自考现代语言学(00830)试题及答案解析评分标准
00830现代语言学200610历年真题及答案
全国2006年10月高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题课程代码：0830Ⅰ.Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets.(2%×10=20%)1．Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing, which is a feature of（）A．all consonants B．vowels onlyC．all consonants and some vowels D．all vowels and some consonants2．The negative prefix“ in-”in English, when added to the adjective “possible”, is actuallypronounced/im/,and spelt as “im”. This is the result of the ______________rule at work.（）A．deletion B．assimilationC．phonetic D．sequential3．The word “ecology” is a two-morpheme cluster that contains_______________.（）A．two roots B．a root and a suffixC．a root and a free morpheme D．a prefix and a root4．When we move the adverbial phrase “every day” in the sentence “Every day, we study English”to the end of the sentence, we are now ______________ the phrase to the right.（）A．rewriting B．preposingC．postposing D．maintaining5．Antonyms are divided into several kinds .Which of the following is NOT a kind of antonyms?（）A．complementary B．relationalC．superordinate D．gradable6．In terms of predication analysis , the utterance“ Is it going to snow this afternoon?” is a______________（）A．one-place predication B．two-place predicationC．three-place predication D．no-place predication7．In Old English, word order was freer because the case endings were rich. So in Old English,word orders included SVO, VSO, SOV and OSV. However, Modern English has a much weaker case system, so its sentences have to follow a basic word order of________________.（）A．SOV B．SVOC．VSO D．OSV8．Black English is a kind of _______________dialect.（）A．regional B．standardC．ethnic D．situational9．The critical period for language acquisition refers to the short period of _____________years old in one’s life, during which the human brain is most ready to acquire a particular language.（）A．1-2 B．2-12C．1-12 D．13-1810．In a sense, humans can be said to be biologically programmed to acquire at least one language.What is meant by this ______________view of language acquisition is that humans are equipped with the neural prerequisites for language and language use.（）A．behaviorist B．nativistC．mentalist D．empiricistⅡ. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given.(1%×10=10%)11.A scientific study of language is based on the s________________ investigation of languagedata.12.The limited range of sounds which are meaningful in human linguistic communication and areof interest to linguistic studies are called the p________________ medium of language.13.phrase structure rules can generate an infinite number of sentences with infinite length, due totheir r________________ properties.14.A f_________________ clause is a clause that takes a subject and a main verb, and at the sametime stands structurally alone.15.In terms of truth condition, if X is true, Y is false, and if X is false, Y is true. The relationshipbetween X and Y is i_________________16.In Austin’ s early speech act theory, c________________ were statements that either state ordescribe, and were thus verifiable.17.In the historical development of language, sound change is inevitable, such as sound loss,sound a________________ and sound movement.18.Slang is often perceived as a low or vulgar form of language and is deemed to be undesirable inf_________________ styles of language.19.D_________________ listening tests involve simultaneously presenting, through earphones,two different auditory signals, one to the right ear and the other to the left ear.20.At children’s language development, one-word utterances can be used to express a concept orpredication similar to a sentence in adult speech. For example, a child might use the word “dada” to mean “Dada, come here”, “more” to mean “Give me more candy”. Those utterances can also be called h_________________ sentences.Ⅲ.Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the bracket in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version.(2%×10=20%) 21.( )Language can be studied both synchronically and diachronically. The two approachesare equally favored by modern linguists.22. ( )Stress is a suprasegmental feature that is exclusively used with words, not withsentences.23. ( )A compound can be written as one word with or without a hyphen between itscomponents, or as two separate words. It is simply a matter of convention.24. ( )Major lexical categories are closed categories because the number of lexical items inthese categories is fixed and no new members are allowed for.25. ( )The important criteria to distinguish polysemy from homonymy are the etymology ofthe words in question and the closeness of the relationship between the meanings in question.26. ( )The significance of Grice’s Cooperative Principle lies in that it explains how it ispossible for the speaker to convey more than is literally said.27. ( )The invention of steam-powered boats gave the verb sail an opportunity to extend itsmeaning to boats without sails. This example indicates that the meaning or semantic representation of words may become broader.28. ( )An official language is in fact a national language.29. ( )Generally speaking, left-handed people have their language centers in the lefthemisphere of the brain.30. ( )A child born to a Chinese or English speaking family takes about the same number ofyears to acquire their native tongue, regardless of their general intelligence.Ⅳ.Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration.(3%×10=30%)31.phonemic contrast32.free morphemes33.hierarchical structure34.co-hyponyms35.utterance meaning36.perlocutionary act37.internal borrowing38.subvocal speech39.contrastive analysis40.caretaker speechⅤ.Answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%)41.Discuss any FOUR of the features of human language that distinguish it from animalcommunication system.42.What is bilingualism? What is a bilingual community? What does it mean that most bilingualcommunities have one thing in common?。
全国自考《现代语言学》历年真题及详解【圣才出品】
全国⾃考《现代语⾔学》历年真题及详解【圣才出品】2015年10⽉全国⾃考《现代语⾔学》真题及详解课程代码：00830选择题部分I.Directions:Read each of the following statements carefully.Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and blacken the corresponding letter A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(2%×10=20%)1.A study of the features of the English language used in Charles Dickens’time can be regarded as a _____study.A.diachronicB.prescriptiveC.synchronicD.historical【答案】C【解析】研究某⼀时期的语⾔特征属于共时研究，故选C项。
2.Of the following consonants,_____is dental.A.[t]B.[p]C.[?]D.[θ]【答案】D【解析】[θ]是⾆齿⾳，故D项正确。
[t]是齿龈⾳（alveolar），[p]爆破⾳（plosive），[?]是腭⾳（palatal）。
3.The inflectional morpheme in the word“deforestated”is_____.A.de-B.forestC.-ateD.-ed【答案】D【解析】曲折词素指的是不改变单词意思⽽改变单词词性的词素，-ed将单词由动词变为形容词，属于曲折词素，故D项正确。
de-和-ate是派⽣词素，forest是词根。
4.The syntactic rules of any language are_____in number,and yet there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.A.finiteB.non-finiteC.infiniteD.definite【答案】A【解析】任何语⾔的句法规则都是有限的，但是⼈们能够制造并理解⽆数句⼦，这是由语⾔的递归性和⼆重性决定的，故A项正确。
2020年10月全国现代语言学自考试题及答案解析
