机械设计制造及其自动化专业英语
Unit1 MetalsThe use of metals has always been a key factor in the development of the social systems of man. Of the roughly 100 basic elements of which all matter is composed, about half are classified as metals. The distinction between a metal and a nonmetal is not always clear-cut. The most basic definition centers around[以…为中心] the type of bonding existing between the atoms of the element, and around the characteristics of certain of the electrons[某种电子] associated with these atoms. In a more practical way, however, a metal can be defined as an element which has a particular package of properties.在人类社会的发展中，金属的应用起着关键性的作用。
构成物质的大约100种基本元素中，大约有一半为金属。
金属和非金属之间的区别不是特别明显。
最基本的定义集中在元素原子间存在的连接形式和与这些原子相关联的电子的某些特性。
然而，在实际应用中，可以将具有某些特性集合金属定义为某种元素。
Metals are crystalline[adj.晶体的] when in the solid state and, with few exceptions[极少例外] (e.g. mercury), are solid at ambient[周围环境的] temperatures. They are good conductors of heat and electricity and are opaque[不透明的] to light. They usually have a comparatively high density. Many metals are ductile[柔软的；易延展的]-that is, their shape can be changed permanently[永久地，长期不变地] by the application of a force without breaking. The forces required to cause this deformation and those required to break or fracture a metal are comparatively high, although, the fracture forces is not nearly[ =far from,much less than] as high as would be expected from simple consideration of the forces required to tear apart the atoms of the metal.除了少数例外金属在常温下是固态的。
它们是热和电的良导体，不透光。
它们往往具有较高的密度。
许多金属具有延展性，也就是说，在不被破坏的情况下它们的形状在外力的作用下可以发生变化。
引起永久变形所需的力和最终使金属断裂所需的力相当大，尽管发生断裂所需的力远没有像所预期的撕开金属原子所需的力那么大。
One of the more significant of these characteristics from our point of view is that of crystallinity[crystallinity [,krist?'lin?ti]]. A crystalline solid is one in which the constituent atoms are located in a regular three-dimensional array as if they were located at the corners of the squares of a three-dimensional chessboard[n. 棋盘]. The spacing of the atoms in the array is of the same order as the size of the atoms, the actual spacing being a characteristic of the particular metal. The directions of the axes of the array define the orientation of the crystal in space. The metals commonly used in engineering practice are composed of a large number of such crystals, called grains[晶粒]. In the most general case[一般情况下], the crystals of the various grains are randomly oriented in space. The grains are everywhere in intimate contact with one another and joined together on an atomic scale. The region at which they join is known as a grain boundary.从我们的观点来看，在所有的特性中结晶性是最重要的。
结晶体是这样一种结构，组成它的原子定位在规则的三维排列中，仿佛位于三维棋盘的方格的角上。
原子间距随着原子大小呈规律性变化，原子间距是金属的一种特性。
三维排列的轴线决定了晶体在空间中的方向。
在工程实践中应用的金属由大量的晶体组成，这些晶体称之为晶粒。
在大多数情况下，晶粒在空间中是自由排列的。
在原子范围内，晶粒之间相互接触紧密结合。
晶粒之间连接区域被称为晶界。
An absolutely pure metal (i.e.[也就是] one composed of only one type of atom) has never been produced. Engineers would not be particularly interested in such a metal even if it were to be produced, because it would be soft and weak. The metals used commercially inevitably[不可避免地] contain small amounts of one or more foreign elements, either metallic[metallic [mi't?lik, me-]adj. 金属的，含金属的] or nonmetallic. These foreign elements may be detrimental[有害的], they may be beneficial, or they may have no influence at all on a particular property. If disadvantageous, the foreign elements tend to be known as impurities[杂质]. If advantageous, they tend to be known as alloying elements[合金元素]. Alloying elements are commonly added deliberately[故意地，蓄意地] in substantial[adj. 大量的；实质的；内容充实的substantial evidence:实（质）体证据|实质性证据|实质证据substantial order:大宗订单|大订单] amounts in engineering materials. The result is known as an alloy.绝对纯净的金属从来也没有被生产出来过。
即使绝对纯净的金属可以生产出来，工程师们对它们也并不会特别感兴趣，因为它们很柔软、脆弱。
实际应用中的金属往往都包含着一定数量的一种或多种外来金属或非金属元素，这些外来元素可能是有害的也可能是有益的或者它们对某种特定的属性没有影响。
如果是有害的，这些外来元素被认为是杂质。
如果是有益的，它们被认为是合金元素。
在工程材料中往往被特意地加入一定数量的合金元素。
得到的物质被叫做合金。
The distinction between the descriptors “metal” and “alloy” is not clear-cut. The term “metal” may be used to encompass both a commercially pure metal and its alloys. Perhaps it can be said that the more deliberately an alloying addition has been made and the larger the amount of the addition, the more likely it is that the product will specifically be called an alloy. In any event[无论如何，不管怎样], the chemical composition of a metal or an alloy must be known and controlled within certain limits if consistent[一致的] performance is to be achieved in service. Thus chemical composition has to be taken into account when developing an understanding of the factors which determine the properties of metals and their alloys.金属和合金区别不大。
机械设计制造及其自动化 英语
