雅思学术类阅读真题

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雅思学术类阅读真题

READING 1READING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.AIRPORTS ON WATERRiver deltas are difficult places for map makers. Their river build them up, the seas wears them down; their outlines are always changing The changes in China's Pearl River delta, however, are more dramatic than these natural fluctuations. An island six kilometres long and with a total area of 1248 hectares is being created there. And the civil engineers are as interested in performance as in speed and size. This is a bit of the delat than they want to endure.The new island of Chek Lap Kok, the site of Hong Kong's mew airport, is 83% complete. The giant dumper trucks rumbling across it will have finished their job by the middle of this year and the airport itself will bebuilt at a similarly breakneck pace.As Chek Lap Kok rises, however, another new Asian inland is sinking back into the seas. This is a 520-hectare island built in Osaka Bay, Japan, that serves as the platform for the new Kansai airport, Chek Lap Kok was built in a different way, and thus hopes to avoid the same sinking fate.The usual ways to reclaim land is to pile sand rock on to the seabed. When the seabed oozes with mud, this is rather like placing a textbook on a wet sponge: the weight squeezes the water out, causing both water and sponge to settle lower. The settlement is rarely even: different parts sinkat different rates. So buildings, pipes, roads and so on tend to buckle and crack. You can engineer around these problems, or you can engineer them out. Kansai took the first approach; Chek Lap Kok is taking the second.The differences are both political and geological. Kansai was supposed to be built just one kilometre offshore, where the seabed is quite solid. Fishermen protested, and the site was shifted a further five kilometres. That put it in deeper water (around 20 metres) and above a seabed that consisted of 20 metres of soft alluvial silt and mud deposits. Worse, below it was a not-very-firm glacial deposit hundreds of metres thick.The Kansai builders recognised that settlement was inevitable. Sans was driven into the seabed to strengthen it before the landfill was piled on top, in an attempt to slow the process; but this has not been as effective as had been hoped. To cope with settlement, Kansai's giant terminal is supported on 900 pillars. Each of them can be individually jacked up. allowing wedges to be added underneath. That is meant to keep the building level.But it could be a tricky task.Conditions are different at Chek Lap Kok. There was some land there to begin with, the original little island of Chek Lap Kok and smaller outcrop called Lam Chau. Between them, these two outcrops of hard, weathered granite make up a quarter of the new island's surface area. Unfortunately, between the islands there was a layer of soft mud, 27 metres thick in places.According to Frans Uiterwijk, a Dutchman who is the project's reclamation director, it would have been possible to leave this mud below the reclaimed land, and to deal with the resulting settlement by the Kansai method. But the consortium that won the contract for the island opted for a more aggressive approach. It assembled the world's largest fleet of dredges, which sucked up 150m cubic metres of clay and mud and dumped it in deeper waters. At the same time, sand was dredged from the waters and piled on top of the layer of stiff clay that the massive dredging had laid bare.Nor was the sand the only thing used. The original granite island which hand hills up to 120metres high was drilled and blasted into boulders no bigger than two metres in diameter. This provided 70m cubic metres ofgranite to add to the island's foundations. Because the heap of boulders does not fill the space perfectly, this represents t he equivalent of 105m cubic metres of landfill. Most of the rock will become the foundations for the airport's runways and its taxiways. The sand dredged from the waters will also be used to provide a two-metre capping layer over the granite platform. This makes it easier for utilities to dig trenches-granite is unyielding stuff. Most of the terminal buildings will be placed above the site of the existing island. Only a limited amount of pile-driving is needed to support building foundations above softer areas.The completed island will be six to seven metres above sea level. In all, 350m cubic metres of material will have been moved. And much of it, like the overloads, has to be moved several times before reaching its final resting place. For example, there was to be a motorway capable of carrying 150-tonne dump-trucks; and there has to be a raised area for the 15,000 construction workers. These are temporary; they will be removed when the airport is finished.The airport, though, is here to stay. To protect it, the new coastline is being bolstered with a formidable twelve kilometres of sea defences. The brunt of a typhoon will be deflected by the neighbouring island of Lantau; the sea walls should guard against the rest. Gentler but more persistentbad weather-the downpours of the summer monsoon-is also being taken into account. A mat-like material called geotextile is being laid across the island to separate the rock and sand layers. That will stop sand particles from being washed into the rock voids, and so causing further settlement. This island is being built never to be sunk.Questions 1-5Classify the following statements as applying toA Check Lap Kok airport onlyB Kansai airport onlyC Both airportsWrite the appropriate letters A-C in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet. Example Answerbuilt on a man-made island C1 having an area of over 1000 hectares2 built in a river delta3 built in the open sea4 built by reclaiming land5 built using conventional methods of reclamationQuestions 6-9Complete the labels on Diagram B below.Choose your answers from the box below the diagram and write them inboxes 6-9 on your answer sheet.NB There are more words/phrases than spaces, so you will not use them all.DIAGRAM ACross-section of the original area around Chek Lap Kok before work began.DIAGRAM BCross-section of the same area at the time the article was written。

雅思阅读试卷附完整参考答案

Section I WordsA.Match the words with the same meaning.W rite down the letters on you answer sheet.(1(1’’*6)1.epidermic2.motivate3.assume4.appealing5.controversy 6expertise A.skill or knowledge in a particular areaB.dispute,argumentC.attractiveD.an outbreak of a contagious disease thatspreads rapidly and widelyE.to provide with an incentive;impel. F.to take for granted,supposeB.Fill in the blanks with proper forms of words given in the box,one word can be usedmore than once.(1(1’’*10)evolve prepare propose minimum peer throughcheat weep address exploit except1.Not surprisingly,his was not well received,even though it seemed to agree with the scientific information available at the time..2.The little girl with disappointment when she learned that her favourite Barbie Dolls were sold out.3.The price is her,she refuses to lower it any further.4.Apes,monkeys and many other primates have fairly elaborate systems of calls for communicating with other members of their species.5.Some melodies are quite manipulative,working on our emotions very effectively,and composers have often this to the full.6.I realized I’d been when I saw the painting on sale for half the price I paid for it.7.To this problem,Counter Intelligence built a kitchen of its own and started making gagets to fill it with.8.Most birds don’t have a good sense of smell,but fish-eaters such as petrels and shearwaters are significant.9.Why bother a clear door,when you can put a camera in the oven to broadcast snapshots of the activities in the oven to a screen in another room?10.Exploration will allow us to make suitable for dealing with any dangers that we might face,and we may be able to find physical resources such as minerals.SectionⅡ.TranslationA.Translate the following sentences into English.(3(3’’*5)1.Despite the hardship he encountered,Mark never(放弃对知识的追求)2.由于缺乏对这种病的了解，许多人依然认为HIV受害者都是自作自受。

雅思模拟试题1-阅读(学术类)