全国2019年10月高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题课程代码：00830Ⅰ.Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A,B,C or D in the brackets.(2%×10=20%)1.Chomsky uses the term ( ) to refer to the actual realization of a language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in linguistic communication.A. langueB. competenceC. paroleD. performance2.In terms of the place of articulation, the following sounds [t][d][s][z][n] share the feature of( ).A. palatalB. alveolarC. bilabialD. dental3.Transformational Generative Grammar was introduced by ( ) in 1957.A. L. BloomfieldB. F. SaussureC. N. ChomskyD.M. A. K. Halliday4.Natural languages are viewed to vary according to ( ) set on UG principles to particular values.A. Adjacent ConditionB. parametersC. Case ConditionD. Case requirement5. Synonyms are classified into several kinds. The kind to which“girl”and“lass” belong is called ( ) synonyms.A. stylisticB. dialectalC. emotiveD. collocational6. The illocutionary point of ( ) is to express the psychological state specified in theutterance.A. representativesB. commissivesC. expressivesD. declaratives7. Modern English words man, woman, child, eat, fight, ect. originate from ( ).A. Middle EnglishB. Old EnglishC. FrenchD. Norman French8. In a diglossic country, the two diglossic forms of a language are generally two varieties of thesame language, but there are situations in which the H-variety may have no ( ) relationship with the L-variety.1A. geneticB. socialC. directD. close9.Many aphasics do not show total language loss. Rather, different aspects of language are impaired. Aphasics in ( ) area reveal word-finding difficulties and problems with syntax.A. Werniker’sB. visualC. motorD. Broca’s10. ( ) motivation occurs when the learner desires to learn a second language in order tocommunicate with native speakers of the target language.A. InstrumentalB. FunctionalC. IntegrativeD. SocialⅡ. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given.(1％×10=10％)11. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to bed .12. Stops, fricatives, affricates, liquids, and glides all have some degree of o and aretherefore consonants.13. M is the smallest meaningful unit of language.14. A is the movement of an auxiliary verb to the sentence-initial position, such as “be”,“have”, “do” etc.15. R is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world; it is a matter of therelationship between form and the reality.16. In Austin’s early speech act theory, c were statements that either state or describe,and were thus verifiable.17. In the process of first language acquisition, children usually construct their personal grammars,and their language develops in stages until it a the grammatical rules of the adult language.18. A s community is one group, all of whose members share the same language or atleast a single language variety.19. People may communicate their feelings or thoughts via n signals such as facialexpressions, gestures, postures, or proxemic space.20. Although the development of a communicative system is not unique to human beings, thenatural acquisition of l as a system of highly abstract rules and regulations for creative communication is what distinguishes humans from all other animal species.Ⅲ.Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is2false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. (2％×10=20％) 21. ( ) The writing system of a language is always a later invention used to record speech;thus there are still many languages in today’s world that can only be spoken, butnot written.22. ( ) In such sound combinations as /bi:p/, /geip/ and /su:p/, the voiceless stop /p/,occurring in the final position, is unaspirated, i.e. pronounced with the strong puffof air withheld to some extent.23. ( ) The part of speech of the compound is always determined by the part of speech ofthe second element, without exception.24. ( ) The relationship between the embedded clause and its matrix clause is one of a partto the whole.25. ( ) The contextualist view of meaning holds that meaning should be studied in termsof the situational context and linguistic context.26. ( ) Searle’s classification of illocutionary acts is based on the classification ofperformative verbs.27. ( ) One kind of language change results in an increase of the number of exceptional orirregular morphemes. This kind of change has been called internalborrowing—that is, we “borrow” from one part of the grammar and apply the rulegenerally.28. ( ) There are differences in the way people of various age categories speak. Thedifferences most easily noted by the layman are likely to be grammatical innature.29. ( ) The left hemisphere of the brain is superior to the right hemisphere because the lefthemisphere is language-dominant.30 ( ) A child born to a Chinese or English speaking family takes about the same numberof years to acquire their native tongue, regardless of their general intelligence. Ⅳ.Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration.(3％×10=30％)31. assimilation rule32. root33. bound morphemes34. surface structure35. grammaticality36. elaboration37. bilingualism38. creole339. the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis40. fossilizationⅤ. Answer the following questions.(10％×2=20％)41. The phonological features that occur above the level of individual sounds are calledsuprasegmental features. Discuss the main suprasegmental features, illustrating with examples how they function in the distinction of meaning.42. Explain and give examples to show in what way componential analysis is similar to theanalysis of phonemes into distinctive features.4。
全国高等教育自学考试现代语言学真题
全国2011年1月高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题课程代码：00830I . Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. (2% × 10=20% )1.There is a difference between what we know, which is our linguistic competence, and how we use this knowledge in actual speech production and______, which is our linguistic performance. ( )A. creationB. communicationC. comprehensionD. perception2.The sounds that begin and end the words church and judge are voiceless and voiced ______,respectively. ( )A. affricatesB. stopsC. velarsD. palatals3.Morphemes which represent such grammatical categories as number, tense, gender, and case are called _______ morphemes. ( )A. freeB. boundC. derivationalD. inflectional4.XP may contain more than just X. Phrases that are formed of more than one word usually contain head, ______and complement. ( )A. modifierB. determinerC. qualifierD. specifier5. ______ is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form while _______ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element andnon-linguistic world of experience. ( )A. Reference, senseB. Sense, referentC. Sense, referenceD. Referent, sense6. According to J ohn Austin‟s theory of speech act, a(n) ______ act is the act of expressing the speaker‟s intention. ( )A. prelocutionaryB. locutionaryC. illocutionaryD. perlocutionary7. Sound changes may include the loss of a sound or sounds. The so-called apocope refers to the omission of a vowel segment________. ( )A. in word-initialB. in word-middleC. in word-finalD. in syllable-initial8. In contrast to Standard American English, Black English is the distinct variety of English native to black populations in the USA. We regard Black English as________. ( )A. a regional dialectB. a social dialectC. a situational dialectD. an ethnic dialect9. Among the language centers, ______is responsible for physical articulation of utterances. ( )A. the motor areaB. B roca‟s areaC. Wernicke‟s areaD. the angular gyrus10. The language at ________ stage begins to reflect the distinction between sentence-types, such as negative sentences, imperatives, and questions. ( ) A. prelinguistic B. one-wordC. two-wordD. multiwordII. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given.