英语泛读2第三版翻译期末复习总结.doc
新视野大学英语第三版读写第二册课后翻译
Unit 1英译汉：原文：English is known as a world language, regularly used by many nations whose English is not their first language. Like other languages, English has changed greatly. The history of the English language can be divided into three main periods: Old English, Middle English and Modern English. The English language started with the invasion of Britain by three Germanic tribes during the 5th century AD, and they contributed greatly to the formation of the English language. During the medieval and early modern periods, the influence of English spread throughout the British Isles, and from the early 17th century its influence began to be felt throughout the world. The processes of European exploration and colonization for several centuries led to significant change in English. Today, American English is particularly influential, due to the popularity of American cinema, television, music, trade and technology, including the Internet.翻译：人们普遍认为英语是一种世界语言，经常被许多不以英语为第一语言的国家使用。
大学英语泛读2课文翻译
大学英语泛读2课文翻译大学英语泛读2课文翻译在英语翻译过程中，理解是表达的前提，不能正确理解就谈不上正确表达。
因此，首先要略读全文，从整体上把握整篇文章的内容，并理解划线部分与文章其他部分之间的语法与逻辑关系，这样才能更好地翻译文章。
下面是大学英语泛读2课文翻译，欢迎参考阅读！M2 u1T：玲玲，你的笔友叫什么名字?L：SALLY MAXWELL她来自伦敦的公立学校。
她之前来过中国么?不，她没有。
但是我送了一张关于中国的DVD给她。
并且已经看过了。
她非常喜欢关于我在北京生活的信件，所以我认为她会喜欢这里。
那么你呢，玲玲?你曾经想要周游世界吗?是的，我是，我一直都想要去美国和欧洲，SALLY已经邀请我某天和她一起在英格兰停留，问题就是机票的价钱。
好吧，猜猜怎么着，你已经看过今天的报纸了么?有一个比赛。
从北京首都机场起飞到伦敦降落，写一篇精彩的'经历，一等奖是你梦想中的假期在英格兰。
你估计做什么，你曾经参加过这样的比赛么?不，我没有，听起来这个非常的精彩!M2 u2你有过什么美妙的经历吗?魏明乘飞机到过中国很多地方。
她父亲是中国民航的机长，每次他们都飞往不同的地方度假。
我最喜欢的地方是泰山，不过我也喜欢三亚的海滩。
还有什么地方她没有去过吗?我还没有去过上海。
韩力去过美国的旧金山。
他祖父母住在那里，每年春节他都去看他们。
我非常喜欢旧金山，那里有很多可看和可做的。
在唐人街我有种回家的感觉!韩力说。
翻译M2 U1T: Lingling, what's your pen friend's name? L:SALLYMAXWELL, she comes from a public school in London. Did she ever come to China before?No, she doesn't. But I gave her a DVD about China. And I've seen it. She is very fond of my letter about my life in Beijing, so I think she will like it here. What about you, Lingling? Do you ever want to travel around the world? Yes, I am. I always want to go to the US and Europe. SALLY has asked me to stay with her in England one day, the question is the price of the plane ticket.Well, guess what, have you seen today's newspaper? There's a game. Take off from BeiJing Capital Airport to London and write a wonderful experience. The first prize is your dream holiday in England. What do you expect to do, have you ever been in such a game?No, I don't, it sounds very wonderful!M2 U2Have you ever had a wonderful experience? Wei Ming has traveled to many places in China. Her father was the captain of CAAC, and each time they flew to different places for a holiday. My favorite place is Taishan, but I also like the beach in Sanya. Is there any place she hasn't been to? I haven't been to Shanghai yet.Han Li has been to San Francisco in the United States. His grandparents lived there, and he went to see them every Spring Festival. I like San Francisco very much, there's a lot to see and do. I have a feeling of going home in Chinatown, Han Li said.【大学英语泛读2课文翻译】。
英语专业泛读第二册重点句子翻译
Unit5Since Steve spent much of his life in situations where he did not interact with many different people ,he didn’t experience the variety of communicative interactions and receive the subsequent feedback that other children his age experienced.由于斯蒂夫大部分时间生活在很少与人沟通的环境中，因此他没有经历过各种各样的互动式沟通，也没有得到其他同龄孩子所经历的相应的回馈。
His communication problems made it difficult to assess his intelligence, so it was not until he was in high school that special educators finally judged that his IQ was probably borderline between”normal”and “impaired”.由于他交流有困难，因而很难评价他的智力水平，直到他上高中时，特殊教育专家才最终判定他的智商可能介于“正常”和“弱智”之间。
