00830 现代语言学 2008年01月试卷
20080年01月试卷j
浙江省2008年1月高等教育自学考试英语语法试题课程代码：10056I. After each sentence, four options are given. Choose the one that best completes the sentence and write the letter of your choice in the brackets.（40%）1. I saw many ___________ seated in the corner reading something.( )A. JapaneseB. JapanesesC. of JapaneseD. of Japaneses2. Father went to his doctor for ___________ about his heart trouble.( )A. an adviceB. adviceC. advicesD. the advices3. China is larger than ___________ country in Asia.( )A. anyB. any otherC. otherD. another4. —Would you like ___________ dumplings?—No, thanks.( )A. someB. anotherC. anyD. all5. The soldier died during ___________ World War I.( )A. theB. the firstC. /D. a6. There were two small rooms in the house, ___________ smaller of which served as___________ kitchen.( )A. a, theB. the, aC. the, theD. a, a7. The group is made up ___________ five students and they are studying hard to makeup___________ the lost time.( )A. of, ofB. for, forC. of, forD. for, of8. I don’t think Xiao Li is ___________ the other students ___________ mathematics.( )10056# 英语语法试题第 1 页共8 页A. after, onB. after, withC. behind, inD. behind, at9. —How did you find your visit to museum?—I thoroughly enjoyed it. It was ___________ than I expected.( )A. far more interestingB. even much interestingC. so more interestingD. a lot much interesting10. Of those fashionable coats, she chose ___________.( )A. the less expensiveB. the one most expensiveC. the most expensive of themD. the least expensive11. —Don’t you feel surprised to see Bruce at the meeting?—Yes. I really didn’t think she ___________ here. ( )A. has beenB. had beenC. would beD. would have been12. The moment I___________ her, I knew something ___________ wrong.( )A. have seen; goneB. had seen; hadC. saw; wasD. see; had gone13. James has just arrived, but I didn’t know he ___________ until yesterday.( )A. will comeB. was comingC. had been comingD. come14. He ___________ Shanghai and will stay there for a year.( )A. has been toB. has come forC. has left forD. has left15. Mathematics is difficult ___________. ( )A. to learnB. for learningC. to be learnedD. of learning16. —I can’t see the blackboard very well.—Perhaps you need ___________. ( )A. to examine your eyesB. to have your eyes examinedC. to have examined your eyesD. to be examined your eyes17. The chairman told the speaker that she ___________ to speak a little louder so as to make10056# 英语语法试题第 2 页共8 页herself ___________.( )A. was expected; heardB. had expected; hearC. had hoped; hearD. had hoped; heard18. He had known the matter before you told him, so you ___________ have told it to him.( ) A. mustn’t B. can’tC. needn’tD. shouldn’t19. The girl ___________ out alone at night. ( )A. dare not goB. dare not to goC. dares not goD. does not dare go20. He went there on foot and got very tired, but he ___________ by bus. The fare was rathercheap.( )A. could have goneB. must have goneC. ought have goneD. will have gone21. The fire spread through the hotel very quickly, but everyone ___________ get out.( )A. couldB. wouldC. was able toD. had to22. The students expected there ___________ more reviewing classes before the finalexams.( )A. isB. beingC. have beenD. to be23. While shopping, people sometimes can’t help ___________ into buying something they don’treally need.( )A. persuadeB. persuadingC. being persuadedD. be persuaded24. The question ___________ now at the meeting is not the question ___________yesterday.( )A. discussed; discussedB. discussing; had discussedC. being discussed; discussedD. discussing; discussing25. ___________ maps properly, you need a special pen.( )10056# 英语语法试题第 3 页共8 页A. DrawnB. DrawingC. To drawD. Be drawing26. When ___________ why he walked in without permission, he just stared at us and saidnothing.( )A. been askedB. askedC. askingD. to be asked27. ___________ we can’t get seems better than ___________ we have.( )A. What; whatB. What; thatC. That; thatD. That; what28. The manager of the company held the view ___________ the report stated was not true.( ) A. which what B. thatC. what thatD. that what29. His ability has never been in doubt . The question is ___________ he is prepared to work hard.( )A. whetherB. ifC. thatD. where30. The school ___________ I studied ten years ago is ___________ we visited yesterday.( )A. where; thatB. that; whichC. where; the oneD. which; that31. He made another wonderful discovery, ___________ of great importance to science. ( )A. which I think isB. which I think it isC. which I think itD.I think which is32. Then the great day came ___________ he was to march past the palace in the parade.( )A. whereB. sinceC. whenD. till33. After the war, a new school building was put up ___________ there had once been a theatre.( ) A. that B. where10056# 英语语法试题第 4 页共8 页C. whichD. when34. You’d better do ___________ you are required.( )A. likeB. whichC. thatD. as35. ___________, you can’t go in without permission.( )A. No matter whoever you areB. Whomever you areC. Whoever you areD. No matter who are you36. ___________ beautiful clothing does not make a fine gentleman, so beautiful feathers do not make a fine bird.( )A. AlthoughB. Just asC. Now thatD. Because37. ___________ it ___________ for your help, I couldn’t have made any progress.( )A. Had; not beenB. Should; not beC. Did; not beD. Not; be38. Alice, together with two boys, ___________ for having broken the rule.( )A. was punishedB. punishedC. were punishedD. being punished39. It was not until she came to see us ___________ her mother was ill in bed.( )A. when we knewB. that did we knewC. that we knewD. that did we know40. ___________, I will not buy it.( )A. Much as do I like itB. As much I like itC. Much as I like itD. As I like it muchII. Each of the following sentences has four words or phrases underlined. They are marked A, B, C and D. You are to identify the one underlined word or phrase that is inappropriate and write the letter of your choice in the brackets.（10%）41. She had known that Michael could not come, Doris would never have come to the party.A B C D( )10056# 英语语法试题第 5 页共8 页42. I don’t think it advisable that he will be assigned to the job since he has no experienceA B Cat all.( )D43. I’ve been sitting here for hours think about my problem.( )A B C D44. The fire began in the fifth floor of the hotel, but it soon spread to adjacent floors.A B C D( )45. It was turned out that the securities were not so valuable as people had expected.A B C D( )46. A number of visitors were taken to the industrial exhibition which they saw many newA B C Dproducts.( )47. Paul never told us why was he absent from the meeting yesterday, did he?( )A B C D48. If he would have lain quietly as instructed by the doctor, he might not have had a secondA B C Dheart attack.( )49. Despite of the pills which are available, many people still have trouble sleeping.A B C D( )50. Having attended college since four years, Nana is quite proficient at taking notes.A B C D( ) III. Complete the following sentences with the proper forms of the given verbs.（10%）51. The children were talking merrily in the classroom when the teacher ___________ (step) in.52. Great changes ___________ (take) place in China in the past few years.53. We ___________ (obtain) our university degrees by the end of the next month.10056# 英语语法试题第 6 页共8 页54. The traffic was very heavy. By the time we got to the airport, Bob’s plane ___________(arrive, already).55. It’s about time that we ___________ (have ) a rest.56. I ___________ (give) him the message as soon as I arrive home.57. We’d rather that we ___________ (go) downtown tomorrow.58. I ___________ (walk) along the street when someone called my name from behind.59. The teacher said that the Yellow River ___________ (be) the second largest river in China.60. I ___________ (finish) the novel last night, but I was just too tired.IV. Complete the following sentences by using the non finite forms of the given verbs.