( 1%×10=10% )11. A is one of the defining properties of human language, which means there is in general no natural relation between meanings and sounds.12. Among the three branches of phonetics, the study of the physical properties of the streams of sounds produced in speech is known as a phonetics.13. In using the morphological rules, we must guard against o in that different words may require different affixes to create the same meaning change.14. Universal Grammar is a set of principles and p of grammar which, according to Chomsky, is inherited genetically by all human beings.15. The synonyms such as economical, thrifty, and stingy are different in theire meaning.16. Most of the violations of the four maxims under the Cooperative Principle give rise to conversational i .17. When there is a need to reduce ambiguity and increase communicative clarity or expressiveness, then rule e occurs.18. A pidgin is a m language developed as a medium of trade, or through other extended but limited contact, between groups of speakers who have no other language in common.19. The localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain is called 1 .20. Language acquisition is concerned with language development in humans. Generally speaking, it ref ers to children‟s development of their f language.III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so. ( 2% × 10=20% )21. ( ) “There‟s a motorcycle coming" is seen as, out of context, a statement that a motorcycle is coming. But in a particular context, it might be a warning to a pedestrian not to step onto a road. When the study of meaning is consideredin the context of use, it becomes a branch of linguistics called pragmatics. 来源:考试大-自考22．( )To distinguish between phonemes and phones，linguists use slashes ／／for phonetic segments and square brackets [ ] for phonemic segments．23．( )Prefixes modify the meaning of the stem and also change the part of speech of the original word．24．( )In addition to sentences and clauses，a syntactic category usually refers to a 1exical category or a phrasal category that performs a particular grammatical function．25．( )The word“flower”and “flour”，which are identical in sound，but different in spelling and meaning，are homophones．26．( )As the process of communication is essentially a process of conveying meaning in a certain context，pragmatics can be regarded as a kind of meaning study.27．( )The meaning representation of words may change，becoming broader, narrower, or shifted．The word knight once meant “youth”，but was elevated in meaning in the age of chivalry；When Juliet tells Romeo，“I‟m too fond.” She is not claiming she likes Romeo too much．She means “I am too foolish．”These are two examples of semantic broadening．28．( ) In sociolinguistics，speech community refers to a group of speakers who constitute a community and share the same language or a particular variety of language．Speakers of English in general might be treated as such a community.29．( )Generally speaking，the left hemisphere of the brain controls voluntarymovements of, and responds to signals from，the right side of the body．30．( )The optimum age for SLA always accords with the maxim of‟ “the younger the better”．IV. Directions: Explanin the following terms and give examples for illustration where appropriate. (3% × 10=30% )31.displacement32.voicing33.morpheme34.finite clauseponential analysis36.declarations37.epenthesis38.speech variety39.linguistic relativism40.the nativist view of language acquisitionV. Directions: Answer the following questions.(10% × 2=20% )41. What is the distinction between langue and parole? Why did Saussure make such a distinction?42. What are the differences between sentence meaning and utterance meaning? And give examples to illustrate them.全国2010年1月高等教育自学考试1. The language behavior of particular persons on particular occasions isdetermined by manyother factors over and above their linguistic ______. ( )A. systemB. structureC.competenceD. performance2. When we pronounce the long vowels [i:] or [u:], our ______, which is a bonystructure at the end of the windpipe, is in a state of tension. ( )A. larynxB. hard palateC. glottisD. vocal cords3. The word “manuscript” is a two-morpheme cluster which contains ______. ( )A. two rootsB. a root and a prefixC. a root and a suffixD. a root and a free morpheme4. The grammatical knowledge is represented through Phrase Structure Rules, which state explicitly all and only the possible combinations of the ______ of a language, for example, in En glish, NP → ( Det ) (Adj) N (PP) (S). ( )A. phrasesB. clausesC. sentencesD. constituents5. The view that the meaning of a linguistic form is defined as the “situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer” wasproposed by ______. ( )A. PlatoB. Ogden and RichardsC. John FirthD. Bloomfield6. According to John Austin's theory of speech act, a(n) ______ act is thechange brought about by the utterance. ( )A. prelocutionaryB. locutionaryC. illocutionaryD. perlocutionary7. In 1786, Sir William Jones suggested that ______ bore to Greek and Latin a stronger affinity than could possibly have been produced by accident.（）A. GermanicB. PersianC. SanskritD. Lithuanian8. The existence of taboo words and taboo ideas stimulates the creation ofeuphemism, which shows that a word or phrase not only has a linguistic denotative meaning but also has a ______.( )A. conceptual meaningB. connotative meaningC. cultural meaningD. social meaning9. Dichotic listening research tells us a signal coming in the left ear will first go to the ______ hemisphere, from where it is transferred to the left side of thebrain for processing. （）A. rightB. leftC. frontD. back10. Studies of the effects of formal instruction on second language acquisitionsuggest that formal instruction may help learners perform some of thefollowing types of tasks except ______.( )A. planned speechB. writingC. casual and spontaneous conversationD. career-oriented examination来源:考试大-自考II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1% ×10=10%)11. Double a refers to the property of language which means language is composed of discrete units at two levels. At the lower level there is a structure of sounds, which are meaningless. At the higher level there are morphemesand words, which are meaningful.12. In the production of v , the back of the tongue is brought into contact withthe soft palate, or velum, e.g., [k] in cat, [g] in get and [η] in sting.13. Morphological rules are the rules that govern which affix can be added towhat type ofs to form a new word.14. A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises anumber of words. Aphrase structure tree diagram assigns a h structure to sentences.15. The words such as “pop” meaning a certain sound and “pop” meaningpopular are in relationship of c homonyms.16. The c view in the discussion of semantics is often considered as the initialeffort to study meaning in a pragmatic sense.17. Extensive changes in rules of morphology have occurred in the history of English. English has lost most of its i endings, by which it is no longer possibleto identify the functional roles of nouns.18. Diglossia describes any stable linguistic situation, in which there exists astrict fdifferentiation between a low-variety or L-variety and a high variety or H-variety.19. The localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particularhemisphere of the brain is called l .20. I is the language that a learner constructs at a given stage of secondlanguage acquisition.III. Directions: Judge whether each, of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version. （2% × 10=20%)21.（）According to Hall (1968), language is "the institution whereby humanscommunicate and interact with each other by means of habitually used oral-auditory arbitrary symbols." Most linguists today accept the view of language as a set of "habitually used symbols."22.