全国2014年4月自考现代语言学试题00830
04年10月自考现代语言学试题(1)
04年10月自考现代语言学试题(1) 课程代码：00830ⅰ.directions: read each of the following statements carefully. decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter a,b,c or d in the brackets.(2%×10=20%)uses the term ( ) to refer to the actual realization of a language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in linguistic communication.a. langueb. competencec. paroled. performanceterms of the place of articulation, the following sounds share the feature of ( ).a. palatalb. alveolarc. bilabiald. dentalgenerative grammar was introduced by ( ) in 1957.a. l. bloomfieldb. f. saussurec. n. chomsky a. k. hallidaylanguages are viewed to vary according to ( ) set on ug principles to particular values.a. adjacent conditionb. parametersc. case conditiond. case requirement5. synonyms are classified into several kinds. the kind to which“girl”and“lass” belong is called ( ) synonyms.a. stylisticb. dialectalc. emotived. collocational6. the illocutionary point of ( ) is to express the psychological state specified in the utterance.a. representativesb. commissivesc. expressivesd. declaratives7. modern english words man, woman, child, eat, fight, ect. originate from ( ).a. middle englishb. old englishc. frenchd. norman french8. in a diglossic country, the two diglossic forms of a language are generally two varieties of the same language, but there are situations in which the h-variety may have no ( ) relationship with the l-variety.a. geneticb. socialc. directd. closeaphasics do not show total language loss. rather, different aspects of language are impaired. aphasicsin ( ) area reveal word-finding difficulties and problems with syntax.a. werniker’sb. visualc. motord. broca’s10. ( ) motivation occurs when the learner desires to learn a second language in order to communicate with native speakers of the target language.a. instrumentalb. functionalc. integratived. socialⅱ. directions: fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. note that you are to fill in one word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given.(1%×10=10%)11. if a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to bed .12. stops, fricatives, affricates, liquids, and glides all have some degree of o and are therefore consonants.13. m is the smallest meaningful unit of language.14. a is the movement of an auxiliary verb to thesentence-initial position, such as “be”, “have”, “do” etc.15. r is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world; it is a matter of the relationship between form and the reality.16. in austin’s early speech act theory, c were statements that either state or describe, and were thus verifiable.17. in the process of first language acquisition, children usually construct their personal grammars, and their language develops in stages until it a the grammatical rules of the adult language.18. a s community is one group, all of whose members share the same language or at least a single language variety.19. people may communicate their feelings or thoughts via n signals such as facial expressions, gestures, postures, or proxemic space.20. although the development of a communicative system is not unique to human beings, the natural acquisition of l as a system of highly abstract rulesand regulations for creative communication is what distinguishes humans from all other animal species.ⅲ.directions: judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. put a t for true or f for false in the brackets in front of each statement. if you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. (2%×10=20%)21. ( ) the writing system of a language is alwaysa later invention used to record speech; thus there are still many languages in today’s world that can only be spoken, but not written.22. ( ) in such sound combinations as /bi:p/, /geip/ and /su:p/, the voiceless stop /p/, occurring in the final position, is unaspirated, pronounced with the strong puff of air withheld to some extent.23. ( ) the part of speech of the compound is always determined by the part of speech of the second element, without exception.24. ( ) the relationship between the embedded clause and its matrix clause is one of a part to the whole.25. ( ) the contextualist view of meaning holds thatmeaning should be studied in terms of the situational context and linguistic context.26. ( ) searle’s classification of illocutionary acts is based on the classification of performative verbs.27. ( ) one kind of language change results in an increase of the number of exceptional or irregular morphemes. this kind of change has been called internal borrowing—that is, we “borrow” from one part of the grammar and apply the rule generally.28. ( ) there are differences in the way people of various age categories speak. the differences most easily noted by the layman are likely to be grammatical in nature.29. ( ) the left hemisphere of the brain is superior to the right hemisphere BECause the left hemisphere is language-dominant.30 ( ) a child born to a chinese or english speaking family takes about the same number of years to acquire their native tongue, regardless of their general intelligence.ⅳ.directions: explain the following terms, usingone or two examples for illustration.(3%×10=30%)31. assimilation rule32. root33. bound morphemes34. surface structure35. grammaticality36. elaboration37. bilingualism38. creole39. the sapir-whorf hypothesis40. fossilizationⅴ. answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%)41. the phonological features that occur above the level of individual sounds are called suprasegmental features. discuss the main suprasegmental features, illustrating with examples how they function in the distinction of meaning.42. explain and give examples to show in what way componential analysis is similar to the analysis of phonemes into distinctive features.。