（10%）61. If you think you can fool me into ___________ (believe) your promises , you are wrong.62. It is a waste of time ___________ (search) for a ring in the woods.63. When I walked into the apartment, I heard my roommate ___________ (sing) in the shower.64. Mr. Buck warned his daughter ___________ (not, play) with matches.65. Her friend never imagined her ___________ (take) care of a large family after she got married.66. I saw a wallet on the road and stopped ___________ (pick) it up.67. ___________ (experience) the first failure, he seemed calm down.68. If you don’t feel like ___________ (work) in my company, why stay here?69. I went to the bank to have a check ___________ (cash).70. I don’t think it wise ___________ (encourage) young people to defy authorities.V. You are to rewrite the following sentences without changing the original meanings, using the structures suggested in the brackets and making other necessary changes. (20%)71. You must account for every penny you spent.(passive voice)72. She heard of the man referred to as a specialist from Stephen.(cleft sentence emphasizing“from Stephen”)73. On top of the hill stands an old church. (existential sentence)74. She did not come yesterday because she was unwell. (compound sentence)75. He claimed that he was an expert in such matters. (infinitive phrase)76. TV can keep us informed of what is happening throughout the world. What’s more, TV brings10056# 英语语法试题第7 页共8 页us various forms of entertainment. (not only...but also)77. Though it was light as the feather, their tent somehow remained firm. (verbless clause)78. As he had witnessed the crime, he was expected to give evidence in court.(pariciple phrase)79. Since you didn’t take my advice, you’re in a difficult situation now. (subjunctive mood)80. As she was a new hand in the work, she didn’t have enough confidence in herself.(participlephrase)VI. You are to rewrite the following sentences into complex ones containing the subordinate clauses indicated in the brackets (10%)81. The country now has over 300,000 inhabitants. Most of them live in villages.(attributive clause)82. It is true that the earth is round. This truth has been evident to every astronaut. (appositiveclause)83. There was much noise. We could hardly hear the speaker. (adverbial clause of result)84. You are coming to Hangzhou. It is the best news I have heard this long time.(subject clause)85. I will let you come with me on one condition. You must do exactly what I tell you. (adverbialclause of condition)10056# 英语语法试题第8 页共8 页。
四川外国语学院现代汉语与语言学概论2008年考研试题
四川外国语学院现代汉语与语言学概论2008年考研试题第一篇：四川外国语学院现代汉语与语言学概论2008年考研试题四川外语学院2008年研究生入学考试试题现代汉语与语言学概论答题要求：所有答案必须写在答题纸上，否则不给分。
全卷150分，3小时完成。
语言学概论试题（75分）一、术语解释（20分）1、语法范畴2、语言融合3、洋泾浜4、社会方言5、团音二、用国际音标给下列汉字注音（10%）随风潜入夜润物细无声三、判断下列表述的正误（21分）1、一切语言都至少有由名词性词语和动词性词语构成的句子。
2、思维离不开语言，必须在语言材料的基础上进行。
3、书面语完全脱离口语是违背语言发展规律的反常现象。
4、词是语言中音义结合的最小单位。
5、音节是音位和音位组合起来构成的最小的语音结构单位。
6、屈折语比粘着语进步，粘着语比孤立语进步。
7、音高就是声音的高低，它取决于振幅。
四、论述（24分）1、词义的概括性。
2、语言发展的不平衡性。
现代汉语试题（75分）五、术语解释（20分）1、调值2、音位变体3、大篆4、语义场5、受事主语句六、用汉语拼音方案给下列汉字注音（10%）旅程精心金星影印品行亲近埋伏申明嗔怒造诣七、用层次分析法分析下列短语的层次和结构关系............第二篇：现代汉语与语言学概论 (150)语言学概论教学大纲一、课程说明《语言学概论》是“汉语言文学”专业本科的一门具有基础理论性质的必修课程。
本课程是“语言学及应用语言学”学科的概要理论。
本课程的任务：授予学生有关语言的基础理论和基础知识，为今后从事语文教学和研究工作打下理论基础。
本课程的培养目标：通过语言学理论的训练，使学生具有严密的思维能力，特别是认识新事物．新现象的能力；使学生在生活中．工作中自觉地科学地认识和使用语言；使学生能够自觉地认识和贯彻国家语言文字政策。
本课程的教学方法：以讲演课为主，辅以适量的练习，以巩固学到的知识并培养分析语言现象的能力。
00830现代语言学201210历年真题及答案
全国2012年10月高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题课程代码：00830请考生按规定用笔将所有试题的答案涂、写在答题纸上。
选择题部分注意事项：1. 答题前，考生务必将自己的考试课程名称、姓名、准考证号用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔填写在答题纸规定的位置上。
2. 每小题选出答案后，用2B铅笔把答题纸上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。
如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。
不能答在试题卷上。
I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and blacken the corresponding letter A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (2% × 10=20% )1. Language is a complicated entity with multiple layers and facets on which there came different branches of study in different times. Of the following four branches, ______ came latest in the family of linguistics.A. phonologyB. syntaxC. pragmaticsD. phonetics2. In terms of place of articulation, the two English consonants ［f］,［v］are ______.A. palatalB. dentalC. labiodentalD. velar3. According to the morphological analysis, the underlined part in the word “con ceiv able” should be regarded as a ______.A. rootB. stemC. prefixD. suffix4. A syntactic category can be each of the following except a ______.A. sentenceB. clauseC. morphemeD. word5. Semantically, the sentence “I regret stepping on your book” ______ the sentence “I stepped on your book.”A. presupposesB. entailsC. contradictsD. is synonymous with6. According to John Austin’s speech act theory, a(n) ______ act is the act performed by saying something.A. prelocutionaryB. locutionaryC. illocutionaryD. perlocutionary7. All the following words except ______ are the examples which can be used to illustrate semantic narrowing.A. auntB. wifeC. houndD. fowl8. In many cultures, words relating to sex, sex organs, and natural bodily functions make up a larger part of ______ vocabulary.A. genderB. euphemismC. slangD. taboo9. It has been proposed that brain activity would follow a definite pattern. When we speak, words are drawn from ______ and sent to ______ , which determines the details of their form and pronunciation.A. Wernike’s area, Broca’s areaB. Broca’s area, Wemike’s areaC. Wemike’s area, the motor areaD. Broca’s area, the motor area10. Generally speaking, the ______ stage of first language acquisition begins roughly in the second half of the child’s second year.A. babblingB. one-wordC. two-wordD. multiword非选择题部分注意事项:用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔将答案写在答题纸上，不能答在试题卷上。
00830现代语言学200801历年真题及答案
2008年1月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试现代语言学试卷课程代码0830I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the bracket.(2%×10=20%)1. The phonetic form of the prefix meaning “not” is phonetically variant; it is before a vowel or an alveolar consonant, before a labial consonant, and before a _____, for example, inoperable , indiscrete , impossible , and inconceivable . ( )A. velarB. palatalC. fricativeD. stop2. Tones are pitch variations that refer to morphologically defined segments to the extent that different _______ in a language are distinctive. Pitch variations can distinguish meaning just like phonemes.( )A. soundsB. patternsC. pitchesD. features3. Some of the ______ rules are productive; they can be used freely to form new words.( )A. syntacticB. morphologicalC. semanticD. phonological4. VP, AP and PP share similar syntactic properties with NP in that they allow for _______ and complements in phrases. ( )A. headsB. specifiersC. lexical itemsD. obligatory words5. Bloomfield drew on _______ psychology when trying to define the meaning of linguistic forms.( ) A. contextual B. conceptualistC. behavioristD. mentalist6. Pragmatics differs from traditional semantics in that it studies meaning not in isolation, but in _______. ( )A. senseB. conceptC. sentenceD. context7. The languages of the world belong to families and bear offspring. When we examine thelanguages of the world, we perceive similarities and differences among them that provide further evidence for the “______” relatedness we know exists. ( )A. geographicalB. geneticC. typologicalD. functional8. In English, powder room is a euphemism for toilet, which itself started as a _______ for lavatory, which is now more acceptable than its replacement. ( )A. variantB. variationC. variableD. euphemism9. What can be drawn safely from the case of Genie is that _______. ( )A. it confirms the critical period hypothesisB. human’s language acquisition device is independent of other intellectual abilitiesC. language can not be acquired at all after the critical periodD. the language faculty of an average human degenerates after the critical period and, as a result, most linguistic skills cannot develop10. Although children are still acquiring aspects of their native language through the later years of childhood, it is normally assumed that they have completed the greater part of the language acquisition process by the age of ______.( )A. three and halfB. fourC. fiveD. sixⅡ. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word , the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%)11. The core area of linguistics includes phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax and s .12. Phonetics provides the means to describe the sounds, showing how they differ; phonology tells us that they function as p , acting to contrast words.13. Both i____________ morphology and derivational morphology are the two sub-branches of morphology.14. When a sentence is uttered or written down, the words of the sentence are produced one after another in a sequence. This sequential order of words in a sentence shows that the structure of a sentence is l_____________.15. C_________ synonyms are synonyms that differ in the words they go together with. It isa matter of usage.16. According to Searle’s classification of illocutionary acts, “I swear I have never seen the manbefore” is among the most typical examples of the r______.17. Sound a________ refers to sound change or process by which features of one element change to match those of another that precedes or follows.18. German-speaking Switzerland is described as a d___________ community, where the distinct varieties are Standard German and Swiss German.19. The left hemisphere controls voluntary movements of, and responds to signals from, the r___________ side of the body.20. Learning is defined as a conscious process of accumulating knowledge of a second language usually obtained in school settings while a__________ refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the bracket in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. （2%×10=20%）21.( ) People can utter a sentence he has never heard or used before. In this sense, human language is creative.22.( ) In English both aspirated and unaspirated voiceless stops occur. The voiceless aspirated stops and the voiceless unaspirated stops occur in the same phonemic context or environment.23.( ) Parameters are syntactic options of UG that allow general principles to operate in one way or another and contribute to significant linguistic variations between and among languages.24.( ) Syntactic movement occurs to all sentences, therefore, the deep structure and surface structure of every sentence look different at its two levels of representation.25.( )The Anglo-Saxons were migrants from the northern parts of Europe, so the words that they originally used and the words that the English vocabulary has later taken in from other languages are regarded as loan words.26.( ) Paul Grice made a distinction between what he called “constatives”and “performatives”.27.( ) Most of the languages of Europe, Persia (Iran), and the northern part of India belong to the same Indo-European language family. The language, which no longer exists, is called Proto-Indo-European, a term reflecting the earlier linguistic distribution of the speakers of this language family from India to Europe.28.( ) In Black English, when the verb is negated, the indefinite pronouns something, somebody, and some become the negative indefinites nothing, nobody, and none, as in :He don’t know nothing.He don’t like nobody.He ain’t got none.29.( ) The cerebral cortex is the decision-making organ of the body, receiving messages from all the sensory organs and initiating all voluntary actions.30.( ) During the two-word stage of language acquisition, two-word expressions are absent of syntactic or morphological markers.IV. Dirctions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration.（3%×10=30%）31. applied linguistics32. diacritics33. phrase structure rule34. predicate35. presupposition36. cognates37. creole38. Wernicke’s area39. overt thought40. instrumental motivationV. Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)41.To what extent can we say that language is culturally transmitted? Explain with examples. Does animal communication have the same feature of cultural transmission?42. According to John Austin’s new model, please illustrate the three speech acts a speaker might be performing simultaneously when speaking.。
00830现代语言学200610历年真题及答案
全国2006年10月高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题课程代码：0830Ⅰ.Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets.(2%×10=20%)1．Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing, which is a feature of（）A．all consonants B．vowels onlyC．all consonants and some vowels D．all vowels and some consonants2．The negative prefix“ in-”in English, when added to the adjective “possible”, is actuallypronounced/im/,and spelt as “im”. This is the result of the ______________rule at work.（）A．deletion B．assimilationC．phonetic D．sequential3．The word “ecology” is a two-morpheme cluster that contains_______________.（）A．two roots B．a root and a suffixC．a root and a free morpheme D．a prefix and a root4．When we move the adverbial phrase “every day” in the sentence “Every day, we study English”to the end of the sentence, we are now ______________ the phrase to the right.（）A．rewriting B．preposingC．postposing D．maintaining5．Antonyms are divided into several kinds .Which of the following is NOT a kind of antonyms?（）A．complementary B．relationalC．superordinate D．gradable6．In terms of predication analysis , the utterance“ Is it going to snow this afternoon?” is a______________（）A．one-place predication B．two-place predicationC．three-place predication D．no-place predication7．In Old English, word order was freer because the case endings were rich. So in Old English,word orders included SVO, VSO, SOV and OSV. However, Modern English has a much weaker case system, so its sentences have to follow a basic word order of________________.（）A．SOV B．SVOC．VSO D．OSV8．Black English is a kind of _______________dialect.（）A．regional B．standardC．ethnic D．situational9．The critical period for language acquisition refers to the short period of _____________years old in one’s life, during which the human brain is most ready to acquire a particular language.（）A．1-2 B．2-12C．1-12 D．13-1810．In a sense, humans can be said to be biologically programmed to acquire at least one language.What is meant by this ______________view of language acquisition is that humans are equipped with the neural prerequisites for language and language use.（）A．behaviorist B．nativistC．mentalist D．empiricistⅡ. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given.(1%×10=10%)11.A scientific study of language is based on the s________________ investigation of languagedata.12.The limited range of sounds which are meaningful in human linguistic communication and areof interest to linguistic studies are called the p________________ medium of language.13.phrase structure rules can generate an infinite number of sentences with infinite length, due totheir r________________ properties.14.A f_________________ clause is a clause that takes a subject and a main verb, and at the sametime stands structurally alone.15.In terms of truth condition, if X is true, Y is false, and if X is false, Y is true. The relationshipbetween X and Y is i_________________16.In Austin’ s early speech act theory, c________________ were statements that either state ordescribe, and were thus verifiable.17.In the historical development of language, sound change is inevitable, such as sound loss,sound a________________ and sound movement.18.Slang is often perceived as a low or vulgar form of language and is deemed to be undesirable inf_________________ styles of language.19.D_________________ listening tests involve simultaneously presenting, through earphones,two different auditory signals, one to the right ear and the other to the left ear.20.At children’s language development, one-word utterances can be used to express a concept orpredication similar to a sentence in adult speech. For example, a child might use the word “dada” to mean “Dada, come here”, “more” to mean “Give me more candy”. Those utterances can also be called h_________________ sentences.Ⅲ.Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the bracket in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version.(2%×10=20%) 21.