（）Intonation refers to a distinctive pattern of tones over stretch of speech in principle longer than a word, in other words, when pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they arecollectively known as intonation.23.（）Suffixes are added to the end of stems, during the process of which they modify the meaning of the original word but usually do not change its part ofspeech.24.（）When we say a sentence has two levels of structure, D-structure and S-structure, we do not mean that the syntactic representations of these two levels must be different. Since syntactic movement occurs to all sentences, sothe representations of the twolevels look different.25.（）“He has been to New York”presupposes “He has been to America”.26.（）John Searle made a distinction between what he called“constatives”and “performatives”.27.（）Regularization of exceptional plural forms of nouns constantly occurs. By analogy to foe/foes, and dog/dogs, English speakers started saying cows as the plural of cow instead of the earlier plural kine. This analogical change does not occur when words are borrowed from foreign languages.28.（）The common English address terms are First Name (e.g., John), Last Name (e.g., Smith), Title + Last Name (e.g., Dr. Green), Title + Title (e.g., Mr.President), Title alone (e.g., Sir) and Kin term (e.g., Dad). And outside of marked settings, between friends, neighbours and colleagues, first names arealways preferred.29.（）Thanks to cerebral plasticity, people suffering damage to the left hemisphere are able to transfer their language centers to the right hemisphereand to reacquire the lost linguistic skills with relatively little disruption. 30.（）The earliest sounds produced by infants can be considered as earlylanguageIV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration, if necessary. ( 3% × 10=30% )31. design features32. narrow transcription33. bound morphemes34. deep structure35. hyponymy36. commissives37. sound assimilation38. idiolect39. Wernicke's area40. interferenceV. Directions: Answer the following questions.( 10% ×2=20% )41. Please illustrate the syntactic and semantic features of compounds inEnglish language with examples.42. Please explicate how language and thought develop and blend each otherin order to understand the relationship between language andthought.from:全国2009年1月高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题课程代码：00830I. Directions：Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of th e four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A，B，C，or D in the brackets. (2%×10=-20％)1. Phonetics provides the means to describe the speech sounds，showing how they differ； phonology tells us that they function as ______，acting to contrast words. ( )A. sounds unitsB. sound featuresC. phonemesD. allophones2. Alphabetic spelling represents the pronunciation of words；but it is often the case that the sounds of the words in a language are rather u nsystematically represented by ______· ( )A. writingB. orthographyC. transcriptionD. phonology3. ______morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes，either free or bound，to form a word. ( )A. BoundB. FreeC. InflectionalD. Derivational4. _______ categories refer to combination of words of different categories，such as noun phrases(NP)，verb phrases(VP)in English. ( )A. LexicalB. PhrasalC. SemanticD. Logical5. In semantic analysis of a sentence， a(n)______ is a logical participant in a predication， largely identical with the nominal element(s)in a sentence. ( )A. argumentB. subjectC. objectD. attribute6. Of the three speech acts a speaker might be performing simultaneously wh en speaking， linguists are most interested in the ______ act because it is identical with the speaker‟s intention. ( )A. performativeB. constativeC. illocutionaryD. perlocutionary7. Middle English began with the arrival of the Norman French invaders in Eng land under William the Conqueror in 1066. For about a century and a half afte r the Norman Conquest， Middle English was heavily influenced by French，most noticeably in large and central areas of ______. ( )A. vocabularyB. pronunciationC. morphologyD. syntax8. Depending on the demands of a particular communicative situation，bilingual or multilingual speakers may change between language varieties in t he middle of speech or even in the middle of a sentence. Such a situation is k nown as ______. ( ) A. bilingualismB. multilingualismC. diglossiaD. code-switching9. Language disorder resulting from a damage to ______ area in the brain reveals word-finding difficulties and problems with syntax. ( )A. Wernicke‟sB. Broca‟sC. Gage‟sD. Genies10. Studies on the effects of formal instruction on second language acquisition show that formal instruction may help learners perform some types of tasks E XCEPT ______. ( ) A. planned speechB. writingC. career-oriented examD. casual and spontaneous conversationII. Directions：Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word，the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%)11. M linguistics，unlike the linguistic study normally known as “grammar” which sets models and rules for language users to follow，is mostly descriptive，i.e.，it attempts to describe the language people actually use，be it “correct” or not.12. Many languages，including English，have vowels called d ，which could also be described as a sequence of two vowels.13. A r is often seen as part of a word；it can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning；it must be combined with another similar form or an affix to form a word.14. In a complex sentence，the incorporated，or subordinate，clause is normally called an e clause.15. In the English vocabulary there are two categories of words：nwords and borrowed words.16. “Your money or your life!” aims to threaten，and it is a specific instance of d 17. Back formation refers to a process by whi ch new words are coined from already existing words by taking away an a thought to be part of the old word，for example，edit derived from editor on the mistaken assumption that “-or” was the agentive suffix.18. In the 1969 edition of the American Heritage Dictionary，examples used to illustrate the meaning of words include “manly courage‟‟ an d “masculine charm. ‟‟Women do not fare as well. as exemplified by “womanis h tears‟‟ and “feminine wiles.‟‟ This indicates that language reflects s in society.19. The c period hypothesis refers to a period in one‟s life extending from ab out age two to puberty, during which the human brain is most ready to acquire a particular language. 20. Although they lack grammatical morphemes，t sentences in the multiword stage are not simply words randomly strung tog ether, but follow the principles of sentence formation.III. Directions：Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false，you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version. (2%×10=20％)21. ( )Animal communication system also possesses the feature of displacement. In other words，it can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations.22. ( )Vowels usually constitute the nucleus of syllable，so they are typically syllabic. Consonants cannot be syllabic. The same is true of English consonants. 23. ( )Xbar theory and phrase structure rules are similar, and they play the same roles in explaining the internal structures of la nguage. 24. ( )Transformational rules are the rules that we use to generali ze the syntactic movement that occurs when a constituent in a sentence move s out of its original place to a new position. 