2015年英语四级阅读练习及答案(4)
2015年12月四级阅读真题答案完整版
2015年12月四级阅读真题答案完整版2015年12月四级阅读真题答案完整版下面是店铺整理的2015年12月四级阅读真题答案完整版，希望对大家有帮助。
2015年12月四级阅读真题答案完整版1：36. N) saw37. F) decades38. H) globally39. D) chances40. J) occurs41. A) additional42. B) associated43. G) experiences44. M) reduce45. K) populationsHow to Eat Well46. Cooking benefits people in many ways and enables them to connect with one another.答案：D Shouldn't preparing—and consuming—food be a source of comfort, pride, health, well-being, relaxation, sociability?…47. Abundant information about cooking is available either online or on TV.答案：B It's not because fresh ingredients are hard to come by…48. Young people do less cooking at home than the elderly these days.答案：F. Perhaps a return to real cooking needn't be far off…49. Cooking skills can be improved with practice.答案：O. You don't have to hit the grocery store daily, nor do you need an abundance of skill…50. In the mid-20th century, most families ate dinner at home instead of eating out.答案：G. Back in the 1950s most of us grew up in households where Mom cooked virtually everynight…51. Even those short of time or money should be encouraged to cook for themselves and theirfamily答案：E. When I talk about cooking, I'm not talking about creating elaborate dinner parties or three-day science projects.…52. Eating food not cooked by ourselves can cause serious consequences.答案：J. There have been half-hearted but well-publicized efforts by some food companies toreduce calories in their processed food, but….53. To eat well and still save money, people should buy fresh food and cook it themselves.答案：M. To those Americans for whom money is a concern…54. We get a fairly large portion of calories from fast food and snacks.答案：C. And yet we aren't cooking…55. The popularity of TV led to the popularity of frozen food.答案：H. Although frozen dinners were invented in the '40s, their popularity didn't boom untiltelevisions became popular a decade or so later…DBFOGEJMCH56. A) It is disappearing.57. B) electronically.58. D) Spending money is so fast and easy.59. A) It represents a change in the modern world.60. C) He feels reluctant to part with the traditional wallet.61. A) They are culture-related.62. C) They get less sleep on public holidays.63. C) The World Cup.64. B) They want to get sufficient sleep.65. B) Few people really know the importance of sleep.。
2015年6月英语四级答案完整版
2015年6月英语四级答案完整版一、听力（35题，35分）Short Conversations 1. A. The woman should go on playing chess. 2. D. Mary probably knows Sally’s new address. 3. B. His notes are not easy to read. 4. D. The man had better choose another restaurant. 5 .C. He has been looking forward to spring. 6. B. The man appreciates the woman’s help. 7. B. Go to work on foot. 8. A. Temporary closing has disturbed the airport’s operation. Conversion one 9. C. It has a chemical processing plant. 10. D. He’s a salesman. 11.C. Mr. Grand’s personal assistance. 12. B. Provide details of their products and services. Conversion two 13. A. She listened to recordings of many European orchestras. 14. D. She began taking violin lessons as a small child. 15. A. It was the chance of a lifetime. Passage One 16. B) His personal history is little known. 17. D) He was a member of the town council. 18. C) Possible sources of clues about him were lost in a fire. Passage Two 19. A) Theft. 20. B) Have the right documents. 21. B) Use official transport. Passage 3 22. C) Sell inexpensive products. 23. A) At a meeting of top British businesspeople. 24. D) Insulted. 25. B) There should be a limit to one's sense of humour 填空: 26. prospering 27. decade 28. opposite 29. sustain 30. In simple terms 31. establish 32. reasonably 33. take into account 34. misleading 35. using up 分） 二、选词填空（10题，5分）第一套选词填空：第一套选词填空：36 announcing 37 entitled 38 critically 39 potential 40commitment 41develop 42enhance 43retain 44component 45challenges 第二套选词填空：第二套选词填空：36 assets 37 excellent 38 origin 39 up-to-date 40 attend 41 guidelines 42 aware 43 involved 44 especially 45 volunteering 三、匹配和阅读(各1分，共10分) 第一套段落信息匹配：第一套段落信息匹配：文章是：essay-grading software offers professors a break. 46-55 FBMCE QGPJD 四、仔细阅读(（各2分，共20分) 第一套仔细阅读：第一套仔细阅读：56. B) It will protect them from sunburn 57. A) It is ineffective in preventing melanomas 58. 58. D) D) D) Daily Daily Daily application application application of of of sunscreen sunscreen sunscreen helps helps helps reduce reduce reduce the the the incidence incidence incidence of of melanomas 59. C) It is not based on direct observation of the subjects 60. A) A Using both covering up and sunscreen. 61. B) Well-educated people tend to work longer. 62. B) A rapid technological advance. 63. A) Economic growth will slow down. 64. 64. C) C) C) Even Even Even wealthy wealthy wealthy people people people must must must work work work longer longer longer to to to live live live comfortably comfortably comfortably in in retirement. 65. D) Skills are highly valued regardless of age. 