【自考复习】【00830-现代语言学】2014年10月全国自考现代语言学考前密卷00830(含答案)
2014年10月全国自考现代语言学考前密卷00830(含答案)一、Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%)第1题“I like this shirt very much.” has ____a rguments. ()A. oneB. twoC. threeD. four【正确答案】 B【你的答案】本题分数2分第2题 In the classic semantic triangle, the symbol or form refers to the linguistic elements, i.e.,____. ()A. things and referentB. thought and referenceC. views and ideasD. words and phrases【正确答案】 D【你的答案】本题分数2分第3题 Acoustic phoneticians try to describe the ____ properties of the stream of sounds which aspeaker issues.()A. oralB. mentalC. physicalD. recorded【正确答案】 C【你的答案】本题分数2分第4题 Sense and reference are two related ____ different aspects of meaning.()A. butB. andC. orD. as well as【正确答案】 A【你的答案】本题分数2分第5题The superordinate term of the group of words “love, anger, happiness, sadness, fear, emotion” is____.()A. fearB. angerC. loveD. emotion【正确答案】 D【你的答案】本题分数2分第6题Proponents of ____learning theory suggested that a child’s verbal behaviour was conditioned through association between a stimulus and the following response.()A. biologicalB. naturalistC. behavioristD. nativist【正确答案】 C【你的答案】本题分数2分第7题In the sentence “He put forward a strong argument for it.”the word“strong”and “argument”are in a relation. ( )A. synchronicB. paradigmaticC. syntagmaticD. diachronic【正确答案】 C【你的答案】本题分数2分第8题 As regards the relationship between language and thought, those who hold that thinking and speaking are the same activity are said to be( )A. empiricistsB. behavioristsC. mentalistsD. structuralists【正确答案】 C【你的答案】本题分数2分第9题 Words that are opposite in meaning are( ).A. antonymsB. hyponymsC. synonymsD. homophones【正确答案】 A【你的答案】本题分数2分第10题 When a word is employed as a medium of thinking by means of its conceptualizing system, we say it is used for communication.( )A. intrapersonalB. interpersonalC. individualD. textual【正确答案】 A二、Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change第1题 The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called s___ features.【正确答案】 suprasegmental【你的答案】修改分数本题分数1分你的得分第2题 In semantic analysis, p___ is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.【正确答案】 prediction【你的答案】修改分数本题分数1分你的得分第3题Children’s language development starts from the p___cooing and babbling stage.【正确答案】 prelinguistic【你的答案】修改分数本题分数1分你的得分第4题 The preschool years are a c___ period for first language acquisition.【正确答案】 crucial【你的答案】修改分数本题分数1分你的得分第5题 There are occasions when one can think without l___, just as one may speak without thinking.【正确答案】 language【你的答案】修改分数本题分数1分你的得分第6题 Language is p___ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users.【正确答案】 productive【你的答案】修改分数本题分数1分你的得分第7题 An a___ is a logical participant in the predication analysis, largely identical with the nominal element(s) in a sentence.【正确答案】 argument【你的答案】修改分数本题分数1分你的得分第8题 Evidence in support of l___ for language in the left hemisphere comes from researches in dichotic listening test.?【正确答案】 lateralization【你的答案】本题分数1分修改分数你的得分第9题 In a d___ listening test, stimuli heard in the left ear are reported less accurately than those heard in the right ear. This phenomenon is known as the right ear advantage.【正确答案】 dichotic【你的答案】本题分数1分修改分数你的得分第10题 c___ language is originally a pidgin that has become established as a native language in some speech community.【正确答案】 creole【你的答案】三、Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true orF for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you第1题()The language system provides all specifics of one’s world view.【正确答案】 F(No,it does not.)【你的答案】修改分数本题分数2分你的得分第2题 ()Free morphemes are the same as bound morphemes.【正确答案】 F(Free morphemes are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves.)【你的答案】本题分数2分你的得分修改分数第3题 ()In English and many other languages, the subject usually follows the verb and the direct object usually precedes the verb.【正确答案】 F(The verb follows the subject.)【你的答案】本题分数2分你的得分修改分数第4题 ()The right ear advantage shows that the right ear is more sensitive to signals, both linguistic and non?linguistic, than the left ear.【正确答案】 F(It passes signals to the left hemisphere.)【你的答案】本题分数2分你的得分修改分数第5题 ( ) The angular gyrus is supposed to be crucial for commanding of the syntax system of one’s language.【正确答案】 F (The angular gyrus is not.)?【你的答案】本题分数2分修改分数你的得分第6题 ( ) Linguistic performance is essentially a social phenomenon but not a context dependent behavior.【正确答案】 T【你的答案】本题分数2分修改分数你的得分第7题 ( ) One advantage of componential analysis is that by specifying the semantic features of certain words, it will be possible to show how these words are related in collocation.