25. ( )A grammatically well-for med sentence may be a semantically ill-formed sentence.26. ( )While conversation participants nearly always observe the Cooperati ve Principle， they do not always observe these maxims strictly. 27. ( )Th e Great Vowel Shift did not lead to the discrepancies between the pronunciati on and the spelling system of Moden English. 28. ( )Diglossia describes any stable linguistic situation，in which there exists a strict grammatical differentiation between a high variety or H-variety and a low variety or L-variety.29. ( )Language functions are believed to be lateralized primarily in the righ t hemisphere of the brain. 30. ( )No language is inferior or superior to anyother language，and no single human， except those with mental or physical impairments，is a better or worse language acquirer than any other human.IV. Directions：Explain the following terms，using one or two examples for illustration，if necessary. (3％×10=30％)31. arbitrariness32. distinctive features33. Universal Grammar34. Move35. contextualism36. comparative reconstruction37. speech community38. interpersonal communication39. 1inguistic determinism and relativism40. 1anguage acquisitionV. Directions：Answer the following questions. (10％×2=20％)41. Use appropriate phrase structure rules to draw a labeled constituent struct ure tree diagram for each of the following sentences. 1) The naughty boy cheated his teacher.2) The old man put the book on the table.3) I think that you are from the South.42. Distinguish sentence meaning and utterance meaning by using examples.来源:考试大-自考全国2008年10月高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题课程代码：00830I.Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide whi ch one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the lett er A, B, C, or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%)1.The distinction between langue and parole was made by _______ early lastcentury.( )A. American linguist N. ChomskyB. Swiss linguist F. de SaussureC. American linguist Edward SapirD. British linguist J. R. Firth2.The sounds that begin and end the words church and judge are voiceless and voiced _______, respectively.( )A. stopsB. fricativesC. affricatesD. plosives3.In the word unreliable, the prefix "un-" is a(n) _______ morpheme.( )A. freeB. boundC. rootD. inflectional4.Words in a sentence are organized into groups of lexical _______, commonly known as partsof speech.( )A. verbsB. nounsC. phrasesD. categories5.The words stationary and stationery are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning. They are _______.( )A. complete homonymsB. homographsC. hyponymsD. homophones6. The illocutionary point of _______ is to express the psychological state specified in the utterance.( )A. directivesB. expressivesC. commissivesD. representatives7. Grimm pointed out that certain phonological changes must have occurred e arly in the history of the Germanic languages, which did not take place in _______, Greek, or Latin.( )A. EnglishB. SanskritC. GermanD. Danish8. Language planning refers to any attempt by a government, etc. to choose a particular speech variety and spread the use of it, including its pronunciation and spelling systems, across _______ boundaries.( )A. socialB. regionalC. culturalD. political9. The case of Phineas Gage showed us that _______.( )A. human language ability is not located in the brain because Phineas' brain was so damaged and he could still speakB. human language ability is located in the right hemisphere of the brainC. if human language ability is located in the brain, it is not situated right at thebackD. if human language ability is located in the brain, it is not situated right at thefront10. The Chinese sound/d/in English interlanguage pronunciation of "dat" for "that" belongs to _______ error.( )A. fossilizationB. transferC. interferenceD. overgeneralizationII. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with o ne word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the lettergiven. (1% ×10=10%)11. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be d_______.12. If you say door, new, two, senior, zoo, you will notice that the first sounds i n all these words are a_______ sounds. The t and s are voiceless, and d, n and z are voiced. Only n is nasal.13. The word snowfall is a word formed by joining two separate words, i.e. "sn ow" and "fall." This newly formed word is generally regarded as a c_______.14. A c_______ sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word, suchas "and," "but," "or."15. Pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items are called r_______ opposites.16. All the speech acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose or the same i_______ point, but they differ in their strength or force. 17. The [d] of spindle is developed between an adjacent [n] and [l]. Such a pro cess or change in which successive sounds are separated by an intervening segment is known as e_______.18. The two (or possibly more) groups use their native languages as a basis f or a rudimentary language of few lexical items and "straightforward" grammati cal rules. Such a m_______ language is called pidgin.19. The brain's neurological specialization for language is called linguistic l_______, which psycholinguists are particularly interested in.20. Within the framework of C_______ Analysis, second language learning w as believed to be a matter of overcoming the differences between L 1 and L2systems.III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each state ment. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think s o and then give the correct version. (2%×10=20%)21.( ) The arbitrary nature of language makes it possible for language to havean unlimited source of expressions.22.( ) When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment that occurs in the same place in the string, then the two words are called minimal pairs. Sip and zip are a minimal pair, as are fine and vine, andveal and leaf.23.( ) The meaning of a compound is the combination of the meanings of thewords in the compound.24.( ) The structure that occurs after movement takes place is what we term as surface structure.25.( ) The predication analysis of a sentence only applies to statements and interrogative forms.26.( ) Speech act theory was proposed by the British philosopher John Austinin the late 1950s.27.( ) Derivation covers various processes of word formation by the addition of affixes, such as the creation of adjectives from nouns (professional < professi on), nouns from verbs (computer < compute), adjectives from verbs (conceiva ble < conceive), and verbs from nouns (eulogize < eulogy).28.( ) In Black English, when the verb is negated, the indefinite pronouns som ething, somebody, and some become the negative indefinites nothing, nobody , and none, such as He don't know nothing. Such double negation constructio ns indicate that speakers of Black English are deficient because they use language "illogically."29.( ) The right hemisphere controls voluntary movements of, and responds tosignals from, the right side of the body.30.( ) Language acquisition is primarily the acquisition of the grammatical system of language.IV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration. (3% ×10=30%)31. displacement32. general linguistics33. assimilation rule34. derivational affix33. hierarchical structure36. semantic triangle37. grammatical meaning38. cooperative principle39. high variety40. right ear advantageV. Directions: Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)41. New words can be formed in many ways. Please illustrate borrowing, compounding, blending and back-formation, each with two examples.42. Describe briefly what stages children go through in their first language acquisition.。