Because of his multiple handicaps, Steve’s school placement was always problematic. He was originally placed in classes for physically disabled children.由于斯蒂夫患有多种疾病，他的分班问题始终难以解决。
最终他被分在肢体残疾儿童的班级。
Consequently, accepting help is much less difficult for Steve than it is for many people who become disabled later in life and therefore have more difficulty reconciling there desire to be independent with their need to be more independent than they used to be .因此，与许多后天形成的残疾的人相比，斯蒂夫更容易接受别人的帮助；而那些人则很难将他们对独立性的渴望与他们比以往更需要依赖别人的需求结合起来。
大学英语泛读第二册课后汉译英英译汉集合
汉译英1.家庭的贫困并未使他沮丧，相反，他更加下定决心要努力学习，改变自己的命运。
(to the contrary)The poverty of the family didn’t frustrate him; to the contrary, he became more determined to work hard and decide his own fate.2.在王先生住院期间，他的两个女儿轮流照顾他，让我惊讶的是，他钟爱的儿子却从没露面。
(take turns,to one’s amazement )While Mr. Wang was in hospital, his two daughters took turns looking after him. However, to my amazement, his beloved son never turned up.3.你有可能成为一名优秀的音乐家，但是缺少练习正在妨碍你的发展。
(hold back) You could become a good musician, but your lack of practice is holding you back.4.一开始他对那些谣言并不在乎，但后来他决心要加以制止。
(put an end to)At first hi didn’t care much about those rumors, but later he was determined to put an eng to them.5.看到她爸爸用胶泥做成的小自行车，安妮显得很激动，说她宁愿要这样而不是真车。
(make…out of)Seeing the little toy bike which he father had made out of clay, Annie looked very excited and said that she preferred this one to a real bike.6.他们在搬进去之前，把屋子里里外外粉刷了一遍。
大学英语泛读教程2（第三版）ReadingMaster2_FinalExamA
⼤学英语泛读教程2（第三版）ReadingMaster2_FinalExamAA. VocabularyDirections: Choose the correct phrasal verb to compete the sentences. Each is used only one time.1. I like a good ghost story, but I am ______ by too much blood and gore in horror movies these days.2. We used to have a problem with mice around here so we got a cat to ______ them ______.3. My lost wallet ______ at a police station since someone had found it on a bus and returned it.4. One way to ______ your resume is to include some volunteer experience related to the job you are applying for.5. A good salesperson ______ the relationships he or she has with existing clients.6. Over spending and using credit cards too much will only ______ to financial disaster in the long run.7. Alice ______ the guitar when she was only five and now performs with her band.Directions: Choose a word from the box to complete the sentences below. Each is used only one time.8. Dean had a quiet ______ about him that made him good at helping people with their problems.9. Most Olympic athletes have the ambition of ______ and winning a gold medal.10. The tiny mouse ______ its head through the hole before racing across the kitchen floor.11. As part of my daily routine to keep fit, I do a variety of ______ exercises in the morning.12. It is ______ how these lottery winners all seem to waste their money within a few years of receiving it.13. English is the ______ accepted language of communication for airline pilots.14. My new job has a lot of ______ because I mostly do the work out of my office at home.15. In ______ for the protesters throwing rocks, the police sprayed water cannons to make them disperse.B. Grammar16. The new smartphone was ______ perfectly designed that it became difficult to obtain one.a. sob. suchc. tood. enough17. After studying for so many hours, Kiki thought she’d had ______ for one day.a. sob. suchc. tood. enough18. Everyone ______ to applaud the actors as they lined up on stage.a. stand upb. standing upc. stood upd. stands up19. I felt ______ chill when I saw the ghost of my uncle in the mirror.a. a