【正确答案】 F (It will not be possible.)?【你的答案】本题分数2分修改分数你的得分第8题 ( ) The greatest source of modification of the air stream is found in the oral cavity.【正确答案】 T ?【你的答案】本题分数2分修改分数你的得分第9题 ( ) The error analysis approach shows that there are striking similarities in the ways in which different L2 learners acquire a new language.【正确答案】 T?【你的答案】本题分数2分你的得分修改分数第10题 ( ) The most dramatic morphological loss concerns the loss of gender markings only.【正确答案】 F (The most dramatic loss concerns the loss of affixes.)?【你的答案】四、Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration. (3% ×10=30%)第1题 subvocal speech【正确答案】 Language and thought may be viewed as independent circles overlappingin some parts, where language and thought are consistent with each other and onenever occurs without the other. When language and thought are identical or closelyparallel to each other, we may regard thought as “subvocal speech”, and speechas “overt thought”.【你的答案】本题分数3分你的得分修改分数第2题 antonymy【正确答案】 The term antonymy is used for oppositeness of meaning between lexical items, such as the meanings between hot and cold, sad and happy.【你的答案】本题分数3分你的得分修改分数第3题 blending【正确答案】 Blending is a process of forming a new word by combining parts ofother words. For example, smog—smoke+fog , motel—motor+hotel.【你的答案】本题分数3分你的得分修改分数第4题 apocope【正确答案】【你的答案】本题分数3分你的得分修改分数第5题 hapology【正确答案】 Hapology refers to the loss of one of two phonetically similarsyllables in sequence. For example, the Old English word “Engla?land” (the landof Angles) came to be pronounced “England” through the assimilation of “la?la” sounds.【你的答案】本题分数3分你的得分修改分数第6题 morphology【正确答案】 Morphology is a branch of grammar that studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. What it studies includesmorphemes, allomorphs, roots, affixes etc.【你的答案】本题分数3分你的得分修改分数第7题 epenthesis【正确答案】 In the linguistic change of English, a change that involves the insertion of a consonant or a vowel sound to the middle of a word is known as epenthesis. Below are some examples of English epenthesis. The underlined sounds are epenthesis in modern English. spinle → spindleemty → emptyglimse →glimpsetimer → timber【你的答案】本题分数3分你的得分修改分数第8题 semantic broadening【正确答案】 Semantic broadening refers to the process in which the meaning of a word becomes more general or inclusive than its historically earlier denotation. For example, the older meaning of “aunt” was father’s sister, but its modern referent can also be mother’s sister. The word “holiday” was originally used to mean a day of religious significance because it was a “holy day”. Today its meaning is broadened to refer to any day on which peop le don’t have to work.【你的答案】本题分数3分你的得分修改分数第9题 standard language【正确答案】 The standard language is a supposed, socially prestigious dialect of language. It is the language employed by the government and the judiciary system, used by the mass media, and taught in educational institutions, including school settings where the language is taught as a foreign or second language. For example, the c ommon speech of the Chinese language and King’s English in Britain.【你的答案】本题分数3分你的得分修改分数第10题 componential analysis【正确答案】 Componential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. The approach is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features. This is parallel to the way a phoneme is analyzed into smaller components called distinctive features. Plus and minus signs are used to indicate whether a certain semantic feature is present or absent in the meaning of a word and these feature symbols are usually written in capitalizedletters. Fo r example, the word “man” is analyzed as consisting the semantic features of +HUMAN, +ADULT,+ANIMATE, +MALE. The features of “girl” can be represented as +HUMAN, -ADULT, -MALE. ?【你的答案】五、Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)第1题 What do langue and parole mean respectively?【正确答案】According to F·de Saussure, langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to abide by; it is abstract. Parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules; it is concrete.【你的答案】本题分数10分你的得分修改分数第2题 Why is language defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication?【正确答案】 Short as it is, this definition has captured the main features of language. First of all, language is a system, i.e., elements of language are combined according to rules. If language were not constructed according to certain rules, it could not be learned or used consistently. Second, language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between a word and the thing we use to write with. The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is a good illustration of the arbitrary nature of language. Third, language is vocal because the primary medium is sound for all languages, no matter how well developed their writing systems are. All evidence points to the fact that writing systems came into being much later than the spoken forms and thatthey are only attempts to capture sounds and meaning on paper. Fin ally, the term “human” in the definition is meant to specify that language is human specific, i.e. it is very different from the communication systems other forms of life possess, such as bird songs and bee dances.【你的答案】。
全国2014年4月自考语言与文化试题.
