软件项目管理作业-luo
软件项目管理-作业（含答案）
软件项目管理-作业（含答案）桂航-软件项目管理作业一、填空题(10分)1、在招投标阶段，甲方过程包括（招标书定义）、供方选择、合同签署，乙方过程包括项目分析、竞标、合同签署。
2、敏捷开发通过迭代和快速用户反馈应对管理的不确定性和变更。
3、在项目初期，一般采用的成本估算方法是类比估算法。
4、应急法和平行作业法都是时间压缩法。
5、质量成本包括预防成本和（缺陷成本）。
6、会议形式沟通最有可能协助解决复杂的问题。
7、决策树分析是一种形象化的图表分析方法。
8、软件项目风险识别常采用德尔菲方法、头脑风暴法、情景分析法、风险条目检查表、其他等方法。
9、软件外包的基本步骤：竞标邀请、评估候选乙方的综合能力、确定承包商10、软件项目管理最终要的4个要素是：范围、质量、进度、成本二、判断题(10分)1、项目建议书是项目计划阶段开发的文档。
（错）2、燃尽图是Scrum模型中常用的米姐开发工程实践。
（对）3、需求是指用户对软件的功能和性能的要求，就是用户希望软件能做什么事，完成什么样的功能，达到什么性能。
（对）4、估算时既要考虑直接成本又要考虑间接成本。
（√）5、当估算某活动时间，存在很大不确定性时应采用CPM估计。
（×）6、质量是满足要求的程度，包括符合规定的要求和客户隐含的需求。
（对）7、对于紧急的信息，应该通过口头的方式沟通；对于重要的信息，应采用书面的方式沟通(对)8、TOP风险清单中的条目越多越好。
（×）9、招标书可以是合同计划的输出（√）10、为了加快项目进度，可以适当见减低系那个亩过程过程中的质量标准。
（√）三、选择题(20分)1、下列不属于甲方招投标阶段任务的是？（A）A.编写建议书B.招标书定义C.供方选择D.合同签署2、在项目初期，一个项目需求不明确的情况下，应避免采用以下哪种生存期模型？（C）A：快速原型模型B：增量式模型C：V模型D：Scrum模型3、下列不属于软件需求范畴的是？（A）A：软件项目采用什么样的实现技术B：用户需要软件能做什么样的事情C：用户需要软件完成什么样的功能D：用户需要软件达到什么样的性能4、成本预算的目的是（A）A.生产成本基线B.编写报告书C.指导设计过程D.方便进度管理5、（A）可以显示任务的基本信息，使用该类图能方便的查看任务的工期、开始时间、结束时间以及资源的信息。
软件项目管理答案 (3)
软件项目管理答案概述软件项目管理是指在预定的时间、预算和资源限制下，组织和协调不同的活动，以在满足客户需求的前提下，实现软件项目的目标。
在项目管理过程中，需要进行需求分析、资源规划、进度控制、风险管理等一系列活动来确保项目的成功完成。
本文将探讨软件项目管理的一些关键问题和解决方案。
需求分析需求分析是软件项目管理的第一步，它是确定项目目标和客户需求的过程。
在需求分析阶段，项目管理团队需要与客户进行有效的沟通，理解客户的需求和期望，并将其转化为详细的产品需求规格说明书。
同时，还需要识别和解决潜在的需求冲突，并与客户达成共识。
为了更好地进行需求分析，可以采用以下方法：•需求调研：通过市场调研、用户访谈等方式，了解客户的需求、行业趋势和竞争情况。
•需求建模：使用UML或其他工具，将需求转化为可视化的模型，便于团队间的沟通和理解。
•需求验证：与客户进行反复沟通和确认，确保需求的准确性和一致性。
资源规划一个成功的软件项目离不开合理的资源规划。
在项目管理中，资源包括人力、物力、时间和资金等方面。
合理地分配和利用资源，能够提高项目效率，降低成本，并最大程度地满足项目需求。
下面是一些资源规划的建议：•人力资源：根据项目任务的复杂性和紧急程度，合理安排团队成员的工作量和优先级。
同时，也要考虑人员技能和经验的匹配性。
•物力资源：确定项目所需的硬件、软件和办公设备等物资资源，提前采购和预留。
•时间资源：制定详细的项目计划，并确保每个任务都有明确的截止日期和交付要求。
•资金资源：根据项目预算，合理分配和使用资金，同时进行成本控制和预算跟踪。
进度控制进度控制是项目管理过程中的一个重要环节，它涉及到项目计划的制定、执行和监控。
通过有效的进度控制，可以及时发现和解决项目延期、资源不足等问题，保证项目按时完成。
以下是一些进度控制的技巧：•制定详细的项目计划：将项目分解为具体的任务和里程碑，并为每个任务分配合理的时间和资源。
•定期监控项目进度：制定项目进展报告和会议，定期评估项目进展情况，及时发现和解决潜在的问题。
软件项目管理作业-luo
课堂练习1
作为项目经理，你需要给一个软件项目做计划安排，经过任务分解后得 到任务A，B，C，D，E，F，G，假设各个任务之间没有滞后和超前，下 图是这个项目的PDM网络图。通过历时估计已经估算出每个任务的工期， 现已标识在PDM网络图上。假设项目的最早开工日期是第０天，请计算 每个任务的最早开始时间，最晚开始时间，最早完成时间，最晚完成时 间，同时确定关键路径，并计算关键路径的长度，计算任务F的自由浮动 和总浮动.