最新1月全国自考现代语言学试题及答案解析
全国2018年1月自学考试现代语言学试题课程代码：00830I . Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the fourchoices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets.( 2% ×10=20% )1. The language behavior of particular persons on particular occasions is determined by many other factors over and above their linguistic ______. ( )A. systemB. structureC. competenceD. performance2. When we pronounce the long vowels [i:] or [u:], our ______, which is a bony structure at theend of the windpipe, is in a state of tension. ( )A. larynxB. hard palateC. glottisD. vocal cords3. The word “manuscript”is a two-morpheme cluster which contains ______. ( )A. two rootsB. a root and a prefixC. a root and a suffixD. a root and a free morpheme4. The grammatical knowledge is represented through Phrase Structure Rules, which stateexplicitly all and only the possible combinations of the ______ of a language, for example, in English, NP → ( Det ) (Adj) N (PP) (S). ( )A. phrasesB. clausesC. sentencesD. constituents5. The view that the meaning of a linguistic form is defined as the “situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer”was proposed by ______. ( )A. PlatoB. Ogden and RichardsC. John FirthD. Bloomfield6. According to John Austin's theory of speech act, a(n) ______ act is the change brought about by the utterance. ( )1A. prelocutionaryB. locutionaryC. illocutionaryD. perlocutionary7. In 1786, Sir William Jones suggested that ______ bore to Greek and Latin a stronger affinity than could possibly have been produced by accident.（）A. GermanicB. PersianC. SanskritD. Lithuanian8. The existence of taboo words and taboo ideas stimulates the creation of euphemism, which shows that a word or phrase not only has a linguistic denotative meaning but also has a ______.( )A. conceptual meaningB. connotative meaningC. cultural meaningD. social meaning9. Dichotic listening research tells us a signal coming in the left ear will first go to the ______ hemisphere, from where it is transferred to the left side of the brain for processing. （）A. right B. leftC. frontD. back10. Studies of the effects of formal instruction on second language acquisition suggest that formalinstruction may help learners perform some of the following types of tasks except ______.( ) A. planned speech B. writingC. casual and spontaneous conversationD. career-oriented examinationII. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1% ×10=10%)11. Double a refers to the property of language which means language is composed ofdiscrete units at two levels. At the lower level there is a structure of sounds, which are meaningless. At the higher level there are morphemes and words, which are meaningful.12. In the production of v , the back of the tongue is brought into contact with the softpalate, or velum, e.g., [k] in cat, [g] in get and [η] in sting.13. Morphological rules are the rules that govern which affix can be added to what type ofs to form a new word.214. A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words. Aphrase structure tree diagram assigns a h structure to sentences.15. The words such as “pop”meaning a certain sound and “pop”meaning popular are inrelationship of c homonyms.16. The c view in the discussion of semantics is often considered as the initial effort tostudy meaning in a pragmatic sense.17. Extensive changes in rules of morphology have occurred in the history of English. English haslost most of its i endings, by which it is no longer possible to identify the functional roles of nouns.18. Diglossia describes any stable linguistic situation, in which there exists a strict fdifferentiation between a low-variety or L-variety and a high variety or H-variety.19. The localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brainis called l .20. I is the language that a learner constructs at a given stage of second languageacquisition.III. Directions: Judge whether each, of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version. （2% ×10=20%)21.（）According to Hall (1968), language is "the institution whereby humans communicateand interact with each other by means of habitually used oral-auditory arbitrarysymbols." Most linguists today accept the view of language as a set of "habituallyused symbols."22.（）Intonation refers to a distinctive pattern of tones over stretch of speech in principlelonger than a word, in other words, when pitch, stress and sound length are tied tothe sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known asintonation.23.（）Suffixes are added to the end of stems, during the process of which they modify themeaning of the original word but usually do not change its part of speech.24.（）When we say a sentence has two levels of structure, D-structure and S-structure, we3do not mean that the syntactic representations of these two levels must be different.Since syntactic movement occurs to all sentences, so the representations of the twolevels look different.25.（）“He has been to New York”presupposes “He has been to America”.26.（）John Searle made a distinction between what he called “constatives”and“performatives”.27.（）Regularization of exceptional plural forms of nouns constantly occurs. By analogy tofoe/foes, and dog/dogs, English speakers started saying cows as the plural of cowinstead of the earlier plural kine. This analogical change does not occur when wordsare borrowed from foreign languages.28.（）The common English address terms are First Name (e.g., John), Last Name (e.g.,Smith), Title + Last Name (e.g., Dr. Green), Title + Title (e.g., Mr. President), Titlealone (e.g., Sir) and Kin term (e.g., Dad). And outside of marked settings, betweenfriends, neighbours and colleagues, first names are always preferred.29.（）Thanks to cerebral plasticity, people suffering damage to the left hemisphere are ableto transfer their language centers to the right hemisphere and to reacquire the lostlinguistic skills with relatively little disruption.30.（）The earliest sounds produced by infants can be considered as early language IV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration, if necessary. ( 3% × 10=30% )31. design features32. narrow transcription33. bound morphemes34. deep structure35. hyponymy36. commissives37. sound assimilation38. idiolect39. Wernicke's area40. interference4V. Directions: Answer the following questions.( 10% ×2=20% )41. Please illustrate the syntactic and semantic features of compounds in English language withexamples.42. Please explicate how language and thought develop and blend each other in order tounderstand the relationship between language and thought.5。
现代语言学_自考本科00830
Chapter 1——1
Some important distinctions in linguistics
Proposed by American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950’s.
Competence and performance
He defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language, and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. He believes the task of the linguists is to discover and specify the language rules.
Chapter 1——2
What is language?
Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Sapir uses “ideas” “emotions” and “desires” in his definition. Hall, like Sapir, treats language as a purely human institution. Chomsky’s definition is quite different, it focus on the purely structural properties of languages and to suggest that these properties can be investigated from a mathematically precise point of view.
