中山大学免疫学(A)2018年考博真题试卷
2018年中山大学考博英语真题
2018年中山大考博英语真题Directions: In each question, decide which of the choices given will most suitably complete the sentences if inserted at the place marked. Write your choices on the Answer Sheet.31. The secretary was harshly——by her boss for misplacing some important files.A) rebuked B）teased C) washed D) accused32. The jet airliner has ——from the Wright brothers’ small airplane.A) Involved B) evolved C) devolved D) revolved33. Chinese products enjoy high international prestige because of their, quality.A) Indistinctive B) indisputable C) indispensable D) indistinguishable34. This can something that the students may not have comprehended in English.A) Signify B) specify C) clarify D) testify35. I must you on your handling of a very difficult situation.A) meditate B) complement C) elaborate D) compliment36. I've had my car examined three times now but no mechanic has been able to the problem.A) deduce B) notify C) highlight D) pinpoint37. Architectural pressure groups fought unsuccessfully to save a terrace of eighteenth century houses from _A) abolition B) demolition C) disruption D) dismantling38.Having decided to rent a flat, we____ contacting all the accommodation dt, agencies in the city.A) set out B) set to C) set about D) set off39. The police decided to the department store after they had received a bomb warning.A) evict B) expel C) abandon D) evacuate40. If the work-force respected you, you wouldn't need to your authority so often,A) affirm B) restrain C) assert D) maintain41. Miss Rosemary Adang went through the composition carefully to all errors from it.A) eliminate B) terminate C) illuminate D) alleviate42. Several months previously, the workers had petitioned the company for a 25 percent wage increase and of stricter safety regulations.A) implement B) endowment C) enforcement D) engagement43. The rebel army __ the democratic government of the, country lawlessly.A) overthrew B) overtook C) overturned D) overruled44. Judges are ____increasingly heavy fines for minor driving offencesA). B) demanding C) imparting D) imposing45. The of all kinds of necessary goods was caused by natural calamity.A) variety B) scarcity C) solidarity D) commodity46. It is essential to be on the for any signs of movement in the undergrowth since there are poisonous snakes in the area.A) guard B) care C) alert D) alarm47. She took up so many hobbies when she retired that she had hardly any timeA) in hand B) at hand C) on her hands D) at her hand48. Working with the mentally handicapped requires considerable -`_ of patience; and understanding.A) means B) stocks C) provisions D) resources49. He still suffers from a rare t2-opical disease which he, while working to Africa.A) infected B) incurred C ) contracted D) infested50. Giving up smoking is just one of the ways to heart diseases.A) ward off C) push off B) put off D) throw off51. There is no for hard work and perseverance of you want to succeed.. A) alteration B) equivalent C) alternative D)substitute52. What the film company needs is an actor who can take on any kinds of roles.A) diverse B) versatile C) variable D) changeable53. With their modern, lightweight boat, they soon the older vessels in the race.A) overran B) exceeded C) outstripped D) caught up54. Research suggests that, heavy penalties do not act as a to potential criminals. .A) deterrent B) prevention C) safeguard D) distraction55. There has been so much media of the coming election that people have got bored with it.A) circulation B) concern C) broadcasting D) coverageA) applications B) connotations C) implications D) complications64. I thought 1 saw water in the distance but it must have been an opticalA) perception B) delusion C) illusion D) deception61. He was intensely_____ by the way the shop assistant spoke to him.A) intervened C) injected B) irritated D) insulated62. The people who were _ hurt in the accident were taken to the only hospital in the immediate_________A) vicinity B) mobility C) velocity D) integrity63. With all his experience abroad he was a major to the company.A) attendant B) asset C) attachment D) attribute64. Don't thank me for helping in the