第二套仔细阅读：第二套仔细阅读：61. A ）More men taking an extended parental leave. 62. C) Their number is too small to make a difference. 63. A) A long leave will have a negative impact on their career. 64. C) Surprise 第三套仔细阅读第三套仔细阅读61. C) The decline of the grain yield growth. 62. 62. A) A) A) Their Their Their self-sufficiency self-sufficiency is is vital vital vital to to to the the the stability stability stability of of of world world world food food markets. 63. D) They focus more on the increase of animal feed than human food grains. 64. D) The world will be able to feed its population without increasing farmland. 65. B) It is based on a doubtful assumption. 五、翻译（整体给分，共15分）分）第一套第一套中国是世界上最古老的文明之一.构成现代世界基础的许多元素都起源于中国.中国现在拥有世界上发展最快的经济,并正经历着一次新的工业革命中国还启动了雄心勃勃的太空探索计划,其中包括到2020年建成一个太空站. 目前，中国是世界上最大的出口国之一，并正在吸引大量外国投资。
2015年6月英语四级阅读真题及答案
2015年6月大学英语四级阅读真题与答案文章来源：文都教育Passage OneQuestions56to60are based on the following passage.Across the rich world,well-educated people increasingly work longer than the less-skilled.Some65%of American men aged62-74with a professional degree are in the workforce,compared with32%of men with only a high-school certificate.This gap is part of a deepening divide between the well-educated well-off and the unskilled poor.Rapid technological advance has raised the incomes of the highly skilled while squeezing those of the unskilled.The consequences,for individuals and society,are profound.The world is facing an astonishing rise in the number of old people.And they will live longer than ever before.Over the next20years the global population of those aged65or more will almost double,from600million to1.1billion.The experience of the20th century,when greater longevity(长寿)translated into more years in retirement rather than more years at work,has persuaded many observers that this shift will lead to slower economic growth,while the swelling ranks of pensioners will create government budget problems.But the notion of a sharp division between the working young and the idle old misses a new trend,the growing gap between the skilled and the unskilled. Employment rates are falling among younger unskilled people,whereas older skilled folk are working longer.The divide is most extreme in America,where well-educated baby-boomers(二战后生育高峰期出生的美国人)are putting off retirement while many less-skilled younger people have dropped out of the workforce.Policy is partly responsible.Many European governments have abandoned policies that used to encourage people to retire early.Rising life expectancy(预期寿命),combined with the replacement of generous defined-benefit pension plans with less generous defined-contribution ones,means that even the better-off must work longer to have a comfortable retirement.But the changing nature of work also plays a big role.Pay has risen sharply for the highly educated,and those people continue to reap rich rewards into old age because these days the educated elderly are more productive than the preceding generation.Technological change may well reinforce that shift:the skills that complement computers,from management knowhow to creativity,do not necessarily decline with age.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。
2015年6月四级考试阅读真题（ReapingtheRewardsofRisk-Taking）
2015年6⽉四级考试阅读真题（ReapingtheRewardsofRisk-Taking）Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Eachstatement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which theinformation is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with aletter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.Reaping the Rewards of Risk-TakingA）Since Steve Jobs resigned as chief executive of Apple , much has been said about him as a peerlessbusiness leader who has created immense wealth for shareholders, and guided the design of hitproducts that are transforming entire industries, like music and mobile communications.B）All true, but let’s think different, to borrow the Apple marke ting slogan of years back. Let’s look atMr. Jobs as a role model.C）Above all, he is an innovator（创新者）. His creative force is seen in products such as the iPod,iPhone, and iPad, and in new business models for pricing and distributing music and mobile softwareonline. Studies of innovation come to the same conclusion: you can’t engineer innovation, but you canincrease the odds of it occurring. And Mr. Jobs' career can be viewed as a consistent pursuit ofimproving those odds, both for himself and the companies he has led. Mr. Jobs , of course, hasenjoyed singular success. But innovation, broadly defined, is the crucial ingredient in all economicprogress- higher growth for nations, more competitive products for companies, and more prosperouscareers for individuals.And Mr. Jobs, many experts say, exemplifies what works in the innovationgame.D）“We can look at and learn from Steve Jobs what the essence of American innovation is,” says J ohnKao, an innovation consultant to corporations and governments. Many other nations, Mr. John Kaonotes, are