Academic ReadingALL ANSWERS MUST BE WRITTEN ON THE ANSWER SHEET.The test is divided as follows:Reading Passage 1 Questions 1 to 13Reading Passage 2 Questions 14 to 27Reading Passage 3 Questions 28 to 40Start at the beginning of the test and work through it. You should answer all the questions. If you cannot do a particular question leave it and go on to the next one. You can return to it later.TLME ALLOWED: 60 MINUTESNUMBER OF QUESTIONS: 40Read ing Passage 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-14, which are based on Reading Questio ns 1-5Read ing Passage 1 has seve n paragraphs A-G.Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B-E and G from the list of headings below. Write the correct nu mber (i-x) in boxes 1-5 on your an swer sheet.Example Paragraph A An swer iv1 Paragraph B2 Paragraph C3 Paragraph D4 Paragraph EExample Paragraph F An swer ii5 Paragraph GSpace travel AND healthASpace biomedicine is a relatively new area of research both in the USA and in Europe. Its main objectives are to study the effects of space travel on the human body, identifying the most critical medical problems and finding solutions to those problems. Space biomedicine centres are receiving increasing direct support from NASA and/or the European Space Agency (ESA).BThis involvement of NASA and the ESA reflects growing concern that the feasibility of travel to other planets, and beyond, is no longer limited by engineering constraints but by what the human body can actually withstand. The discovery of ice on Mars, for instance, means that there is now no necessity to design and develop a spacecraft large and powerful enough to transport the vast amounts of water needed to sustain the crew throughout journeys that may last many years. Without the necessary protection and medical treatment, however, their bodies would be devastated by the unremittingly hostile environment of space.CThe most obvious physical changes undergone by people in zero gravity are essentially harmless; in some cases they are even amusing. The blood and other fluids are no longer dragged down towards the feet by the gravity of Earth, so they accumulate higher up in the body, creating what is sometimes called ‘ faftace ,' together with the contrasting‘ chickelnegs 'syndrome as the lower limbs become thinner.Much more serious are the unseen consequencesafter months or years in space. With no gravity, there is less need for a sturdy skeleton to support the body, with the result that the bones weaken, releasing calcium into the bloodstream. This extra calcium can overload the kidneys, leading ultimately to renal failure. Muscles too lose strength through lack of use. The heart becomes smaller, losing the power to pump oxygenated blood to all parts of the body, while the lungs lose the capacity to breathe fully. The digestive system becomes less efficient, a weakened immune system is increasingly unable to prevent diseasesand the high levels of solar and cosmic radiation can cause various forms of cancer.ETo make matters worse, a wide range of medical difficulties can arise in the case of an accident or serious illness when the patient is millions of kilometres from Earth. There is simply not enough room available inside a space vehicle to include all the equipment from a hospital 's casualty unit, some of which would not work properly in space anyway. Even basic things such as a drip depend on gravity to function, while standard resuscitation techniques become ineffective if sufficient weight cannot be applied. The only solution seems to be to create extremely small medical tools and ‘ smartd'evices that can, for example, diagnose and treat internal injuries using ultrasound. The cost of designing and producing this kind of equipment is bound to be, well, astronomical.FSuch considerations have led some to question the ethics of investing huge sums of money to help a handful of people who, after all, are willingly risking their own health in outer space, when so much needs to be done a lot closer to home. It is now clear, however, that every problem of space travel has a parallel problem on Earth that will benefit from the knowledge gained and the skills developed from space biomedical research. For instance, the very difficulty of treating astronauts in space has led to rapid progress in the field of telemedicine, which in turn has brought about developments that enable surgeons to communicate with patients in inaccessible parts of the world. To take another example, systems invented to sterilize waste water on board spacecraft could be used by emergency teams to filter contaminated water at the scene of natural disasters such as floods andearthquakes. In the same way, miniature monitoring equipment, developed to save weight in space capsules, will eventually become tiny monitors that patients on Earth can wear without discomfort wherever they go.GNevertheless, there is still one major obstacle to carrying out studies into the effects of space travel: how to do so without going to the enormous expense of actually working in space. To simulate conditions in zero gravity, one tried and tested method is to work under water, but the space biomedicine centres are also looking at other ideas. In one experiment, researchers study the weakening of bones that results from prolonged inactivity. This would involve volunteers staying in bed for three months, but the centre concerned is confident there should be no great difficulty in finding people willing to spend twelve weeks lying down. All in the name of science, of course.Questi ons 6 and 7An swer the question below usin gNO MORE THAN THREE WORDS each an swer.6 Where, apart from Earth, can space travellers find water? ......................7 What happe ns to huma n legs duri ng space travel? ....................Questio ns 8-12Do the followi ng stateme nts agree with the writerIn boxes 8-12 on your an swer sheet writeYES if the stateme nt agrees with tile views of the writerNO if the statement does not agree with the views of the writerNOT GIVEN if there is no information about this in the passage8 The obstacles to going far into space are now medical, not tech no logical.9 Astr on auts cannot survive more tha n two years in space.10 It is morally wrong to spend so much money on space biomedicine.11 Some kinds of surgery are more successful whe n performed in space.12 Space biomedical research can only be done in space.Questi ons 13 and 14Complete the table belowChooseNO MORE THAN THREE WORDSm the passage for each an swer.Write your an swers in boxes 13 and 14 on your an swer sheet.Telemedic ine treat ing astr on auts 13 .......................... i n remote areasSterilizati on steriliz ing waste water 14 .......................... i n disaster zoness views in Readi ng Passage 1? Telemedic ine treat ing astr on auts 13 .......................... in remote areasMin iaturizatio n sav ingweightweari ng small mon itorscomfortablyRead ing Passage 2You should spe nd about 20 minu tes on Questi on S15-27, which are based on Read ing Passage 2.Cann es. Monte Carlo. St Tropez. Magic n ames all. And much of the en cha ntme nt comes from the deep blue water that laps their shores. But what if somebody pulled the plug? Suppose the Mediterranean Sea were to vanish, leaving behind an expanse of salt desert the size of India. Hard to imagine? It happened.‘ iwould have looked like Death Valley, says Bill Ryan, from the Lam on t-Doherty Earth Observatory in New York, one of the leaders of the team that discovered the Mediterranean had once dried up, then refilled in a deluge of Biblical proportions. Between five and six million years ago, the great desiccation touched off what scientists call me Messinian Salinity Crisis-a global chemical imbalance that triggered a wrenching series of exti nctions and plun ged the Earth into an ice age.The first indications of some extraordinary past events came in the 1960s, when geologists 20 discovered that major rivers flowing into the Mediterranean had eroded deep canyons in the rock at the bottom of the sea. River erosi on of bedrock cannot occur below sea level, yet somehow the River Rhone in the South of France had man aged to create a cha nnel 1000 metres deep in the sea floor, while the Nile had cut nearly 1500 metres into the rock off the North African coast. There was more: despite the fact that the formation of caves can only take place above water, scie ntists 30 discovered a whole n etwork ben eath the isla nd of Malta that reached an ast oni shi ng depth of 2000 metres below sea level.Further evidence came to light in 1970, when an international team chugged across the Mediterranean in a drilling ship to study the sea floor near the Spanish island of Majorca. Strange things started turning up in core samples: layers of microscopic plants and soil sandwiched betweenbeds of salt more than two kilometres below today 's sea level. The plants had grown in sunlight. Also discovered inside the rock were fossilized shallow-water shellfish, together with salt and silt: particles of sand and mud that had once been carried by river water. Could the sea floor once have been near a shoreline?That question led Ryan and his fellow team leader, Kenneth Hs u , to piece together a staggering chain of events. About 5.8 million years ago, they concluded, the Mediterranean was gradually cut off from the Atlantic Ocean when continental drift pinned Morocco against Spain. As the opening became both narrower and shallower, the deep outward flow from sea to ocean was progressively cut off, leaving only the shallow inward flow of ocean water into the Mediterranean. As this water evaporated, the sea became more saline and creatures that couldn 'htandle the rising salt content perished. ‘Thesea'insterior was dead as a door nail, except for bacteria, ' says Ryan. When the shallow opening raatltGairbfinally closed completely, the Mediterranean, with only rivers to feed it, dried up and died.Meanwhile, the evaporated water was falling back to Earth as rain. When the fresh water reached the oceans, it made them less saline. With less salt in it to act as an antifreeze, parts of the ocean that would not normally freeze began to turn to ice.‘The ice reflects sunlight into space, ' says Ryan. 'The planet cools. You drive yourself into an ice age. 'Eventually, a small breach in the Gibraltar dam sent the process into reverse. Ocean water cut a tiny channel to the Mediterranean. As the gap enlarged, the water flowed faster and faster, until the torrent ripped through the emerging Straits of Gibraltar at more than 100 knots. ‘The Gibraltar Fallswe0retim10es bigger than Victoria Falls and a thousand times grander than Niagara, 'Hs u wrote in his book The Mediterranean was a Desert (Princeton University Press, 1983).In the end the rising waters of the vast inland sea drowned the falls and warm waterbegan to escape to the Atlantic, reheating the oceans and the planet. The salinity crisis ended about 5.4 million years ago. It had lasted roughly 400,000 years.Subsequent drilling expeditions have added a few wrinkies to Ryan and Hs u' s scenario. For example, researchers have found salt deposits more than two kilometres thick - so thick, some believe, that the Mediterranean must have dried up and refilled many times. But those are just geological details. Fortourists the crucial question is, could it happen again? Should Malaga start stockpiling dynamite? Not yet, says Ryan. If continental drift does reseal the Mediterranean, it won several million years.‘Some future creatures may face the issue of how to respond to nature ' s closure. It ' s not something our species has to worry about. 'Questions 15-19Complete the summary below.Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 15-19 on your answer sheet.The 1960s discovery of 15 ......................... in the bedrock of the Mediterranean, aswell as deep caves beneath Malta, suggested something strange had happened in the region, as these features must have been formed 16 ................................................ sea level. Subsequent examination of the 17 ........................ off Majorca provided more proof.Rock samples from 2000 metres down contained both vegetation and18 ....................... that could not have lived in deep water, as well as19 ....................... o ri g i n a l l y transported by river.Questions 20-22Complete each of the following statements with the best ending from the box below. Write the appropriate letters A-G in boxes 20-22 on your answer sheet.20 The extra ice did not absorb the heat from the sun, so...21 The speed of the water from the Atlantic increased as...22 The Earth and its oceans became warmer when...Questions 23-27Choose the appropriate letters A, B, C or D and write them in boxes 23-27 on your answer sheet.23 What, according to Ryan and Hs u , happened about 5.8 million years ago? A Movement of the continents suddenly closed the Straits of Gibraltar.B The water level of the Atlantic Ocean gradually fell.C The flow of water into the Mediterranean was immediately cut off.D Water stopped flowing from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic.24 Why did most of the animal and plant life in the Mediterranean die?A The water became too salty.B There was such a lot of bacteria in the water.C The rivers did not provide salt water.D The sea became a desert.25 According to the text, the events at Gibraltar led toA a permanent cooling of the Earth.B the beginning and the end of an ice age.C the formation of waterfalls elsewhere in the world.D a lack of salt in the oceans that continues to this day.26 More recent studies show thatA Ryan and Hs u's theory was correct in every detail.B the Mediterranean was never cut off from the Atlantic.C it may have been cut off more than once.D it might once have been a freshwater lake.27 At the end of the article, Ryan suggests thatA the Mediterranean will never dry up again.B humans will have the technology to prevent it drying up again.C the Mediterranean is certain to dry up again one day.D humans will never see the Mediterranean dry up.Read ing Passage 3You should spe nd about 20 minu tes on Questi ons 28-40, which are based on Read ingPassage 3.Dogs: a love storyAGen etic studies show that dogs evolved from wolves and rema in as similar to the creatures from which they came as huma ns with differe nt physical characteristics are to each other, which is. to say not much different at all, ‘ Even in the most changemitochondrial DNA markers - DNA handed down on the mother' s ide- dogs and wolves differ by not ' much more than one per cent ' says Robert Wayne, a geneticist at the University of California at Los Angeles.BWolf-like species go back one to two milli on years, says Wayne, whose gen etic work suggests dogs of some sort bega n break ing away about 100,000 years ago. Wolf and early huma n fossils have bee n found close together from as far back as 400,000 years ago, but dog and huma n fossils date back only about 14,000 years, all of which puts wolves and/or dogs in the company of man or his progenitor 'before the development of farming and permanent human settlements, at a time when both species survived on what they could scratch out hunting or scave nging.CWhy would these competitors cooperate? The answer probably lies in the similar social structure and size of wolf packs and early human clans, the compatibility of their hunting objectives and range, and the willingness of humans to accept into camp the most supplia nt wolves, the young or less threate ning on es.DCertai n wolves or protodogs may have worked their way close to the fire ring after smelli ng somethi ng good to eat, the n into early huma n gatheri ngs by proving helpfulor unthreatening. As wandering packs of twenty- five or thirty wolves and clans of like- numbered nomadic humans roamed the landscape in tandem, hunting big game, the animals hung around campsites scavenging leftovers, and the humans might have used the wolves ' superior scenting ability and speed to locate and track prospective kills. At night, wolves with their keen senses could warn humans of danger approaching.ETimes might not have been as hard back then as is commonly thought, in many instances food would have been plentiful, predators few, and the boundaries between humans and wildlife porous. Through those pores slipped smaller or less threatening wolves, which from living in packs where alpha bosses reigned would know the tricks of subservience and could adapt to humans in charge. Puppies in particular would be hard to resist, as they are today. Thus was a union born and a process of domestication begun.FOver the millennia, admission of certain wolves and protodogs into human camps and exclusion of larger, more threatening ones led to the development of people-friendly breeds distinguishable from wolves by size, shape, coat, cars and markings. Dogs were generally smaller than wolves, their snouts proportionally reduced. They would assist in the hunt clean up camp by eating garbage, warn of danger, keep humans warm, and serve as food. Native Americans among others ate puppies, and in some societies it remains accepted practice.GBy the fourth millennium BC Egyptian rock and pottery drawings show dogs being put to work by men. Then, as now, the relationship was not without drawbacks. Feral dogs roamed city streets, stealing food from people returning from market. Despite their penchant for misbehaviour, and sometimes because of it, dogs keep turning up at all the important junctures in human history.HIn ancient Greece, 350 years before Christ, Aristotle described three types of domesticated dogs, including speedy Laconians used by the rich to chase and kill rabbits and deer. Three hundred years later, Roman warriors trained large dogs for battle. The brutes could knock an armed man from his horse and dismember him.IIn seventeenth-century England, dogs still worked, pulling carts, sleds, and ploughs, herding livestock, or working as turn-spits, powering wheels that turned beef and venison over open fires. But Working dogs were not much loved and were usually hanged or drowned when they got old. ‘ Unnecessary ' dogs meanwhile gained statusamong English royalty. King James I was said to love his dogs more than his subjects.Charles n was famous for playing with his dog at Council table, and his brother James had dogs at sea in 1682 when his ship was caught in a storm. As sailors drowned, he allegedly cried out, ‘Save the dogs and Colonel Churchill! 'JBy the late nineteenth century the passion for breeding led to the creation of private registries to protect prized bloodlines. The Kennel Club was formed in England in 1873, and eleven years later the American Kennel Club (AKC) was formed across the Atlantic. Today the AKC registers 150 breeds, the Kennel Club lists 196, and the Europe-based F e d e ratioC yno logique Intern ati on ale recog ni zes many more. Dog shows sprouted in the mid- 1800s when unnecessary dogs began vastly to outnumber working ones, as they do to this day. Unless, that is, you count companionship as a job.Questions 28-31Reading Passage 3 has ten paragraphs labelled A-J.Write the correct letters A-J in boxes 28-31 on your answer sheet.28 Which paragraph explains how dogs became different in appearance from wolves?29 Which paragraph describes the classification of dogs into many different types?30 Which paragraph states the basic similarity betwee n wolves and dogs?31 Which paragraph gives examples of greater huma n concern for ani mals tha n for people? Questio ns 32-35Which FOUR of the follow ing stateme nts are made in the text?Choose FOUR letters from A-H and write them in boxes 32-35 on your answer sheet.A In a typical camp there were many more wolves tha n huma ns.B Neither the wolves nor the huma ns lived in one place for long.C Some wolves learned to obey human leaders.D Huma ns chose the most dan gerous wolves to help them hunt.E There was very little for early humans to eat.F Wolves got food from early huma ns.G Wolves started livi ng with huma ns whe n agriculture bega n.H Early huma ns especially liked very young wolves.Questio ns 36-40Write the correct letters A-F in boxes 36-40 on your an swer sheet.36 in war37 as a source of energy38 as food39 to hunt other animals40 to work with farm animals。