garden. It was pleasure to be working out of doors.A) mere B) sheer C) plain D) simple65. The peace of the public library was by the sound of a transistor radio.A) shuttered B) shattered C) smashed D) fractured66. It is doubtless that those who wish to succeed should beA) aggressive B) possessive C) cooperative D) conventional56. You've done more of the work than I have recently so I'll give up my day off' inA) offset B)redress C)herald D) compensatewith the usual formalities since we all know each other57. I think we can______with the usual formalities since we all know each other already.A) dispose B) dispatch C) dispense D) discharge58. He joined a computer dating scheme but so far it hasn't a suitable patter.A) come by B) some across C) come up with D) come round to59. Have you thought what the _ might be if you didn't win your case in court?67. The damp and cold weather had painfully the patient's rheumatism.A) activated B)aggregatedC) aggravated D) accelerated68.1 utterly your argument. In my opinion, you have distorted the facts.A) dispute B) refute C) confound D) decline69.1 think you will find that the inconvenience of the diet is by the benefits.A) out looked B) outranked C) outfought D) outweighed70. A good friend is one who will you when you arc in trouble.A) stand for B) stand by C) stand up to D) stand overPart III. Reading Comprehension (30 paints)DirectionsThere are 6 passages in this pail. Each Passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. Each question or unfinished statement is given four suggested answers marked A), B), C) and D). Y ou should choose the one best answer and write the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Passage OneSome of the earliest diamonds known came from India. In the eighteenth century they were found in Brazil, and in 1866, huge deposits were found near Kimberley in South Africa. Though evidence of extensive diamond deposits has recently, been found in South Africa, the continent of Africa still produces nearly all the world's supply of these stones.The most valuable diamonds are large, individual crystals of pure crystal lint carbon. Less perfect forms, known as 'boars'and 'carbonado' arc clusters of tiny crystals. Until diamonds are cut and polished, they do not sparkle lice those you sec on a ring--they just look like small, blue-grey stones.In a rather crude form the cutting and polishing of precious stones was an art known to the Ancient Egyptians, and in the Middle Ages it became 1Lidcspread iii north-west Europe. However, a revolutionary change in the methods of cutting and polishing was made in 1476 when Ludwig V an Berquen of Bruges in Belgium invented the use of a swiftly revolving wheel with its edge faced with fine diamond powder. The name 'boast' is given to this fine powder as well as the natural crystalline material already mentioned. It is also gimp to badly flawed or broken diamond crystals, useless as jewels, that are broken into powder for grinding purposes, the so-called `industrial' diamonds.Diamond itself is the only material hard enough to cut and polish diamonds--though recently, high-intensity light beams called lasers have been developed which can bore holes in them. It may be necessary to split or cleave the large stones before they arc cut and polished. Every diamond has a natural line of cleavage, along which it may be split by a sharp blow with a cutting edge.A fully cut 'brilliant' diamond has 58 facets, or faces, regularly arranged. For cutting or faceting, the stones arc fixed into copper holders and held against a wheel, edged with a mixture of Oil and fine diamond dust, which is revolved at about 2,500 revolutions a minute. Amsterdam and Antwerp, in Holland and Belgium respectively, have been the centre of the diamond cutting and polishing industry for over seven centuries.The jewel value of brilliant diamonds depends greatly on their colour, or `water' as it is called. The usual colours of diamonds are white, yellow, brown, green or blue- Surrounding rocks and take on their color. thus black ,red and even bright pink diamonds have occasionally been found.The trade in diamonds Is not only in the valuable gem stones but also in the industrial diamonds mentioned above. Zaire produces 70% of such stones. They are fixed into the rock drills used in mining and civil engineering, also for edging band saws for cutting stone. Diamond-faced tools are used for cutting and drilling glass and fine porcelain and for dentists' drills. They are used as bearings in watches and other finely balanced instruments. Perhaps you own some diamonds without knowing it--in your wristwatch!71. 