reasoningC. calculationD. analytic reasoning6. Traditionally the three major types ofsentences are , and sentences.A. full / partial / incompleteB. affirmative / interrogative /imperativeC. positive / negative / neutralD. simple / coordinate or compound /complex7. Insociolinguistics, the more standard variety is called the variety, which is used for more formalor serious matters, such as speeches made in government, the media, school, orchurch.A. IowB. highC. authoritativeD. official8. The sense relation that holds between the twowordsfiower and rose isA. polysemyB.homonymyC. hyponymyD. synonymy9. While the meaning of a sentence is abstract,and decontextualized, the meaning of a(n)is concrete,and context-dependent.A. wordB. phraseC. idiomD. utterance10. Historical linguistics is the subfield oflinguistics that studies language change, therefore, it mainly adopts a approach.A. diachronicB. synchronicC. descriptiveD. prescriptiveII.Directions: Fill in the blank on the ANSWER SHEET in each of the followingstatements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue.Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to changethe letter given. (1%×10=10%)11. D features refer to the definingproperties of humanlanguage that distinguish it from any animal system ofcommunication.12. Englishconsonants can be classified either in terms of m of articulation or in terms of placeof articulation.13. Languageacquisition is concerned with language d in humans.14. Boundmorphemes include two types: roots and a15. Thebrain is divided into two roughly symmetrical halves, called h , one on the right and one on theleft.16. Thetheory of Case Condition accounts for the fact that n phrases appear only in subject andobject positions.17. Aparticular r may be used bya particular group of people, usually sharing the same occupation like doctors,teachers, and lawyers, or the same interests, such as stamp collectors,football fans.18. R means what a linguistic form refersto in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between thelinguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.19.According to John Austin, p weresentences that did not state a fact or describe a state and were notverifiable.20. It isgenerally accepted that the history of the English language is divided into theperiods of O English, MiddleEnglish and Modem English.III.Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false.Put a T for true or F for false on the ANSWER SHEET. If you think a statementis false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version.(2%×10=20%)21.According to F. de Saussure, parole is concrete, while langue is abstract.22. Thereare two nasals in English: [m] [n].23. Studiesof the effect of formal instruction in general support the hypothesis that instructiondecides SLA.24. Since acompound is a word, its components cannot be written separately.25. For mostindividuals, the left hemisphere is dominant for language, regardless of handiness.26. Thearrangement of words in a linear sequence entails that sentences are simply linearly-structured.27. Aeuphemism is a mild, direct or less offensive word or expression substitutedwhen the speaker or writer fears more indirect wording might be harsh,unpleasantly offensive.28. When twowords are identical in spelling, they are homophones.29. If onesays what he believes to be false, he violates the maxim of quantity.30. The mostvigorous and on-going change in the historical development of a language is thechange in its vocabulary.IV.Directions: Explain the following terms and give examples for illustrationwhere appropriate. (3%×10=30%)31. appliedlinguistics32.International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)33. languagetransfer34.inflectional affixes35.linguistic lateralization36.branching nodes37.semantics38.illocutionary act39.historical linguistics40. linguafrancaV.Directions: Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)41. Of thetwo media of language, speech and writing, which is more basic in the view of modemlinguistics? Explain the reasons.42. What arethe major views concerning the study of meaning? Explain them briefly.2019年10月高等教育自学考试《现代语言学》试题课程代码：00830I.Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which oneof the fourchoices best completes the statementand blacken the corresponding letter A, B, C or D onthe ANSWER SHEET.1. provides speakers with anopportunity to talk about a wide range of things, free from barriers caused byseparation in time and place.A. ArbitrarinessB. ProductivityC. DualityD. Displacement2. [ɜ:] [Ə] and [ʌ] are the vowels in English.A. frontB. semi-openC. centralD. back3. The root of the word carelessness isA. careB. carelessC. -lessD. -ness4. Syntax is a subfield of linguistics thatstudies the structure oflanguage.A. soundB. wordC. sentenceD. meaning5. The sense relation between the twowordsfiower and roseisA. antonymyB. hyponymyC. homonymyD. polysymy6. The study ofhow speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication iscommonly calledA. semanticsB. syntaxC. pragmaticsD. sociolinguistics7. Historical linguistics is the subfield oflinguistics that studies languageA. changeB. factC. grammarD. presence8. Variation in language use which is associatedwith the sex of individual speakers isA. ageB. genderC. registerD. slang9. The language center that is responsible forconverting a visual stimulus