绝密★考试结束前全国2014年4月高等教育自学考试语言与文化试题课程代码：00838请考生按规定用笔将所有试题的答案涂、写在答题纸上。
选择题部分注意事项：1．答题前，考生务必将自己的考试课程名称、姓名、准考证号用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔填写在答题纸规定的位置上。
2．每小题选出答案后，用2B铅笔把答题纸上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。
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I. Each of the following incomplete statements is followed by four alternatives. Read each statement and the four alternatives carefully and decide which of the four alternatives best completes the statement and mark your answer on the ANSWERSHEET. (1% 20=20%)1. Which of the following is NOT one of the important properties of language?A. Language is arbitrary.B. Language is systematic.C. Language is used for communication.D. Language is used by both human beings and animals.2. Such questions as “How do you think and feel about your family?”, “How do you treata guest?” and “What is your greatest ambition?” highlight the ______ aspects of culture.A. thematicB. institutionalC. behaviouralD. individual3. ______ is the basic meaning presented by meaningful linguistic units, including words and is often, though not always, the central factor in linguistic communication.A. Conceptual meaningB. Connotative meaningC. Social meaningD. Affective meaning4. Both “pretty” and “handsome” can mean nice looking, but “pretty” is often used together with “girl”, “woman”, “garden” etc., while “handsome” frequently appears together with “boy”, “man”, “car” etc., bec ause these are the ______ of these two terms.A. collocative meaningB. connotative meaningC. affective meaningD. reflected meaning5. Which of the following is NOT an inflectional morpheme?A. -ingB. -erC. -mentD. -s6. a) What’s the majority’s opinion?大多数人的意见怎样?b)Where’s today’s newspaper? 今天的报纸在哪里?The above two examples indicate that ______.A. cases are represented explicitly in pronouns in ChineseB. formal markers for cases in nouns are required in EnglishC. pronouns are marked explicitly for cases in ChineseD. Chinese pronouns do show formal variation for cases7. In English ______ are more distinctive than given names.A. surnamesB. nicknamesC. pen namesD. pet names8. ______are popular among female English speakers.A. Religious namesB. Plant namesC. Names of knowledgeD. Names of fame9. The phrasal verb “look forward to” means” “ ______”.A. examineB. seekC. expectD. watch10. A captivating man known as a great lover or seducer of women is often referred to asA. an Uncle TomB. a Don QuixoteC. an Oliver TwistD. a Don Juan11. “You chicken!” he cried, looking at Tom with contempt. In this sentence, “chicken” is usedmetaphorically to refer to ______.A. tendernessB. domestic fowlC. cowardsD. tamed animals12. Which of the following statements metaphorically tells us that life is a gambling game?A. I’ll take my chance.B. I’ve had a full life.C. His life contained a lot of sorrow.D. Their marriage is on its last legs.13. If Professor John Smith allows himself to be called John, ______.A. he might not be respected by his colleaguesB. he must be more respected by his colleaguesC. he might be kept a distance away from his colleaguesD. he might enjoy a harmonious relationship with his colleagues14. To sound modest and humble, one might have to use ______ to refer to oneself, one’s relatives, and one’s personal belongings.A. honourificsB. terms of humilityC. euphemismsD. taboos15. Hypotactic relations at the sentential level refer to constructions whose components arelinked through the use of ______.A. verbsB. nounsC. conjunctionsD. prepositions16. “Up you go, chaps!” The speaking style of the above sentence is______.A. formalB. consultativeC. casualD. intimate17. Chinese advertising as a whole is more ______ than English advertising.A. informativeB. formalC. persuasiveD. interesting18. In legal documents learned words are used frequently. A great many of them are from ______.A. FrenchB. Indian languagesC. LatinD. German19. In English culture, what does it mean if a girl smiles to a male stranger when coming across him in a university campus?A. She loves him.B. She is an immoral girl.C. She is friendly.D. She mistakes him for her acquaintance.20. Which of the following can be classified into the secondary territory, which is usually not central to the daily activities of the owner and not under their exclusive control? A. One’s own room. B. Your seat in the classroom.C. Supermarket.D. Theatre seats.II. Each of the following incomplete statements is followed by four alternatives. Read each statement and the four alternatives carefully and decide what alternatives cancomplete the statement and mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. There