'Carbonado' is the name given toA) only the very best diamonds B) lumps of pure carbonC) Spanish diamonds D) diamonds made up of many small crystals72. The art of cutting and polishing precious stones remained crude untilA) the fourteenth century B) the fifteenth centuryC) the sixteenth century D) the seventeenth century73. During faceting, diamonds are held in copper holdersA) to facilitate accurate cutting B) to make them shine more brilliantlyC) so that they can revolve more easily D) as a steel holder might damage the diamond74. The value order of `water' in diamond, _A) is more important than their colour B) ranges from blue-white upwardsC) ranges from blue-white downwards D) has never been reliably established75. Industrial diamonds are usedA) for a wide range of purposes B) mainly for dentists' drillsC) for decoration in rings and watches D) principally in mass-produced jewelleryPassage TwoJust about everyone knows the meaning of `value" though you'd never know it from the excesses of the Eighties. Clever campaigns often allowed marketers to charge more for their product and reap ever-higher profits. It worked like a dream until suddenly, facing difficult economic times, consumers work up. Now, to the extent that they're buying, many consumers are choosing the car that delivers the most for the money--not necessarily the one they coveted as a status symbol a few years ago, they are shifting to the toothpaste that works from the ones with it slickest promotions. Companies that understand this new consumer have come up wit something new: "value marketing".A word of caution is necessary. In marketing, watchwords quickly metamorphos intobuzzwords--and value is no exception. We're not taping about ads that merely boast of a product's value or even such legitimate sates tools as price cuts and discount: Used correctly, value marketing amounts to much more than just stashing prices distributing coupons. It means giving the customer an improved product, with adds, features and enhancing the role of marketing itself:In value marketing, marketing becomes part of the system for delivering value t( the consumer. Instead of merely shaping image, such a program might offer enhance guarantees or longer warranties, ads that educate rather than hype, membership club: that build loyalty, frequent-buyer plans, improved communications with customer. through 800 numbers, or package design that makes the product easier to use or more environmentally friendly.These and other value-marketing techniques can be expensive. They can tncar added production and marketing costs added to lower unit prices, Even so, the principle involved in value marketing value for money, an improved product, enhanced =Nice, and added features--are just %fiat U_S_ business needs to enhance its competitiveness in the global marketplace. That's why it will be all to the good if the commonsensical virtues of value marketing become part of the permanent strategy of U.S. business.76. Consumers have waken up because ofA) the poor products they bought B) the high price they paid for what they boughtC) the difficult economic times D) a horrible dream77. Many consumers are choosing the commoditiesA) that are precious B) that are warrantedC) that can show their status D) that deliver the most for the money78. In the 1980s, people would like to go after the productsA) that were most expensive B) that were up-to-dateC) that could show their status D) that were in fashion79. Communications with customers malj be improvedA) through annual customers congress B) through ton free 800 numbersC)through membership clubs D) through frequent education80. A value marketing program may not