开始－》A－》B－》结束 开始－
A
N:7周:5万:
C:5周:6.2万
B
N:9周:8万: C:6周:11万
Path:16周 Path:16周
开始 C
N:10周:4万: C:9周:4.5万
总成本20万
D
N:8周:3万 C:6周:4.2万
结束
开始－ 开始－》C－》D－》结束 Path:18周 CP Path:18周
1.谈谈你对几种估算方法的理解。 谈谈你对几种估算方法的理解。 谈谈你对几种估算方法的理解 2.对你所选择的项目进行成本估算 对你所选择的项目进行成本估算 要求：写出详细的估算方法、过程和依据。 目的：掌握成本估算过程、方法和成本预 算。
作业五：项目进度计划与成本控制
目的：学习掌握如何标识项目活动，确定 次序，关键路径分析，最后编制自己项 目的进度计划表，写出估算方法和依据。 目的：学习掌握成本控制的方法，途径。 完成课堂练习1-3
课堂练习1
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软件项目管理课后习题答案
软件项目管理案例教程习题答案第0章软件项目管理概述1、项目集成管理是什么？项目集成管理是在项目的整个生存期内，协调项目管理其他各管理知识域，将项目管理的方方面面集成为一个有机整体，保证项目的总目标的实现。
项目集成管理从一个宏观的角度将项目作为一个整体来考察。
包括的过程包括：项目章程编制、初始项目范围编制、项目计划编制、指导与管理项目执行、项目监控、集成变更控制、项目结束等过程。
项目管理的目标在于对项目中的不同组成元素进行正确高效的协调，他不是所有项目组成元素的简单相加。
2、项目管理的9大知识领域是什么？1）项目集成管理2）项目范围管理3）项目时间管理4）项目成本管理5）项目质量管理6）项目人力资源管理7）项目沟通管理8）项目风险管理9）项目采购管理l为了成功实现项目的目标，首先必须设定项目的工作和管理范围，即项目的范围管理。
l为了正确实施项目，需要对项目目标进行分解，即对项目的时间、质量、成本三大目标进行分解，即项目时间管理、项目成本管理、项目质量管理l项目实施过程，需要投入人力、物力：项目人力资源管理、项目采购管理l为了项目的团队人员的管理，让大家有一致的目标，需要沟通，即项目的沟通管理l当然，项目实施过程会遇到各种风险，因此需要进行风险管理，即项目的风险管理l当项目管理一定要协调各个方面，不能只顾局部利益和细节，因此需要集成管理，即项目的集成管理3、项目的成本管理包括哪些过程？包括成本估算、成本预算、成本控制等过程4、项目管理的5个过程组是什么？启动过程组、计划过程组、执行过程组、控制过程组、收尾过程组5. 判断下面活动哪些是项目？上课野餐活动√集体婚礼√社区保安开发微软的操作系统√每天的卫生保洁神州飞船计划√二、判断题1. 项目开发过程中可以无限制地使用资源。
（X ）2. 项目具有暂时的特征。
（√）3. 项目管理核心的三角形是范围、进度、风险。
（X ）4. 过程管理与项目管理在软件组织中是两项很重要的管理，项目管理用于保证项目的成功，而过程管理用于管理最佳实践。
软件项目管理作业答案
1、 Identify the main types of personnel employed in an information systems department.（1）Requirements elicitation and analysisThis might involve:business analysts, systems analysts, sales managers, pre-sales support, sales engineers depending on the environment and the particular circumstances of the project (e.g. is it being developed for an internal or external client?).The ISO 12207 suggests that ‘human factors engineering specifications’ would be produced at this stage which implies the possible deployment of human-computer interface specialistsOther specialists might be involved to deal with other, technical areas, for example security.Note, also, that you would have to have some user and/or client representatives available to provide details of their needs.（2）Architectural designSystem architect–many organizations now have a single person or group that is responsible for ensuring new system components are designed according to organizational standardSoftware designers（3）Detailed designSoftware designers, software developers（4）Code/testSoftware designers, software developers（5）IntegrationSoftware designers, software developers (to deal with problems) hardware designers, testers（6）Qualification testingSystem testers, end-users, software designers and developers (to resolve problems and issues)（7）InstallationBusiness analysts, technical support, trainers, local user management2、A software house has developed a customised order processing system for a client. Youare an employee of the software house that has been asked to organize a training course for the end-users of the system. At present, a user handbook has been produced, but no specific training material. A plan is now needed for the project which will set up the delivery of the training courses. The project can be assumed to have been completed when the first training course starts. Among the things that will need to be considered are the following:●Training materials will need to be designed and created;● A timetable will need to be drafted and agreed;●Date(s) for the course will need to be arranged;●The people attending the course will need to be identified and notified;●Rooms and computer facilities for the course will need to be provided for.Questions:A. Identify the main stakeholders for this project;B. Draw up a statement of the objectives for this project;C. For the objectives, identify the measures of effectiveness;Main stakeholdersThese might include:• Client management• User mana gement –at a lower level than the above, they would share the higher management concerns, but also have operational ones such as cover in the office when staff attend training course.• Users• Trainers• Technical support –set up in a training environment• Premises management (培训场所管理人员)– availability of rooms for training• Catering services（餐饮服务）– to provide refreshments for course delegates• Reprographics services （复印服务）– to produce copies of training material correctly and on timeObjectives‘To have in place by dd/mm/yy all the materials and arrangements needed for the delivery of the training courses relating to the user of the accounting package ABC at organization XYZ within the budget specified’.Note that the actual delivery of the material and training of staff is just outside the boundary of the ‘project’.Measures of effectivenessAn obvious one is that the training courses can actually go ahead. However, this is rather late if things are missing. An alternative would be to produce a checklist that can be used on dd/mm/yy to ensure that the necessary arrangements are in place. e.g.