are morethan one correct answer. (1% 10=10 %)21. Which of the following statements are the interpretation of culture in its narrow sense?A. Materials man has got to satisfy his needs.B. Social institutions and organizations man has established.C. Language and other communication systems.D. Customs, habits and behavioural patterns.22. Which of the following can be brought together under the heading associative meaning?A. Social meaning.B. Affective meaning.C. Conceptual meaning.D. Collocative meaning.23. In the English sentence “We are students”, all the three words are in plural forms, demonstrating grammatical ______ of the English language as regards the number, a grammatical category.A. implicitnessB. explicitnessC. consistencyD. instability24. In English ______ are flower names.A. AngelaB. LauraC. ViolaD. Brenda25. Which of the following idioms are in relation to mannerisms?A. To ride one’s high horse.B. No man is an island.C. A marriage of convenience.D. To keep a straight face.26. According to Lakoff, an American linguist, similes and metaphors are ways of thinking. They are used in______.A. unusual occasionsB. literary worksC. everyday speechesD. body language27. In which of the following situations does a Chinese use honourifics to show respect toa superior?A. When he is talking with a superior.B. When he is writing to a superior.C. When the superior he refers to is present.D. When the superior he refers to is absent.28. If the sentences in a text exhibit cohesion, they are connected by ______ means.A. grammaticalB. systematicC. lexicalD. meaningful29. American English differs from British English mainly in ______.A. pronunciationB. spellingC. grammarD. sentence structure30. Many cultures allow people to interact at a much closer distance and are therefore referred to as contact cultures, which include______.A. AsiansB. Latin AmericansC. Southern EuropeansD. Arabs非选择题部分注意事项：用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔将答案写在答题纸上，不能答在试题卷上。
全国2014年4月自考汉语基础真题
绝密★考试结束前全国2014年4月高等教育自学考试汉语基础试题课程代码：00416请考生按规定用笔将所有试题的答案涂、写在答题纸上。
选择题部分注意事项：1．答题前，考生务必将自己的考试课程名称、姓名、准考证号用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔填写在答题纸规定的位置上。
2．每小题选出答案后，用2B铅笔把答题纸上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。
如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。
不能答在试题卷上。
一、单项选择题(本大题共30小题，每小题1分，共30分)在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的，请将其选出并将“答题纸”的相应代码涂黑。
错涂、多涂或未涂均无分。
1．发音时气流在口腔或咽头受到阻碍发出的音是A．元音 B．辅音C．声母 D．韵母2．声母d和t的区别在于A．发音部位相同而发音方法不同 B．发音部位不同而发音方法相同C．发音部位和发音方法都相同 D.发音部位和发音方法都不同3．舌面元音“e”的发音条件是A．前、高、圆唇元音 B．后、半高、圆唇元音C．前、半低、不圆唇元音 D．后、半高、不圆唇元音4．以“i”开头的韵母是A．齐齿呼 B．开口呼C．合口呼 D．撮口呼5．下列各组韵母中都能与声母zh相拼的一组是A．ing uai B．ei iangC．an uo D. ue o6．第一个音节全都变读为21调的是A．毁灭、朴素、想法 B．伪劣、请假、奶奶C．柳树、有趣、舞蹈 D．演示、使命、广场7．下列既有双声又有叠韵的一组是A．蜘蛛、枇杷 B．彷徨、伶俐C．逍遥、琥珀 D．鸳鸯、从容8．下列复合式合成词都属于主谓式的一组是A．途径、提高 B．民主、建设C．自动、司机 D．自学、日食9．下列词中是单纯词的一组是A．鸟儿、甜头 B．红通通、干巴巴c．奶奶、妈妈 D．姥姥、猩猩1O．下列词中都是附加式合成词的一组是A．动员、事业 B．花儿、原则性C．老虎、老实 D．店员、手机11.“厌恶”与“喜爱”的区别是A．感情色彩 B．语体色彩C．形象色彩 D．理性意义12．下列外来词中属于借形词的是A．坦克 B.因特网C．石榴 D．经济．13．下列各组词语都属于名词的一组是A．飞机、繁荣 B．怎样、舍得C．咱们、大伙 D．东边、秋天14．“听了很高兴”这个短语是A．状中短语 B．中补短语C．连谓短语 D．同位短语15．“这部电影我们都看过。
2014年4月全国自考(语言学概论)真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2014年4月全国自考（语言学概论）真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. 单项选择题 2. 多项选择题 3. 名词解释 4. 简答题 5. 分析题6. 论述题单项选择题1．结构主义语言学的奠基人是著名语言学家( )A．葆朴B．乔姆斯基C．洪堡特D．索绪尔正确答案：D2．舌面的元音中，“前低不圆唇元音”是( )A．[a]B．[u]C．[i]D．[o]正确答案：A解析：根据元音舌位图，[a]为前低不圆唇元音，[u]为后高圆唇元音，[i]为前高不圆唇元音，[o]为后半高圆唇元音。
故本题正确答案为A。
3．现在仍在使用的自源文字是( )A．苏美尔文字B．玛雅文字C．汉字D．古埃及文字正确答案：C4．“名无固宜，约之以命，约定俗成谓之宜，异于约谓之不宜”这句话出自( )A．《论语．述而》B．《庄子．养生主》C．《韩非子．五蠹》D．《荀子．正名》正确答案：D5．人的大脑语言功能的临界期现在一般认为大约是( )A．5—6岁B．7—8岁C．9—10岁D．12—13岁正确答案：D解析：现在一般认为人的大脑语言功能的临界期最迟是十二至十三岁．这时大脑左右半球的功能已经定型，如果这以后左半球再受伤，丧失的语言能力就很难恢复了，人也就肯定不可能学会说话了。
6．“外甥打灯笼——照舅”属于( )A．谚语B．成语C．歇后语D．惯用语正确答案：C解析：歇后语由两部分组成，一般只说上半句，下半句略去，利用谐音或比喻双关来表达某种意义。
“外甥打灯笼”表示谐音双关义“照舅(照旧)”，属于典型的歇后语。
7．汉民族标准语是( )A．国语B．普通话C．书面语D．北京话正确答案：B解析：普通话“以北京语音为标准音，以北方方言为基础方言，以典范的现代白话文著作为语法规范”，是汉民族的标准语。
国语可以看作是一个国家内各民族之间的共同语；书面语是相对于口语而言的，常用于书面写作和较庄重的交际场合；北京话是一种地域方言。
8．克里奥耳语又叫( )A．洋泾浜语B．皮钦语C．混合语D．多式综合语正确答案：C9．研究人类社会的语言这种社会现象的一般理论的语言学属于( )A．普通语言学B．本体语言学C．社会语言学D．文化语言学正确答案：A10．从音质角度划分出来的最小语音单位是( )A．音节B．音素C．音位D．音标正确答案：B解析：根据音质的不同，对一串语音不断加以切分，直到不能再切分为止，这样得到的语音单位就是“音素”。
现代语言学_自考本科00830
Chapter 1——1
Some important distinctions in linguistics
Proposed by American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950’s.
Competence and performance
He defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language, and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. He believes the task of the linguists is to discover and specify the language rules.
