宏观经济学英文PPT课件
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宏观经济学英文课件 (2)
Capital Input
• The Demand for Capital Services
– Firms maximize real profit
• π/P= A·F[(κK)d, Ld)] −(w/P) · Ld− (R/P)·(κK)d
Capital Input
Capital Input
– Net real income from supplying capital services = K·[(R/P)·κ − δ(κ)]
Capital Input
• The Supply of Capital Services
– Rate of return from owning capital = ( R/P)·κ − δ(κ)
Capital Input
• Market Clearing and Capital Utilization
– i = (R/ P) · κ − δ(κ) – Rate of return on bonds
= rate of return on ownership of capital
– Increase in the technology level, A, raises the rate of return from owning capital, the interest rate, i, increases. The interest rate is still procyclical in the model.
Capital Utilization and Unemployment
Capital Input
• Capital utilization rate
– The fraction of the capital stock used in production. – κ (the Greek letter kappa) represent the utilization rate for the capital stock, K. – Y= A· F(κ K, L)
宏观经济学英文课件 (7)
investment − depreciation, or • Change in capital stock = net investment
• ∆K = s· ( Y− δ K) • Change in capital stock = real saving
Solow Growth Model
• What can policymakers do to increase growth rates of real GDP per person?
Production Function
Y = A· F(K, L)
– A Technology Level – K Capitol Stock – machines and buildings
Solow Growth Model
Solow Growth Model
• steady state.
– When k = k∗ , ∆k/k equals zero. – ∆k/k = 0, k stays fixed at the value k∗ .
• y* = f(k*)
Solow Growth Model
• ∆k/k = s·(y/k) − sδ − n • ∆y/y = α·(∆k/k) • ∆y/y = α·[ s·( y/k) − sδ − n]
Solow Growth Model
Solow Growth Model
• k(0) = K(0)/ L(0)
• y= A· f( k)
– y(0) = Y(0)/L(0) – y(0) = A· f [ k(0) ]
Productivity Slowdown
• The decline in the growth rate of real GDP per person from 3.1% per year for 1960–1980 to 1.8% per year for 1980–2000 is sometimes called the productivity slowdown.
• ∆K = s· ( Y− δ K) • Change in capital stock = real saving
Solow Growth Model
• What can policymakers do to increase growth rates of real GDP per person?
Production Function
Y = A· F(K, L)
– A Technology Level – K Capitol Stock – machines and buildings
Solow Growth Model
Solow Growth Model
• steady state.
– When k = k∗ , ∆k/k equals zero. – ∆k/k = 0, k stays fixed at the value k∗ .
• y* = f(k*)
Solow Growth Model
• ∆k/k = s·(y/k) − sδ − n • ∆y/y = α·(∆k/k) • ∆y/y = α·[ s·( y/k) − sδ − n]
Solow Growth Model
Solow Growth Model
• k(0) = K(0)/ L(0)
• y= A· f( k)
– y(0) = Y(0)/L(0) – y(0) = A· f [ k(0) ]
Productivity Slowdown
• The decline in the growth rate of real GDP per person from 3.1% per year for 1960–1980 to 1.8% per year for 1980–2000 is sometimes called the productivity slowdown.
宏观经济学之货币供给与需求money supply and money demand(精品PPT课件共44页)
A model of the money supply
exogenous variables
the monetary base, B = C + R
controlled by the central bank
the reserve-deposit ratio, rr = R/D
depends on regulations & bank policies
The depositor still has $1000 in demand deposits,
but now the borrower holds $800 in currency.
CHAPTER 18 Money Supply and Money Demand
slide 5
SCENARIO 3: Fractional-Reserve Banking
1. Determine impact on money supply.
2. Explain the intuition for your result.
CHAPTER 18 Money Supply and Money Demand
slide 14
Solution to exercise
Impact of an increase in the currency-deposit ratio
CHAPTER 18 Money Supply and Money Demand
slide 15
Three instruments of monetary policy
1. Open market operations 2. Reserve requirements 3. The discount rate
宏观经济学ppt课件完整版
一、国内生产总值的定义
•
定义：在某一既定时期一国之内生
产的所有最终产品和劳务市场价值总
和。
•
上述定义包括以下几方面规定：
•
第一，“一国之内…”。GDP按国
土原则计算
•
GDP以领土为统计范围，强调无
论劳动力和其它生产要素是属于本
国、还是外国，只要是在本国领土
生产的产品和劳务的价值都计入本
国的GDP。，
企业家愿意提供的产品越多。
•
—— 供给定理
34
（2）经济理论的图形表达
P
S
O
Q
35
（3）经济理论的数学表达
•
•
•
•
用函数的形式表达供给定理，该理
论可以表示为：
Q
= f（P）
供给量
价格
函数
上式表示供给量是价格的函数。
36
（4）著名的经济学模型 ：供求模型
•
例如，猪肉的需求函数：
•
Qd = D（P、Y）
流量而不是存量，通常以年度或季
度为单位度量。
存量 VS .流量
•
存量：
在某一时点上存在的数量。
（洗脸盆中的水，你书架上的书和
你储蓄账户上的货币量也是存量。）
•
流量：
在一定时期发生的量。
（打开的水龙头流到洗脸盆中的水。
我们在一个月里买的书和我们在一个
月里赚到的收入也是流量。）
存量 VS .流量
•
化等。
26
值得研究的问题：
•
（1）为什么会有经济增长？决定因
素是什么？
•
（2）如何准确测量经济增长的速度
和成本，经济增长如何维持？如何实
曼昆《经济学原理》(宏观经济学分册)英文原版PPT课件
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP • GDP includes all items produced in the economy and sold legally n markets. • What Is Not Counted in GDP?