littleb. fairlyc. slightlyd. rather20. It was ______ interesting performance given by the students.a. quiteb. reasonablec. absolutelyd. a rather21. Once Stanley has ______ high school, he must ______ the army.a. completed / joinb. completes / joinc. completed / joinsd. completing / join22. By the time you ______ this post card, I ______ already left France.a. read / haveb. read / will havec. reads / will haved. reading / will23. You ______ the table, while we ______ the dishes.a. wipes / didb. wiped / doesc. wipe / dod. wiping / did24. ______ that danger was near, Spider-man leaped out of the way of the falling bridge.a. Senseb. Sensesc. Sensedd. Sensing25. ______ tried so many different jobs over many years, Gary decided to open his own business.a. Haveb. Hasc. Havingd. Had26. A trained police dog is given a final test to see if it can ______ drugs from a hidden location.a. sniffs outb. sniffed outc. sniff outd. sniffing out27. Every year on February 1st, groundhog Willy comes out of his hole ______ whether spring willcome early or not.a. signifyb. signifiesc. signifiedd. to signify28. When I went to London last summer, there were ______ of Japanese tourist taking pictures ofeverything.a. hordingb. hordec. hordesd. horded Directions: Change the sentences to their reduced relative clauses by crossing out the unnecessary words.29. The famous inventor created a device which was made of mostly plastic and glass.30. The number of students who have been late for Mr. White’s class is disappointing.C. Reading Comprehension(A)Directions: Read the excerpt from Escaping the Labyrinth in Unit 7 of the textbook and answer the questions that follow.31. According to the passage, how long have mazes existed?a. as long as rats have existedb. as long as people have existedc. since experiments took place at Clark Universityd. No information is given.32. Which best explains why the writer uses the heading Homeward Bound?a. The Greeks imagined they would go home.b. Rats tend to find their way home.c. Small and Kline wanted to go home.d. There are rats in Hampton Court.33. What did Kline observe at his father’s farm?a. rats playing on the porchb. rats digging through the cabinc. rats running through pathwaysd. rats communicating with each other34. Which statement is true about rats?a. Blind ones can find their way around easily.b. Blind ones cannot survive for long.c. They can only find one path to go home.d. They get lost in complicated mazes.35. Which of the following closest in meaning to the word replica?a. mazeb. experimentc. findingd. copy(B)Directions: Read the excerpt from Ultramarathon Man in Review 3 of the textbook and answer the questions that follow.36. Which best describes Kevin Lin’s occupation?a. barefoot marathonerb. street athletec. desert runnerd. All of the above.37. According to the passage, what is unique about the Deserts Series?a. It takes place over several weeks.b. Participants are not allowed provisions.c. It has excellent views.d. The series is hundreds of kilometers long.38. What is especially tough to do in the Chilean desert?a. breatheb. stay warmc. find shelterd. avoid wild animals39. Why do participants experience headaches during the Deserts Series?a. lack of waterb. lack of oxygenc. lack of enduranced. None of the above.40. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word grueling?a. harshb. selectc. splittingd. stunning(C)Directions: Read the excerpt from Underrated Cities in Unit 11 of the textbook and answer the questions that follow.41. Which of the following statements is true about Bratislava today?a. It is very much behind most modern cities.b. It is not as beautiful as Prague.c. It is still developing and needs lots of investment.d. It is equal to many modern cities but less well-known.42. According to the passage, in what condition was Bratislava in 1993?a. poorb. modernc. destroyedd. None of the above.43. What does the writer mean in the underlined phrase off the radar?a. no airportb. unknownc. easy accessd. unfriendly44. According to the passage, what are you most likely to see in Adelaide?a. places of worshipb. an old townc. fancy barsd. a green riverside45. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word buzzing?a. greenb. pristinec. busyd. coastal(D)Directions: Read the excerpt from Colonial Fusions in Unit 12 of the textbook and answer the questions that follow.46. What is colonial fusion?a. a mix of local and foreign designsb. a mix of only local influencesc. a mix of Singaporean and Malaysian culturesd. a mix of imperialism and independence47. What can be inferred about former colonies’ attitudes towards leftover buildings?a. They promoted the sale of them.b. They wanted to rebuild them.c. They initially did not want to keep them.d. None of the above.48. According to the passage, which country had the most influence on local architecture?a. Malaysiab. Englandc. Singapored. China49. What does the writer mean in the underlined phrase not that keen?a. promotedb. appreciatedc. uninterestedd. extended50. Which of the following is closest in meaning to presided?a. capped b controlledc. fused d influenced。
大学英语泛读第二册课后汉译英英译汉集合
汉译英1.家庭的贫困并未使他沮丧，相反，他更加下定决心要努力学习，改变自己的命运。
(to the contrary)The poverty of the family didn’t frustrate him; to the contrary, he became more determined to work hard and decide his own fate.2.在王先生住院期间，他的两个女儿轮流照顾他，让我惊讶的是，他钟爱的儿子却从没露面。
(take turns,to one’s amazement )While Mr. Wang was in hospital, his two daughters took turns looking after him. However, to my amazement, his beloved son never turned up.3.你有可能成为一名优秀的音乐家，但是缺少练习正在妨碍你的发展。
(hold back) You could become a good musician, but your lack of practice is holding you back.4.一开始他对那些谣言并不在乎，但后来他决心要加以制止。
(put an end to)At first hi didn’t care much about those rumors, but later he was determined to put an eng to them.5.看到她爸爸用胶泥做成的小自行车，安妮显得很激动，说她宁愿要这样而不是真车。
(make…out of)Seeing the little toy bike which he father had made out of clay, Annie looked very excited and said that she preferred this one to a real bike.6.他们在搬进去之前，把屋子里里外外粉刷了一遍。
《英语泛读教程刘乃银第三版第二册》单元词汇学习要点
《英语泛读教程刘乃银第三版第二册》单元词汇学习要点英语泛读教程刘乃银第三版第二册是一本为学习者提供阅读能力提升的教材。
在这个教材中，有许多单元都有着重要的词汇学习要点，掌握这些词汇是提高阅读能力的关键。
本文将就《英语泛读教程刘乃银第三版第二册》中的一些单元词汇学习要点进行讨论和总结，帮助学习者更好地掌握这些关键词汇。
Unit 1: Education and Learning1. acquire (v.) - to gain or obtain somethingExample: Children acquire language skills by listening and imitating.2. enroll (v.) - to officially join a course, school, etc.Example: He decided to enroll in a language class to improve his communication skills.3. intellectual (adj.) - relating to the ability to think and understand ideas and informationExample: Reading books can help improve your intellectual abilities.4. comprehend (v.) - to understand or grasp the meaning of somethingExample: It took me a while to comprehend the complex scientific article.Unit 2: Health and Well-being1. nutrition (n.) - the process of providing or obtaining the food necessary for health and growthExample: A balanced diet is important for good nutrition.2. consume (v.) - to eat, drink, or ingest food or drinkExample: It is recommended to consume at least five servings of fruits and vegetables a day.3. immune (adj.) - protected against a particular disease or conditionExample: Regular exercise can help