Chapter 1——2
What is language?
Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Sapir uses “ideas” “emotions” and “desires” in his definition. Hall, like Sapir, treats language as a purely human institution. Chomsky’s definition is quite different, it focus on the purely structural properties of languages and to suggest that these properties can be investigated from a mathematically precise point of view.
00830现代语言学200410历年真题及答案
2004年下半年高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试现代语言学试卷（课程代码0830）第一部分选择题Ⅰ.Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A,B,C or D in the brackets.(2%×10=20%)1.Chomsky uses the term ( ) to refer to the actual realization of a language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in linguistic communication.A. langueB. competenceC. paroleD. performance2.In terms of the place of articulation, the following sounds [t][d][s][z][n] share the feature of ( ).A. palatalB. alveolarC. bilabialD. dental3.Transformational Generative Grammar was introduced by ( ) in 1957.A. L. BloomfieldB. F. SaussureC. N. ChomskyD.M. A. K. Halliday4.Natural languages are viewed to vary according to ( ) set on UG principles to particular values.A. Adjacent ConditionB. parametersC. Case ConditionD. Case requirement5. Synonyms are classified into se veral kinds. The kind to which“girl”and“lass” belong is called ( ) synonyms.A. stylisticB. dialectalC. emotiveD. collocational6. The illocutionary point of ( ) is to express the psychological state specified in the utterance.A. representativesB. commissivesC. expressivesD. declaratives7. Modern English words man, woman, child, eat, fight, ect. originate from ( ).A. Middle EnglishB. Old EnglishC. FrenchD. Norman French8. In a diglossic country, the two diglossic forms of a language are generally two varieties of the same language, but there are situations in which the H-variety may have no ( ) relationship with the L-variety.A. geneticB. socialC. directD. close9.Many aphasics do not show total language loss. Rather, different aspects of language are impaired. Aphasics in ( ) area reveal word-finding difficulties and problems with syntax.A. Werniker’sB. visualC. motorD. Broca’s10. ( ) motivation occurs when the learner desires to learn a second language in order to communicate with native speakers of the target language.A. InstrumentalB. FunctionalC. IntegrativeD. Social第二部分非选择题（共80分）Ⅱ. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given.(1％×10=10％)11. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be d .12. Stops, fricatives, affricates, liquids, and glides all have some degree of o and are therefore consonants.13. M is the smallest meaningful unit of language.14. A is the movement of an auxiliary verb to the sentence-initial position, such as “be”, “have”, “do” etc.15. R is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world; it is a matter of the relationship between form and the reality.16. In Austin’s early speech act theory, c were statements that either state or describe, and were thus verifiable.17. In the process of first language acquisition, children usually construct their personal grammars, and their language develops in stages until it a the grammatical rules of the adult language.18. A s community is one group, all of whose members share the same language or at least a single language variety.19. People may communicate their feelings or thoughts via n signals such as facial expressions, gestures, postures, or proxemic space.20. Although the development of a communicative system is not unique to human beings, the natural acquisition of l as a system of highly abstract rules and regulations for creative communication is what distinguishes humans from all other animal species.Ⅲ.Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. (2％×10=20％)21. ( ) The writing system of a language is always a later invention used to record speech; thus there are still many languages in today’s wo rld that can only be spoken, but not written.22. ( ) In such sound combinations as /bi:p/, /geip/ and /su:p/, the voiceless stop /p/, occurring in the final position, is unaspirated, i.e. pronounced with the strong puff of air withheld to some extent.23. ( ) The part of speech of the compound is always determined by the part of speech of the second element, without exception.24. ( ) The relationship between the embedded clause and its matrix clause is one of a part to the whole.25. ( ) The contextualist view of meaning holds that meaning should be studied in terms of the situational context and linguistic context.26. ( ) Searle’s classification of illocutionary acts is based on the classification of performative verbs.27. ( ) One kind of language change results in an increase of the number of exceptional or irregular morphemes. This kind of change has been called internal borrowing—that is, we “borrow” from one part of the grammar and apply the rule generally.28. ( ) There are differences in the way people of various age categories speak. The differences most easily noted by the layman are likely to be grammatical in nature.29. ( ) The left hemisphere of the brain is superior to the right hemisphere because the left hemisphere is language-dominant.30 ( ) A child born to a Chinese or English speaking family takes about the same number of years to acquire their native tongue, regardless of their general intelligence.