00830现代语言学200410历年真题及答案
2004年下半年高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试现代语言学试卷（课程代码0830）第一部分选择题Ⅰ.Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A,B,C or D in the brackets.(2%×10=20%)1.Chomsky uses the term ( ) to refer to the actual realization of a language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in linguistic communication.A. langueB. competenceC. paroleD. performance2.In terms of the place of articulation, the following sounds [t][d][s][z][n] share the feature of ( ).A. palatalB. alveolarC. bilabialD. dental3.Transformational Generative Grammar was introduced by ( ) in 1957.A. L. BloomfieldB. F. SaussureC. N. ChomskyD.M. A. K. Halliday4.Natural languages are viewed to vary according to ( ) set on UG principles to particular values.A. Adjacent ConditionB. parametersC. Case ConditionD. Case requirement5. Synonyms are classified into se veral kinds. The kind to which“girl”and“lass” belong is called ( ) synonyms.A. stylisticB. dialectalC. emotiveD. collocational6. The illocutionary point of ( ) is to express the psychological state specified in the utterance.A. representativesB. commissivesC. expressivesD. declaratives7. Modern English words man, woman, child, eat, fight, ect. originate from ( ).A. Middle EnglishB. Old EnglishC. FrenchD. Norman French8. In a diglossic country, the two diglossic forms of a language are generally two varieties of the same language, but there are situations in which the H-variety may have no ( ) relationship with the L-variety.A. geneticB. socialC. directD. close9.Many aphasics do not show total language loss. Rather, different aspects of language are impaired. Aphasics in ( ) area reveal word-finding difficulties and problems with syntax.A. Werniker’sB. visualC. motorD. Broca’s10. ( ) motivation occurs when the learner desires to learn a second language in order to communicate with native speakers of the target language.A. InstrumentalB. FunctionalC. IntegrativeD. Social第二部分非选择题（共80分）Ⅱ. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given.(1％×10=10％)11. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be d .12. Stops, fricatives, affricates, liquids, and glides all have some degree of o and are therefore consonants.13. M is the smallest meaningful unit of language.14. A is the movement of an auxiliary verb to the sentence-initial position, such as “be”, “have”, “do” etc.15. R is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world; it is a matter of the relationship between form and the reality.16. In Austin’s early speech act theory, c were statements that either state or describe, and were thus verifiable.17. In the process of first language acquisition, children usually construct their personal grammars, and their language develops in stages until it a the grammatical rules of the adult language.18. A s community is one group, all of whose members share the same language or at least a single language variety.19. People may communicate their feelings or thoughts via n signals such as facial expressions, gestures, postures, or proxemic space.20. Although the development of a communicative system is not unique to human beings, the natural acquisition of l as a system of highly abstract rules and regulations for creative communication is what distinguishes humans from all other animal species.Ⅲ.Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. (2％×10=20％)21. ( ) The writing system of a language is always a later invention used to record speech; thus there are still many languages in today’s wo rld that can only be spoken, but not written.22. ( ) In such sound combinations as /bi:p/, /geip/ and /su:p/, the voiceless stop /p/, occurring in the final position, is unaspirated, i.e. pronounced with the strong puff of air withheld to some extent.23. ( ) The part of speech of the compound is always determined by the part of speech of the second element, without exception.24. ( ) The relationship between the embedded clause and its matrix clause is one of a part to the whole.25. ( ) The contextualist view of meaning holds that meaning should be studied in terms of the situational context and linguistic context.26. ( ) Searle’s classification of illocutionary acts is based on the classification of performative verbs.27. ( ) One kind of language change results in an increase of the number of exceptional or irregular morphemes. This kind of change has been called internal borrowing—that is, we “borrow” from one part of the grammar and apply the rule generally.28. ( ) There are differences in the way people of various age categories speak. The differences most easily noted by the layman are likely to be grammatical in nature.29. ( ) The left hemisphere of the brain is superior to the right hemisphere because the left hemisphere is language-dominant.30 ( ) A child born to a Chinese or English speaking family takes about the same number of years to acquire their native tongue, regardless of their general intelligence.Ⅳ.Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration.(3％×10=30％)31. assimilation rule32. root33. bound morphemes34. surface structure35. grammaticality36. elaboration37. bilingualism38. creole39. the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis40. fossilizationⅤ. Answer the following questions.(10％×2=20％)41. The phonological features that occur above the level of individual sounds are called suprasegmental features. Discuss the main suprasegmental features, illustrating with examples how they function in the distinction of meaning.42. Explain and give examples to show in what way componential analysis is similar to the analysis of phonemes into distinctive features.。
1月全国自考现代语言学试题及答案解析
全国2018年1月高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题课程代码：00830一、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的序号填在题干的括号内。
每小题2分，共20分)1.The description of a language as it changes through time is a ( ) study.A. comparativeB. diachronicC. up-to-dateD. descriptive2. Of the three branches of phonetics, the longest established, and until recently the most highly developed, is ( ) phonetics.A. auditoryB. acousticC. articulatoryD. none of the above three3. What the element ‘-es’indicates is third person singular, present tense, the element ‘-ed’past tense, and ‘-ing’progressive aspect. Since they are the smallest unit of language and meaningful, they are also ( ).A. phonemesB. morphemesC. allophonesD. phones4. Since early 1980s Noam Chomsky and other generatvie linguists proposed and developed a theory of universal grammar known as the ( ) theory.A. speech actB. TGC. principles-and-parametersD. minimalist programme5. One way to analyze lexical meaning is ( ).A. predication analysisB. stylistic analysisC. componential analysisD. proposition analysis6. Of the three speech acts, linguists are most interested in the ( ) because this kind of speech act is identical with the speaker’s intention.A. locutionary actB. illocutionary actC. perlocutionary actD. constative act7. The discovery of Indo-European language family began with the work of the British scholar ( ).A. Sir William JonesB. John FirthC. M. A. K. HallidayD. F. D. Saussure8. A bilingual speaker often uses two languages alternatively during a conversation with another1bilingual speaker, a speech situation known as ( ).A. discourse role-switchingB. activity role-switchingC. social role-switchingD. code-switching9. A focal point of SLA research has been the nature and development of L2 learners’( ).A. second languageB. first languageC. foreign languageD. interlanguage10. It is estimated that the number of basic words known by English-speaking school children of age six is around ( ).A. 7800B. 6800C. 5800D. 4800二、填空题(每小题1分，共10分)11. The description of a language at some point in time is a s________ study.12. When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i________.13. According to its position in the new word, a________ are divided into two kinds: prefixes and suffixes.14. P________ refers to the phenomenon that the same word may have a set of different meanings.15. Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules called s________ restrictions.16. The u________ meaning of the sentence varies with the context in which it is uttered.17. Some important missions of historical linguists are to identify and classify families of related languages in a genealogical family tree, and to reconstruct the p________, the original form of a language family that has ceased to exist.18. R________ are language varieties appropriate for use in particular speech situations.19. Learners will subconsciously use their L1 knowledge in learning a second language. This is known as language t________.20. A related issue with integrative motivation has been the extent to which learners differ in theprocess of adapting to the new culture of the L2 community. This adaptation process is calleda ________.三、判断说明题(判断下列各题，正确的在题干后面的括号内填“T”，错误的填“F”，并说明理由。