includeA)daily visits to customers B)longer warrantiesC)membership clubs D)environmentally friendly packagesPassage ThreeGreat emotional and intellectual resources are demanded in quarrels; stamina helps, as does a capacity for obsession. But no one is born a good quarreller; the craft must be learned.There are two generally recognised apprenticeships. First, and universally preferred, is a long childhood spent in the company of fractious siblings. After several years of rainy afternoons, brothers and sisters develop a sure feel for the tactics of attrition and the niceties of strategy so necessary in first-rate quarrelling.The only child, or the child of peaceful or repressed households, is likely to grow up failing tounderstand that quarrels, unlike arguments, arc not about an)1hing, least of all the pursuit of truth. The apparent subject of a quarrel is a mere pretext; the real business is the quarrel itself.Essentially, adversaries in a quarrel are out to establish or rescue their dignity. I fence the elementary principle: anything may be said. The unschooled, probably no less quarrelsome by inclination than anyone else, may spend an hour with knocking heart, sifting the consequences of roiling this old acquaintance a lying fraud. Too late! With a cheerful wave the old acquaintance has left the room.Those who miss their first apprenticeship may care to enrol in the second, the bad marriage. This can be perilous for the neophyte; the mutual intimacy of spouses makes them at once more vulnerable and more dangerous in attack. Once sex is involved, the stakes are higher all round. And there is an unspoken rule that those who love, or have loved, one another are granted a licence for unlimited beastliness such as is denied to mere sworn enemies. For all that, some of our most tenacious black belt quarrellers have come to it late in fife and mastered every throw, from the Crushing Silence to the Gloating Apology, in less than ten years of marriage.A quarrel may last years. Among brooding types Kith time on their hands, like writers, half a lifetime is not uncommon. In its most refined form, a quarrel may consist of the participants not talking to each other. They will need to scheme laboriously to appear in public together to register their silence.Brief, violent quarrels are also known as rows. In all cases the essential ingredient remains the same; the original cause must be forgotten as soon as possible. From here on, dignity, pride, self-esteem, honour ate the crucial issues, which is why quarrelling… like jealousy, is an all-consuming business, virtually a profession. For the quarreller's very self-hood is on the fine. To lose an argument is a brief disappointment, much like losing a game of tennis; but to be crushed in a quarrel ... rather bite off your tongue and spread it at your opponent's feet.81. Unschooled quarrellers are said to be at a disadvantage becauseA) their insults fail to offend their opponent B) they reveal their nervousness to their opponentC) they suffer from remorse for what they've said D) they are apprehensive about speaking their minds82. According to the writer, quarrels between married couples may be_-__- A) physically violent B) extremely IYitterC) essentially trivial D) sincerely regretted83.when quarrelling both children and married couples may, according to the writerA) be particularly brutal B) use politeness as a weaponC) employ skillful manoeuvres D) exaggerate their feelings84. The difference between a quarrel and an argument is said to be thatA) the former involves individual egos B) the former concerns strong points of viewC) the latter has well-established miles D) the latter concerns trivial issues85. In the passage as a whole, the writer treats quarrelling as if it wereA) a military campaign B) a social skillC) a moral evil D) a natural giltPassage Four`I just couldn't do it. I don't know what it is. It's not embarrassment. No that's not it. Y ou see, you're putting your head in a noose; that's what it seems to me.' Derek am armed robber with a long record of bank jobs, was talking about hoisting (shop-lifting). `No I just couldn't do it. I mean just going in there.' He