Ⅳ.Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration.(3％×10=30％)31. assimilation rule32. root33. bound morphemes34. surface structure35. grammaticality36. elaboration37. bilingualism38. creole39. the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis40. fossilizationⅤ. Answer the following questions.(10％×2=20％)41. The phonological features that occur above the level of individual sounds are called suprasegmental features. Discuss the main suprasegmental features, illustrating with examples how they function in the distinction of meaning.42. Explain and give examples to show in what way componential analysis is similar to the analysis of phonemes into distinctive features.。
自考《语言学概论》历年真题整理2015-2008
名词解释（2014.4）三、名词解释题（本大题共4小题，每小题3分，共12分）26.语言迁移27.双语现象28.亲属语言29.词形变化（2013.10）三、名词解释题，每一名词解释都须举例。
26．调位27．语法意义28．自源文字29．语音合成（2013，1）三、名词解释题（本大题共4小题，每小题3分，共12分）26．句子27．异化28．词尾29．语素（2012.10）三、名词解释题(本大题共4小题，每小题4分，共16分)每一名词解释都须举例。
26．声韵调分析法27．词法28．失语症29．汉字编码（2012.1）三、名词解释题(本大题共4小题，每小题3分，共12分)26.语音对应关系27.同化28.语言转用29.词（2011.10）三、名词解释题，每一名词解释都须举例。
26．区别特征27．语法手段28．意符29．机器翻译（2011.1）三、名词解释题（本大题共4小题，每小题3分，共12分）26.语言获得27.双语现象28.借词29.词组（2010.10）三、名词解释题(每一名词解释都须举例。
26.元辅音分析法27.语法形式28.义项29.外语教学的听说法（2010.1）三、名词解释题（本大题共4小题，每小题3分，共12分）26.语言迁移27．音位28．书面语29．国际音标（2009，10）三、名词解释题(本大题共4小题，每小题4分，共16分) 每一名词解释都须举例。
26．重位27．音符28.儿童语言获得的“天赋说”29.语言迁移（2009，1）三、名词解释题（本大题共4小题，每小题3分，共12分）26．口语27．仿译词28．语言符号的强制性29．语气意义2008，10）三、名词解释题（本大题共4小题，每小题4分，共16分）每一名词解释都须举例。
26．音位变体27．语法手段28．语音对应关系29．中介语2008，1）三、名词解释题(本大题共4小题，每小题3分，共12分)26.克里奥耳语27.借词28.音节29.词的语体色彩简答题五、简答题（本大题共3小题，每小题6分，共18分）34.简述儿童语言获得的过程。
全国2014年4月自考现代汉语试题和答案
A．邂逅、碰到B．纸、纸张
C．偶然、偶尔D．悲伤、悲痛
14．从方言语汇吸收到普通话的词是
A．啤酒B．WTO
C．窝囊D．状元
15．下列加点词属于兼类词的是
A．白颜色|白跑一趟B．态度很端正|端正了态度
C．人老了|别老哭啊D．盐的结晶|这是他十年心血的结晶
16．属于述补短语的是
A．身材魁梧B．称他为老同志
4.合理安排答题空间，超出答题区域无效。
一、单项选择题(本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分)
在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的，请将其选出并将“答题纸”的相应代码涂黑。未涂、错涂或多涂均无分。
1．声母相同的是
A．南、劳B．见、欠
C．兵、奔D．是、思
2．属于开口呼韵母的是
A．强B．而
D．你们怎么都没喝啊?
E．他退休了吧，大概。
25．语用理论中的“合作原则”包括的准则是
A．慷慨准则B．数量准则
C．关联准则D．质量准则
E．方式准则
非选择题部分
注意事项：
用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔将答案写在答题纸上，不能答在试题卷上。
三、填空题(本大题共5小题，每小题1分，共5分)
26．汉字字体演变的主流是______。
四、术语解释题(本大题共2小题，每小题3分，共6分)
31．语素
32．反语
五、判断说明题(本大题共5小题，每小题3分，共15分)
判断正误，在答题纸上，正确的划上“√"，不需要说明理由：错误的划上“×"，
并说明理由。
33．声母就是辅音，韵母就是元音。
34．说话或朗读时，“粉笔”和“火车”遵循相同的变调规律。
全国2014年4月高等教育自学考试00854现代汉语基础
绝密★考试结束前全国2014年4月高等教育自学考试现代汉语基础试题课程代码：00854请考生按规定用笔将所有试题的答案涂、写在答题纸上。
选择题部分注意事项：1.答题前，考生务必将自己的考试课程名称、姓名、准考证号用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔填写在答题纸规定的位置上。
2.每小题选出答案后，用2B铅笔把答题纸上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。
如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。
不能答在试题卷上。
一、单项选择题（本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分）在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的，请将其选出并将“答题纸”的相应代码涂黑。
错涂、多涂或未涂均无分。
1.普通话的标准音是A.北方语音B.官话语音C.北京语音D.中央电视台播音员的语音2.浙江省大部分地区使用的方言是A.吴方言B.粤方言C.闽方言D.湘方言3.z、c、s这三个音都是A.舌尖前音B.舌面音C.舌根音D.舌尖后音4.“一起”连续时，“一”要读成A.阴平B.阳平C.上声D.去声5.下列各组字中，韵母都是前鼻音的是A.命明敏名B.人真根门C.玲林宁王D.森僧参生拥有梦想只是一种智力，实现梦想才是一种能力。
第1页（共5页）6.属于偏正型合成词的一组是A.细心、立春、推广、美观B.崭新、前进、答复、爱好C.同学、公园、奇迹、火红D.广播、体贴、地铁、镇静7.下列属于语意轻重不．同的一组同义词是A.成果、结果、后果B.违背、违反、违犯C.心情、心境、心绪D.幻想、空想、理想8.我国新编大型语文辞书的双璧是《汉语大字典》和A.《新华字典》B.《辞海》C.《现代汉语词典》D.《汉语大词典》9.“马上”属于下列哪一类副词？A.范围副词B.时间副词C.程度副词D.语气副词10.与“写完”结构相同的词组是A.跑过去B.爱干净C.打算回去D.心情舒畅11.下列句子中是受事主语句的是A.昨天下雨了。
B.我洗完了。
C.衣服洗完了。
D.小华很聪明。
12.表示递进关系的一组关联词语是A.与其……不如……B.既然……那么…C.不但……而且……D.只要……就……13.“希特勒，墨索里尼，不都在人民之前倒下去了吗？”这句话是A.设问句B.否定句C.特指问句D.反问句14.下列句子中使用借代修辞方式的是A.天黑得像口锅。
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绝密★考试结束前全国2014年4月高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题课程代码：00830请考生按规定用笔将所有试题的答案涂、写在答题纸上。
选择题部分注意事项：1．答题前，考生务必将自己的考试课程名称、姓名、准考证号用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔填写在答题纸规定的位置上。
2．每小题选出答案后，用2 B铅笔把答题纸上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。
如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。
不能答在试题卷上。