• Rooms and equipment booked• Delegates notified• Training materials prepared横线部分为我加注(第2章)1. List the products created by the Step Wise planning process.This can be seen as a follow-up to Exercise 2.6 in text. The pointers for this show how the steps in the Step Wise planning process could map onto the various sections of a planning document which can be seen as the final deliverable of planning. The further exercise in effect asks the students to identify intermediate products in the process.I find it useful to encourage students to discuss how they are going to do an exercise – after all this is a subject to do with planning. One approach would be to go through each of the steps in the Step Wise framework, identifying the products created. You might end up with something like this.0. Select project:：feasibility report1. Identify project scope and objectives：Terms of reference(责权范围)2. Identify project infrastructure：Standards, procedures relating to progress reporting, change control ,Version Control tool ，cost evaluation tools，etc3. Analyse project characteristics ：Technical plan, risk register4. Identify the products and activities：Product breakdown structure, productdescriptions, product flow diagrams, ‘ideal’ activity network(Coarse one not refined one)5. Estimate effort for each activity：Schedule of task durations and costs6. Identify activity risks.Updated schedule of task durations and costs, updated risk register7. Allocate resources：Gantt chart8. Review/publicize plan: Publicized plan9. Lower level planning:Detailed plans2. What products must exist before the activity ‘test program’ can take place? What products does this activity create?Pre-test. Software specification, testing environment, test cases (including input details and expected results), software to be tested，test plan.Post-test Actual results, list of discrepancies(不一致性), error reports5. Question 4 in the Further Exercises for Chapter 1 refers to a scenario relating to a training exercise. Using that scenario, draw up a Product Breakdown Structure, a Product Flow Diagram and a preliminary activity network.三、2. P57•Illiness;•Other commitments interfering with work e.g. familiy, work;•Hardware or software facilities not being available when needed;•Ambiguity in the assignment speficifcation leadintg to misunderstandings;•Lack of understanding of the techniques to be used•Hostile attitude among stakeholders3. discounted cash flow better than net profit or return on investment？•DCF takes more account of the possibility that investment might more profitably be placed elsewhere than the proposed project;•Projects where the major benefits are only experienced after several years are not favoured. There is more uncertainty about estimates of income and costs ofthe future that you gaze.•NPV values can be calculated for a number of different feasible interest rates –different projects might be favoured as a result.5. Details are given below of the estimated income and outgoings of Projects A. Calculate the return on investment, the payback period and the net present value of the project and comment in which appears to be the most attractive. Assume a discount rate of 5%ProjectAyear income outgoings cashflow discountrate NPVaccum.cashflow0 120000 -120000 1 -120000 -1200001 42000 10000 32000 0.9524 30476.19 -880002 47000 10000 37000 0.9070 33560.09 -510003 51000 9000 42000 0.8638 36281.18 -90004 40000 12000 28000 0.8227 23035.67 1900019000ROI NPV payback3.96%3353.13 4四、1. A building society has a long history of implementing computer-based informationsystems to support the work of its branches. It uses a proprietary structured systems analysis and design method. It has been decided to create a computer model of the property market. This would attempt for example to calculate the effect of changes of interest rates on house values. There is some concern that the usual methodology used for IS development would not be appropriate for the new project.(a) Why might there be this concern and what alternative approaches should beconsidered?(b) Outline a plan for the development of the system which illustrates theapplication of your preferred methodology for this project.a) With traditional business systems analysis there is usually an existing office procedurethat managers are hoping to streamline in some way. There are people who understand the details of the jobs currently done. They can help the analyst draw up precise requirements to be met. There is, in short, a well-defined clerical equivalent of the application that is to be built.With a computer model of the property market there is probably no equivalent of thiswell-defined clerical model.