now ahead of the United States in producing what are considered the raw materials ofinnovation.These include government financing for scientific research , national policies to supportemerging industries, educational achievement, engineers and scientists graduated, even the speeds ofculture of other countries doesn’t support the kind of innovation that Steve Jobsexemplifies, as America does,” Mr. Jo hn Kao says. F）Workers of every rank are told these days that wide-ranging curiosity and continuous learning are vitalto thriving in the modern economy. Formal education matters, career counselors say, but real-lifeexperience is often even more valuable.G）An adopted child, growing up in Silicon Valley, Mr. Jobs displayed those traits early on. He wasfascinated by electronics as a child, building Heathkit do-it-yourself projects, like radios. Mr. Jobsdropped out of Reed College after only a semester and traveled around India in search of spiritualenlightenment, before returning to Silicon Valley to found Apple with his friend, Stephen Wozniak,an engineering wizard（奇才）. Mr. Jobs was forced out of Apple in 1985, went off and founded twoother companies, Next and Pixar, before returning to Apple in 1996 and becoming chief executive in1997.H）His path was unique, but innovation experts say the pattern of exploration is not unusual. “ It’s oftenpeople like Steve Jobs who can draw from a deep reservoir ofdiverse experiences that often generatebreakthrough ideas and insights,” says Hal Gregersen, a professor at the European Institute ofBusiness Administration.I）Mr. Gregersen is a co-author of a new book, The Innovator’s DNA, which is based on an eight-yearstudy of 5 000 entrepreneurs（创业者）and executives worldwide. His two collaborators and co-authorsare Jeff Dyer, a professor at Brigham Young University, and Clayton Christensen, a professor at theHarvard Business School, whose 1997 book The Innovator’s Dilemma po pularized the concept of“disruptive（颠覆性的）innovation.”J）The academics identify five traits that are common to the disruptive innovators: questioning,experimenting, observing, associating and networking. Their bundle of characteristics echoes theceaseless curiosity and willingness to take risks noted by other experts. Networking, Mr. HalGregersen explains, is less about career-building relationships than a consistent search for new ideas.Associating, he adds, is the ability to make idea-producing connections by linking concepts fromdifferent disciplines.K）“Innovators engage in these mental activities regularly,” Mr. Gregersen says. “ It’sa habit for them. ”Innovative companies, according to the authors, typically enjoyhigher valuations in the stock market,which they call an “innovation premium （溢价）．”It is calculated by estimating the share of a company’s value that cannot be accounted for by its current products and cash flow. The innovationpremium tries to quantify（量化）investors' bets that a company will do even better in the futurebecause of innovation.L）Apple, by their calculations, had a 37 percent innovation premium during Mr.Jobs' first term withthe company. His years in exile resulted in a 31 percent innovation discount. After his return, Apple’s fortunes improved gradually at first, and improved markedly starting in 2005, yielding a 52 percentinnovation premium since then.M）There is no conclusive proof, but Mr. Hal Gregersen says it is unlikely that Mr.Jobs could havereshaped industries beyond computing. as he has done in his second term at Apple, without theexperience outside the company, especially at Pixar-the computer-animation（动画制作）studio thatcreated a string of critically and commercially successful movies, such as “Toy Story" and “ Up. ”N）Mr. Jobs suggested much the same thing during a commencement address to the graduating class atStanford University in 2005. “ It turned out that getting fired from Apple was the best thing that couldhave ever happened to me,”he told the students. Mr. Jobs also spoke of perseverance（坚持）and willpower.“ Sometimes life hits you in the head with a brick ,” he said. “Don’t lose faith. ”O）Mr. Jobs ended his commencement talk with a call to innovation, both in one’s choice of work and in one’s life. Be curious, experiment, take risks, he said to the students. His advice was emphasized bythe words on the back of the final edition of The Whole Earth Catalog, which he quoted:“Stayhungry. Stay foolish. ”“And,”Mr. Jobs said,“I have always wished that for mys elf. And now, asyou graduate to begin anew, I wish that for you. ”46. Steve Jobs called on Stanford graduates to innovate in his commencement address.47. Steve Jobs considered himself lucky to have been fired once by Apple.48.Steve Jobs once ⼭ed computers to make movies that were commercial hits.49. Many governments have done more than the US government in providing the rawmaterials forinnovation.50. Great innovators are good at connecting concepts from various academic fields.51. Innovation is vital to driving economic progress.52. America has a social environment that is particularly favorable to innovation.53. Innovative ideas often come from diverse experiences.54. Real-life experience is often more important than formal education for careersuccess.55. Apple’s fortunes suffered from an innovation discount during Jobs’ absence.。