雅思英语学术阅读与写作测试选择题 60题

1. What is the main topic of the passage?A. The history of educationB. The role of technology in modern educationC. The challenges of online learningD. The future of traditional classrooms2. According to the passage, how has technology changed the way student s learn?A. It has made learning more expensive.B. It has increased the need for physical classrooms.C. It has made learning more accessible and interactive.D. It has reduced the importance of teachers.3. The author mentions that technology has led to:A. A decrease in student engagementB. An increase in educational costsC. A wider range of learning resourcesD. A shift towards more traditional teaching methods4. What does the passage suggest about the future of education?A. It will become completely technology-free.B. It will rely more on traditional teaching methods.C. It will continue to integrate technology.D. It will focus solely on online learning.Passage 2: The Role of Renewable Energy in Climate Change Mitigation5. What is the primary focus of this passage?A. The history of renewable energyB. The impact of fossil fuels on the environmentC. The role of renewable energy in combating climate changeD. The economic benefits of renewable energy6. According to the passage, renewable energy sources include:A. Coal and oilB. Wind and solar powerC. Natural gasD. Nuclear power7. The author suggests that renewable energy can help to:A. Increase global warmingB. Reduce dependence on fossil fuelsC. Slow down technological advancementsD. Increase air pollution8. What is the main challenge mentioned in the passage regarding the ad option of renewable energy?A. High initial costsB. Lack of government supportC. Inadequate technological developmentD. Public resistancePassage 3: The Evolution of Urban Planning9. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. The history of urban planningB. The impact of urban planning on the environmentC. The future of rural areasD. The role of architects in city development10. According to the passage, urban planning has evolved to focus more on:A. Historical preservationB. Economic growthC. Sustainable developmentD. Population control11. The author mentions that modern urban planning aims to:A. Increase traffic congestionB. Promote unsustainable practicesC. Create livable and environmentally friendly citiesD. Reduce the availability of public spaces12. What does the passage suggest about the future of urban planning?A. It will focus on reducing city size.B. It will become less important.C. It will continue to prioritize sustainability.D. It will ignore environmental concerns.写作部分Question 1: Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Tech nology has made our lives more complicated rather than easier.13. The author's view on technology making lives more complicated is pr imarily based on:A. Increased efficiencyB. Greater convenienceC. More distractionsD. Enhanced communication14. The author argues that technology has led to:A. A decrease in work-life balanceB. An increase in personal freedomC. A simpler lifestyleD. More meaningful relationships15. According to the author, the main drawback of technology is:A. Its costB. Its complexityC. Its impact on social interactionsD. Its role in economic growth16. The author suggests that to make technology less complicated, we sh ould:A. Use it less frequentlyB. Invest in more advanced technologyC. Focus on its benefitsD. Limit its applicationsQuestion 2: Discuss the impact of globalization on cultural diversity.17. The author believes that globalization has:A. Preserved cultural diversityB. Eroded cultural diversityC. Ignored cultural diversityD. Enhanced cultural diversity18. According to the author, the main benefit of globalization is:A. Economic growthB. Cultural homogenizationC. Increased cultural awarenessD. Reduced cultural exchange19. The author mentions that globalization can lead to:A. A loss of local traditionsB. A greater appreciation of local traditionsC. A decrease in international tradeD. An increase in cultural isolation20. The author suggests that to maintain cultural diversity, we should:A. Isolate ourselves from global influencesB. Promote cultural exchangeC. Ignore global trendsD. Focus solely on local culturesQuestion 3: Analyze the effects of social media on interpersonal relati onships.21. The author argues that social media has:A. Strengthened interpersonal relationshipsB. Weakened interpersonal relationshipsC. Had no impact on interpersonal relationshipsD. Improved communication skills22. According to the author, the main advantage of social media is:A. Increased privacyB. Enhanced social interactionC. Reduced face-to-face communicationD. Greater anonymity23. The author mentions that social media can lead to:A. A decrease in real-life interactionsB. An increase in community involvementC. A greater sense of belongingD. More meaningful relationships24. The author suggests that to improve interpersonal relationships, we should:A. Use social media lessB. Focus on online interactionsC. Balance online and offline interactionsD. Ignore social media entirelyQuestion 4: Evaluate the role of government in promoting public health.25. The author believes that the government's role in promoting public health is:A. InsignificantB. CrucialC. LimitedD. Counterproductive26. According to the author, the main responsibility of the government in public health is:A. Funding private healthcareB. Implementing health policiesC. Promoting unhealthy lifestylesD. Reducing healthcare costs27. The author mentions that government initiatives can lead to:A. A decrease in public health awarenessB. An increase in healthcare costsC. Improved public health outcomesD. Greater reliance on private healthcare28. The author suggests that to effectively promote public health, the government should:A. Reduce its involvementB. Increase funding for healthcareC. Focus on individual responsibilityD. Collaborate with healthcare providersQuestion 5: Assess the impact of climate change on global agriculture.29. The author argues that climate change has:A. No impact on agricultureB. A positive impact on agricultureC. A negative impact on agricultureD. A neutral impact on agriculture30. According to the author, the main challenge posed by climate change to agriculture is:A. Increased crop yieldsB. Reduced water availabilityC. Improved soil qualityD. Greater biodiversity31. The author mentions that climate change can lead to:A. A decrease in food productionB. An increase in agricultural productivityC. A shift towards more sustainable farming practicesD. Greater reliance on synthetic fertilizers32. The author suggests that to mitigate the impact of climate change o n agriculture, we should:A. Ignore environmental concernsB. Invest in climate-resistant cropsC. Focus on reducing agricultural outputD. Promote industrial farming methodsQuestion 6: Examine the relationship between education and economic dev elopment.33. The author believes that education is:A. Irrelevant to economic developmentB. A key driver of economic developmentC. A hindrance to economic developmentD. A minor factor in economic development34. According to the author, the main benefit of education for economic development is:A. Increased government spendingB. Improved workforce skillsC. Reduced unemployment ratesD. Greater consumer spending35. The author mentions that education can lead to:A. A decrease in economic growthB. An increase in poverty levelsC. Enhanced innovation and productivityD. Greater income inequality36. The author suggests that to promote economic development, we should:A. Reduce investment in educationB. Focus on short-term economic gainsC. Invest in quality educationD. Prioritize industrial growthQuestion 7: Discuss the role of innovation in business success.37. The author argues that innovation is:A. Unnecessary for business successB. Essential for business successC. A minor factor in business successD. A hindrance to business success38. According to the author, the main advantage of innovation in busine ss is:A. Increased costsB. Enhanced competitivenessC. Reduced market shareD. Greater reliance on traditional methods39. The author mentions that innovation can lead to:A. A decrease in business profitabilityB. An increase in market dominanceC. A shift towards more conservative strategiesD. Greater resistance to change40. The author suggests that to achieve business success, companies sho uld:A. Avoid innovationB. Embrace continuous innovationC. Focus on cost-cutting measuresD. Prioritize market stabilityQuestion 8: Analyze the impact of immigration on host countries.41. The author believes that immigration has:A. No impact on host countriesB. A positive impact on host countriesC. A negative impact on host countriesD. A mixed impact on host countries42. According to the author, the main benefit of immigration for host c ountries is:A. Increased unemploymentB. Enhanced cultural diversityC. Reduced economic growthD. Greater social tension43. The author mentions that immigration can lead to:A. A decrease in population diversityB. An increase in economic opportunitiesC. A shift towards more homogeneous societiesD. Greater resistance to cultural exchange44. The author suggests that to maximize the benefits of immigration, h ost countries should:A. Restrict immigrationB. Promote integration and diversityC. Focus on expelling immigrantsD. Ignore cultural differencesQuestion 9: Evaluate the effectiveness of international aid in developi ng countries.45. The author argues that international aid is:A. Ineffective in developing countriesB. Highly effective in developing countriesC. A minor factor in developmentD. A hindrance to development46. According to the author, the main challenge of international aid is:A. Increased dependencyB. Enhanced economic stabilityC. Reduced corruptionD. Greater self-sufficiency47. The author mentions that international aid can lead to:A. A decrease in local initiativesB. An increase in sustainable developmentC. A shift towards more independent economiesD. Greater international cooperation48. The author suggests that to improve the effectiveness of internatio nal aid, donors should:A. Reduce aid amountsB. Focus on long-term sustainabilityC. Prioritize short-term gainsD. Ignore local needsQuestion 10: Assess the role of public transportation in urban sustaina bility.49. The author believes that public transportation is:A. Irrelevant to urban sustainabilityB. Crucial to urban sustainabilityC. A minor factor in urban sustainabilityD. A hindrance to urban sustainability50. According to the author, the main benefit of public transportationis:A. Increased traffic congestionB. Enhanced environmental sustainabilityC. Reduced accessibilityD. Greater reliance on private vehicles51. The author mentions that public transportation can lead to:A. A decrease in air qualityB. An increase in urban sprawlC. Improved energy efficiencyD. Greater noise pollution52. The author suggests that to promote urban sustainability, cities sh ould:A. Reduce investment in public transportationB. Expand public transportation systemsC. Focus on private vehicle usageD. Ignore environmental concernsQuestion 11: Examine the impact of consumerism on environmental sustain ability.53. The author argues that consumerism has:A. No impact on environmental sustainabilityB. A positive impact on environmental sustainabilityC. A negative impact on environmental sustainabilityD. A neutral impact on environmental sustainability54. According to the author, the main challenge posed by consumerism to environmental sustainability is:A. Increased recycling ratesB. Reduced resource consumptionC. Greater waste productionD. Enhanced environmental awareness55. The author mentions that consumerism can lead to:A. A decrease in environmental degradationB. An increase in sustainable practicesC. A shift towards more eco-friendly productsD. Greater demand for non-renewable resources56. The author suggests that to mitigate the impact of consumerism on t he environment, we should:A. Promote sustainable consumptionB. Ignore consumer demandsC. Focus on reducing productionD. Prioritize economic growthQuestion 12: Discuss the role of renewable energy in reducing carbon emissions.57. The author believes that renewable energy is:A. Ineffective in reducing carbon emissionsB. Essential in reducing carbon emissionsC. A minor factor in reducing carbon emissionsD. A hindrance to reducing carbon emissions58. According to the author, the main advantage of renewable energy in reducing carbon emissions is:A. Increased reliance on fossil fuelsB. Enhanced environmental sustainabilityC. Reduced energy efficiencyD. Greater economic costs59. The author mentions that renewable energy can lead to:A. A decrease in air pollutionB. An increase in greenhouse gas emissionsC. A shift towards more polluting energy sourcesD. Greater resistance to environmental policies60. The author suggests that to effectively reduce carbon emissions, we should:A. Reduce investment in renewable energyB. Focus on fossil fuel alternativesC. Invest in renewable energy sourcesD. Ignore environmental concerns答案1. B2. C3. C4. C5. C6. B7. B8. A9. A10. C11. C12. C13. C14. A15. C16. A17. B18. C19. A20. B21. B22. B23. A24. C25. B26. B27. C28. D29. C30. B31. A32. B33. B34. B35. C36. C37. B38. B39. B40. B41. B42. B43. B44. B45. B46. A47. A48. B49. B50. B51. C52. B53. C54. C55. D56. A57. B58. B59. A60. C。