into an auditory form and vice versa is calleda(n)A. Broca's areaB. Wemicke's areaC. motor areaD. angular gyms10. Inlanguage learning, isdefined in terms of the learner's overall goal ororientation.A. motivationB. aptitudeC. acculturationD. personalityII.Directions: Fill in the blank on the ANSWER SHEET in each of the following statementswith one word, the first letter ofwhich is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fillin ONE word only, and you are notallowed to change theletter given.11. Chomskydefines p as the actualrealization of the ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his language inlinguistic communication.12. Thearticulatory organs of a human being are contained in three important areas or cavities:the pharyngeal cavity, the oral cavity and the n cavity.13.Morphemes that can not stand alone, but must be combined with other morphemesto form words are calledb morphemes.14.Normally, a sentence consists of at least a s and its predicate.15. The c view holds that there is no directlink between a linguistic form and what it refers to.16. If yousay what you believe to be false in a conversation, you violate the maxim of q17. Many of the most basic terms, such as man, eat andhouse in the English language originate from O English.18. Asociolinguistic situation in which two different varieties of language co-existin a speech communication, each with a distinct range of purely social functionand appropriate for certain situations, is called d19. Thebrain is divided into two roughly symmetrical halves, called h , one on the right and one on theleft.20. Ingeneral, language acquisition refers tochildren's development of their f language.III.Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false.Put a T fortrue or F for false on the ANSWERSHEET. If you think a statement is false, you mustexplain why you think so and then givethe correct version.21.Phonologists are interested in how sounds are put together and used to conveymeaning in communication.22. [p] [b][m] are the only three bilabial consonants in English.23.Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations.24. Move a(Alpha) means "move any word to any place."25. Referenceis the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.26. Aperlocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker's intention; it is theact performed in saying something.27.Linguistic change occurs in all components of the grammar, including changes inthe sound, morphological, syntactic, lexical, and semantic systems.28. A creolelanguage is originally a pidgin that has become established as a nativelanguage in somespeech community.29. Cerebralcortex in the outside surface of the brain is the most important part of thebrain.30.According to Krashen, learning refers to the gradual and subconsciousdevelopment of ability in the first language by using it naturally in dailycommunicative situations.IV. Direetions: Explain the followingterms and give examples for illustration where appropriate.31. language32. broadtranscriptionpounding34. theX-bar theory35. synonymy36. speechact theory37.diachronic linguistics38.euphemism39. thecritical period hypothesis40.interlanguageV.Directions: Answer the following questions.41. What isthe deletion rule? Explain your answer with examples.42. What doyou think are the causes of language change? Explain your answer with examples.。
【自考复习】【00830-现代语言学】2014年10月全国自考现代语言学考前密卷00830(含答案)
2014年10月全国自考现代语言学考前密卷00830(含答案)一、Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%)第1题“I like this shirt very much.” has ____a rguments. ()A. oneB. twoC. threeD. four【正确答案】 B【你的答案】本题分数2分第2题 In the classic semantic triangle, the symbol or form refers to the linguistic elements, i.e.,____. ()A. things and referentB. thought and referenceC. views and ideasD. words and phrases【正确答案】 D【你的答案】本题分数2分第3题 Acoustic phoneticians try to describe the ____ properties of the stream of sounds which aspeaker issues.()A. oralB. mentalC. physicalD. recorded【正确答案】 C【你的答案】本题分数2分第4题 Sense and reference are two related ____ different aspects of meaning.()A. butB. andC. orD. as well as【正确答案】 A【你的答案】本题分数2分第5题The superordinate term of the group of words “love, anger, happiness, sadness, fear, emotion” is____.()A. fearB. angerC. loveD. emotion【正确答案】 D【你的答案】本题分数2分第6题Proponents of ____learning theory suggested that a child’s verbal behaviour was conditioned through association between a stimulus and the following response.()A. biologicalB. naturalistC. behavioristD. nativist【正确答案】 C【你的答案】本题分数2分第7题In the sentence “He put forward a strong argument for it.”the word“strong”and “argument”are in a relation. ( )A. synchronicB. paradigmaticC. syntagmaticD. diachronic【正确答案】 C【你的答案】本题分数2分第8题 As regards the relationship between language and thought, those who hold that thinking and speaking are the same activity are said to be( )A. empiricistsB. behavioristsC. mentalistsD. structuralists【正确答案】 C【你的答案】本题分数2分第9题 Words that are opposite in meaning are( ).A. antonymsB. hyponymsC. synonymsD. homophones【正确答案】 A【你的答案】本题分数2分第10题 When a word is employed as a medium of thinking by means of its conceptualizing system, we say it is used for communication.( )A. intrapersonalB. interpersonalC. individualD. textual【正确答案】 A二、Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change第1题 The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called s___ features.