2015年6月大学英语四级仔细阅读真题和答案
2015年6月大学英语四级仔细阅读真题和答案来源：文都教育2015年6月大学英语六级考试已经结束，文都教育考后整理了仔细阅读题目的参考答案，供大家参考。
Passage TwoQuestions 61-65 are based on the following passage.Some of the world’s most significant problems never hit headlines.One example comes from agriculture. Food riots and hunger make news. But the trend lying behind these matters is rarely talked about. This is the decline in the growth in yields of some of the world’s major crops.A new study by the University of Minnesota and McGill University in Montreal looks at where, and how far, this decline is occurring.The authors take a vast number of data points for the four most important crops: rice, wheat corn and soybeans(大豆). They find that on between 24% and 39% of all harvested areas, the improvement in yields that tood place before the 1980s slowed down in the 1990s and 2000s.There are two worrying features of the slowdown. One is that it has been particularly sharp in the world’s most populous(人口多的) countries, India and China. Their ability to feed themselves has been an important source of relative stability both within the countries and on world food markets. That self-sufficiency cannot be taken for granted if yields continue to slow down or reverse.Second, yield growth has been lower in wheat and rice than in corn and soyabeans. This is problematic because wheat and rice are more important as foods, accounting for around half of all calories consumed. Corn and soyabeans are more important as feed grains. The authors note that “we have preferentially focused our crop improvement efforts on feeding animals and cars rather than on crops that feed people and are the basis of food security in much of the world.”The report qualifies the more optimistic findings of another new paper which suggests that the world will not have to dig up a lot more land for farming in order to feed 9 billion people in 2050, as the Food and Agriculture Organisation has argued.Instead, it says, thanks to slowing population growth, land currently ploughted up for crops might be able to revert(回返)to forest or wilderness. This could happen. The trouble is that the forecast assumes continued improvements in yields, which may not actually happen.注意:此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。
2015年大学英语四级阅读理解题及解析
2015年大学英语四级阅读理解题及解析Merchant and passenger ships are generally required to have a life preserver for every person aboard and in many cases, a certain percentage of smaller sizes for children. According to United States requirements, life preservers must design, reversible capable of being quickly adjusted to fit the uninitiated individual, and must be so designed as to support the wearer in the water in an upright or slightly backward position.Sufficient buoyancy(浮力) to support the wearer should be retained by the life preserver after 48 hours in the water, and it should be reliable even after long period of storage. Thus it should be made of materials resistant to sunlight, gasoline, and oils, and it should be not easily set on fire.?The position in which the life preserver will support a person who jumps or falls into the water is most important, as is its tendency to turn the wearer in the water from a face-down position to an upright or slightly backward position, with his face clear of the water, even when the wearer is exhausted or unconscious.The method of adjustment to the body should be simple, and self-evident to uninitiated persons even in the dark under the confused conditions, which follow a disaster. Thus, the life be reversible that it is nearly impossible to get it on wrong. Catches, straps, and ties should be kept to a minimum. In addition, the life preserver must be adjustable to the wide variety of shapes and sizes of wearers, since this greatly affects the position of floating and the self-righting qualities. A suitable life also be comfortable to wear at all times, in and out of the water, not so heavy as to encourage to take it off on shipboard while the ship is in danger, nor so burdensome that it hinders a person in the water whiletrying to swim.1. The passage is mainly about____.A) the uses of life preserversB) the design of life preserversC) the materials for life preserversD) the buoyancy of life preservers2. According to the passage, a life be first of all ____.A) adjustable B) comfortable C) self-evident D) self-righting3. United States Coast Guard does NOT require the life preserver to be made ____.A) with as few strings as possibleB) capable of being worn on both sidesC) according to each wearer's sizeD) comfortable and light to wear4. By “the uninitiated individual” (Para. 1, Line. 4) the author refers to the person ____.A) who has not been instructed how to use a life preserverB) who has a little experience in using a life preserverC) who uses a life preserver without permissionD) who becomes nervous before a disaster5. What would happen if a person were supported by the life preserver in a wrong position?A) The waves would move him backwards.B) The water would choke him.C) He would immediately sink to the bottom.D) He would be exhausted or unconscious.答案与解析：1. B文章主要讲述了救生衣的设计。