机械设计制造及其自动化英语Mechanical design, manufacturing, and its automation are essential aspects of various industries, including automotive, aerospace, electronics, and more. These processes involve the creation of mechanical systems and components, as well as the use of advanced technologies to automate production and improve efficiency.The field of mechanical design encompasses the creation of detailed plans and specifications for machines, tools, and mechanical systems. This involves the use of computer-aided design (CAD) software to create 2D and 3D models, as well as the selection of materials and the consideration of factors such as stress, heat, and other environmental conditions.Manufacturing involves the production of mechanical components and systems using a variety of techniques, including machining, casting, molding, and 3D printing. This process requires a deep understanding of materials, production processes, and quality control to ensure that the final products meet the required specifications and standards.Automation plays a crucial role in modern mechanical design and manufacturing, as it enables the use of robots, computer numerical control (CNC) machines, and other advanced technologies to streamline production processes and increase efficiency. This not only reduces the need for manual labor but also allows for the production of complex components with high precision and consistency.Overall, the integration of mechanical design, manufacturing, and automation is essential for the development of innovative products and the advancement of various industries. By utilizing advanced technologies and expertise in these areas, companies can improve their competitiveness and meet the ever-changing demands of the global market.在机械设计、制造和自动化方面的进展，对各行各业都产生了深远的影响。
介绍机械设计制造及其自动化英语
介绍机械设计制造及其自动化英语Mechanical design and manufacturing has always been a vital part of the industrial sector. It involves the creation, development, and production of various mechanical equipment and devices. With the advancement of technology, the field of mechanical design and manufacturing has also evolved, leading to the introduction of automation in the production process.Mechanical design is the process of creating detailed drawings and specifications for mechanical devices and equipment. This involves the use of computer-aided design (CAD) software to create 2D and 3D models of the products, allowing for precise and accurate design. The design phase also includes the selection of materials, components, and manufacturing processes to ensure the efficiency and performance of the end product.Manufacturing, on the other hand, involves the actual production of the designed mechanical products. This includes various processes such as machining, casting, forging, and welding, among others. The goal of manufacturing is to produce high-quality products in a cost-effective and efficient manner.In recent years, automation has become an integral part of mechanical design and manufacturing. Automated systems and robotics have revolutionized the production process, allowing for increased productivity, reduced labor costs, and improved quality control. Automation has also enabled manufacturers to carry out complex and repetitive tasks with precision and speed, leading to higher output and reduced lead times.Overall, mechanical design and manufacturing, along with automation, play a crucial role in the development of various products and technologies across different industries. With the continuous advancements in technology, the field is expected to further evolve and improve, leading to more efficient and sustainable production processes.The integration of automation in mechanical design and manufacturing has significantly impacted the industry by improving efficiency, reducing human error, and streamlining production processes. Robotics, computer numerical control (CNC) machines, and other automated systems have transformed the way mechanical products are designed, developed, and manufactured.One of the key advantages of automation in manufacturing is the ability to carry out tasks with a high level of accuracy and consistency. Automated systems can perform intricate operations such as precision machining and assembly with minimal deviations, resulting in products with tight tolerances and high quality. This level of precision is often difficult to achieve through manual processes alone.Moreover, automation has also led to improved workplace safety and reduced labor costs. By automating repetitive and potentially hazardous tasks, workers are less exposed to physical risks and can focus on more skilled and strategic aspects of production. Additionally, automated