paused to try to fund a more exact way of fixing; his antipathy. `I tell you what. It's too blatant for my liking.'It seemed a fanny way to put it. Pushing a couple of ties in your pocket at a shop was hardly the last word in extroversion, and even a bit on the discreet side when compared to all that firing of shotguns and vaulting over counters which made up the typical bank raid.But my ideas of shop-lifting were still bound up with teenage memories of nicking packets of chewing gum from the local newsagents. A lot of guilt and not much loot_ After a few conversations with professional holsters, I realised that `blatant' was just about right.Nobody took a couple of ties they took the whole rack. The fast member of the gang would walk in nice and purposefully. Their job was to set up the goods: perhaps put an elastic bawd round the ends of a few dozen silk scarves; move the valuable pieces of jewellery nearer the edge of the counter; slide the ties on the rack into a compact bunch. Then, wine somebody else diverts the assistant or provides some fort of masking, the third member lifts the lotIf the walk to the door is a little long, then there mm be someone else to take over for the last stretch. No one is in possession for more than a few seconds, and there's always a couple of spare bodies to obstruct any one who seems to be getting too near the carrier.Store detectives who move forward with well-founded suspicions may still find themselves clutching empty air. Store detectives watch for three main give-sways: am- sort of loitering which looks different from the usual hanging around and dithering that characterises the real customer; any covert contact between individuals %N-ho %v shown no other sign of knowing each other, any over-friendliness towards sales staff which might be acting as a distraction. 'There's one other little angle', said one detective. 'l often pop round the back stairs; that's where you'll occasionally find one of them; trying to relax and get themselves in the right mood before starting the next job.'86. The bank robber wouldn't consider shop-lifting becauseA) it was beneath his dignity B) the penalties were too highC) it wasn't challenging enough D) the risks were too great87. The writer's experience led rum to think that most shop-liftersA) were I their teens B) stole modest amountsC) used violent methods D) stole for excitement88. The; role of the first member of the gang is toA) convince the staff he's a serious shopper B) remove die goods from the shelvesC) establish the easiest goods to steal D) smooth the. path for his accomplice .89. Professional shop-lifters avoid being caught in the act byA) passing goods from one to another B) hiding behind ordinary shoppersC) racing for the nearest exit D) concealing goods in ordinary bath90. Potential shop-lifters may be identified when the:.A) seem unable to decide what to buy B) openly signal to apparent strangersC) are unusually chatty to assistants D) set off towards emergency exitsPassage FivePerhaps there are far more wives than I imagine who take it for granted that housework ii neither satisfying nor even important once the basic demands of hygiene and feeding have been met. But home and family is the one realm in which it is really difficult to shale free: of one's upbringing and create new values. My parents' house was impeccably kept; cleanliness was a moral and social virtue, and personal untidiness, visibly old clothes, or long male hair provoked biting jocularity. If that had been all, maybe I could have adapted myself to housework on an easy-going, utilitarian basis, refusing the moral overtones but shill believing in it as something constructive because it is part of creating a home. But at the same time my mother used to recant doing it, called it drudgery, and convinced me that it wasn't a fit activity for an intelligent being. I was an only child, and once I was at school there was no reason why she should have continued against her will to remain housebound, unless, as I suspect, my father would not hear of her having a job of her own.I can now begin to understand why a woman in a small suburban house, with