Ⅰ. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and blacken the corresponding letter A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (2% × 10=20%)1. The fact that different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different languages well illustrates the ________ nature of language.A. culturalB. dualC. productiveD. arbitrary2. In English the two sounds [p] and [p h] are ________.A. a minimal pairB. allophonesC. two phonemesD. in phonemic contrast3. The word “decentralize” contains ________ morphemes.A. 3B. 4C. 5D. 64. A ________ sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word, such as “and,”“but,”“or.”A. simpleB. complicatedC. coordinateD. complex5. The sentence “Colorless green ideas sleep furiously” is a typical example of violation of ________.A. speech act theoryB. principles of conversationC. selectional restrictionsD. grammatical rules6. The illocutionary point of the ________ is to commit the speaker to something’s being the case, to the truth of what has been said.A. expressivesB. commissivesC. declarativesD. representatives7. ________ separated the period of Middle English from that of Modern English.A. The revival of Latin as a literary languageB. Shakespeare’s plays and Milton’s poemsC. European military invasionD. European renaissance movement8. The following are the syntactic features of Black English EXCEPT ________.A. systematic use of “it is” instead of “there is”B. frequent absence of various forms of “be”C. use of double negation constructionsD. absence of subject9. ________ has a strikingly different view from the other three on language and thought.A. PlatoB. AristotleC. WatsonD. Bloomfield10. ________ motivation occurs when the learner desires to learn a second language as a primary means of communication in his or her own community.A. InstrumentalB. FunctionalC. IntegrativeD. Social非选择题部分注意事项：用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔将答案写在答题纸上，不能答在试题卷上。
Ⅱ. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word on the ANSWER SHEET, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10% )11. Linguistics studies not any particular language, e.g., English, Chinese, Arabic, and Latin, but it studies l in general.12. Speech sounds can be initially classified into two broad categories: vowels and c .13. The suffix -er in the word “taller” is an i morpheme.14. Apart from sentences and clauses, a syntactic category usually refers to a word or a phrase that performs a particular g________ function.15. In terms of componential analysis, the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called s ________ features.16. The u meaning of a sentence varies with the context in which it is said.17. In general, linguistic change in the sound system and the v of a language is more noticeable than that in other systems of the grammar18. The non-prestige variety in diglossia is called the l variety.19. Language functions are believed to be lateralized primarily in the l hemisphere of the brain.20. In children’s prelinguistic stage, the first recognizable sounds are described as c , with velar consonants such as /k/ and high vowels such as /u/ usually present.Ⅲ. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false.Put a T for true or F for false on the ANSWER SHEET for each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version. (2%×10=20%)21. Human language is not only genetically transmitted, but also culturally transmitted while animal call systems are genetically transmitted.22. In broad transcription, the word “build” is transcribed as [bild].23. Different words have to use the same affix in order to create the same meaning change.24. Language is a highly structured system of communication. Sentences are both linearly and hierarchically structured.25. The meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of all its components.26. Speech act theory was originated with the British philosopher John Searle in the late 50’s of the 20th century.27. Syntactically, the verb of a sentence in Old English precedes, rather than follows, the subject.28. The term pidgin originated from the pronunciation of the English word “business” in Chinese Pidgin English.29. The language faculty of an average human degenerates after the critical period and consequently, most linguistic skills cannot develop.30. The rate and ultimate success in SLA only depend on learners’ experience with optimal input and instruction.Ⅳ. Directions: Explain the following terms and give examples for illustration where appropriate. (3%×10=30%)31. competence32. phone33. stem34. simple sentence35. synonymy36. conversational implicature37. back-formation38. language planning39. the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis40. Krashen’s acquisitionV. Directions: Answer the following questions. (10% ×2=20%)41. Please illustrate with example(s) the difference between compounding and derivation.42. Please explain dichotic listening tests with example(s).。