systems can often operate continuously, leading to greater output while minimizing the need for extensive human intervention.In terms of manufacturing flexibility, automation has allowed forrapid reconfiguration of production processes. Modern manufacturing facilities are equipped with flexible robotic systems that can quickly adapt to changes in product designs or specifications, thereby reducing the time and resources required to retool production lines.Furthermore, automation has played a significant role in enhancing the overall speed of production. Automated machines and robotics are capable of operating at high speeds without compromising accuracy, leading to increased throughput and shorter production cycles. This accelerated pace allows manufacturers to respond more effectively to market demands and customer requirements.Looking ahead, the future of mechanical design and manufacturing is likely to be further shaped by advanced automation technologies such as machine learning, artificial intelligence, and the Internet of Things (IoT). These technologies will enable even greater levels of efficiency, predictive maintenance, and real-time monitoring, transforming the industry and paving the way for the next generation of smart factories and production systems.In conclusion, the integration of automation into mechanical design and manufacturing has revolutionized the industry by enhancing precision, safety, flexibility, and speed. As automation technologies continue to advance, the potential for further improvements in productivity, quality, and sustainability within the mechanical design and manufacturing sector is considerable.。
机械设计制造及其自动化专业英语课后题
Aliuminum 铝copper 铜nicke 镍titanium 钛structural strength 结构强度deep drawing 拉伸加工hardenability 硬化性machinability 可加工性cold drawn冷拔steel sheet钢板percent reduction in area 断面收缩率endurance limit 疲劳极限rolled-steel shapes 轧制钢板corrosion resistance 抗腐蚀性rupture 断裂non-ferrous 非钢的stress-strain curve 应力应变曲线yield point 屈服点percentage elongation 伸长率necking 颈缩sensitivity 灵敏性Kinematic elements运动员素External appearance外观Sound judgment准确判断Fatigue strenghth结构强度Enviroment damage环境损害Ductile or brittle韧性或脆性Blow out吹息Interference fit joint干涉配合关节定义 defintion力 f orce轴axle非金属nometal结构structure载荷load用途use性质properties低碳钢low-carbon高强度钢hinger-strengt steel热处理heat treatment屈服强度yield strength弹性模量elastic modulus伸长率percentage elongation韧性toughness内应力internal stresses应变硬化strain hardening横截面cross-sectional area断面收缩率reduction in area比例极限limit of proportionality屈服极限yield limit延性ductiliy机械性质mechanical propertiece 用..除..divide byT he distinction between a mental and nonmetal is not away clear cutEngineers would not be particularly interest in such a metal if absolute pure metal were to be producedOf the 50 or so metallic elements,only a few produce and used in large quantities in engineer practices.In the elastic range,the deformation of the specimen disappeared after the load was removed.Logically speaking,once the elastic limit is exceeded,the metal should start to yield,and finally break,without any increase in the value of stressThe purpose of design calculations is to predict the stress or deformation in the part in order that it may safely carry the load which will be imposed on it and that it my last for the expected life of machineDynamic loads are generally more dangerous than strain loads and fatigue strength must be consideredWhen loaded the material deforms and the amount of deformation depends on the size of the load。
机械设计制造及其自动化专业英语翻译超级大全
Unit 1 Metals金属绝对纯净的金属从来也没有被生产出来过。
即使绝对纯净的金属可以生产出来，工程师们对它们也并不会特别感兴趣，因为它们很柔软、脆弱。
实际应用中的金属往往都包含着一定数量的一种或多种外来金属或非金属元素，这些外来元素可能是有害的也可能是有益的或者它们对某种特定的属性没有影响。
如果是有害the crystals of the various grains are ran domly orie nted in space. The gra ins are everywhere in in timate con tact with oneanother and joined together on an atomic scale. The region at which they join is known as a grain boun dary.An absolutely pure metal (i.e. one composed of only one type of atom) has never been produced. Engin eers would not be particularly in terested in such a metal even if it were to be produced, because it would be soft and weak. The metals used commercially in evitably con ta in small amounts of one or more foreig neleme nts, either metallic or nonmetallic. These foreig neleme nts may be detrimental , they may be 它们的重量占所有生产出来的金属重量的98%在结构应用（也就是说，可以承受载荷的结构）中居于其次位置的是铝、铜、镍和钛。
机械设计制造及其自动化专业英语_Unit 07 Shaper Planer Milling and Grinding Machines
6
Shapers
Single-point cutting tools similar to the type used on the lathe [leð] are used in machining most surfaces on the shaper. Contour surfaces can be produced with either a single-point tool or a formed cutting tool.