no infants to look after, who does not enjoy reading because she has not had much of an education, and who is intelligent enough to find neighbourly chit-chat boring, should carry the pursuit of microscopic specks of dust to the point of fanaticism in an attempt to fill hours and salvage her self-respect. My parents had not even the status-seeking impetus to send me to university that Joe's had; my mother wanted me to be `a nice quiet person who wouldn't be noticed in a crowd', and it was feared that university education results in ingratitude (independence)..It is constantly niggling not only to be doing jobs that require so little; valuable effort, but also jobs which are mainly concerned with simply keeping level with natural processes--cleaning jobs, whether of objects or people. which once done are not done for good, and will have to be done all over again, just as if I have not alreadv made the effort; the next day, or even within a few hours. There is something so negative about this role that society heaps entirely un to the shoulders of women. flat of making sure that things do not get dirty, and people do not get unhealthy. I want to believe in health as something basic, neutral, to assume that all the essentials are cared for, or at least will not magnify themselves into a full-time occupation.Can you imagine what would happen to a man who was suddenly uprooted from a job in which he placed the meaning of his life, and delegated to a mindless task, in performing which he was also cut off fairly completely from the people who shared his interests'? I think more of the men I know would disintegrate completely.9l . 'The writer attributes her attitude towards housework toA) her rejection of her parents' old-fashioned standards B) her determination to avoid her mother'smistakesC) her inherited feelings of duty and resentment D) her spoil upbringing as an only child92. The writer's parents reacted to a slovenly appearance by .._.._._.A) criticising the offender bitterly B) stressing the social importance of cleanlinessC) making sarcastic comments about the matter D) expressing a sense: of moral indignation93. It scems to the wrik r that some suburban houscwivcs mayA) engage in tedious gossip merely to pass file time B) allow routine tasks to become cut obsessionC) come to regret their lack of a proper education D) come to find housework a fulfilling occupation94. Her parents didn't encourage her to go to unnrisity because they thoughtA) she wouldn't appreciate the sacrifice it would invohr B) she might feel intellectually superior to themC) higher education wasn't suitable for a housewife D) it might change her relationship with them95. She objects to her role because it is soA) undemanding B) unimportantC) unpleasant D) unproductivePassage: SixHow many hypochondriacs are there? Can anybody- in the great social science industry tell me? Even to the nearest ten thousand?I doubt it, and I think I know why. The trouble about being a hypochondriac (and I speak from a lifetime of practice) is that you feel silly-qty rational mind tells me that, just because the cut on my forger has been throbbing for two days, I am unlikely to die of gangrene; but in a hypochondrraacl mood I can sec the gangrene creeping up my arm as my finger turns black. My hypochondria is fed, in constant doses, by half the scientific knowledge I need, and twice the imagination. I know enough anatomy to identity the twitch in my chest as the first spasm of coronary llirombosis(ie-ilkO U.K tylrr'' Ti~), and to point to my duodenum (+-4V_*) with the authority of a second-year medical student.Of course, like many hypochondriacs. I er~joy (not exactly the word) sound health. My fat mc&al file contanu very Wile of substance. though there is a fine selection of nrgatirv barium meal tests. In fact, the only Spell I cvrr had in hospital took place when I actually- had something. 