strengthen the immune system.4. diagnose (v.) - to identify the cause of a problem or illness through examination and analysisExample: The doctor was able to diagnose the patient's illness after running several tests.Unit 3: Environment and Sustainability1. pollution (n.) - the presence of harmful substances in the environmentExample: Air pollution can have negative effects on people's respiratory health.2. renewable (adj.) - able to be replenished or replaced naturally or by human effortExample: Solar and wind energy are examples of renewable energy sources.3. conservation (n.) - the protection and preservation of the environment and its resourcesExample: The national park has strict rules in place to ensure the conservation of wildlife.4. sustainability (n.) - the ability to maintain or support something at a certain level or rateExample: The construction industry is striving for sustainability through the use of eco-friendly materials.Unit 4: Society and Culture1. diversity (n.) - the state or condition of being different or variedExample: Our school promotes cultural diversity and encourages students to learn from one another.2. tradition (n.) - a custom or belief that has been passed down from generation to generationExample: The Lunar New Year celebration is a tradition celebrated by many Asian cultures.3. prejudice (n.) - preconceived opinion or judgment about a person or group without proper examination of the factsExample: Racism is a form of prejudice that should be actively combated.4. customs (n.) - traditional practices or habits of a particular society or communityExample: Different countries have their own unique customs and traditions.文章格式：根据《英语泛读教程刘乃银第三版第二册》单元的内容特点，本文采用了单元和词汇学习要点的形式来组织文章。
完整英语课文翻译 泛读教程2第三版(刘乃银)
第一单元：梦想的阴暗之面艾力克斯? 哈利许多人怀有美好的愿望，期望能成为作家，但是能够梦想成真的人不多。
艾力克斯? 哈利也想成为作家，可是他成功了。
阅读下面这篇文章，看一看他成功的原因。
许多青年人对我说，他们想成为作家。
我一直鼓励这样的人，但是我也向他们解释“成为作家”和写作之间存在着巨大的差别。
多数情况下这些年轻人梦寐以求的是财富与名誉，从未想到要孤身一人长久地坐在打字机旁。
“你们渴望的应该是写作，”我对他们说，“而不应该是当作家。
”事实上，写作是一项孤单寂寞而又收入微薄的工作。
有一个被命运之神垂青的作家，就有成千上万个永远无法实现梦想的人。
即使那些成功人士也经常受到长久的冷落，穷困不堪。
我便是其中之一。
我放弃了在海岸警卫队做了二十年的工作，为的是成为一名自由撰稿人，这时，我根本没有前途可言。
我所拥有的只是一位住在纽约市的朋友，乔治? 西姆斯，他和我是在田纳西州的赫宁一起长大的。
乔治为我找了个家，位于格林威治村公寓大楼中的一间腾空的储藏室，而他是那幢大楼的管理员。
房子里冷嗖嗖的，没有卫生间，不过这没什么。
我马上买了一台旧的手动打字机，感觉自己颇象一位名符其实的作家。
然而，大约一年后，我的写作生涯依然没有任何起色，我开始怀疑自己。
卖出一篇小说是如此艰难，以至我几乎填不饱肚子。
但是，我清楚的是我想写作，我已梦寐以求了许多年。
我并不准备成为一名到死时还在想假如的人。
我会坚持把我的梦想付诸实践-- 即使这梦想意味着不稳定的生活和对失败的恐惧。
这是希望的阴暗面，任何心存梦想的人都必须学会在这阴暗面下生存。
后来有一天，我接到了一个电话，由此改变了我的一生。
这并不是一位代理人或编辑打来电话，主动要求与我签大的稿约。
恰恰相反-- 是一声鸣笛，诱使我放弃梦想。
打电话来的是海岸警卫队的老熟人，现在在旧金山。
他曾经借给我几美元，喜欢催我还给他。
“我什么时候才能拿到那十五美元，艾力克斯？”他逗我说。
“等我下一次卖出作品吧。
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Unitl The Shadowland of DreamsSander打磨机Ordeal严酷考验cherish :keep fondly in mind 充满感情地怀有Ion ging :ear nest desire 渴望prospect:chances of future success 前途superintendent:manager （大楼的）管理人manual :operated by hand 手工操作的siren塞壬（原指希腊神话中半人半鸟的女海妖，她以美妙歌声吸引水手并使船只触礁沉没）汽笛；诱人的，用手段引人随从自己的意见sacrifice 牺牲Gobble up急切的抓住;消耗a freelance writer 自由撰稿人Coast Guard美国海岸警卫队down-home: reminiscent 故乡；CD 园生活的stay the course 持续到底Unit2 Critical Thinkingdysfunctional功能障碍的wherewithal 资金herculean力大无比的egocentricity 自我中心goo粘性物brittle脆弱的abdomen 腹部arouse启发；〈古〉照耀inspire sb on a subject使某人明白某问题Ascend上升；追溯/Descend：下来来源于+from起源于+on袭击+to把身份降至Unit 3 Recyclingmonotonous （mono-单+tone调+・ous的）单调的;令人厌倦的Insignificant 无意义的aid： insignificant talk 废话insignificant person 小人物costume 服装Scrap废料Sewage污水enrage [常用于被动式]使人愤怒aid： be enraged at by sb's conduct因某人的行为而极为愤怒be enraged with sb.对某人勃然大怒Unit7 numbers and omensenculturation 文化浸润auspicious 吉祥的ominous 不吉的exclaim 惊叫antiquity 古老initiation ceremony 成人仪式Unit 8 Getting Enough Sleep? Dream Ondeprive 剥夺lapse [laeps] n.