( )Language can be studied both synchronically and diachronically. The two approachesare equally favored by modern linguists.22. ( )Stress is a suprasegmental feature that is exclusively used with words, not withsentences.23. ( )A compound can be written as one word with or without a hyphen between itscomponents, or as two separate words. It is simply a matter of convention.24. ( )Major lexical categories are closed categories because the number of lexical items inthese categories is fixed and no new members are allowed for.25. ( )The important criteria to distinguish polysemy from homonymy are the etymology ofthe words in question and the closeness of the relationship between the meanings in question.26. ( )The significance of Grice’s Cooperative Principle lies in that it explains how it ispossible for the speaker to convey more than is literally said.27. ( )The invention of steam-powered boats gave the verb sail an opportunity to extend itsmeaning to boats without sails. This example indicates that the meaning or semantic representation of words may become broader.28. ( )An official language is in fact a national language.29. ( )Generally speaking, left-handed people have their language centers in the lefthemisphere of the brain.30. ( )A child born to a Chinese or English speaking family takes about the same number ofyears to acquire their native tongue, regardless of their general intelligence.Ⅳ.Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration.(3%×10=30%)31.phonemic contrast32.free morphemes33.hierarchical structure34.co-hyponyms35.utterance meaning36.perlocutionary act37.internal borrowing38.subvocal speech39.contrastive analysis40.caretaker speechⅤ.Answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%)41.Discuss any FOUR of the features of human language that distinguish it from animalcommunication system.42.What is bilingualism? What is a bilingual community? What does it mean that most bilingualcommunities have one thing in common?。
全国自考《现代语言学》历年真题及详解【圣才出品】
全国⾃考《现代语⾔学》历年真题及详解【圣才出品】2015年10⽉全国⾃考《现代语⾔学》真题及详解课程代码：00830选择题部分I.Directions:Read each of the following statements carefully.Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and blacken the corresponding letter A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(2%×10=20%)1.A study of the features of the English language used in Charles Dickens’time can be regarded as a _____study.A.diachronicB.prescriptiveC.synchronicD.historical【答案】C【解析】研究某⼀时期的语⾔特征属于共时研究，故选C项。
2.Of the following consonants,_____is dental.A.[t]B.[p]C.[?]D.[θ]【答案】D【解析】[θ]是⾆齿⾳，故D项正确。
[t]是齿龈⾳（alveolar），[p]爆破⾳（plosive），[?]是腭⾳（palatal）。
3.The inflectional morpheme in the word“deforestated”is_____.A.de-B.forestC.-ateD.-ed【答案】D【解析】曲折词素指的是不改变单词意思⽽改变单词词性的词素，-ed将单词由动词变为形容词，属于曲折词素，故D项正确。
de-和-ate是派⽣词素，forest是词根。
4.The syntactic rules of any language are_____in number,and yet there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.A.finiteB.non-finiteC.infiniteD.definite【答案】A【解析】任何语⾔的句法规则都是有限的，但是⼈们能够制造并理解⽆数句⼦，这是由语⾔的递归性和⼆重性决定的，故A项正确。
《现代语言学》试题
《现代语言学》试题2018年4月高等教育自学考试课程代码：00830I.Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which oneof theour choices best completes the statement and blacken the correspondingletter A, B, C orD on the ANSWER SHEET.1. Language is a system of arbitrary symbols used for humancommunication.A. visualB. vocalC. writtenD. spoken2. The English sounds [j] and [w] areA. liquidsB. glidesC. affricativesD. nasals3. The optimum age for second languageacquisition isA. early teenageB. 7 years oldC. 6 years oldD. 20 years old4. modify the meaning and in manycases change the part of speech of the original word.A. Prefixes 13. Roots C. Suffixes D. Stems5. Neurolinguists have concluded that threeareas of the left hemisphere are vital to language, namely, Broca's area, Wernicke's area andA. neuronsB. cerebral cortexC. Exner's areaD. the angular gyrus6. A clause that takes a subject and a finiteverb, and at the same time stands alone is known as a finite clause.A. semanticallyB. structurallyC. sociolinguisticallyD. phonologically7. is a linguistic situation in whichtwo standard languages are used by an individual or by a group of speakers,such as the inhabitants of aparticular region or a nation.A. CreoleB. VernacularC. BilingualismD. Diglossia8. The sense relation that holds between the twowords piece and peace isA. polysemyB. homonymyC. hyponymyD. synonymy9. As an important theory in the pragmatic studyof language, speech act theory was originated with in the late 50's of the 20thcentury.A. Paul GriceB. John SearleC. Noam ChomskyD. John Austin10. Ingeneral, linguistic change in the system and the vocabulary of a language is more noticeable than thatin other systems of the grammar.A. syntacticB. morphologicalC. soundD. semanticII.Directions: Fill in the blank on the ANSWER SHEET in each of the following statementswith one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note thatyou are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given.11.According to Chomsky, a speaker has internalized a set of r about his language, which enableshim to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences.12. Englishvowels may be distinguished as front, c and back.13. B learning theory suggested that achild's verbal behavior was conditioned through association between a stimulusand the following response.14. I morphemes manifest variousgrammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree,and case.15. Thelocalization of cognitive and perceptual functions ina particular hemisphereof the brain is called I16.Syntactic rules that comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledgeof a language speaker is known as linguisticc17. A p is a variety of language that isgenerally used by native speakers of other languages as a medium ofcommunication.18. S refers to the sameness or closesimilarity of meaning.19.According to J. Austin, a I actis the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveyingliteral meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.20. It isgenerally accepted that the history of the English language is divided into theperiods of Old English, M Englishand Modem English.IIIDirections: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false.Put a T for true or F for false on the ANSWER SHEET. If you think a statementis false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version.21. Modemlinguistics regards the written language as primary.22. [s] and[z] are two alveolar fricatives in English.23. Ingeneral, language learning refers to children's development of their firstlanguage.24. The wordupdate is formed by derivation.25. The caseof Genie demonstrates that the language facultyof an average human degeneratesafter the critical period.26.Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss ofgrammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.27. Of thetwo sounds/b/and/1/, children are more likely to acquire/1/first rather than/b/.28. Theconceptualist view of meaning was further strengthened by Bloomfield, who drew onbehaviorist psychology when trying to define the meaning of linguistic form.29.Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is the realization of the abstractmeaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication.30. Language change is essentially a matter ofchange in the grammar.IV.Directions: Explain the following terms and give examples for illustrationwhere appropriate.31.displacement32. phoneme33.interlanguage34. root35. thecritical period hypothesis36.Universal Grammar37. slang38. hyponymy39.perlocutionary act40. semanticchangeV.Directions: Answer the following questions.41.Linguistics is generally defined as "the scientific study oflanguage". Describe briefly the process of linguistic study.42. What isthe Cooperative Principle? Please make ananalysis of what maxim is violated byB and what implicature is produced in the following conversation.A: Thespeaker is an awful bore. Don't you think?B: Thelecture hall is spacious, isn't it?