– Every transaction has a buyer and a seller. – Every dollar of spending by some buyer is a dollar of income for some seller.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Y = C + I + G + NX
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP • Consumption (C):
• The spending by households on goods and services, with the exception of purchases of new housing. • Investment (I):
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
• “. . . Final . . .” – It records only the value of final goods, not intermediate goods (the value is counted only once).
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP • GDP includes all items produced in the economy and sold legally n markets. • What Is Not Counted in GDP?
– Every transaction has a buyer and a seller. – Every dollar of spending by some buyer is a dollar of income for some seller.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Y = C + I + G + NX
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP • Consumption (C):
• The spending by households on goods and services, with the exception of purchases of new housing. • Investment (I):
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
• “. . . Final . . .” – It records only the value of final goods, not intermediate goods (the value is counted only once).
宏观经济学之国民收入national income(精品PPT课件共59页)
for renting capital.
Firms maximize profits by choosing K such that MPK = R/P .
CHAPTER 3 National Income
slide 20
The Neoclassical Theory of Distribution
denoted Y = F (K, L)
shows how much output (Y ) the
economy can produce from
K units of capital and L units of labor.
reflects the economy’s level of
CHAPTER 3 National Income
slide 11
Marginal product of labor (MPL)
def: The extra output the firm can produce using an additional unit of labor (holding other inputs fixed):
c. Graph the MPL curve with MPL on the
vertical axis and
L on the horizontal axis
L Y MPL
0 0 n.a. 1 10 ? 2 19 ? 3 27 8 4 34 ? 5 40 ? 6 45 ? 7 49 ? 8 52 ? 9 54 ? 10 55 ?
product falls (other things equal).
Intuition(直观):
L while holding K fixed
Firms maximize profits by choosing K such that MPK = R/P .
CHAPTER 3 National Income
slide 20
The Neoclassical Theory of Distribution
denoted Y = F (K, L)
shows how much output (Y ) the
economy can produce from
K units of capital and L units of labor.
reflects the economy’s level of
CHAPTER 3 National Income
slide 11
Marginal product of labor (MPL)
def: The extra output the firm can produce using an additional unit of labor (holding other inputs fixed):
c. Graph the MPL curve with MPL on the
vertical axis and
L on the horizontal axis
L Y MPL
0 0 n.a. 1 10 ? 2 19 ? 3 27 8 4 34 ? 5 40 ? 6 45 ? 7 49 ? 8 52 ? 9 54 ? 10 55 ?
product falls (other things equal).
Intuition(直观):
L while holding K fixed
曼昆经济学原理宏观经济学分册英文原版PPT课件28unemployment
How Is Unemployment Measured?
Unemployment is measured by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). It surveys 60,000 randomly selected households every month. The survey is called the Current Population Survey.
How Is Unemployment Measured?
A person is unemployed if he or she is on temporary layoff, is looking for a job, or is waiting for the start date of a new job.
How Is Unemployment Measured?
Based on the answers to the survey questions, the BLS places each adult into one of three categories: Employed Unemployed Not in the labor force
JOB SEARCH
Job search the process by which workers find appropriate jobs given their tastes and skills. results from the fact that it takes time for qualified individuals to be matched with appropriate jobs.
Why Are There Always Some People Unemployed?
Unemployment is measured by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). It surveys 60,000 randomly selected households every month. The survey is called the Current Population Survey.
How Is Unemployment Measured?
A person is unemployed if he or she is on temporary layoff, is looking for a job, or is waiting for the start date of a new job.
How Is Unemployment Measured?
Based on the answers to the survey questions, the BLS places each adult into one of three categories: Employed Unemployed Not in the labor force
JOB SEARCH
Job search the process by which workers find appropriate jobs given their tastes and skills. results from the fact that it takes time for qualified individuals to be matched with appropriate jobs.
Why Are There Always Some People Unemployed?
宏观经济学课件(英文版)
GDP Composition
The breakdown of GDP into its various components, such as consumption, investment, government spending, and net exports.
VS
A measure of the percentage of the labor force that is jobless and actively seeking employment.
04
Fiscal Policy and Government Speing is a significant component of the economy, representing a significant share of GDP.
Government spending can also act as a stabilizer during economic downturns, stimulating growth and absorbing economic shocks.