雅思英语学术写作与阅读能力测试选择题 65题

1. According to the passage, what is the main advantage of using renewa ble energy sources?A. They are cheaper than fossil fuels.B. They reduce greenhouse gas emissions.C. They are easier to transport.D. They provide more jobs.2. The author mentions that climate change is primarily caused by:A. deforestation.B. industrial pollution.C. greenhouse gas emissions.D. volcanic eruptions.3. What does the passage suggest about the future of renewable energy?A. It will replace fossil fuels completely.B. It will be more expensive than current energy sources.C. It will require significant technological advancements.D. It will be less reliable than fossil fuels.4. The passage discusses the impact of renewable energy on:A. global trade.B. national economies.C. environmental sustainability.D. military conflicts.5. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a challenge for renewable energy?A. Storage of energy.B. High initial costs.C. Dependence on weather conditions.D. Lack of skilled workforce.6. The author believes that the transition to renewable energy will:A. be quick and easy.B. require international cooperation.C. increase energy prices.D. reduce employment opportunities.7. What is the main focus of the passage?A. The history of renewable energy.B. The benefits of renewable energy.C. The challenges of renewable energy.D. The future of renewable energy.8. The passage implies that renewable energy technologies:A. are already widely adopted.B. need more research and development.C. are too complex for widespread use.D. are harmful to the environment.9. According to the passage, which group is most likely to benefit from renewable energy?A. Large corporations.B. Developing countries.C. Environmentalists.D. Energy companies.10. The author's tone in the passage can be described as:A. optimistic.B. pessimistic.C. neutral.D. skeptical.第11-20题：阅读以下段落，选择正确的答案。

雅思阅读真题

雅思阅读真题雅思阅读真题还在为雅思考试熬夜奋战的小伙伴们看过来!为了帮助你们更好进行复习，店铺特地整理了历年考试结束后网友的真题回忆，希望大家通过自己的努力最终拿下满意的成绩!一、考试概述本次考试的文章是三篇旧文章，难度中等。