龙门刨床与牛头 刨床类似，因为 两者都用来加工 平面或斜面。然 而，不同的是龙 门刨床适合加工 更大尺寸的工件。
12
Planers
In planer operations the workpiece is mounted on the table which reciprocates in a horizontal plane providing a straight-line cutting and feed action. Single-point cutting tools are mounted on an overhead cross rail and along the vertically supported columns.
推刨式牛头刨床在滑枕将刀具推入工件时切割，而 拉刨式牛头刨床是将刀具向机器拉动时切割材料。 垂直牛头刨床使用推式切割动作，有时称为开槽机 或铣键槽机。
11
Planers
Planers are similar to shapers because both machines are primarily used to produce flat and angular surfaces. However, planers are capable of accommodating much larger work-pieces than the shaper.
机械设计制造及其自动化专业英语课后题
机械设计制造及其自动化专业英语课后题第一单元3. Aliuminum铝copper 铜nicke镍titanium 钛structural strength结构强度deep drawing拉伸加工4. 定义defition 力torce 轴axle(roller) 非金属nometal 结构structure 载荷load 用途use(application)性质properties(nature)(character)第二单元4.hardenability硬化性machinability可加工性cold drawn 冷拔steel sheet钢板percent reduction in area断面收缩率endurance limit疲劳极限rolled-steel shapes 轧制钢板corrosion resistance 抗腐蚀性rupture断裂5.低碳钢low-carbon 高强度钢hinger-strengt steel热处理heat treatment屈服强度yield strength弹性模量elastic modulus伸长率percentage elongation韧性toughness内应力internal stresses第三单元4.non-ferrous 非钢的stress-strain curve应力应变曲线yield point屈服点percentage elongation伸长率necking 颈缩sensitivity 灵敏性5.应变硬化strain hardening横截面cross-sectional area断面收缩率reduction in area比例极限limit of proportionality 屈服极限yield limit 延性ductiliy机械性质mechannicalpropertiece用..除..divide…by…第六单元3.tangential notes肤浅的事情flexible manufacturingsystem 柔性制造系统machine instruction机器指令economy of scale规模经济Hardwireyd logic controller硬固线逻辑控制transfer-line运输线，流水线numerically control(NC)数字控制direct numerical control(DNC)直接数字控制computer numerical control(CNC)计算机数字控制4.计算机辅助制造computer-aided manufacturing数控机床手工、半自动化或全自动化manal semiautomatic or full automation 尽管机械制造业一直在持续发展，但知道20世纪50年代才出现又一个重大发展。
机械设计制造和自动化专业英语翻译
Unit 1 Metals金属The use of metals has always bee n a key factor in the development of the social systems of man. Of the roughly 100 basic eleme nts of which all matter is composed, about half are classified as metals. The distinction between a metal and a nonmetal is not always clear-cut . The most basic definition centers around the type of bondingexisti ng betwee n the atoms of theeleme nt, and around the characteristics of certai n of the electrons associated with these atoms.In a more practical way, however, a metal can be defined as an element which________ h as a_particular _____ package __ of properties.Metals are crystalline when in the solid state and, with few excepti ons (e.g. mercury), are solid at ambie nt temperatures. They are goodcon ductors of heat and electricity and are opaque to light. They usually have a comparatively high den sity. Many metals are ductile -that is, their shape can be changed permanently by the applicati on of a force without break ing.在人类社会的发展中，金属的应用起着关键性的作用。