2015年12月英语四级阅读答案解析
2015年12月英语四级阅读答案解析2015年12月英语四级阅读答案解析【阅读】选词填空第一篇For manyAmericans, 2013 ended with an unusually bitter cold snap. LateNovember and December saw early snow and bone-chilling temperaturesin much of the country, part of a year when—for the first time intwo decades—record-cold days will likely turn out to haveoutnumbered record-warm ones. But the U.S. was the exception:November was the warmest ever globally, and the provisional dataindicates that 2013 is likely to have been the fourth-hottest yearon record.Enjoy thesnow now, because chances are good that 2014 will be evenhotter—perhaps the hottest year since records have been kept.That’s because,scientists are predicting, 2014 wi ll be an El Niño year.El Niño,Spanish for “the child”, occurs when surface ocean waters in thesouthern Pacific become abnormally warm. So large is the Pacific,covering 30% of the planet’s surface, that the specific energygenerated by its warming is enough to touch off a series of weatherchanges around the world. El Niño are associated with abnormallydry conditions in the Southeast Asia and Australia. They can leadto extreme rain in parts of North and South America, even assouthern Africa experiences dry weather. Marine life may beaffected too: El Niño the rising of the cold, nutrient-rich waterthat supports large fish populations, and the unusually warm oceantemperatures can destroy coral.参考答案36. N. saw 第一空显然缺少谓语，优先考虑动词，结合语义并根据Late November andDecember可以推出应选择过去式动词，故答案锁定saw.37. F. decades 根据two，首选复数名词，结合语义，“for the first time in the two decades”,二十年来头一次。
2015年大学英语四级阅读习题及答案
2015年大学英语四级阅读习题及答案There are three kinds of goals: short-term,medium-range and long-term goals. Short-range goals are those that usually deal with current activities,which we can apply on a daily basis.Such goals can be achieved in a week or less,or two weeks,or possible months.It should be remembered that just as a building is no stronger than its foundation ,out long-term goals cannot amount to very munch without the achievement of solid short-term goals.Upon completing our short-term goals,we should date the occasion and then add new short-term goals that will build on those that have been completed.The intermediate goals bukld on the foundation of the short-range goals.They might deal with just one term of school or the entire school year,or they could even extend for several years.Any time you move a step at a time,you should never allow yourself to become discouraged or overwhelmed. As you complete each step,you will enforce the belief in your ability to grow adn succeed.And as your list of completion dates grow,your motivation and desire will increase.Long-range goals may be related to our dreams of the future. They might cover five years or more. Life is not a static thing.We should never allow a long-term goal to limit us or our course of action.1.Our long-term goals mean a lot______.A.if we complete our short-range goalsB.if we cannot reach solid short-term goalsC.if we write down the datesD.if we put forward some plans2.New short-term goals are bulid upon______.A.two yearsB.long-term goalsC.current activitiesD.the goals that have been completed3.When we complete each step of our goals ,______.A.we will win final successB.we are overwhelmedC.we should build up confidence of successD.we should strong desire for setting new goals4.Once our goals are drawn up,_______.A.we should stick to them until we complete themB.we may change our goals as we have new ideas and oppor rtunitiesC.we had better wait for the exciting news of successD.we have made great decision5.It is implied but not stated in the passage that ______.A.those who habe long-term goals will succeedB.writing down the dates may discourage youC.the goal is only a guide for us to reach our desinationD.every should have a goal 答案：a d c b c。
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Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.
An industrial society, especially one as centralized and concentrated as that of Britain, is heavily dependent on certain essential services: for instance, electricity supply, water, rail and road transport, the harbors. The area of dependency has widened to include removing rubbish, hospital and ambulance services, and, as the economy develops, central computer and information services as well. If any of these services ceases to operate, the whole economic system is in danger.