包含考古科学、生物科学以及商业三个领域的文章。

二、具体题目分析Passage 1题目：Ahead of the time题号：旧题参考文章：Mammoth KillMammoth is any species of the extinct genus Mammoths, proboscideans commonly equipped with long，curved tusks and in northern species, a covering of long hair. They lived from the Ptiocene epoch from around 5 million years ago，into the Hotocene at about 4，500 years ago，and were members of the family Elephantidae, which contains, along with mammoths, the two genera of modern elephants and their ancestors.ALike their modern relatives，mammoths were quite large. The largest known species reached heights in the region of 4m at the shoulder and weights up to 8 tonnes, while exceptionally large males may have exceeded 12 tonnes. However，most species of mammoth were only about as large as a modem. Asian elephant. Both sexes bore tusks. A first, small set appeared at about the age of six months and these were replaced at about 18months by the permanent set. Growth of the permanent set was at a rate of about 1 to 6 inches per year. Based on studies of their close relatives, the modem elephants, mammoths probably had a gestation period of 22 months, resulting in a single calf being born. Their social structure was probably the same as that of African and Asian elephants, with females living in herds headed by a matriarch, whilst hulls lived solitary lives or formed loose groups after sexual maturity.BMEXICO CITY-Although it’s hard to imagine in this age of urban sprawl and auto mobiles. North America once belonged to mammoths，camels，ground sloths as large as cows, bear-size beavers and other formidable beasts. Somel 1,000 years ago，however, these large bodied mammals and others-about 70 species in all-disappeared. Their demise coincided roughly with the arrival of humans in the New World and dramatic climatic change-factors that have inspired several theories about the die-off. Yet despite decades of scientific investigation, the exact cause remains a mystery. Now new findings offer support to one of these controversial hypotheses: that human hunting drove this megafaunal menagerie (巨型动物兽群)to extinction. The overkill model emerged in the 1960s，when it was put forth by Paul S. Martin of the University of Arizona. Since then, critics have charged that no evidence exists to support the idea that the first Americans hunted to the extent necessary to cause these extinctions. But at the annual meeting of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology in Mexico City last October, paleo ecologist John Alroy of the University of California at Santa Barbara argued that, in fact, hunting-driven extinction is not only plausible, it was unavoidable. He has determined, using acomputer simulation that even a very modest amount of hunting would have wiped these animals out.CAssuming an initial human population of 100 people that grew no more than 2 percent annually, Alroy determined that if each band of, say, 50 people killed 15 to 20 large mammals a year, humans could have eliminated the animal populations within 1,000 years. Large mammals in particular would have been vulnerable to the pressure because they have longer gestation periods than smaller mammals and their young require extended care.DNot everyone agrees with Alroy’s assessment. For one, the results depend in part on population-size estimates for the extinct animals-figures that are not necessarily reliable. But a more specific criticism comes from mammologist Ross D. E. Mac Phee of the American Museum of Natural History in New York City, who points out that the relevant archaeological record contains barely a dozen examples of stone points embedded in mammoth bones (and none, its hould be noted, are known from other mega faunal remains)-hardly what one might expect if hunting drove these animals to extinction. Furthermore, some of these species had huge ranges the giant Jefferson's ground sloth’ for example, lived as far north as the Yukon and as far south as Mexico which would have made slaughtering them in numbers sufficient to cause their extinction rather implausible, he says.EMacPhee agrees that humans most likely brought about these extinctions (as well as others around the world that coincided with human arrival), but not directly. Rather hesuggests that people may have introduced hyper lethal disease, perhaps through their dogs or hitchhiking vermin，which then spread wildly among the immunologically naive species of the New World. As in the overkill model, populations of large mammals would have a harder time recovering. Repeated outbreaks of a hyper disease could thus quickly drive them to the point of no return. So far Mac Phee does not have empirical evidence for the hyper disease hypothesis, and it won't be easy to come by: hyper lethal disease would kill far too quickly to leave its signature on the bones themselves. But he hopes that analyses of tissue and DNA from the last mammoths to perish will eventually reveal murderous microbes.FThe third explanation for what brought on this North American extinction does not involve human, beings. Instead, its proponents blame the loss on the weather. The Pleistocene epoch witnessed considerable climatic instability, explains paleontologist Russell W. Graham of the Denver Museum of Nature and Science. As a result, certain habitats disappeared, and species that had once formed communities split apart. For some animals, this change brought opportunity. For much of the megafauna, however, the increasingly homogeneous environment left them with shrinking geographical ranges-a death sentence for large animals, which need large ranges. Although these creatures managed to maintain viable populations through most of the Pleistocene, the final major fluctuation-the so-called Younger Diyas event pushed them over the edge, Graham says. For his part, Alroy is convinced that human hunters demolished the titans of the Ice Age. The overkill model explains everything the disease and climate scenariosexplain, he asserts, and makes accurate predictions about which species would eventually go extinct.“Personally，I’m a vegetarian,” he remarks, “and I find all of this kind of gross 一bubelievable.”Passage 2 ：题目：Chinese Yellow Citrus Ant for Biological Control题型：判断题+配对题题目：旧题类似原文：Chinese Yellow Citrus Ant for Biological ControlAIn 1476 , the farmers of Berne in Switzerland decided, according to this story, there was only one way to rid their fields of the cutworms(糖蛾)attacking their crops. They took the pests to court. The worms were tried, found guilty and excommunicated by the archbishop (大主教).In China, farmers had a more practical approach to pest control. Rather than rely on divine intervention (神学的调停),they put their faith in frogs, ducks and ants. Frogs and ducks were encouraged to snap up (吃下)the pests in the paddies (稻田)and the occasional plague of locusts (蝗虫).But the notion of biological control began with an ant. More specifically, the story says，it started with the predatory yellow citrus (柑橘)ant Oecophylla smaragdina , which has been polishing off (打败)pests in the orange groves of southern China for at least 1700 years. The yellow citrus ant (黄蚁)is a type of weaver ant, which binds leaves and twigs with silk to form a neat, tent-like nest. In the beginning, farmers made do with the odd ants’nest here and there. But it wasn’t long before growing demand led to the development of a thriving trade in nests and a new type of agriculture—ant fanning.B Foran insect that bites, the yellow citrus ant is remarkably popular. Even byant standards, Oecophylla smaragdina is a fearsome predator. It’s big, runs fast and has a powerful nip—painful to humans but lethal to many of the insects that plague the orange groves of Guangdong and Guangxi in southern China. And for at least 17 centuries. Chinese orange growers have harnessed these six-legged killing machines to keep their fruit groves healthy and productive. The story explains that citrus fruits evolved in the Far East and the Chinese discovered the delights of their flesh early on. As the ancestral home of oranges, lemons and pomelos, China also has the greatest diversity of citrus pests. And the trees that produce the sweetest fruits，the mandarins—or kan—attract a host of plant-eating insects, from black ants and sap-sucking mealy bugs to leaf-devouring caterpillars (毛毛虫). With so many enemies, fruit growers clearly had to have some way of protecting their orchards.CThe West did not discover the Chinese orange growers' secret weapon until the early 20th century. At the time, Florida was suffering an epidemic of citrus canker (相橘溃疡)and in 1915 Walter Swingle，a plant physiologist working for the US Department of Agriculture, was, the story says, sent to China in search of varieties of orange that were resistant to the disease. Swingle spentsome time studying the citrus orchards around Guangzhou, and there he came across the story of the cultivated ant. These ants, he was told, were “grown”by the people of a small village nearby who sold them to the orange growers by the nestful (—整窝的).DThe earliest report of citrus ants at work among the orangetrees appears in a book on tropical and subtropical botany written by His Han in AD 304. “The people of Chiao-Chih sell in their markets ants in bags of rush matting. The nests are like silk. The bags are all attached to twigs and leaves which, with the ants inside the nests, are for sale. The ants are reddish-yellow in colour, bigger than ordinary ants. In the south if the kan trees do not have this kind of ant, the fruits will all be damaged by many harmful insects, and not a single fruit will be perfect.EInitially, farmers relied on nests which they collected from the wild or bought in the market where trade in nests was brisk. ‘It is said that in the south orange trees which are free of ants will have wormy fruits. Therefore the people race to buy nests for their orange trees, ‘wrote Liu Hsun in Strange Things Noted in the South, written about AD 890. The business quickly became more sophisticate. From the 10th century, country people began to trap ants in artific ial nests baited with fat. “Fruit growing families buy these ants from vendors who make a business of collecting and selling such creatures, “wrote Chuang Chi-Yu in 1130. “They trap them by filling hogs 'or sheep’s bladders with fat and placing them with the cavities open next to the ants 'nests. They wait until the ants have migrated into the bladders and take them away. This is known as ‘rearing orange ants’. “Fanners attached the bladders to their trees, and in time the ants spread to other trees and built new nests. By the 17th century, growers were building bamboo walkways between their trees to speed the colonization of their orchards. The ants ran along these narrow bridges from one tree to another and established nests “by the hundreds of thousands”.FDid it work? The orange growers clearly thought so. One authority, Chi TaChun，writing in 1700，stressed how important it was to keep the fruit trees free of insect pests, especially caterpillars. “It is essential to eliminate them so that the trees are not injured. But hand labour is not nearly as efficient as ant power...”Swingle was just as impressed. Yet despite this reports, many Western biologists were skeptical. In the West, the idea of using one insect to destroy another was new and highly controversial. The first breakthrough had come in 1888，when the infant orange industry in California had been saved from extinction by the Australian vedalia beetle. This beetle was the only thing that had made any inroad into the explosion of cottony cushion scale that was threatening to destroy the state’s citrus crops. But, as Swingle now knew，California’s “first，’was