●The analysts will therefore have to seek ideas about the working of such a modelfrom a variety of sources. Experts, such as experienced estate agents, may be able to contribute observations, but these are likely to be fragmentary rules of thumb. The academic literature on economic modeling might be studied.●In the end the analysts will probably have to resort to building a prototype of themodel. They will then trial this to see if it behaves in a similar way to the property market.●There is always the chance that the property market behaves in just too complexand inconsistent manner for a computer model to mimic accurately.All this suggests that t he ‘traditional’ IS development approach based on a waterfall framework would be unsuitable. A more iterative prototyping approach is sensible.b) Expanding on the discussion in 1(a), the following is one method of working:•Define objectives: what does the management of the organization want from the model?•Survey existing software solutions and the literature on the subject. Has anyone done this already?•Consult experts.JAD (joint application development) sessions are mentioned in text as one possible approach. There are many other techniques to elicit relevant knowledge from domain experts which should be considered.•Based on the above draw up an initial prototype design•Build prototype•Test it, probably using real data from the recent past; you can compare the results of the model with what actually happened•Analyse the causes of discrepancies差异; modify the model and rerun•Stop this cycle when you run out of time, or are not getting significant improvements •Carry out a general validation of how accurate the model it is, how easy it is to use –for example is the input data needed easy to collect?•Write up recommendations3. An invoicing system is to have the following components: amend invoice, produce invoice, produce monthly statements, record cash payment, clear paid invoices from database, create customer records, delete customer.(a) What physical dependencies govern the order in which these transactions areimplemented?a)Given the data structure above, the order might be:•Create customer•Delete customer•Produce invoice•Amend invoice•Payment•Clear paid invoices•Produce monthly statements(b) How could the system be broken down into increments which would be of some value to the users (hint – think about the problems of taking existing details onto a database when asystem is first implemented).b) When an application like this is installed,（1．1）careful thought has to go into how the information about existing accounts is to be carried over to the new application.（1．2）Obviously details about existing customers will need to be set up before the new application can become operational.--- It would be helpful to release the functionality to set up customer details well inadvance of the change-over.（2）Details of invoices that have already been sent out but have not yet been paid would also need to be recorded for the new application.---If the invoices have a lot of complex detail it might be worth releasing that functionality earlier, even if the users would have to transfer the invoice number and amount due to their existing accounting system. It might at least save them typing if the old system is a purely clerical one.五、成绩仅根据第2和6题批改，第3题不需要看2. If you were asked as an expert to provide an estimate of the effort needed to make certain changes to an existing piece of software, what information would you like to have to hand to assist you in making that estimate?The estimation of the effort to change a software component requires a different approach to the development of completely new software as a major factor is the structure of the existing software.The estimator might need to know:▪The nature of the changes required▪Ideally they should be told about the reasons for the change, as they may be able to suggest alternatives and more economic ways of meeting the requirement ▪The structure of the software to be changed▪Some idea of which parts of the software need changing▪Who will be carrying out the changes– will it be someone who is already familiar with the software to be changed, or will additional time have to be allocated for familiarization?