(This issaid when it is known to both A and B that it is entirely possible for B tomake a comment on the speaker. )2018年10月高等教育自学考试《现代语言学》试题课程代码：00830I. Directions: Read each of the following statementscarefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statementand blacken the corresponding letter A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (2% ×10=20%)1. According to F.de Saussure, refers to theabstract linguistic system shared byall members ofa speech community.petenceB. performanceC. langueD. parole2. The Englishsound [u:] is aA. close vowelB. semi-close vowelC. semi-open vowelD. open vowel3. Which of thefollowing factors is NOT a learner factor?A.AcculturationB. PersonalityC. InteractionD. Motivation4. The words"take" and "table" are called because they can occur unattached.A. freemorphemesB. boundmorphemesC. formwordsD.inflectional morphemes5. What can bedrawn safely from the case of Genie is thatA. it confirmsthe critical period hypothesisB. human'slanguage acquisition device is independent of other intellectual abilitiesC. languagecannot be acquired at all after the critical periodD. the languagefaculty of an average human degenerates after the critical period and, asa result,most linguistic skills cannot develop6. Constituentsthat can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belongto the sameA. syntacticcategoryB.phonological categoryC.morphological categoryD.semantic category7. Sociolinguistics is primarily concerned with the social significance oflanguage and language usein different speech communities.A.variationB. changeC. structureD. form8. In semanticanalysis of a sentence, the basic unit is called , which is the abstraction of themeaning of a sentence.A.predicationB. predicateC. argumentD. sense9. The notion of is essential to the pragmatic studyof language.A.utteranceB. sentenceC. contextD. speech act10. The first and most widely investigated languagefamily of the world isA. theSino-Tibetan FamilyB. theIndo-European FamilyC. theAustronesian FamilyD. theAfroasiatic FamilyII. Directions: Fill in the blank on the ANSWER SHEET ineach of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which isalready given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and youare not allowed to change theletter given. (1% × 10=10%)11. Cultural t means that language can be passed on from one generation to the nextthrough teaching and learning, rather than by instinct.12. When pitch, stress, and sound length are tied to thesentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i13. Language acquisition is concerned with languaged in humans.14. Semantically, the meaning of a compound is often i , not always being the sum total ofthe meanings of its components.15. The relationship between the name and the meaning ofa word is quite .a16. Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionallycalled t rules, whose operationmay change the syntactic representation of a sentence.17. A creole language is originally a p that has become established as anative language in some speech community.18. P refersto the phenomenon that the same word may have more than one meaning.19. If one contributes more information than is requiredin a conversation, he/she violates the maxim of q20. Many of the most basic terms in the English languageoriginate from O English.III. Directions: Judge whether each of the followingstatements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false on the ANSWERSHEET. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so andthen give the correct version. (2%~10=20%)21. The description of a language at some point in timeis adiachronic study.22. [0] and [6] are two dental fricatives in English.23. Although there are individual differences in onsetand rate of language development, children across cultures follow the sameorder of language development.24. "Plural" is a morpheme.25. Language is the only means for thought.26. Parameters are syntactic options of UG that allowgeneral principles to operate in one way or another and contribute tosignificant linguistic variations between and among natural languages.27. A regional dialect is usually spoken by a group ofpeople living in the same community.28. Contexualism is based on the presumption that one canderive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts.29. The twosentences "Tom smokes." and "Tom is smoking." have the samepredication.30. Modemlinguistics regards the written language as primary, not the spoken.IV. Directions: Explain the followingterms and give examples for illustration where appropriate. (3% × 10=30%)31. duality32. word stress33. second language acquisition (SLA)34. stem35. cerebral plasticity36. AUX-movement37. speech community38. sense39. pragmatics40. historical linguisticsV. Directions: Answer the followingquestions. (10% × 2=20%)41. Name and describe 5 of the core branches oflinguistics.42. How are semantics and pragmatics related, and how dothey differ?2019年4月高等教育自学考试《现代语言学》试题课程代码：00830I.Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which oneof the four choices best completes the statement and blacken the correspondingletter A, B, C orD on the ANSWER SHEET. (2%×10=20%)1. Linguistics is generally defined as the study of language.A. synchronicB. scientificC. specificD. diachronic2. aimsto discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these soundsare used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.A. PhoneticsB. PhonologyC. PhoneD. Phoneme3. The American SLA scholar proposed the distinction betweenacquisition and learning.A. F. de SaussureB.N. ChomskyC.S. KrashenD.B.F.Skinner4. The basic unit in the study of morphology isA. phoneB. wordC. phonemeD. morpheme5. One of major mental functions controlled bythe right hemisphere of the brain isA. temporal orderingB. holistic reasoningC. calculationD. analytic reasoning6. Traditionally the three major types ofsentences are , and sentences.A. full / partial / incompleteB. affirmative / interrogative /imperativeC. positive / negative / neutralD. simple / coordinate or compound /complex7. Insociolinguistics, the more standard variety is called the variety, which is used for more formalor serious matters, such as speeches made in government, the media, school, orchurch.A. IowB. highC. authoritativeD. official8. The sense relation that holds between the twowordsfiower and rose isA. polysemyB.homonymyC. hyponymyD. synonymy9. While the meaning of a sentence is abstract,and decontextualized, the meaning of a(n)is concrete,and context-dependent.A. wordB. phraseC. idiomD. utterance10. Historical linguistics is the subfield oflinguistics that studies language change, therefore, it mainly adopts a approach.A. diachronicB. synchronicC. descriptiveD. prescriptiveII.Directions: Fill in the blank on the ANSWER SHEET in each of the followingstatements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue.Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to changethe letter given. (1%×10=10%)11. D features refer to the definingproperties of humanlanguage that distinguish it from any animal system ofcommunication.12. Englishconsonants can be classified either in terms of m of articulation or in terms of placeof articulation.13. Languageacquisition is concerned with language d in humans.14. Boundmorphemes include two types: roots and a15. Thebrain is divided into two roughly symmetrical halves, called h , one on the right and one on theleft.16. Thetheory of Case Condition accounts for the fact that n phrases appear only in subject andobject positions.17. Aparticular r may be used bya particular group of people, usually sharing the same occupation like doctors,teachers, and lawyers, or the same interests, such as stamp collectors,football fans.18. R means what a linguistic form refersto in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between thelinguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.19.According to John Austin, p weresentences that did not state a fact or describe a state and were notverifiable.20. It isgenerally accepted that the history of the English language is divided into theperiods of O English, MiddleEnglish and Modem English.III.Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false.Put a T for true or F for false on the ANSWER SHEET. If you think a statementis false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version.(2%×10=20%)21.According to F. de Saussure, parole is concrete, while langue is abstract.22. Thereare two nasals in English: [m] [n].23. Studiesof the effect of formal instruction in general support the hypothesis that instructiondecides SLA.24. Since acompound is a word, its components cannot be written separately.25. For mostindividuals, the left hemisphere is dominant for language, regardless of handiness.26. Thearrangement of words in a linear sequence entails that sentences are simply linearly-structured.27. Aeuphemism is a mild, direct or less offensive word or expression substitutedwhen the speaker or writer fears more indirect wording might be harsh,unpleasantly offensive.28. When twowords are identical in spelling, they are homophones.29. If onesays what he believes to be false, he violates the maxim of quantity.30. The mostvigorous and on-going change in the historical development of a language is thechange in its vocabulary.IV.Directions: Explain the following terms and give examples for illustrationwhere appropriate. (3%×10=30%)31. appliedlinguistics32.International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)33. languagetransfer34.inflectional affixes35.linguistic lateralization36.branching nodes37.semantics38.illocutionary act39.historical linguistics40. linguafrancaV.Directions: Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)41. Of thetwo media of language, speech and writing, which is more basic in the view of modemlinguistics? Explain the reasons.42. What arethe major views concerning the study of meaning? Explain them briefly.2019年10月高等教育自学考试《现代语言学》试题课程代码：00830I.Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which oneof the fourchoices best completes the statementand blacken the corresponding letter A, B, C or D onthe ANSWER SHEET.1. provides speakers with anopportunity to talk about a wide range of things, free from barriers caused byseparation in time and place.A. ArbitrarinessB. ProductivityC. DualityD. Displacement2. [ɜ:] [Ə] and [ʌ] are the vowels in English.A. frontB. semi-openC. centralD. back3. The root of the word carelessness isA. careB. carelessC. -lessD. -ness4. Syntax is a subfield of linguistics thatstudies the structure oflanguage.A. soundB. wordC. sentenceD. meaning5. The sense relation between the twowordsfiower and roseisA. antonymyB. hyponymyC. homonymyD. polysymy6. The study ofhow speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication iscommonly calledA. semanticsB. syntaxC. pragmaticsD. sociolinguistics7. Historical linguistics is the subfield oflinguistics that studies languageA. changeB. factC. grammarD. presence8. Variation in language use which is associatedwith the sex of individual speakers isA. ageB. genderC. registerD. slang9. The language center that is responsible forconverting a visual stimulus into an auditory form and vice versa is calleda(n)A. Broca's areaB. Wemicke's areaC. motor areaD. angular gyms10. Inlanguage learning, isdefined in terms of the learner's overall goal ororientation.A. motivationB. aptitudeC. acculturationD. personalityII.Directions: Fill in the blank on the ANSWER SHEET in each of the following statementswith one word, the first letter ofwhich is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fillin ONE word only, and you are notallowed to change theletter given.11. Chomskydefines p as the actualrealization of the ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his language inlinguistic communication.12. Thearticulatory organs of a human being are contained in three important areas or cavities:the pharyngeal cavity, the oral cavity and the n cavity.13.Morphemes that can not stand alone, but must be combined with other morphemesto form words are calledb morphemes.14.Normally, a sentence consists of at least a s and its predicate.15. The c view holds that there is no directlink between a linguistic form and what it refers to.16. If yousay what you believe to be false in a conversation, you violate the maxim of q17. Many of the most basic terms, such as man, eat andhouse in the English language originate from O English.18. Asociolinguistic situation in which two different varieties of language co-existin a speech communication, each with a distinct range of purely social functionand appropriate for certain situations, is called d19. Thebrain is divided into two roughly symmetrical halves, called h , one on the right and one on theleft.20. Ingeneral, language acquisition refers tochildren's development of their f language.III.Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false.Put a T fortrue or F for false on the ANSWERSHEET. If you think a statement is false, you mustexplain why you think so and then givethe correct version.21.Phonologists are interested in how sounds are put together and used to conveymeaning in communication.22. [p] [b][m] are the only three bilabial consonants in English.23.Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations.24. Move a(Alpha) means "move any word to any place."25. Referenceis the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.26. Aperlocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker's intention; it is theact performed in saying something.27.Linguistic change occurs in all components of the grammar, including changes inthe sound, morphological, syntactic, lexical, and semantic systems.28. A creolelanguage is originally a pidgin that has become established as a nativelanguage in somespeech community.29. Cerebralcortex in the outside surface of the brain is the most important part of thebrain.30.According to Krashen, learning refers to the gradual and subconsciousdevelopment of ability in the first language by using it naturally in dailycommunicative situations.IV. Direetions: Explain the followingterms and give examples for illustration where appropriate.31. language32. broadtranscriptionpounding34. theX-bar theory35. synonymy36. speechact theory37.diachronic linguistics38.euphemism39. thecritical period hypothesis40.interlanguageV.Directions: Answer the following questions.41. What isthe deletion rule? Explain your answer with examples.42. What doyou think are the causes of language change? Explain your answer with examples.。
浙江自考英语专业《现代语言学》试题_2005.1
全国2005年1月高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题课程代码：00830一、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的序号填在题干的括号内。
每小题2分，共20分)1.The description of a language as it changes through time is a ( ) study.A. comparativeB. diachronicC. up-to-dateD. descriptive2. Of the three branches of phonetics, the longest established, and until recently the most highly developed, is ( ) phonetics.A. auditoryB. acousticC. articulatoryD. none of the above three3. What the element ‘-es’indicates is third person singular, present tense, the element ‘-ed’past tense, and ‘-ing’progressive aspect. Since they are the smallest unit of language and meaningful, they are also ( ).A. phonemesB. morphemesC. allophonesD. phones4. Since early 1980s Noam Chomsky and other generatvie linguists proposed and developed a theory of universal grammar known as the ( ) theory.A. speech actB. TGC. principles-and-parametersD. minimalist programme5. One way to analyze lexical meaning is ( ).A. predication analysisB. stylistic analysisC. componential analysisD. proposition analysis6. Of the three speech acts, linguists are most interested in the ( ) because this kind of speech act is identical with the speaker’s intention.A. locutionary actB. illocutionary actC. perlocutionary actD. constative act7. The discovery of Indo-European language family began with the work of the British scholar ( ).A. Sir William JonesB. John FirthC. M. A. K. HallidayD. F. D. Saussure浙00830# 现代语言学试题第1 页共4 页8. A bilingual speaker often uses two languages alternatively during a conversation with another bilingual speaker, a speech situation known as ( ).A. discourse role-switchingB. activity role-switchingC. social role-switchingD. code-switching9. A focal point of SLA research has been the nature and development of L2 learners’( ).A. second languageB. first languageC. foreign languageD. interlanguage10. It is estimated that the number of basic words known by English-speaking school children of age six is around ( ).A. 7800B. 6800C. 5800D. 4800二、填空题(每小题1分，共10分)11. The description of a language at some point in time is a s________ study.12. When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i________.13. According to its position in the new word, a________ are divided into two kinds: prefixes and suffixes.14. P________ refers to the phenomenon that the same word may have a set of different meanings.15. Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules called s________ restrictions.16. The u________ meaning of the sentence varies with the context in which it is uttered.17. Some important missions of historical linguists are to identify and classify families of related languages in a genealogical family tree, and to reconstruct the p________, the original form of a language family that has ceased to exist.18. R________ are language varieties appropriate for use in particular speech situations.19. Learners will subconsciously use their L1 knowledge in learning a second language. This is known as language t________.20. A related issue with integrative motivation has been the extent to which learners differ in the processof adapting to the new culture of the L2 community. This adaptation process is called a ________.三、判断说明题(判断下列各题，正确的在题干后面的括号内填“T”，错误的填“F”，并说明理由。
浙江1月自考现代语言学试题及答案解析
浙江省2018年1月高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题课程代码：00830一、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的序号填在题干的括号内。
每小题2分，共20分)1. English consonants can be classified into stops. fricatives, nasals, etc. , in terms of ( ).A. manner of articulationB. openness of mouthC. place of articulationD. voicing2. The study of how words are combined to form sentences is called ( ).A. phoneticsB. morphologyC. syntaxD. semantics3. According to Chomsky, ( ) is the ideal user’s internalized knowledge of his language.A. competenceB. paroleC. performanceD. langue4. “Sweets”and “candy”are used respectively in Britain in and America, but refer to the same thing. The words are ( ) synonyms.A. collocationalB. dialectalC. completeD. stylistic5. Different meanings can be associated with one linguistic form, but there is no basic meaning among them. This is known as ( ).A. homonymyB. hyponymyC. polysemyD. antonymy6. “How fast did he drive when he ran the red light?”( ) “He ran the red light”.A. entailsB. contradictsC. presupposesD. includes7. The word “lab”is formed through ( ).A. back formationB. blendingC. clippingD. derivation8. ( ) in the brain fulfills the function of speech production.A. Angular gyrusB. Broca’s areaC. The right hemisphereD. Wernicke’s area9. When a child uses “mummy”to refer to any woman, most probably his “mummy”means ( ).A. + HumanB. + Human + AdultC. + Human + Adult – MaleD. + Human + Adult - Male + Parent10. ( ) is not a suprasegmental feature.A. AspirationB. IntonationC. StressD. Tone二、在下列空格中填上以给出字母开始的恰当的单词。
最新1月全国自考现代语言学试题及答案解析
全国2018年1月自学考试现代语言学试题课程代码：00830I . Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the fourchoices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets.( 2% ×10=20% )1. The language behavior of particular persons on particular occasions is determined by many other factors over and above their linguistic ______. ( )A. systemB. structureC. competenceD. performance2. When we pronounce the long vowels [i:] or [u:], our ______, which is a bony structure at theend of the windpipe, is in a state of tension. ( )A. larynxB. hard palateC. glottisD. vocal cords3. The word “manuscript”is a two-morpheme cluster which contains ______. ( )A. two rootsB. a root and a prefixC. a root and a suffixD. a root and a free morpheme4. The grammatical knowledge is represented through Phrase Structure Rules, which stateexplicitly all and only the possible combinations of the ______ of a language, for example, in English, NP → ( Det ) (Adj) N (PP) (S). ( )A. phrasesB. clausesC. sentencesD. constituents5. The view that the meaning of a linguistic form is defined as the “situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer”was proposed by ______. ( )A. PlatoB. Ogden and RichardsC. John FirthD. Bloomfield6. According to John Austin's theory of speech act, a(n) ______ act is the change brought about by the utterance. ( )1A. prelocutionaryB. locutionaryC. illocutionaryD. perlocutionary7. In 1786, Sir William Jones suggested that ______ bore to Greek and Latin a stronger affinity than could possibly have been produced by accident.（）A. GermanicB. PersianC. SanskritD. Lithuanian8. The existence of taboo words and taboo ideas stimulates the creation of euphemism, which shows that a word or phrase not only has a linguistic denotative meaning but also has a ______.( )A. conceptual meaningB. connotative meaningC. cultural meaningD. social meaning9. Dichotic listening research tells us a signal coming in the left ear will first go to the ______ hemisphere, from where it is transferred to the left side of the brain for processing. （）A. right B. leftC. frontD. back10. Studies of the effects of formal instruction on second language acquisition suggest that formalinstruction may help learners perform some of the following types of tasks except ______.( ) A. planned speech B. writingC. casual and spontaneous conversationD. career-oriented examinationII. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1% ×10=10%)11. Double a refers to the property of language which means language is composed ofdiscrete units at two levels. At the lower level there is a structure of sounds, which are meaningless. At the higher level there are morphemes and words, which are meaningful.12. In the production of v , the back of the tongue is brought into contact with the softpalate, or velum, e.g., [k] in cat, [g] in get and [η] in sting.13. Morphological rules are the rules that govern which affix can be added to what type ofs to form a new word.214. A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words. Aphrase structure tree diagram assigns a h structure to sentences.15. The words such as “pop”meaning a certain sound and “pop”meaning popular are inrelationship of c homonyms.16. The c view in the discussion of semantics is often considered as the initial effort tostudy meaning in a pragmatic sense.17. Extensive changes in rules of morphology have occurred in the history of English. English haslost most of its i endings, by which it is no longer possible to identify the functional roles of nouns.18. Diglossia describes any stable linguistic situation, in which there exists a strict fdifferentiation between a low-variety or L-variety and a high variety or H-variety.19. The localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brainis called l .20. I is the language that a learner constructs at a given stage of second languageacquisition.III. Directions: Judge whether each, of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version. （2% ×10=20%)21.（）According to Hall (1968), language is "the institution whereby humans communicateand interact with each other by means of habitually used oral-auditory arbitrarysymbols." Most linguists today accept the view of language as a set of "habituallyused symbols."22.（）Intonation refers to a distinctive pattern of tones over stretch of speech in principlelonger than a word, in other words, when pitch, stress and sound length are tied tothe sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known asintonation.23.（）Suffixes are added to the end of stems, during the process of which they modify themeaning of the original word but usually do not change its part of speech.24.（）When we say a sentence has two levels of structure, D-structure and S-structure, we3do not mean that the syntactic representations of these two levels must be different.Since syntactic movement occurs to all sentences, so the representations of the twolevels look different.25.（）“He has been to New York”presupposes “He has been to America”.26.