nothing of the sort. The Chinese had been expert in biocontrol for many centuries.GThe story goes on to say that the long tradition of ants in the Chinese orchards only began to waver in the 1950s and 1960s with the introduction of powerful organic (I guess the authormeans chemical insecticides). Although most fruit growers switched to chemicals, a few hung onto their ants. Those who abandoned ants in favour of chemicals quickly became disillusioned (幻想破灭). As costs soared and pests began to develop resistance to the chemicals, growers began to revive the old ant patrols. They had good reason to have faith in their insect workforce. Research in the early 1960s showed that as long as there were enough ants in the trees，they did an excellent job of dispatching some pests—mainly the larger insects—and had modest success against others. Trees with yellow ants producedalmost 20 per cent more healthy leaves than those without. More recent trials have shown that these trees yield just as big a crop as those protected by expensive chemical sprays.HOneapparent drawback of using ants—and one of the main reasons for the early skepticism by Western scientists—was that citrus ants do nothing to control mealy bugs， waxy-coated scale insects which can do considerable damage to fruit trees. In fact，the ants protect mealy bugs in exchange for the sweet honeydew they secrete. The orange growers always denied this was a problem but Western scientists thought they knew better. Research in the 1980s suggests that the growers were right all along. Where mealy bugs proliferate under the ants ‘protection they are usually heavily parasitized and this limits the harm they can do. Orange growers who rely on carnivorous ants rather than poisonous chemicals maintain a better balance of species in their orchards. While the ants deal with the bigger insect pests, other predatory species keep down the numbers of smaller pests such as scale insects and aphids(蚜虫). In the long run， ants do a lot less damage than chemicals—and they’re certainly more effective than excommunication.Questions 14-18Use the information in the passage to match the year (listed A-G) with correct description below. Write the appropriate letters A-G in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.NB you may use any letter more than onceA 1888B 1476C 1915D 1700E 1130F 304 ADG 195014 First record of ant against pests written.15 WS studied ant intervention method in China.16 First case of orange crops rescued by insect in western world.17 Chinese farmers start to choose chemical method.18 A book wrote mentioned ways to trap ants.Questions 19-26Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?In boxes 19-26 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this19 China has the most orange pests in the world.20 Swingle came to China in order to search an insect for the US government.21 Western people were impressed by Swingle’s theory of pest prevention.22 Chinese farmers realised that price of pesticides became expensive.24 Trees without ants had more unhealthy fallen leaves than those with.25 Yield of fields using ants is larger a crop than that using chemical pesticides.26 Chinese orange farmers proposed that ant protection doesn’t work out of China.14 F15 C16 A17 G18 E19 TRUE20 FALSE21 FALSE22 TRUE23 TRUE24 NOT GIVEN25 TRUE26 NOT GIVEN(答案仅供参考)Passage 3 ：题名：The Persuaders题型：选择+匹配类似文章：AWe have long lived in an age where powerful images, catchy sound bite sand too-good-to miss offers bombard us from every quarter. All around us the persuaders are at work. Occasionally their methods are unsubtle--the planting kiss on a baby’s head by a wannabe political leader，or a liquidation sale in a shop that has been “closing down” for well over a year，but generally the persuaders know what they are about and are highly capable. Be they politicians, supermarket chains, salespeople or advertisers，they know exactly what to do to sell us their images, ideas or produce. When it comes to persuasion, these giants rule supreme. They employ the most skilled image-makers and use the best psychological tricks to guarantee that even the mostcautious among us are open to manipulation.BWe spend more time in them than we mean to, we buy 75 percent of our food from them and end up with products that we did not realize we wanted. Right from the start, supermarkets have been ahead of the game. For example，when Sainsbury introduced shopping baskets into its 1950s stores, it was a stroke of marketing genius. Now shoppers could browse and pick up items they previously would have ignored. Soon after came trolleys, and just as new roads attract more traffic, the same applied to trolley space. Pro Merlin Stone, IBM Professor of Relationship Marketing at Bristol Business School，says aisles are laid out to maximize profits. Stores pander to our money-rich, time-poor lifestyle. Low turnover products—clothes and electrical goods are stocked at the back while high---turnover items command position at the front.CStone believes supermarkets work hard to “stall” us because the more time we spend in them, the more we buy. Thus, great efforts are made to make the environment pleasant. Stores play music to relax us and some even pipe air from the in-store bakery around the shop. In the USA，fake aromas are sometimes used. Smell is both the most evocative and subliminal sense. In experiments, pleasant smells are effective in increasing our spending. A casino that fragranced only half its premise saw profit soar in the aroma一 filled areas. The other success story from the supermarkets' perspective is the loyalty card. Punters may assume that they are being rewarded for their fidelity, but all the while they are trading information about their shopping habits. Loyal shoppers could be paying 30% more by sticking totheir favorite shops for essential cosmetics.DResearch has shown that 75 percent of profit comes from just 30 percent of customers. Ultimately, reward cards could be used to identify and better accommodate these “elite” shoppers. It could also be used to make adverts more relevant to individual consumers—rather like Spielberg’s futuristic thriller Minority Report, in which Tom Cruise’s character is bombarded with interactive personalized ads. If this sounds far-fetched, the data gathering revolution has already seen the introduction of radio—frequency identification—away to electronically tag products to what, FRID means they can follow the product into people homes.ENo matter how savvy we think we are to their ploys，the ad industry still wins. Adverts focus on what products do or on how they make us feel. Researcher Laurette Dube, in the Journal of Advertising Research, says when attitudes are base on “cognitive foundations” (logical reasoning), advertisers use informative appeals. This works for products with little emotional draw buthigh functionality, such as bleach. Where attitude are based on effect (i.e, 5 emotions), ad teams try to tap into our feelings. Researchers at the University of Florida recently concluded that our emotional responses to adverts dominate over “cognition”.FAdvertisers play on our need to be safe (commercials for insurance), to belong (make customer feel they are in the group in fashion ads) and for selfes— teem (aspirational adverts). With time and space at a premium, celebrities are often used as a quick way of meeting these needs—either because the celebepitomizes success or because they seem familiar and so make the product seem “safe”. A survey of 4,000 campaigns found ads with celebs were 10 percent more effective than without. Humor also stimulates a rapid emotional response. Hwiman Chung, writing in the International Journal of Advertising, found that funny ads were remembered for longer than straight ones. Combine humor with sexual imagery—as in Wonder bra，s “Hello Boys” ads and you are on t o a winner.GSlice-of-life ads are another tried and tested method they paint a picture of life as you would like it, but still one that feels familiar. Abhilasha Mehta, in the Journal of Advertising Research, noted that the more one’s self-image tallies with the brand being advertised, the stronger the commercial. Ad makers also use behaviorist theories，recognizing that the more sensation we receive for an object, the better we know it. If an advert for a chocolate bar fails to cause salivation, it has probably failed. No wonder advertisements have been dubbed the “nervous system of the business world”.HProbably all of us could make a sale if the product was something we truly believed in, but professional salespeople are in a different league——the best of them can always sell different items to suitable customers in a best time. They do this by using very basic psychological techniques. Stripped to its simplest level, selling works by heightening the buyer’s perception of how much they need a product or service. Buyers normally have certain requirements by which they will judge the suitability of a product. The seller therefore attempts to tease out what these conditions are and then explains how their products’ benefitcan meet these requirements.IRichard Hession，author of Be a Great Salesperson says it is human nature to prefer to speak rather to listen, and good salespeople pander to this. They ask punters about their needs and offer to work with them to achieve their objectives. As a result, the buye r feels they are receiving a “consultation” rather than a sales pitch. All the while，the salesperson presents with a demeanor that takes it for granted that the sale will be made. Never will the words “if you buy” be used, but rather “when you buy”.JDr. Rob Yeung, a senior consultant at business psychologists Kiddy and Partner, says most salespeople will build up a level of rapport by asking questions about hobbies, family and lifestyle. This has the double benefit of making the salesperson likeable while furnishing him or her with more information about the client’s wants. Yeung says effective salespeople try as far as possible to match their style of presenting themselves to how the buyer comes across. If the buyer cracks jokes, the salespeople will respond in kind. If the buyer wants detail, the seller provides it, if they are more interested in the feel of the product, the seller will focus on this. At its most extreme, appearing empathetic can even include the salesperson attempting to “mirror” the hob by language of the buyer.KWhatever the method used, all salespeople work towards one aim: “dosing the deal”. In fact, they will be looking for “closing signals” through their dealings with potential clients. Once again the process works by assuming success. The buyer isnot asked “are you interested?” as this can invite a negative response. Instead the seller takes it for granted that the deal is effectively done: when the salesman asks you for a convenient delivery date or asks what color you want, you will probably respond accordingly. Only afterwards might you wonder why you proved such a pushover.Passage1：日本画家介绍题型：匹配+填空+判断待回忆Passage2：纳米技术题型：匹配待回忆Passage3：中世纪英国儿童的娱乐活动题型：判断待回忆雅思阅读+听力考试真题阅读passage1 古代怎样传送信息莫斯电码发明后对现代人的信息交流产生了怎样的影响passage2 早期人类使用珠宝显示身份和地位，现代珠宝多用做装饰品及考古研究passage3 儿童智力发展听力2016年1月9日雅思听力真题解析A卷Section 1场景：电影院会员资格咨询及电影介绍题型：填空题1. No age limited2. How much per season membership: join fee ￡21.503. Discount for student membership card: ￡24. Offer three hours’ free parking5-10表格填空NameGenreYearDetailsThe soliderComedy1922A child ran away from hometown and came to Argentina, then won a big sum of money Piano lifeKids at singing competitionThe tigerCartoon aimed for adultsFollowing by a book talk of an editor分析：听力S1延续了一直以来的填空题题型出题，同时也配合了最常见生活娱乐方面的咨询场景作为背景，希望广大考鸭注意这一个section最重点需要掌握的场景词汇和预测。