2018年10月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试00830现代语言学真题附答案
2018年10月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试现代语言学 试卷（课程代码00830）本试卷共4页，满分100分，考试时间150分钟。
考生答题注意事项：1 •本卷所有试题必须在答题卡上作答。
答在试卷上无效，试卷空白处和背面均 可作草稿纸。
2 •第一部分为选择题。
必须对应试卷上的题号使用 2B 铅笔将“答题卡”的相应 代码涂黑。
3 .第二部分为非选择题。
必须注明大、小题号，使用 0. 5毫米黑色字迹签字笔 作答。
4 .合理安排答题空间，超出答题区域无效。
第一部分 选择题Directionst Read e^ch of the following statements carefully;which one of the four choices best completes the statement bhekea the corresponding tetter A, C or D on theANSWER SHEET (2%Xlfr=20%5 What can be drawn safely from theof Genie is that __________ . A- it confirms the critical period hypothesisB, homan's language acquisition device k independent of other intellectual abilities申C language cannot be acquired at 汨]after th* critic^ periodD. the language iaculty of an average human degenerates after (he critical period and, as a result, most linguistic skiUs cannot developI. 3. According to E de Saussure, ___________ refers to 曲匕 abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.A, competence B, performanceThe English sound [u:] is a _ _ .A. close vowel B ・ scnu<lose vowel C. semi-open vowelWhich of the following factors is NOT a learner factor?A, AccuituratiOfi B. PersonalityC. Interaction The words 、帕ku” HIK I :l tabJe w are calledC. langueD. parole D H open vowel A. free morphemesC. form wordsD. Motivation _____ because they can occur unattached. B. bound morphemes D. inflectional morphemes6. Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticalitybelong to the same __________ •A. syntactic categoryB. phonological categoryC. morphological categoryD. semantic category7. Sociolinguistics is primarily concerned with the social significance of language and language usein different speech communities.A. variationB. changeC. structureD. form8. In semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is called __________________ , which is theabstraction of the meaning of a sentence・A. predicationB. predicate C・ argument D・ sense9. The notion of ___________ is essential to the pragmatic study of language.A. utteranceB. sentence C・ context D・ speech act10. The first and most widely investigated language femily of the world is ________________ •A. the Sino-Tibetan FamilyB. the Indo-European FamilyC. the Austronesian Family D・ the Afroasiatic Family第二部分非选择题11. Directions: Fill in the bbink on the ANSWER SHEET in each of the following statements withone word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%X 10=10%)11. Cultural t ________ means that language can be passed on from one generation to thenext through teaching and leamin& rather than by instinct12. When pitch, stress, and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word inisolation, they are collectively known as i ____________ •13. Language acquisition is concerned with language d __________ in humans.14. Semantically, the meaning of a compound is often i . not always being the sumtotal of the meanings of its components.15. ______________________________________________________________________ The relationship between the name and the meaning of a word is quite a ___________________ .16. Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called t ________________ rules, whoseoperation may change the syntactic representation of a sentence.17. A creole language is originally a p ____________ that has become established as a nativelanguage in some speech community.】& E _____ refers to the phenomenon that the same word may have more than one meaning.19. If one contributes more information than is required in a conversation, hc/she violates themaxim of a .20. Many of the most basic terms in the English language originate from Q ___________ English.UL Directions： Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false on the ANSWER SHEET. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version. (2%X 10=20%)21. The description of a language at some point in time is a diachronic study.22. [0] and [d] are two dental fricatives in English・23. Although there are individual differences in onset and rate of language development, childrenacross cultures follow the same order of language development.24. “Plural” is a morpheme.25. Language is the only means for thought.26. Parameters are syntactic options of UG that allow general principles to operate in one way oranother and contribute to significant linguistic variations between and among natural languages.27. A regional dialect is usually spoken by a group of people living in the same community.28. Contextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaningto observable contexts.29. The two sentences u Tom smokes^ and ^Tom is smoking/ have the same predication.30. Modem linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the spoken・IV. Directions: Explain the following terms and give examples for iUustration where appropriate* (3% X 10=30% )31 ・ duality32. word stress33. second language acquisition (SLA)34. stem35・ cerebral plasticity36. AUX-movcment37. speech community38. sense39. pragmatics40. historical linguisticsV. Directions： Answer the following questions (10%X2=20%)41 • Name and describe 5 of the core branches of linguistics.42. How are semantics and pragmatics related, and how do they differ?现代语J 学试題答案及评分参子第I 页（共3 U （）绝密★启用前2018年10月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试现代语言学试题答案及评分参考（课程代码00830 ）I . Directions: Read each of the follouing statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices bestcompletes the statement and blacken the corresponding letter A. B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.l.C 2. A 3.C 4. A Directions: Fill in the blank on the ANSWRR SHEET in each of (he ColloHinK statements with one word, the first letter of uhich is already given as a clue ・ Note that you are to fill in ONE v^ord only, and you are not allowed to change the letter 七iven. (1%X 10=10%)II. transmission12. intonation 13. development 15・ arbitrary17. pidgin19. quanlily 14. idiomatic 16. transformational 1X. Polysemy 20. Old 111. Directions ： Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or P forfalse on the ANS'、ER SHEET. If you think a statement h fal^ >ou must explain why you think so andthen give the correct version. (2%X 10=20%)21. FThe description of a language at sonu: point in time is a synchronic study.或者I he (lcscnption of a la as il changes ihrou 字h linx is a diachronic simly评分标准：答对得2分；正饯判断错I 吴扣全分。
自考现代语言学试题及答案解析与评分标准
自考现代语言学试题及答案解析与评分标准
高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试现代语言学试
卷
本试卷共4页，满分l00分，考试时间l50分钟。
考生答题注意事项：
1．本卷所有试题必须在答题卡上作答。
答在试卷上无效，试卷空白处和背面均可作草稿纸。
2.第一部分为选择题。
必须对应试卷上的题号使用2B铅笔将“答题卡”的相应代码涂黑。
3.第二部分为非选择题。
必须注明大、小题号，使用0．5毫米黑色字迹签字笔作答。
4．合理安排答题空间，超出答题区域无效。
第一部分选择题。