【正确答案】 suprasegmental【你的答案】修改分数本题分数1分你的得分第2题 In semantic analysis, p___ is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.【正确答案】 prediction【你的答案】修改分数本题分数1分你的得分第3题Children’s language development starts from the p___cooing and babbling stage.【正确答案】 prelinguistic【你的答案】修改分数本题分数1分你的得分第4题 The preschool years are a c___ period for first language acquisition.【正确答案】 crucial【你的答案】修改分数本题分数1分你的得分第5题 There are occasions when one can think without l___, just as one may speak without thinking.【正确答案】 language【你的答案】修改分数本题分数1分你的得分第6题 Language is p___ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users.【正确答案】 productive【你的答案】修改分数本题分数1分你的得分第7题 An a___ is a logical participant in the predication analysis, largely identical with the nominal element(s) in a sentence.【正确答案】 argument【你的答案】修改分数本题分数1分你的得分第8题 Evidence in support of l___ for language in the left hemisphere comes from researches in dichotic listening test.?【正确答案】 lateralization【你的答案】本题分数1分修改分数你的得分第9题 In a d___ listening test, stimuli heard in the left ear are reported less accurately than those heard in the right ear. This phenomenon is known as the right ear advantage.【正确答案】 dichotic【你的答案】本题分数1分修改分数你的得分第10题 c___ language is originally a pidgin that has become established as a native language in some speech community.【正确答案】 creole【你的答案】三、Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true orF for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you第1题()The language system provides all specifics of one’s world view.【正确答案】 F(No,it does not.)【你的答案】修改分数本题分数2分你的得分第2题 ()Free morphemes are the same as bound morphemes.【正确答案】 F(Free morphemes are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves.)【你的答案】本题分数2分你的得分修改分数第3题 ()In English and many other languages, the subject usually follows the verb and the direct object usually precedes the verb.【正确答案】 F(The verb follows the subject.)【你的答案】本题分数2分你的得分修改分数第4题 ()The right ear advantage shows that the right ear is more sensitive to signals, both linguistic and non?linguistic, than the left ear.【正确答案】 F(It passes signals to the left hemisphere.)【你的答案】本题分数2分你的得分修改分数第5题 ( ) The angular gyrus is supposed to be crucial for commanding of the syntax system of one’s language.【正确答案】 F (The angular gyrus is not.)?【你的答案】本题分数2分修改分数你的得分第6题 ( ) Linguistic performance is essentially a social phenomenon but not a context dependent behavior.【正确答案】 T【你的答案】本题分数2分修改分数你的得分第7题 ( ) One advantage of componential analysis is that by specifying the semantic features of certain words, it will be possible to show how these words are related in collocation.【正确答案】 F (It will not be possible.)?【你的答案】本题分数2分修改分数你的得分第8题 ( ) The greatest source of modification of the air stream is found in the oral cavity.【正确答案】 T ?【你的答案】本题分数2分修改分数你的得分第9题 ( ) The error analysis approach shows that there are striking similarities in the ways in which different L2 learners acquire a new language.【正确答案】 T?【你的答案】本题分数2分你的得分修改分数第10题 ( ) The most dramatic morphological loss concerns the loss of gender markings only.【正确答案】 F (The most dramatic loss concerns the loss of affixes.)?【你的答案】四、Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration. (3% ×10=30%)第1题 subvocal speech【正确答案】 Language and thought may be viewed as independent circles overlappingin some parts, where language and thought are consistent with each other and onenever occurs without the other. When language and thought are identical or closelyparallel to each other, we may regard thought as “subvocal speech”, and speechas “overt thought”.【你的答案】本题分数3分你的得分修改分数第2题 antonymy【正确答案】 The term antonymy is used for oppositeness of meaning between lexical items, such as the meanings between hot and cold, sad and happy.【你的答案】本题分数3分你的得分修改分数第3题 blending【正确答案】 Blending is a process of forming a new word by combining parts ofother words. For example, smog—smoke+fog , motel—motor+hotel.【你的答案】本题分数3分你的得分修改分数第4题 apocope【正确答案】【你的答案】本题分数3分你的得分修改分数第5题 hapology【正确答案】 Hapology refers to the loss of one of two phonetically similarsyllables in sequence. For example, the Old English word “Engla?land” (the landof Angles) came to be pronounced “England” through the assimilation of “la?la” sounds.【你的答案】本题分数3分你的得分修改分数第6题 morphology【正确答案】 Morphology is a branch of grammar that studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. What it studies includesmorphemes, allomorphs, roots, affixes etc.【你的答案】本题分数3分你的得分修改分数第7题 epenthesis【正确答案】 In the linguistic change of English, a change that involves the insertion of a consonant or a vowel sound to the middle of a word is known as epenthesis. Below are some examples of English epenthesis. The underlined sounds are epenthesis in modern English. spinle → spindleemty → emptyglimse →glimpsetimer → timber【你的答案】本题分数3分你的得分修改分数第8题 semantic broadening【正确答案】 Semantic broadening refers to the process in which the meaning of a word becomes more general or inclusive than its historically earlier denotation. For example, the older meaning of “aunt” was father’s sister, but its modern referent can also be mother’s sister. The word “holiday” was originally used to mean a day of religious significance because it was a “holy day”. Today its meaning is broadened to refer to any day on which peop le don’t have to work.