雅思阅读真题及答案：rainwaterharvesting

雅思阅读真题及答案：rainwaterharvesting为了关心大家在备考雅思的时候能够练习到更多的真题材料，下面我给大家带来雅思阅读真题及答案：rainwater harvesting，望喜爱！雅思阅读真题：rainwater harvestingReading Passage 1Title：村庄储存（雨水）的活动Rainwater harvesting (旧)Question types:Short Answer Questions 6YES/ NO/ NOT GIVEN 8（文章）内容：雨水回收系统。

一个干旱地区，主要是描述一个村庄进展了一种储水系统进行雨水的收集。

文章分析：Rainwater harvestingFor two years southern Sri Lanka suffered a prolonged drought, described by locals as the worst in 50 years. Some areas didnt see a successful crop for four or five consecutive seasons. Livestock died，water in wells dropped to dangerously low levels, children were increasingly malnourished and school attendance has fallen. Anestimated 1.6 million people were affected.A Muthukandiya is a village in Moneragaladistrict, one of the drought-stricken areas in the dry zone of southern Sri Lanka (斯里兰卡), where half the countrys population of18 million lives. Rainfall in the area varies greatly from year to year, often bringing extreme dry spells inbetween monsoons (季风).But this drought was much worse than usual. Despite some rain inNovember, only half of Moneragalas 1,400 tube wells were in workingorder by March. The drought devastated supplies of rice and freshwaterfish, the staple diet of inland villages. Many local industries closed downand villagers headed for the towns in search of work.B The villagers of Muthukandiya arrived in the 1970s as part of agovernment resettlement scheme. Each family was given six acres of land,with no irrigation system. Because crop production, which relies entirelyon rainfall, is insufficient to support most families, the village economyrelies on men and women working as day-labourers in nearby sugar-caneplantations. Three wells have been dug to provide domestic water, butthese run dry for much of the year. Women and children may spendseveral hours each day walking up to three miles (five kilometres) to fetchwater for drinking, washing and cooking.(部分文章节选)雅思阅读真题题目解析：rainwater harvestingQ1-6: 简答题( NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS)1. What is the major way for local people make barely a support of living in Muthukandiya village?Crop production B段第三行2. Where can adult workers make extra money from in daytime?Sugar-cane plantations3. What have been dug to supply water for daily household life?Three wells4. In which year did the plan of a new project to lessen the effect of drought begin?19985. Where do the gutters and pipes collect rainwater from?roofs of houses6. What help family obtain more water for domestic needs than those relying on only wells and ponds?Storage tanksQ7-14: YES/NO/NOT GIVEN7. NGMost of the governments actions and other programs have somewhat failed.8. YESMasons were trained for the constructing parts of the rainwater harvesting system.9. NOThe cost of rainwater harvesting systems was shared by local villagers and the local government.10. YESTanks increase both the amount and quality of the water for domestic use.11. NOTo send her daughter to school, a widow had to work for a job in rainwater harvesting scheme.12. NOT GIVENHouseholds benefited began to pay part of the maintenance or repairs.13. NOT GIVENTraining two masons at the same time is much more preferable to training single one.14. NOOther organizations had built tanks larger in size than the tanks built in Muthukandya.雅思阅读--自答自问的嬉戏雅思与（其它）标准考试(如GRE)不同，它仅考查语言。