1Lhat I thought was a cold turned out to be pneumonia. So much for my diagnostic accuracy.Ilypochondria lies between the rational self which says, `Nonsense, you're fine,' and the deeply pessimistic self, which fingers a swelling discovered under the jaw as you shave and converts it into the first lump of a fatal cancer of the lymph gland.'llicse feelings are embarrassing enough but they are made worse by the brisk treatment I get from the many overt anti-hypochondriacs about: people like wives or editors, who say, `Get up! There's nothing wrong with you', or `Never seen you looking better, old boy', when the first stages of a brain tumour have begun to paralyse my left aim.Such persons know nothing. They are capable of astonishing, acts of self fiargetfulncm. They walk about with lips so chapped that a penny could fit in the cracks. 'Ilicy go so far as to forget to take medicine prescribed for them. For these creatures of the light, die world is a simple place. Y ou are either well or sick and that's that, categories, which admit of no confusion. 'if you are ill,' anti-hypochondriacs say, `you ought to go to bed and stop moping.' They remind me of the story told of the economist, Keynes, a'ld his Russian ballerina wife, staring silently into the fire. Keynes asked, `What are you thinking, my dear?' She replied, `Nothing.' And he said, I wish I could do that.' There is not much comfort to be had from other hypochondriacs, either. I had lunch once with a distinguished writer whom I very much wanted to impress. H greeted me with the words, `Please excuse the condition of my nose.' During the next few minutes, fascinated but trying not to be caught staring, I established two things: fast, that he had a small inflammation by his right nostril, and second, that he was a fellow hypochondriac. The combination meant that I could have been three other people for all he cared. As we parted, he again apologized about his nose. I was furious.96. The author suggests that the exact number of hypochondriacs is not known because hypochondriacsa) Are not taken seriously by social scientists B) feet too embarrassed about their fears to admit themC) Don’t take their fears seriously enough to discuss them D) are aware that they represent a tiny minority97. The author describes how his own hypochondria can be set off byA) Reading articles in medical journals B) noticing unusual physical sensationsC) Studying his personal medical files D) asking for advice from student doctors98. The author's medical history suggests thatA) He has never had any serious illnesses B) his diagnoses have sometimes proved correctC) He has had very few medical examinations D) most of his fears have proved groundless99. Anti-hypochondriacs are described as people whoA) Pay no attention to minor ailments B) don't accept that people get illC) Have little faith in the medical profession D) smile cheerfully however ill they are100. The author recognized a fellow-hypochondriac by the I'M thata) The conversation centered around the writer's health B) the writer was so sympathetic towards himC) A minor complaint so concerned the writer D) the writer seemed to want attention from more peoplePart II. Writing (25 points)In this part, you are required to write a composition of at last 300 words on the topic:"The Relationship That Exists Between Humans and Nature." Remember you shouldWrite your composition on the Answer Sheet.。
中山大学历年博士初试内科学试题汇总 精华版汇编
中山大学内科学博士2006年必答题：（每题10分）1.肺炎的分类2.心力衰竭的诱因3.肝硬化腹水的治疗方案4.慢性肾衰引起贫血的原因5.抗甲状腺药物治疗的适应征、如何使用、不良反应如何？6.强直性脊柱炎与类风湿关节炎的区别7.慢性粒细胞白血病和类白血病的鉴别选答题：（30分）1.有关ARDS方面的2.有关急性冠脉综合征方面的3.功能性消化不良的诊断程序4.有关骨髓瘤肾病方面的5. 血尿的诊断标准及鉴别6.什么是胰岛素强化治疗，与常规治疗有何区别，列举几个常见的强化治疗方案并作出评价2005年（3月13日上午考）公共题（每题13分）1.慢性阻塞性肺疾病要与哪些疾病相鉴别，试述其鉴别要点。
2.简述急性左心衰的治疗。
3.简述糖皮质激素治疗原发性肾病综合征的利尿及消除尿蛋白的可能机制，使用原则和一般方案。
4.试述原发性再生障碍性贫血的诊断标准。
重型再障和慢性再障的诊断标准。
5.胃食管反流病的诊断标准。
6.试述糖尿病酮症酸中毒的治疗原则。
专业题（选作一题，22分）1.呼吸科：试述低氧血症和高碳酸血症的发生机制。
2.心内科：试述ST段抬高性心肌梗塞心电图表现的特点和动态性改变。
3.肾病科：简述针对原发性肾病综合征的不同病理类型，循证医学目前提出的相应治疗方案。
4.血液科：血清蛋白电泳出现单克隆蛋白要考虑哪些疾病？试简述其鉴别要点。
5.消化科：简述急性重症胰腺炎的内科处理措施。
6.内分泌科：简述胰岛B细胞功能与2型糖尿病病情演变的关系及评价胰岛B 细胞功能的指标。
2004年一必答题（每题15分，共90分）1 试述支气管哮喘的诊断标准以及非急性发作期病情的评价。
2 试述急性心肌梗塞的溶栓指征及疗效判断标准。
3 病例一个：男性，40岁，反复上腹部疼痛n年，黑便n天。
2年前曾行胃镜检查提示十二指肠。
脉搏80次/分，血压110/70mmHg，血红蛋白108g/L。
问：（1）本病最可能的诊断。
（2）目前的诊治措施。
（3）如何防止再出血。
中山大学细胞生物学(A)2017年考博真题考博试卷
医学考博真题试卷