【你的答案】本题分数3分你的得分修改分数第9题 standard language【正确答案】 The standard language is a supposed, socially prestigious dialect of language. It is the language employed by the government and the judiciary system, used by the mass media, and taught in educational institutions, including school settings where the language is taught as a foreign or second language. For example, the c ommon speech of the Chinese language and King’s English in Britain.【你的答案】本题分数3分你的得分修改分数第10题 componential analysis【正确答案】 Componential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. The approach is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features. This is parallel to the way a phoneme is analyzed into smaller components called distinctive features. Plus and minus signs are used to indicate whether a certain semantic feature is present or absent in the meaning of a word and these feature symbols are usually written in capitalizedletters. Fo r example, the word “man” is analyzed as consisting the semantic features of +HUMAN, +ADULT,+ANIMATE, +MALE. The features of “girl” can be represented as +HUMAN, -ADULT, -MALE. ?【你的答案】五、Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)第1题 What do langue and parole mean respectively?【正确答案】According to F·de Saussure, langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to abide by; it is abstract. Parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules; it is concrete.【你的答案】本题分数10分你的得分修改分数第2题 Why is language defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication?【正确答案】 Short as it is, this definition has captured the main features of language. First of all, language is a system, i.e., elements of language are combined according to rules. If language were not constructed according to certain rules, it could not be learned or used consistently. Second, language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between a word and the thing we use to write with. The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is a good illustration of the arbitrary nature of language. Third, language is vocal because the primary medium is sound for all languages, no matter how well developed their writing systems are. All evidence points to the fact that writing systems came into being much later than the spoken forms and thatthey are only attempts to capture sounds and meaning on paper. Fin ally, the term “human” in the definition is meant to specify that language is human specific, i.e. it is very different from the communication systems other forms of life possess, such as bird songs and bee dances.【你的答案】。
2006年10月语言学概论真题及答案
1.Symbols can be divided into two types: ______ symbols and ______ symbols.2. The goal of ______ linguistics is to establish a model that describes the rules of one particular language.3. ______ plosives appear before or after front vowels while ______ plosives occur in other situations.3.The term “natural classes of sounds” has one advantages: phonological rules constructed can be of higher ______.4. The morphemes that can stand alone as individual words are called ______.5. People can study sentences in two different ways. If we make structural descriptions of sentences toillustrate the parts of sentences and the relationships among them, it is called ______ study.6. According to Chomsky’s TG Grammar, in the process of generating sentences, we start wi th ______7. ______ is the science that deals with the sound system. ( )A. PhoneticsB. MorphologyC. PhonologyD. Semantics 8. The oral consonants are different from the nasal consonants in terms of ________. ( )A. the position of the velumB. the place of articulationC. the presence or absence of vocal-cord vibrationD. the manner of articulation9. ______ is generally regarded as the founder of modern linguistics. ( )A. FillmoreB. SaussureC. ChomskyD. Lyons10. A native speaker usually possesses four types of knowledge about his own language. ______ knowledge is anative speaker’s intuition about the sounds and sound patterns of his language. ( ) A. Semantic B. Syntactic C. Morphological D. Phonological11. Phonetics has three sub-branches. ______ phonetics is concerned with how a sound is produced by thevocal organs.A. ArticulatoryB. AcousticC. AuditoryD. Visual 12. Dentals are sounds ______. ( )A. produced by both lipsB. produced by the contact between the upper teeth and the lower lipC. made with the tip of the tongue behind the upper front teeth or with the tongue tip between the upperand lower teethD. articulated by raising the tip or the blade of the tongue to the alveolar ridge 13. A phoneme is defined as ______. ( )A. a minimal meaningful unit in the grammatical system of a languageB. a minimal distinctive unit in the grammatical system of a languageC. a minimal distinctive unit in the sound system of a languageD. a minimal meaningful unit in the lexical system of a language14. Distinctive features are used describe ______, while phonetic features are used to describe their ______ ( )A. phonemes … allophonesB. morphemes … allomorphsC. allophones … phonesD. a llomorphs … morphs 15. If ______, then they are said to be in contrastive distribution. ( )A. two sounds can occur in the same environment and the substitution of one sound for the other does notcause a change of meaningB. two sounds can occur in the same environment and the substitution of one sound for the other causes achange of meaningC. two sounds can never occur in the same environmentD. two sounds can occur in contrastive environments 16. The root morphemes are ______. ( )A. lexically dependent on