[精文优选]雅思学术类阅读真题.doc

READING1READINGPASSAGE1Poushouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions1-13whicharebasedonReadingPass age1below.AIRPORTSONWATER Riverdeltasaredifficultplacesformapmakers.Theirriverbuildthemup,theseaswearst hemdown;theiroutlinesarealwaPschangingThechangesinChina'sPearlRiverdelta, however,aremoredramaticthanthesenaturalfluctuations.AnislandsiGkilometreslo ngandwithatotalareaof1248hectaresisbeingcreatedthere.Andthecivilengineersare asinterestedinperformanceasinspeedandsize.ThisisabitofthedelatthanthePwantto endure.ThenewislandofChekLapKok,thesiteofHongKong'smewairport,is83%complete. ThegiantdumpertrucksrumblingacrossitwillhavefinishedtheirjobbPthemiddleofth isPearandtheairportitselfwillbebuiltatasimilarlPbreakneckpace. AsChekLapKokrises,however,anothernewAsianinlandissinkingbackintotheseas.T hisisa520-hectareislandbuiltinOsakaBaP,Japan,thatservesastheplatformforthene wKansaiairport,ChekLapKokwasbuiltinadifferentwaP,andthushopestoavoidthes amesinkingfate. TheusualwaPstoreclaimlandistopilesandrockontotheseabed.Whentheseabedooz eswithmud,thisisratherlikeplacingateGtbookonawetsponge:theweightsqueezesth ewaterout,causingbothwaterandspongetosettlelower.ThesettlementisrarelPeven :differentpartssinkatdifferentrates.Sobuildings,pipes,roadsandsoontendtobuckle andcrack.Poucanengineeraroundtheseproblems,orPoucanengineerthemout.Kans aitookthefirstapproach;ChekLapKokistakingthesecond.Thedifferencesarebothpoliticalandgeological.Kansaiwassupposedtobebuiltjuston ekilometreoffshore,wheretheseabedisquitesolid.Fishermenprotested,andthesite wasshiftedafurtherfivekilometres.Thatputitindeeperwater(around20metres)and aboveaseabedthatconsistedof20metresofsoftalluvialsiltandmuddeposits.Worse,b elowitwasanot-verP-firmglacialdeposithundredsofmetresthick. TheKansaibuildersrecognisedthatsettlementwasinevitable.Sanswasdrivenintothes eabedtostrengthenitbeforethelandfillwaspiledontop,inanattempttoslowtheproc ess;butthishasnotbeenaseffectiveashadbeenhoped.Tocopewithsettlement,Kansai' sgiantterminalissupportedon900pillars.EachofthemcanbeindividuallPjackedup.al lowingwedgestobeaddedunderneath.Thatismeanttokeepthebuildinglevel.Butitc ouldbeatrickPtask.ConditionsaredifferentatChekLapKok.Therewassomelandtheretobeginwith,theo riginallittleislandofChekLapKokandsmalleroutcropcalledLamChau.Betweenthem ,thesetwooutcropsofhard,weatheredgranitemakeupaquarterofthenewisland'ssur facearea.UnfortunatelP,betweentheislandstherewasalaPerofsoftmud,27metresth ickinplaces.AccordingtoFransUiterwijk,aDutchmanwhoistheproject'sreclamationdirector,it wouldhavebeenpossibletoleavethismudbelowthereclaimedland,andtodealwitht heresultingsettlementbPtheKansaimethod.Buttheconsortiumthatwonthecontract fortheislandoptedforamoreaggressiveapproach.Itassembledtheworld'slargestflee tofdredges,whichsuckedup150mcubicmetresofclaPandmudanddumpeditindeepe rwaters.Atthesametime,sandwasdredgedfromthewatersandpiledontopofthelaPe rofstiffclaPthatthemassivedredginghadlaidbare. NorwasthesandtheonlPthingused.Theoriginalgraniteislandwhichhandhillsupto120metreshighwasdrilledandblastedintobouldersnobiggerthantwometresindiamet er.Thisprovided70mcubicmetresofgranitetoaddtotheisland'sfoundations.Becaus etheheapofbouldersdoesnotfillthespaceperfectlP,thisrepresentstheequivalentof1 05mcubicmetresoflandfill.Mostoftherockwillbecomethefoundationsfortheairpor t'srunwaPsanditstaGiwaPs.Thesanddredgedfromthewaterswillalsobeusedtoprovi deatwo-metrecappinglaPeroverthegraniteplatform.Thismakesiteasierforutilitiest odigtrenches-graniteisunPieldingstuff.Mostoftheterminalbuildingswillbeplacedab ovethesiteoftheeGistingisland.OnlPalimitedamountofpile-drivingisneededtosup portbuildingfoundationsabovesofterareas. ThecompletedislandwillbesiGtosevenmetresabovesealevel.Inall,350mcubicmetr esofmaterialwillhavebeenmoved.Andmuchofit,liketheoverloads,hastobemoveds everaltimesbeforereachingitsfinalrestingplace.ForeGample,therewastobeamotor waPcapableofcarrPing150-tonnedump-trucks;andtherehastobearaisedareaforthe 15,000constructionworkers.ThesearetemporarP;thePwillberemovedwhentheair portisfinished.Theairport,though,isheretostaP.Toprotectit,thenewcoastlineisbeingbolsteredwit haformidabletwelvekilometresofseadefences.ThebruntofatPphoonwillbedeflect edbPtheneighbouringislandofLantau;theseawallsshouldguardagainsttherest.Gent lerbutmorepersistentbadweather-thedownpoursofthesummermonsoon-isalsobei ngtakenintoaccount.Amat-likematerialcalledgeoteGtileisbeinglaidacrosstheisland toseparatetherockandsandlaPers.Thatwillstopsandparticlesfrombeingwashedint otherockvoids,andsocausingfurthersettlement.Thisislandisbeingbuiltnevertobesu nk.Questions1-5ClassifPthefollowingstatementsasapplPingtoACheckLapKokairportonlPBKansaiairportonlPCBothairportsWritetheappropriatelettersA-CinboGes1-5onPouranswersheet.1havinganareaofover1000hectares2builtinariverdelta3builtintheopensea4builtbPreclaimingland5builtusingconventionalmethodsofreclamationQuestions6-9CompletethelabelsonDiagramBbelow. ChoosePouranswersfromtheboGbelowthediagramandwritetheminboGes6-9onP ouranswersheet.NBTherearemorewords/phrasesthanspaces,soPouwillnotusethemall. DIAGRAMACross-sectionoftheoriginalareaaroundChekLapKokbeforeworkbegan. DIAGRAMBCross-sectionofthesameareaatthetimethearticlewaswritten。

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READING 1READING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.AIRPORTS ON WATERRiver deltas are difficult places for map makers. Their river build them up, the seas wears them down; their outlines are always changing The changes in China's Pearl River delta, however, are more dramatic than these natural fluctuations. An island six kilometres long and with a total area of 1248 hectares is being created there. And the civil engineers are as interested in performance as in speed and size. This is a bit of the delat than they want to endure.The new island of Chek Lap Kok, the site of Hong Kong's mew airport, is 83% complete. The giant dumper trucks rumbling across it will have finished their job by the middle of this year and the airport itself will be built at a similarly breakneck pace.As Chek Lap Kok rises, however, another new Asian inland is sinking back into the seas. This is a 520-hectare island built in Osaka Bay, Japan, that serves as the platform for the new Kansai airport, Chek Lap Kok was built in a different way, and thus hopes to avoid the same sinking fate.The usual ways to reclaim land is to pile sand rock on to the seabed. When the seabed oozes with mud, this is rather like placing a textbook on a wet sponge: the weight squeezes the water out, causing both water and sponge to settle lower. The settlement is rarely even: different parts sink at different rates. So buildings, pipes, roads and so on tend to buckle and crack. You can engineer around these problems, or you can engineer them out. Kansai took the first approach; Chek Lap Kok is taking the second.The differences are both political and geological. Kansai was supposed to be built just one kilometre offshore, where the seabed is quite solid. Fishermen protested, and the site was shifted a further five kilometres. That put it in deeper water (around 20 metres) and above a seabed that consisted of 20 metres of soft alluvial silt and mud deposits. Worse, below it was a not-very-firm glacial deposit hundreds of metres thick.The Kansai builders recognised that settlement was inevitable. Sans was driven into the seabed to strengthen it before the landfill was piled on top, in an attempt to slow the process; but this has not been as effective as had been hoped. To cope with settlement, Kansai's giant terminal is supported on 900 pillars. Each of them can be individually jacked up. allowing wedges to be added underneath. That is meant to keep the building level.But it could be a tricky task.Conditions are different at Chek Lap Kok. There was some land there to begin with, the original little island of Chek Lap Kok and smaller outcrop called Lam Chau. Between them, these two outcrops of hard, weathered granite make up a quarter of the new island's surface area. Unfortunately, between the islands there was a layer of soft mud, 27 metres thick in places.According to Frans Uiterwijk, a Dutchman who is the project's reclamation director, it would have been possible to leave this mud below the reclaimed land, and to deal with the resulting settlement by the Kansai method. But the consortium that won the contract for the island opted for a more aggressive approach. It assembled the world's largest fleet of dredges, which sucked up 150m cubic metres of clay and mud and dumped it in deeper waters. At the same time, sand was dredged from the waters and piled on top of the layer of stiff clay that the massive dredging had laid bare.Nor was the sand the only thing used. The original granite island which hand hills up to 120metres high was drilled and blasted into boulders no bigger than two metres in diameter. This provided 70m cubic metres ofgranite to add to the island's foundations. Because the heap of boulders does not fill the space perfectly, this represents the equivalent of 105m cubic metres of landfill. Most of the rock will become the foundations for the airport's runways and its taxiways. The sand dredged from the waters will also be used to provide a two-metre capping layer over the granite platform. This makes it easier for utilities to dig trenches-granite is unyielding stuff. Most of the terminal buildings will be placed above the site of the existing island. Only a limited amount of pile-driving is needed to support building foundations above softer areas.The completed island will be six to seven metres above sea level. In all, 350m cubic metres of material will have been moved. And much of it, like the overloads, has to be moved several times before reaching its final resting place. For example, there was to be a motorway capable of carrying 150-tonne dump-trucks; and there has to be a raised area for the 15,000 construction workers. These are temporary; they will be removed when the airport is finished.The airport, though, is here to stay. To protect it, the new coastline is being bolstered with a formidable twelve kilometres of sea defences. The brunt of a typhoon will be deflected by the neighbouring island of Lantau; the sea walls should guard against the rest. Gentler but more persistentbad weather-the downpours of the summer monsoon-is also being taken into account. A mat-like material called geotextile is being laid across the island to separate the rock and sand layers. That will stop sand particles from being washed into the rock voids, and so causing further settlement. This island is being built never to be sunk.Questions 1-5Classify the following statements as applying toA Check Lap Kok airport onlyB Kansai airport onlyC Both airportsWrite the appropriate letters A-C in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.1 having an area of over 1000 hectares2 built in a river delta3 built in the open sea4 built by reclaiming land5 built using conventional methods of reclamationQuestions 6-9Complete the labels on Diagram B below.Choose your answers from the box below the diagram and write them inboxes 6-9 on your answer sheet.NB There are more words/phrases than spaces, so you will not use them all.DIAGRAM ACross-section of the original area around Chek Lap Kok before work began.DIAGRAM BCross-section of the same area at the time the article was written。

雅思学术类阅读真题