机械设计制造及其自动化专业英语课文翻译-Unit1-9
U 1The use of metals has always a key factor in the development of the social systems of man. Of the roughly ['rʌfl ɪ] 100 basic elements of which all matter is composed, about half are classified as metals.金属的开发利用在人类社会系统的发展中扮演了了重要的角色，世界的物质大概由100种基本元素构成，其中一半是金属元素。
The distinction[dɪ'stɪŋkʃən] between a metal and a nonmetal is not always clear cut. The most basic definition centers around the type of bonding existing between the atoms of the element, and around the characteristics [,kærəkt ə'ristiks] of certain of the electrons[ɪ'lɛk,trɑn] associated with these atoms.金属与非金属的区分不是十分的清晰，最重要（基本）的在于元素原子之间的连接形式以及和原子相关联的电子的确定特性。
in a more practical['præktikəl] way, however, a metal can be defined as an element which has a particular package of properties.然而，在更多的实践当中，金属定义为具有一种整体特性的元素。
机械设计制造及其自动化专业英语翻译
Unit 1 Metals金属Unit 2 Selection of Construction Materials工程材料的选择淬透性：指在规定条件下，决定钢材淬硬深度和硬度分布的特性。
即钢淬火时得到淬硬层深度大小的能力，它表示钢接受淬火的能力。
钢材淬透性好与差，常用淬硬层深度来表示。
淬硬层深度越大，则钢的淬透性越好。
钢的淬透性是钢材本身所固有的属性，它只取决于其本身的内部因素，而与外部因素无关。
钢的淬透性主要取决于它的化学成分，特别是含增大淬透性的合金元素及晶粒度，加热温度和保温时间等因素有关。
淬透性好的钢材，可使钢件整个截面获得均匀一致的力学性能以及可选用钢件淬火应力小的淬火剂，以减少变形和开裂。
淬透性主要取决于其临界冷却速度的大小，而临界冷却速度则主要取决于过冷奥氏体的稳定性，影响奥氏体的稳定性主要是：1.化学成分的影响碳的影响是主要的,当C％小于1.2％时，随着奥氏体中碳浓度的提高,显著降低临界冷却速度，C曲线右移，钢的淬透性增大；当C％大于时,钢的冷却速度反而升高，C曲线左移，淬透性下降。
其次是合金元素的影响，除钴外，绝大多数合金元素溶入奥氏体后，均使C曲线右移，降低临界冷却速度，从而提高钢的淬透性。
2.奥氏体晶粒大小的影响奥氏体的实际晶粒度对钢的淬透性有较大的影响，粗大的奥氏体晶粒能使C曲线右移，降低了钢的临界冷却速度。
但晶粒粗大将增大钢的变形、开裂倾向和降低韧性。
3.奥氏体均匀程度的影响在相同冷度条件下，奥氏体成分越均匀,珠光体的形核率就越低，转变的孕育期增长,C曲线右移，临界冷却速度减慢，钢的淬透性越高.4.钢的原始组织的影响钢的原始组织的粗细和分布对奥氏体的成分将有重大影响。
5。
部分元素，例如Mn，Si等元素对提高淬透性能起到一定作用，但同时也会对钢材带来其他不利的影响。
可锻性（forgeability)金属具有热塑性，在加热状态(各种金属要求温度不同),可以进行压力加工，称为具有可锻性。
机械设计制造及其自动化专业英语_Unit 08 Die Manufacture
word
• • • •
die [dai] n.；v.膜具；冲[模]切 forming [‘fɔ:miŋ] n. 成形(法)，(成形)加工 copy milling 仿形铣制 electrodischarge machining (EDM) 放电 加工，电火花加工 • electrochemical machining (ECM) ) 电解 加工，电化学加工
手动车削或铣削是制造模具最古老的机械过 程。模具腔体通过金属去除技术直接加工成 模具钢块。
6
Manual (Conventional) Turning or Milling
Therefore, the die steel must be relatively soft to facilitate machining. Axisymmetric dies are easily made by turning on lathes.
2
Die Manufacture
word
• replica [ˈreplikə] n. 仿形，复制品，复型 • dielectric [ˌdaii‘lektrik] n.；a. 绝缘材料，电介 质；绝缘的 • punch [ˈpʌntʃ] n.；v. 冲头，穿孔器；冲孔 • HRC = Rockwell hardness • hub [hʌb] n. 冲头，切压母模，轮毂 • isothermal [ˌaisəu‘θə:məl] n.； a. 等温，等温 线；等温的
20
Elctrodischarge Machining (EDM)
The die block is mounted inside a tank containing a dielectric fluid, which is usually a hydrocarbon oil. The shaped metal or carbon electrode is lowered toward the die block under a servocontrol.