roots and do not convey the fundamental meanings of wordsB. the most important parts of words that carry the principal meaningsC. those that can stand by themselves as individual words I.Fill in the following blanks with appropriate words and expressions. (10%, one point for each blank)II. (25%, one point for each)D.never found alone as words, but are always joined with other morphemes17.If two sounds are ________, they are said to be allophones of the same phoneme. ( )A.in contrastive distribution and also phonetically similarB.sometimes in free variationC.in contrastive distributionD.phonetically similar and also in complementary distribution18.If two or more morphs are semantically identical and also in ______, they are said to be allomorphs of thesame morpheme. ( )A. complementary distributionB. contrastive distributionC. free variationD. contradictory distribution19.Clipping refers to the process in which ______. ( )A. a compound is made by blending parts of two wordsB.words are formed by putting the initial letters of several words togetherC. a word is shortened without a change in the meaning or in the part of speechD.new words are created simply by changing their parts of speech20.The ______ relation is a kind of relation between linguistic forms in a sentence and linguistic forms outsidethe sentence. ( )A. syntagmaticB. sequentialC. hierarchicalD. paradigmatic21.In a hierarchical structure diagram of a sentence, ______ are the ultimate constituents of the sentence. ( )A.the forms which are always present on the right side of a phrase structure ruleB.the forms at the word-levelC.the forms at the word-level and the phrase-levelD.the forms connected by the two lines that are branching from the same point22.According to TG Grammar, in the deep structure, verbs always take the ______ form. ( )A. baseB. presentC. pastD. present participle23.The sound ______ is a voiced post-alveolar affricate. ( )A. [tr]B. []C. []D. [dr]24.The same phrase or sentence may have two or more interpretations depending on the hierarchical arrangementof its constituents. Such a case is called ______. ( )A. lexicalB. grammaticalC. structuralD. syntactic25.According t o Chomsky’s TG Grammar, the static study of sentences ______, but the dynamic study ofsentences ______. ( )A.deals with two levels of structure: both surface structure and deep structure … is only concerned withone level of structure, i.e. deep structureB.is only concerned with one level of structure, i.e. surface structure … deals with two levels of structure:both surface structure and deep structureC.is only concerned with one level of structure, i.e. deep structure … deals with two levels of structure:both surface structure and deep structureD.deals with two levels of structure: both surface structure and deep structure … is onlyconcerned with one level of structure, i.e. surface structure26. A surface structure is different from a deep structure in that ______. ( )A. a deep structure is pronounceable but a surface structure is notB. a surface structure is relatively abstract but a deep structure is concreteC. a surface structure gives the meaning of a sentence but a deep structure gives the form of a sentenceD. a surface structure corresponds most closely to the linear arrangement of words as they are pronouncedwhile a deep structure corresponds most closely to the meaningful grouping of words27.To generate the deep structure of an English sentence, we always start with the rule: ______. ( )A. S → NP VPB. S → NP AUX VPC. NP → Det AP ND. VP → V NP28.______ is an obligatory T-rule. ( )A. T-PassiveB. T-NegationC. T-ImperativeD. T-Affix29.The sound [v] is ________. ( )A. a voiced labio-dental fricativeB. a voiceless dental fricativeC. a voiced alveolar fricativeD. a voiceless alveo-palatal fricative30.The front vowels are different from the back vowels in terms of ________. ( )A. the shape of the lipsB. the tongue positionC. the state of the soft palateD. the tension of the muscles of pharynx31.The sound [e] is ______ vowel. ( )A. a nasal front low unroundedB. a nasal mid back unroundedC. an oral high back roundedD. an oral front mid unrounded得分 评卷人复查人32. Chinese linguistics is a kind of general linguistics. ______33. All sounds produced by human speech organs are linguistic symbols. ______34. The sound [u] may be marked with [+high], [-low], [-front], [+back], [+rounded] and [-tense]. ______ 35. Bilabials are different from alveolars in terms of place of articulation. ______ 36. Only short vowels /i/, //, // and // can precede final //. ______ 37. Phones are the realizations of a specific phoneme. ______38. A morpheme is a minimal distinctive unit in the sound system of a language. ______ 39. IC analysis is arbitrary segmentation. ______40.If the words or phrases in a sentence can be replaced by words and phrases outside the sentence and the resulting sentence is still grammatical, then we say the replacing forms and replaced forms have paradigmatic relations. ______41.Statically, we examine the process by which sentences are generated by syntactic rules. ______42. The substitutional relation refers to the linear ordering of the words and the phrases within a sentence. ______43. To generate the deep structure of an English sentence, we always start with the rule: S NP AUX VP. ______44. The constituent which may be present or absent on the right side