05
Monetary Policy and Central Bank Operations
The main monetary policy tools used by central banks are open market operations, reserve requirements, and interest rate policy.
02
Examples include stimulus packages during the Great Recession, infrastructure spending programs, and social welfare policies.
The breakdown of GDP into its various components, such as consumption, investment, government spending, and net exports.
VS
A measure of the percentage of the labor force that is jobless and actively seeking employment.
04
Fiscal Policy and Government Speing is a significant component of the economy, representing a significant share of GDP.
Government spending can also act as a stabilizer during economic downturns, stimulating growth and absorbing economic shocks.
05
Monetary Policy and Central Bank Operations
The main monetary policy tools used by central banks are open market operations, reserve requirements, and interest rate policy.
02
Examples include stimulus packages during the Great Recession, infrastructure spending programs, and social welfare policies.
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Macro Economics
Gross Domestic Product
In this chapter, look for the answers to these questions:
What is Gross Domestic Product (GDP)?
How is GDP related to a nation’s total income and spending?
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measures total income of everyone in the economy. GDP also measures total expenditure on the economy’s output of g&s.
For the economy as a whole, income equals expenditure, because
Macroeconomics: The study of the economy as a whole.
We begin our study of macroeconomics with the country’s total income and expenditure.
Income and Expenditure
Intermediate goods: used as components or ingredients in the production of other goods
GDP only includes final goods – they already embody the value of the intermediate goods used in their production.
What are the componrected for inflation?
Does GDP measure society’s well-being?
Micro vs. Macro
Microeconomics: The study of how individual households and firms make decisions, interact with one another in markets.
Preliminaries:
Factors of production are inputs like labor, land, capital, and natural resources. Factor payments are payments to the factors of production. (e.g., wages, rent)
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Is……the market value of all final goods &
services produced within a country
in a given period of time.
Goods are valued at their market prices, so:
FIGURE 1: The Circular-Flow Diagram
Households: ▪ own the factors of production,
sell/rent them to firms for income ▪ buy and consume g&s
Firms
Households
every dollar a buyer spends is a dollar of income for the seller.
The Circular-Flow Diagram
a simple depiction of the macroeconomy
illustrates GDP as spending, revenue, factor payments, and income
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Is……the market value of all final goods &
services produced within a country in a given period of time.
Final goods: intended for the end user
FIGURE 1: The Circular-Flow Diagram
Firms
Firms: ▪ buy/hire factors of production,
use them to produce g&s ▪ sell g&s
Households
What This Diagram Omits
The government
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Is……the market value of all final goods &
services produced within a country in a given period of time.
• all goods measured in the same units
(e.g., dollars in the U.S.)
• Things that don’t have a market value are
excluded, e.g., housework you do for yourself.
collects taxes purchases g&s
The financial system
matches savers’ supply of funds with borrowers’ demand for loans
The foreign sector
trades g&s, financial assets, and currencies with the country’s residents
Gross Domestic Product
In this chapter, look for the answers to these questions:
What is Gross Domestic Product (GDP)?
How is GDP related to a nation’s total income and spending?
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measures total income of everyone in the economy. GDP also measures total expenditure on the economy’s output of g&s.
For the economy as a whole, income equals expenditure, because
Macroeconomics: The study of the economy as a whole.
We begin our study of macroeconomics with the country’s total income and expenditure.
Income and Expenditure
Intermediate goods: used as components or ingredients in the production of other goods
GDP only includes final goods – they already embody the value of the intermediate goods used in their production.
What are the componrected for inflation?
Does GDP measure society’s well-being?
Micro vs. Macro
Microeconomics: The study of how individual households and firms make decisions, interact with one another in markets.
Preliminaries:
Factors of production are inputs like labor, land, capital, and natural resources. Factor payments are payments to the factors of production. (e.g., wages, rent)
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Is……the market value of all final goods &
services produced within a country
in a given period of time.
Goods are valued at their market prices, so:
FIGURE 1: The Circular-Flow Diagram
Households: ▪ own the factors of production,
sell/rent them to firms for income ▪ buy and consume g&s
Firms
Households
every dollar a buyer spends is a dollar of income for the seller.
The Circular-Flow Diagram
a simple depiction of the macroeconomy
illustrates GDP as spending, revenue, factor payments, and income
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Is……the market value of all final goods &
services produced within a country in a given period of time.
Final goods: intended for the end user
FIGURE 1: The Circular-Flow Diagram
Firms
Firms: ▪ buy/hire factors of production,
use them to produce g&s ▪ sell g&s
Households
What This Diagram Omits
The government
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Is……the market value of all final goods &
services produced within a country in a given period of time.
• all goods measured in the same units
(e.g., dollars in the U.S.)
• Things that don’t have a market value are
excluded, e.g., housework you do for yourself.
collects taxes purchases g&s
The financial system
matches savers’ supply of funds with borrowers’ demand for loans
The foreign sector
trades g&s, financial assets, and currencies with the country’s residents