60. The title which best expresses the idea of the text would be __________.
A．British Trade Unions and Their Drawbacks
B．A Centralized and Concentrated Society
Trade unions have problems of internal communication just as managers incompaniesdo, problems which multiply in very large unions or in those which bring workers in very different industries together into a single general union. Some trade union officials have to be re-elected regularly; others are elected, or even appointed, for life. Trade union officials have to work with a system of "shop stewards" (工厂工人代表) in many unions, "shop stewards" being workers elected by other workers as their representatives at factory or work level.
[59]和公司中的经理们一样，工会内部也同样面临着交流问题。在那些大型工会或者聚集了不同行业工人的工会里，这些问题成倍增加。有些工会需要定期选举并更换主席；另一些工会则采取选举或指定一名终身主席一在很多工会里，干部必须在“工厂工人代表”的体制下工作。工厂工人代表由其他工人在整个工厂或者车间内选举产生，来代表其他工人的利益。
2015年英语四级阅读练习及答案(4)
Section C
Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choicesmarkedA．,B．, C．andD．. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through thecentre.
C．Because there are more unions in Britain than elsewhere.
D．Because there are many essential services offered by the unions.
57. Because of their out-of-date organization, some unions find it difficult to __________.
Others are involved in arguments about who should represent workers in new trades. Unions for skilled trades are separate from general unions, which means that different levels of wages for certain jobs are often a source of bad feelings between unions. In traditional trades which are being pushed out of existence by advancingtechnologies,unionscan fight for their members' disappointing jobs to the point where the jobs of other union members are threatened or destroyed. The printing of newspapers both in the United States and in Britain has frequently been halted by the efforts of printers to hold on to their traditional highly-paid jobs.
56. Why is the trade union power crucial in Britain?
A．Because the economy is very interdependent.
B．Because the unions have been established a long time.
For historical reasons, Britain's unions have tended to develop along trade (行业) and occupational lines, rather than on an industry-by-industry basis, which makes a wages policy, democracy in industry and the improvement of procedures for fixing wage levels difficult to achieve.
[56]正是由于经济体系内各种经济因素相互依赖，才使得工会权力成为如此重要的问题。单是工会就能切断许多国家的经济命脉。相比其他国家，这种情况在英国更有可能发生，一部分原因是，英国的工人力量具有高度组织化的特征。在英国，约有55％的工人是工会的成员，而在美国，这一比例还不到25％。由于一些历史原因，英国的工会趋向于沿着行业和职业的方向发展，而不是各行业独立发展。这种情况导致薪金政策、行业民主以及薪金水平规定流程的改进很难实现。
A．bargain for high enough wages
B．get new members to join
C．learn new technologies
D．changeas industries change
58. Disagreements arise between unions because some of them__________.
【答案解析】
56．A
定位：根据题干信息thetradeunion power和crucial可将答案定位到第二段第一句。
There are considerable strains and tensions in the trade union movement, some of them arising from their outdated and inefficient structure. Some unions have lost many members because of their industrial changes.
C．The Powe．The Structure of British Trade Unions
【参考译文】
一个工业社会对某些基本服务(比如电力供应、水、铁路和公路运输以及港口)有着很强的依赖性，特别是在英国这样集权而集中的国家更是如此。而今，依赖的领域已扩大到垃圾清运、医院和救护车服务，而且，随着经济的发展，中央计算机和信息服务也包含其中。一旦这些服务中的任何一项停止运作，整个经济体系就会处于危险之中、
A．try to win over members of other unions
B．ignore agreements
C．protect their own members at the expense of others
D．takeover other unions' jobs
59. Why does the author compare the trade unions with managers in companies?
[57]工会运动面临许多限制和压力，其中一些源于工会本身落后而低效的结构。由于产业调整，一些工会已经失去了很多成员。另外一些工会则面临一系列争论：新的行业中究竟由谁来代表工人?技术性行业的工会跟一般意义上的工会是分离的，这意味着，某些工作薪金水平的不同通常会在各工会之间引发摩擦，[58]传统的行业正逐渐被先进的技术所替代，在这些行业里，工会会为其成员渺无前景的工作努力抗争，使其他工会成员的工作也受到威胁或者破坏。美国和英国的报纸印刷经常会中断，因为印刷工要努力维护本行业的传统地位和高额薪酬。