of the arrow in a PS rule is called a compulsory constituent. ______45. In the transformational rule T-Affix, the term “affix” refers to the affixes of main verbs. ______ 46. T-Passive must be applied before T-Yes/No question. ______得分 评卷人 复查人47. What are the five sub-branches of linguistics? Define them respectively. （7%）得分48. What is the difference between segmental features and suprasegmental features? And what are thesuprasegmental features in English? (6%)得分49. Explain the term Labeled IC Analysis. (7%)得分得分 评卷人复查人50. Write the symbol that corresponds to each of the following phonetic descriptions: (6%)1) a voiceless palatal plosive ______ 2) a low back rounded lax vowel ______ 3) a central liquid _____ 4) a high back rounded tense vowel ______得分51. Change the following phonemic transcriptions into phonetic transcriptions: (8%)1) /wi:k/ ____________ 2) /`k kteil/ ____________ III.Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Write T for true or F for false in the blank offered after each statement. (15%, one point for each)IV . Answer the following questions. (20%)V. Practical work. (30%)3)/milt/ ____________4)/`k mf t bl/ ____________得分52.Divide the following words in to separate morphemes by placing a “+” between each morpheme and thenext: (7%)Example: bookshelf = book + shelf1)endearment = ____________2)basically = ____________3)phoneme = ____________4)unhappily = ____________5)television = ____________6)sputnik = ____________7)unsuccessfully = ______得分53.Draw the deep structure phrase marker and apply necessary transformational rules to generate thefollowing sentence: (9%)Has the car been repaired?得分2006年（下）江苏省高等教育自学考试27037语言学概论试卷答案I. （每空1分，共10分）本项为填空题，拼写错误、大小写错误、单复数错误均不得分！1.visual … auditory（本题每空1分，两空顺序不限）2.descriptive3.Palatal … velar（本题每空1分，两空顺序不可颠倒）4.generality5.free morphemes6.static7.deep … surface（本题每空1分，两空顺序不可颠倒，若两空写成同一个词，两空均不得分）II. （每题1分，共25分）8 – 10: CAB11 – 15: DACCA16 – 20: BBDAC21 – 25: DBADC26 – 30: BDBDA31 – 32: BDIII. （每题1分，共15分）33 – 35: FFT 36 – 40: TTFTF41 – 45: TFFTF 46 – 47: FTIV. （共20分）48.Linguistics has five sub-branches: phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax and semantics. （2分）Phonetics is the study of speech sounds of all human languages. （1分）Phonology is the science that deals with the sound system of a language. （1分）Morphology examines word formation and the internal structure of words. （1分）Syntax is concerned with how words are combined to form phrases and how phrases are combined by rules to form sentences. （1分）Semantics is the study of the meaning or words and sentences. （1分）49.The distinctive features which can only have an effect on one sound segment are called segmentalfeatures. （2分）The distinctive features that can affect more than one sound segment and can also contrast meaning are called suprasegmental features. （2分）There are three kinds of them in English: stress, intonation, and juncture. （2分）50.By IC Analysis, we mean that we divide the morphemes of a word or the words of a sentence into twogroups and then divide each group into subgroups, and so on, until we reach single morphemes of the word or single words of the sentence. （4分）Some linguists have modified IC Analysis by labeling each constituent with a syntactic category. The revised method is called Labeled IC Analysis. (3分) V. （共30分）51. （共6分）1)[c]2)[]3)[r]4)[u:]52. （共8分）1)[wi:c] or [wi:c﹁]2)[`k h﹁tei l ]3)[mi l t] or [mi l t﹁]4)[`c h f t b l ]53. （共7分）1)endearment = en + dear + ment2)basically = bas + ical + ly3)phoneme = phon + eme4)unhappily = un + happi + ly5)television = tele + vis + ion6)sputnik = sputnik7)unsuccessfully = un + success + ful + ly54. （共9分）SNP AUX VPN Tense Perf V NPDet N Someone Present have-EN repairthe car （3分）i.The car Present have-EN + be-EN repair by someone （1分）ii.Ø （1分）iii.Present have the car EN be-EN repair （1分）iv.Have Present be EN repair ENHas been repaired （1分）Note:i.T-Passive; （0.5分）ii.T-Agent-deletion; （0.5分）iii.T-Yes/No question; （0.5分）iv.T-Affix （0.5分）。
浙江1月自考现代语言学试题及答案解析
浙江省2018年1月高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题课程代码：00830一、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的序号填在题干的括号内。
每小题2分，共20分)1. English consonants can be classified into stops. fricatives, nasals, etc. , in terms of ( ).A. manner of articulationB. openness of mouthC. place of articulationD. voicing2. The study of how words are combined to form sentences is called ( ).A. phoneticsB. morphologyC. syntaxD. semantics3. According to Chomsky, ( ) is the ideal user’s internalized knowledge of his language.A. competenceB. paroleC. performanceD. langue4. “Sweets”and “candy”are used respectively in Britain in and America, but refer to the same thing. The words are ( ) synonyms.A. collocationalB. dialectalC. completeD. stylistic5. Different meanings can be associated with one linguistic form, but there is no basic meaning among them. This is known as ( ).A. homonymyB. hyponymyC. polysemyD. antonymy6. “How fast did he drive when he ran the red light?”( ) “He ran the red light”.A. entailsB. contradictsC. presupposesD. includes7. The word “lab”is formed through ( ).A. back formationB. blendingC. clippingD. derivation8. ( ) in the brain fulfills the function of speech production.A. Angular gyrusB. Broca’s areaC. The right hemisphereD. Wernicke’s area9. When a child uses “mummy”to refer to any woman, most probably his “mummy”means ( ).A. + HumanB. + Human + AdultC. + Human + Adult – MaleD. + Human + Adult - Male + Parent10. ( ) is not a suprasegmental feature.A. AspirationB. IntonationC. StressD. Tone二、在下列空格中填上以给出字母开始的恰当的单词。