第1页 共1页ຫໍສະໝຸດ 山大学2017 年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：细胞生物学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 一、名词解释 1.生物膜 2 核小体 3 休眠细胞 4 操纵子 5 信号识别颗粒 二、问答题 1 与原核生物基因组相比，真核生物基因组的复杂性体现在什么地方。 2 炎症是白细胞穿过血管壁的过程及分子机制。 3 偶联 G 蛋白信号转导过程。 4 真核生物基因表达调控。 5ATP 合成的原理，过程及分子基础。
第1页 共1页
免疫学考博试题
四军医大201 31.试比较T细胞受体（TCR）、B细胞受体（BCR）和NK细胞受体（NKCR）的组成，识别配体以及信号转导的异同点。
2.以胸腺依赖抗原刺激机体产生抗体的免疫应答为例，T细胞和B细胞是如何相互作用？有哪些粘附分子和共刺激分子参与T、B细胞的相互作用？四、简答题1、半抗原与载体连接成为完全抗原，试述载体蛋白的作用2、T细胞表位与B细胞表位的区别3、双向琼脂扩散的工作原理五、论述题1、初次免疫应答与再次免疫应答的区别，举出三个并说明其原理2、举出B细胞所有的亚群，并说明其各自的特点和功能北京协和医学院2013考博免疫学真题回顾（部分）一名解:hybridomahomingreceptorsurogatelightchainMACAntibodyidotype比如补体精典与旁路途径共用的分子，BCR与TCR发育区别，HLA-DM分子参与MHC2类分子组装与转运，重症肌无力产生针对何种物质的自身抗体，BCR 由细胞表面免疫球蛋白和何种物质构成，IgE重链恒定区由几部分构成，CD28拮抗分子等，克隆选择学说由谁提出的，不过其中有两道题一点都不会，也记不清了四、简答：名词解释效价ELISAAICDIFNTCRCDRMACPRR免疫监视免疫耐受问答题1人工抗体的分类及作用2机体抗肿瘤免疫机制3HLA作用以及和临床关系4初次应答和再次应答抗体产生机制5NK、CTL杀伤机制相同与不同安徽医科大学2013年医学免疫学考博试题（真题回忆完整版）一、名词解释（40分）：1.SuperAntigen2.MHC3.AICD4.FADD5.ITIM6.DAMPs7.PRRs8.BAS-ELISA9.ImmuneTolerence10.Immunecomplex-mediatedhypersensitivity1.Ig类别转换2.细胞因子3.ADCC4.抗原决定簇5.肿瘤抗原问答题：（16分X5)1.试述T细胞与APC的相互作用？2.HLAI类分子和Ⅱ类分子的结构、功能的不同？3.T细胞表面有哪些分子？作用如何？4.Ig的分类、特点及各自的功能？5.食物过敏的机制和治疗原则？2013北京协和医学院免疫学（专业基础）回忆版一.?名词解释(4?分×10)讨论题自身免疫疾病及治疗专业1、免疫细胞的免疫调节作用及机制2、基因工程抗体的概念，主要种类及其特征肿瘤生物学专业1、列举4个近5年内的Nobel生理学奖的主要贡献2、实验设计：在BL10转基因小鼠中，MALT淋巴瘤的前体细胞-脾脏中的marginalzoneB细胞高度增生，请设计实验检测该增生细胞是否具有抗凋亡特性感染免疫专业1、共刺激分子家族的成员，分类及主要功能2、以丙型肝炎为例，试述慢性病毒性肝炎的免疫病理特点及机制免疫疾病的细胞和分子调控专业1、TH17cell在免疫疾病的发生发展过程中起着关键的作用，简述这个细胞亚型涉及的分子发生机制，例如涉及的重要细胞因子，转录因子等。
中山医大免疫及皮肤病部分考博真题
1、T细胞在胸腺的发育过程与意义？2、细胞因子的特性？3、BCR多样性的原因？4、什么是共同试述DC的特征5、怎样制作高效价免疫血清6、试述TH细胞的分类并举出两种以上不同TH细胞介导的疾病7、以病毒感染为例，试述机体免疫系统是怎样抗感染的刺激信号及其临床应用价值？8、交叉抗原的定山2006年博士皮肤性病学试题免疫学1、比较Th1与Th2细胞分化、细胞因子、功能上的不同？2、试述中枢免疫耐受与外周免疫耐受机理及临床意义。
3、试述2种以细胞免疫为主的自身免疫病及免疫学发病机制。
4、CD8＋T（CTL）杀伤靶细胞机制。
5、抗原的免疫原性和抗原性及其影响因素。
皮肤性病学一、名词解释1、hypha and spore（用英文解释）2、前带现象3、二相性真菌（列举3种以上）4、乳头瘤样增生5、CREST综合症二、简答1、艾滋病与真菌2、红斑狼疮皮肤表现及常用治疗方法3、异位性皮炎治疗进展4、银屑病免疫学机理5、生殖器疱疹发病机理及HSV如何逃避免疫防御？中山2007年博士皮肤性病学试题免疫学1、抗体的基本结构、水解片段及功能。
2、CD4＋T细胞的分类及免疫学功能。
3、自身免疫病的组织损伤机制。
4、机体免疫系统是如何识别移植物的？5、什么是佐剂？常见佐剂有哪些？作用机制如何？皮肤性病学一、名词解释1、Keratinocyte2、Sclerotic body3、Latent Syphilis4、异色性皮肌炎5、落屑性红皮病二、简答1、梅毒实验室检查及其临床意义。
2、侵袭性曲霉病的诊断及治疗进展那。
3、着色性干皮病的发病机制及其临床表现。
4、骨髓造血干细胞治疗SLE的理论依据及其应用现状。
5、MF的组织病理改变及其治疗方案。
中山大学免疫学(A)2019年考博真题试卷
4.T细胞介导的免疫应答和B细胞介导的免疫应答过程中的异同点
5.NK细胞和CD8+T细胞对靶细胞杀伤机制的异同点
6.肿瘤免疫逃逸机制
中山大学
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
中山大学
2019年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：免疫学（A）
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、论述题（100分）
1.肾移植病人发生的免疫反应及防治原则
2.阐述固有免疫应答中的“模式识Байду номын сангаас理论”，及信号转导机制
中山大学在职研究生学位考试免疫学复习题及答案
中山大学在职研究生学位考试免疫学重点复习题及答案（答案仅供参考，以老师答案为准）细胞因子:是指由免疫原、丝裂原或其它因子刺激细胞所产生的具有调节适应性和固有免疫应答，促进造血，以及刺激细胞活化、增殖和分化的功能的低分子量可溶性蛋白质，为生物信息分子。
抗原提呈细胞:是指具有摄取、加工、处理抗原，并能将抗原信息提呈给淋巴细胞的一类细胞。
根据其功能可分为专职抗原提呈细胞和非专职性抗原提呈细胞，前者包括巨噬细胞、树突状细胞和B细胞；后者包括内皮细胞、纤维母细胞、上皮细胞和间皮细胞等。
抗原:能刺激机体免疫系统启动特异性免疫应答，并能与相应的免疫应答产物在体内或体外发生特异性结合的物质。
免疫耐受:机体免疫系统对某种抗原刺激表现为免疫不应答（即：不能产生特异免疫效应细胞或/和特异性抗体）的现象。
单克隆抗体:是由识别一个抗原决定簇的B淋巴细胞杂交瘤分裂而成的单一克隆细胞所产生的高度均一、高度专一性的抗体。
白细胞分化抗原:造血干细胞在分化成熟不同谱系、各个谱系分化不同阶段以及成熟细胞活化过程中，出现或消失的细胞表面标志。
模式识别受体:单核/巨噬细胞和树突状细胞等固有免疫细胞表面能够识别病原体上某些共有特定分子结构（PAMP）的受体抗原表位:指抗原分子中决定抗原特异性的基本结构或化学集团称为抗原表位或抗原决定基补体系统:是存在于人或脊椎动物血清与组织液中的一组不耐热的、经活化后具有酶活性的蛋白质。
包括30余种可溶性蛋白和膜结合蛋白，故称补体系统。
移植物抗宿主反应: （GVHR）：是指由移植物中的特异性免疫细胞识别宿主组织抗原而产生的免疫应答，并引起组织损伤。
主要见于骨髓移植。
发生GVHR的条件包括宿主与移植物间组织相容性抗原不符；移植物中含有足够数量的免疫细胞，尤其是T细胞；移植受者处于免疫无能或免疫功能极度低下的状态。
Ig类别转换：在免疫应答过程中，抗原激活B细胞后膜上表达的Ig和分泌的Ig类别从IgM转换为IgG、IgA、IgE等其他类别或亚类Ig的现象。
权威2018年中山大学博士研究生入学考试内科真题（考生回忆）
权威2018年中山大学博士研究生入学考试内科真题（考生回
忆）
2018年中山大学博士研究生入学考试内科真题（考生回忆）
1. 血液：试述根据红细胞大小如何对贫血进行分类，大细胞性贫血有哪些疾病
2. 风湿：病例分析，关于（类风湿关节炎），要求写出诊断，并列举治疗该病的7个药物
3. 内分泌：试述甲状腺功能亢进的药物治疗，剂量疗程，及注意事项
4. 呼吸：关于ARDS 2000柏林诊断标准
5. 心内：病例分析，患者胃肠道术后送ICU，五小时后（心电图示无P波，室率108/min，烦躁，焦虑），你作为住院总医生该如何处理？
6. 肾内：试述急性肾衰竭行血液透析的指征
7. 消化：NASID类药物造成的消化性溃疡该如何处理？
专业题：
内分泌：试述低钾血症的诊断思路。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
4、试比较分析固有免疫与适应性免疫的异同点，以及在机体免疫应答过程中二者如何相互作用和相互协调。
5、从免疫学的角度，结核分枝杆菌引起的超敏反应可能会是哪一类型的，这一类型的超敏反应与其他几种类型超敏反应有哪些异同点。
中山大学
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
中山大学
2018年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：免疫学（A）
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、5个论述题100分
1、列表比较分析初次体液免疫应答源自再次体液免疫应答各自特点。2、试述免疫细胞在淋巴器官发育、分化过程中如何形成免疫耐受的。