丧失，失效eyelid [ "ailid] n.眼睑，眼皮pupil [=pju:pal] n.瞳孔mortgage抵扌甲coin [koin] v.仓U 造array [s'rei] n.展示biochemical [baidu'kemikdl]生物化学的timepiece [ 4taimpi:s] n.吋羊巾arousal [a'rauzal] n.觉醒fatigue [fa'ti:g] n.疲劳precise [pri 'sais]精确的regulate [ "regjuleit] vt.控制wane [wein] 减少alarming [alaimirj]扰乱人心的vivacious [vi=veijas]活泼的play-off n.最后决赛strobe light n.闪光灯go to great lengths to do sth 竭尽全力Be / become cross with （对,,）生气doze [dauz]打瞌睡doze off 打瞌睡Unit 9 Invented Wordsab・，表示"相反，变坏，离去”等abnormal反常的abuse滥用bi•表示“两个，两” biweekly双周刊bilingual双语种的biannual -年两次的by■表示"在旁边,副的” byproduct副产品byroad辅路byway小道bypass旁路；忽略bywork 副业co-表示"共同"，通常放在元音词根前Cooperation合作Coexist共存Coincide—致，符合，巧合Coordinate协调Correlate关联,使相关fore-表示“前面，预先"forefather前人，祖先Forearm前臂forecast预报，预测foreshadow 预示，暗示UnitlO Nuclear Energyutility工具;机构contaminant 污染物millennia数千年algorithm 演算tsunami 海啸Unit 1requite =reward 报酬prospect=chances of future success 前景station二working 岗位on the side=as a sec on dary occupati on 副业;背地里well up=rise like water 涌上aid: well off=rich/well built）健身）+person/well done（烤熟）+meat veteran二experienced 老练的wilted=less than fresh 枯萎的limelight=full daylight聚光灯,注目的中心exhilarating=delighting and exciting 令人兴奋的corrode=rust 腐蚀aid: rusty surface（锈蚀表®）/ rusty skill（生涩的技艺）/corrupt （灵魂的腐蚀=腐败）/salt of earth （…的精华）/worth one* s salt（称职）Unit2ethics=the study of moral issues 伦理学：道德规范assess=evaluate 评估overlapping二covering in part 相互重叠aid： overcast（多云）/to go over board on sth（*j・••极端）/overcome （克服）/to take an overdoes（服药过量"overdue（过期）+change （期待已久的改变）conceive二conceptualize 设想;怀孕aid: conceive a child （从无至ij有，怀上一个孩子）/contend with （应付某人）/concept（概念）transcend=go beyond 超越aid： transfusionf输血）/transplant［嫁接］/transvestite［异装癖］undermine=weaken 逐渐削弱sanction二approve处罚；支持；批准orchestrate=coordinate使协调结合；精心安排encompass=include 包括；完成intens 讦y二in crease 强化aid: Ianguid=weary 无精打采白勺disparate=separate 不同的tacit心照不宣的gaunt憔悴的aid： plump丰满的/chubby脸圆/obese肥胖legal=lawful 合法的alacrity 敏捷do sth with alacritybrief=short 简洁的blame=censure 责备incessant=ceaseless 无休止的Unit3divert=sidetrack 使转向aid： divert+ traffic/plane/resource/attentionstack=pile 堆积aid： stack of +sthimpact=influences 影响insulate=protect 隔离casual=chance 偶然的aid: off chance=hard 机会不大demolition=destruction 毁坏fad=fashion 时尚discard=throw away 丢弃garbage=trash 垃圾viability=practicability 可行性consistently=regularly 有规律的hold down=restrain 抑制Unit7chew out=shout out 训斥take shape=come to be formed 形成be held at bay=be kept away 远离ascribe=attribute to 归因于wary of=cautious of 小心翼翼的stray from=wander away from 偏离meticulous=careful 小心谨慎的incline to=attract by 趋向look-up on=regard 注视assign=deliver 分派implies=explain 说明；暗示obsessed with=preoccupied with 迷恋；全神贯注于homoph on e=a word pronoun ced like ano ther word but with a different meaning or spelli ng 同咅异义词sprinkled二scattered 撒…于…Unit8consequenee二result 结果prone to=likely to suffer 易于tap=press 逼迫；压perspective=view 远景synchronize=cause---to occur at the same time 同时发生sufficiently=adequately 足够地apathetic=indifferent 无动于衷的mortality=death rate 死亡率impair=weaken 肖ij弱optimally=best possibly 最佳的aptly=rightly 适当地aid: be apt to （倾向于做）Unit9imitative=reproducing closely 模仿地aid: to do an imitation of sb（模仿某人）pasteurized=purified 7争化astronaut=one engaged in space flight 宇航员antibiotic=antibacterial 抗生素linguist=those study the scienee of language 语言学家chortle=gleeful chuckle 哈哈大笑knockdown二overwhelming 击倒UnitlOgenerate=produce 产生unleash=set free 解开束缚equilibrium=balance 平衡scaled-up=enlarged 比例增大meter=measure 测量dogged=ruined 衰落；顽固的aid： go to the dogs 衰落liability=indebtedness 亏欠saturated=wet 浸透的adherent=believer 拥护者repository二depository £者藏室reversal=wavering 逆转。