xx年10月全国高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题
xx年10月全国高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题课程代码：00830Ⅰ。
Directions： Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best pletes the statement and put the letter A，B，C or D in the brackets.（2%×10=20%）1.Chomsky uses the term （） to refer to the actual realization of a language user‘s knowledge of the rules of his language in linguistic munication.A. langueB. petenceC. paroleD. performance2.In terms of the place of articulation， the following sounds [t][d][s][z][n] share the feature of （）。
A. palatalB. alveolarC. bilabialD. dental3.Transformational Generative Grammar was introduced by （） in 1957.A. L. BloomfieldB. F. SaussureC. N. ChomskyD.M. A. K. Halliday4.Natural languages are viewed to vary aording to （）set on UG principles to particular values.A. Adjacent ConditionB. parametersC. Case ConditionD. Case requirement5. Synonyms are classified into several kinds. The kind to which“girl”and“lass” belong is called （） synonyms.A. stylisticB. dialectalC. emotiveD. collocational6. The illocutionary point of （） is to express the psychological state specified in the utterance.A. representativesB. missivesC. expressivesD. declaratives7. Modern English words man， woman， child， eat，fight， ect. originate from （）。
1月全国自考现代语言学试题及答案解析
全国2018年1月高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题课程代码：00830一、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的序号填在题干的括号内。
每小题2分，共20分)1.The description of a language as it changes through time is a ( ) study.A. comparativeB. diachronicC. up-to-dateD. descriptive2. Of the three branches of phonetics, the longest established, and until recently the most highly developed, is ( ) phonetics.A. auditoryB. acousticC. articulatoryD. none of the above three3. What the element ‘-es’indicates is third person singular, present tense, the element ‘-ed’past tense, and ‘-ing’progressive aspect. Since they are the smallest unit of language and meaningful, they are also ( ).A. phonemesB. morphemesC. allophonesD. phones4. Since early 1980s Noam Chomsky and other generatvie linguists proposed and developed a theory of universal grammar known as the ( ) theory.A. speech actB. TGC. principles-and-parametersD. minimalist programme5. One way to analyze lexical meaning is ( ).A. predication analysisB. stylistic analysisC. componential analysisD. proposition analysis6. Of the three speech acts, linguists are most interested in the ( ) because this kind of speech act is identical with the speaker’s intention.A. locutionary actB. illocutionary actC. perlocutionary actD. constative act7. The discovery of Indo-European language family began with the work of the British scholar ( ).A. Sir William JonesB. John FirthC. M. A. K. HallidayD. F. D. Saussure8. A bilingual speaker often uses two languages alternatively during a conversation with another1bilingual speaker, a speech situation known as ( ).A. discourse role-switchingB. activity role-switchingC. social role-switchingD. code-switching9. A focal point of SLA research has been the nature and development of L2 learners’( ).A. second languageB. first languageC. foreign languageD. interlanguage10. It is estimated that the number of basic words known by English-speaking school children of age six is around ( ).A. 7800B. 6800C. 5800D. 4800二、填空题(每小题1分，共10分)11. The description of a language at some point in time is a s________ study.12. When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i________.13. According to its position in the new word, a________ are divided into two kinds: prefixes and suffixes.14. P________ refers to the phenomenon that the same word may have a set of different meanings.15. Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules called s________ restrictions.16. The u________ meaning of the sentence varies with the context in which it is uttered.17. Some important missions of historical linguists are to identify and classify families of related languages in a genealogical family tree, and to reconstruct the p________, the original form of a language family that has ceased to exist.18. R________ are language varieties appropriate for use in particular speech situations.19. Learners will subconsciously use their L1 knowledge in learning a second language. This is known as language t________.20. A related issue with integrative motivation has been the extent to which learners differ in theprocess of adapting to the new culture of the L2 community. This adaptation process is calleda ________.三、判断说明题(判断下列各题，正确的在题干后面的括号内填“T”，错误的填“F”，并说明理由。