（）John Searle made a distinction between what he called “constatives”and“performatives”.27.（）Regularization of exceptional plural forms of nouns constantly occurs. By analogy tofoe/foes, and dog/dogs, English speakers started saying cows as the plural of cowinstead of the earlier plural kine. This analogical change does not occur when wordsare borrowed from foreign languages.28.（）The common English address terms are First Name (e.g., John), Last Name (e.g.,Smith), Title + Last Name (e.g., Dr. Green), Title + Title (e.g., Mr. President), Titlealone (e.g., Sir) and Kin term (e.g., Dad). And outside of marked settings, betweenfriends, neighbours and colleagues, first names are always preferred.29.（）Thanks to cerebral plasticity, people suffering damage to the left hemisphere are ableto transfer their language centers to the right hemisphere and to reacquire the lostlinguistic skills with relatively little disruption.30.（）The earliest sounds produced by infants can be considered as early language IV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration, if necessary. ( 3% × 10=30% )31. design features32. narrow transcription33. bound morphemes34. deep structure35. hyponymy36. commissives37. sound assimilation38. idiolect39. Wernicke's area40. interference4V. Directions: Answer the following questions.( 10% ×2=20% )41. Please illustrate the syntactic and semantic features of compounds in English language withexamples.42. Please explicate how language and thought develop and blend each other in order tounderstand the relationship between language and thought.5。
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全国2008年1月高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题课程代码：00830I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the bracket.(2%×10=20%)1. The phonetic form of the prefix meaning “not” is phonetically variant; it isbefore a vowel or an alveolar consonant,before a labial consonant, andbefore a _____, for example, inoperable, indiscrete, impossible, and inconceivable. ( )A. velarB. palatalC. fricativeD. stop2. Tones are pitch variations that refer to morphologically defined segments tothe extent that different _______ in a language are distinctive. Pitchvariations can distinguish meaning just like phonemes.( )A. soundsB. patternsC. pitchesD. features3. Some of the ______ rules are productive; they can be used freely to formnew words.( )A. syntacticB. morphologicalC. semanticD. phonological4. VP, AP and PP share similar syntactic properties with NP in that they allowfor _______ and complements in phrases. ( )A. headsB. specifiersC. lexical itemsD. obligatory wordsdrew on _______ psychology when trying to define the meaning of linguistic forms. ()A. contextualB. conceptualistC. behavioristD. mentalist6. Pragmatics differs from traditional semantics in that it studies meaning notin isolation, but in _______. ( )A. senseB. conceptC. sentenceD. context7. The languages of the world belong to families and bear offspring. When weexamine the languages of the world, we perceive similarities anddifferences among them that provide further evidence for the “______”relatedness we know exists.)A. geographicalB. geneticC. typologicalD. functional8. In English, powder room is a euphemism for toilet, which itself started as a_______ for lavatory, which is now more acceptable than its replacement. ( )A. variantB. variationC. variableD. euphemism9. What can be drawn safely from the case of Genie is that _______. ( )A. it confirms the critical period hypothesisB. human’s language acquisition device is independent of other intellectual abilitiesC. language can not be acquired at all after the critical periodD. the language faculty of an average human degenerates after the critical period and, as a result, most linguistic skills cannot develop10. Although children are still acquiring aspects of their native language through the later years of childhood, it is normally assumed that they have completed the greater part of the language acquisition process by the age of______.( )A. three and halfB. fourC. fiveD. sixⅡ. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word , the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%)11. The core area of linguistics includes phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax and s .12. Phonetics provides the means to describe the sounds, showing how they differ; phonology tells us that they function as p , acting to contrast words.13. Both i____________ morphology and derivational morphology are the two sub-branches of morphology.14. When a sentence is uttered or written down, the words of the sentence areproduced one after another in a sequence. This sequential order of words ina sentence shows that the structure of a sentence is l_____________.15. C_________ synonyms are synonyms that differ in the words they gotogether with. It is a matter of usage.16. According to Searle’s classification of illocutionary acts, “I swear I havenever seen the man before” is among the most typical examples of the r______.17. Sound a________ refers to sound change or process by which features ofone element change to match those of another that precedes or follows. 18. German-speaking Switzerland is described as a d___________community, where the distinct varieties are Standard German and Swiss German.19. The left hemisphere controls voluntary movements of, and responds tosignals from, the r___________ side of the body.20. Learning is defined as a conscious process of accumulating knowledge ofa second language usually obtained in school settings while a__________refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the bracket in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. （2%×10=20%）21.( ) People can utter a sentence he has never heard or used before. In thissense, human language is creative.22.( ) In English both aspirated and unaspirated voiceless stops occur. Thevoiceless aspirated stopsand the voiceless unaspirated stopsoccur in the same phonemic context or environment.23.( ) Parameters are syntactic options of UG that allow general principles to operate in one way or another and contribute to significant linguistic variations between and among languages.24.( ) Syntactic movement occurs to all sentences, therefore, the deep structure and surface structure of every sentence look different at its two levels of representation.25.( )The Anglo-Saxons were migrants from the northern parts of Europe, so the words that they originally used and the words that the English vocabulary has later taken in from other languages are regarded as loan words.26.( ) Paul Grice made a distinction between what he called “constatives”and“performatives”.27.( ) Most of the languages of Europe, Persia (Iran), and the northern part of India belong to the same Indo-European language family. The language, which no longer exists, is called Proto-Indo-European, a term reflecting the earlier linguistic distribution of the speakers of this language family from India to Europe.28.( ) In Black English, when the verb is negated, the indefinite pronouns something, somebody, and some become the negative indefinites nothing, nobody, and none, as in :He don’t know nothing.He don’t like nobody.He ain’t got none.29.( ) The cerebral cortex is the decision-making organ of the body, receiving messages from all the sensory organs and initiating all voluntary actions.30.( ) During the two-word stage of language acquisition, two-word expressions are absent of syntactic or morphological markers.IV. Dirctions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples forillustration.（3%×10=30%）31. applied linguistics32. diacritics33. phrase structure rule34. predicate35. presupposition36. cognates37. creole38. Wernicke’s area39. overt thought40. instrumental motivationV. Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)41.To what extent can we say that language is culturally transmitted? Explain with examples. Does animal communication have the same feature of cultural transmission?42. According to John Austin’s new model, please illustrate the three speech acts a speaker might be performing simultaneously when speaking.。