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全国2006年10月高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题课程代码：0830Ⅰ.Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets.(2%×10=20%)1．Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing, which is a feature of（）A．all consonants B．vowels onlyC．all consonants and some vowels D．all vowels and some consonants2．The negative prefix“ in-”in English, when added to the adjective “possible”, is actuallypronounced/im/,and spelt as “im”. This is the result of the ______________rule at work.（）A．deletion B．assimilationC．phonetic D．sequential3．The word “ecology” is a two-morpheme cluster that contains_______________.（）A．two roots B．a root and a suffixC．a root and a free morpheme D．a prefix and a root4．When we move the adverbial phrase “every day” in the sentence “Every day, we study English”to the end of the sentence, we are now ______________ the phrase to the right.（）A．rewriting B．preposingC．postposing D．maintaining5．Antonyms are divided into several kinds .Which of the following is NOT a kind of antonyms?（）A．complementary B．relationalC．superordinate D．gradable6．In terms of predication analysis , the utterance“ Is it going to snow this afternoon?” is a______________（）A．one-place predication B．two-place predicationC．three-place predication D．no-place predication7．In Old English, word order was freer because the case endings were rich. So in Old English,word orders included SVO, VSO, SOV and OSV. However, Modern English has a much weaker case system, so its sentences have to follow a basic word order of________________.（）A．SOV B．SVOC．VSO D．OSV8．Black English is a kind of _______________dialect.（）A．regional B．standardC．ethnic D．situational9．The critical period for language acquisition refers to the short period of _____________years old in one’s life, during which the human brain is most ready to acquire a particular language.（）A．1-2 B．2-12C．1-12 D．13-1810．In a sense, humans can be said to be biologically programmed to acquire at least one language.What is meant by this ______________view of language acquisition is that humans are equipped with the neural prerequisites for language and language use.（）A．behaviorist B．nativistC．mentalist D．empiricistⅡ. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given.(1%×10=10%)11.A scientific study of language is based on the s________________ investigation of languagedata.12.The limited range of sounds which are meaningful in human linguistic communication and areof interest to linguistic studies are called the p________________ medium of language.13.phrase structure rules can generate an infinite number of sentences with infinite length, due totheir r________________ properties.14.A f_________________ clause is a clause that takes a subject and a main verb, and at the sametime stands structurally alone.15.In terms of truth condition, if X is true, Y is false, and if X is false, Y is true. The relationshipbetween X and Y is i_________________16.In Austin’ s early speech act theory, c________________ were statements that either state ordescribe, and were thus verifiable.17.In the historical development of language, sound change is inevitable, such as sound loss,sound a________________ and sound movement.18.Slang is often perceived as a low or vulgar form of language and is deemed to be undesirable inf_________________ styles of language.19.D_________________ listening tests involve simultaneously presenting, through earphones,two different auditory signals, one to the right ear and the other to the left ear.20.At children’s language development, one-word utterances can be used to express a concept orpredication similar to a sentence in adult speech. For example, a child might use the word “dada” to mean “Dada, come here”, “more” to mean “Give me more candy”. Those utterances can also be called h_________________ sentences.Ⅲ.Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the bracket in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version.(2%×10=20%) 21.( )Language can be studied both synchronically and diachronically. The two approachesare equally favored by modern linguists.22. ( )Stress is a suprasegmental feature that is exclusively used with words, not withsentences.23. ( )A compound can be written as one word with or without a hyphen between itscomponents, or as two separate words. It is simply a matter of convention.24. ( )Major lexical categories are closed categories because the number of lexical items inthese categories is fixed and no new members are allowed for.25. ( )The important criteria to distinguish polysemy from homonymy are the etymology ofthe words in question and the closeness of the relationship between the meanings in question.26. ( )The significance of Grice’s Cooperative Principle lies in that it explains how it ispossible for the speaker to convey more than is literally said.27. ( )The invention of steam-powered boats gave the verb sail an opportunity to extend itsmeaning to boats without sails. This example indicates that the meaning or semantic representation of words may become broader.28. ( )An official language is in fact a national language.29. ( )Generally speaking, left-handed people have their language centers in the lefthemisphere of the brain.30. ( )A child born to a Chinese or English speaking family takes about the same number ofyears to acquire their native tongue, regardless of their general intelligence.Ⅳ.Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration.(3%×10=30%)31.phonemic contrast32.free morphemes33.hierarchical structure34.co-hyponyms35.utterance meaning36.perlocutionary act37.internal borrowing38.subvocal speech39.contrastive analysis40.caretaker speechⅤ.Answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%)41.Discuss any FOUR of the features of human language that distinguish it from animalcommunication system.42.What is bilingualism? What is a bilingual community? What does it mean that most bilingualcommunities have one thing in common?。