▪Evaluation, Tools, Risk, Personnel, Delay, Cost3. （此题不需要改）A small application maintains a telephone directory. The database for the application contains the following data types:Staff referenceSurnameForenamesTitleDepartment codeRoom numberTelephone extensionE-mail addressFax numberTransactions are needed which:ii. set up new entries;iii. amend existing entriesiv. delete entriesv. allow enquirers to list on line the details for a particular member of staffvi. produce a complete listing of the telephone directory entries in alphabetical order a) Use this scenario to produce an estimated Mark II FP count. List all the assumptions you will need to make.b) Another requirement could be to produce the listing in (v) in departmental order. In your view should this increase FP count and if so by how much?关于相同功能，工作量是否应当重复计算？1.显示2.报错（不同原因）b) It can argued that the data presented in the two reports are the same, so that they are logically the same and so should be counted only once. Most development environment have easy to use features for sorting data and so the actual amount of work needed to produce the second report would probably be negligible.However, if you have every tried to look up details in an unsorted list, the fact that it is sorted can provide considerable value.There is therefore a debate among FP practitioners about whether FPs should reflect the value of the system to the user or the amount of work that is needed to develop it.This is particularly an issue in r elation to the question of reusable components.6. Given the project data below:a) What items are size drivers?inputs, outputs, entity accesses (system users for certain aspects)b) What items are productivity drivers?Programming languagec) What are the productivity rates for programming languages x, y and z?x 10 FPs a day[0.58*（210+469）+1.66*（40+125）+0.26*（420+1406）]/(30+85)=y 7 FPs a dayz 12 FPs a dayd) What would be the estimated effort for projects X and Y using a Mark II function point count?Project X : 262/7 i.e. 37 daysProject Y 705/7 i.e. 101 dayse) What would be the estimated effort for X and Y using an approximate analogy approach? Project X -- Project 5 22 days, (language is not considered)Project Y -- Project 3 108 days.f) What would have been the best estimating method if the actual effort for X turns out to be30 days and for Y turns out to be 120 days? Can you suggest why the results are as they are and how they might be improved.If we use a measurement based on the percentage error, calculated as absolute (actual-estimate)/actual we get the following:This illustrates that no one estimating method can be assumed to be the most accurate in all cases.The analogy estimate for Project X might have been improved by adjusting for the fact that Project X is to be written in programming language y while Project 5 was written in programming language z六、1. 题目：Activity Depends on Duration(days)A 5B A 7C B 6D A 5E D 10F B 15G B 8H G 8I C 4J G 4K E,F 5L I,H 3(a) Create a PERT activity network using the following details: refer to figure 6-16(b) Calculate the earliest and latest start and end dates and the float associated with each activity. From this identify the critical path.八、第七章风险管理1．In the case of Fiona’s project, the risks might include:P150▪Lack of client commitment –as this could be r egarded as ‘only a student project’ it may be difficult to get the client to spare adequate time for suchthings as the clarification of requirements▪Conflicts between university and business requirements – the business might want, for example, the project to completed to a timescale that does not fit inwith the time when the university expects the project to be done▪Technical problems –including:o Fiona’s placement was spent as a support analyst and then as a network manager. She may have had little recent system-buildingpractice and may find that as a consequence that she runs intotechnical problemso The hardware/software environment at the university may be different from that of the business where the application is actually going to beused.2．a) Provide an estimate of the risk exposure (as a financial value) for the risk that thesenior fire fighter might not be able to attend at the times needed.The cost of an adverse outcome would be £2000.There is a 20% (0.20) probability of the adverse outcome.The risk exposure is therefore 20% of £2000, that is £400.b) Suggest possible risk mitigation actions.Given the risk exposure of £400, there would be a case of paying someone overtime to cover for the firefighter/trainer who is being interviewed.Alternatively, appointments could be made with two trainers at different times within the same week. This would not completely eliminate the risk, as it is possible foremergencies to happen at the times of both arranged interviews.5．▪Lack of awareness of the approach▪Unwillingness to spend additional time and resources on risk management▪Development managers may want projects to go ahead and do not want project sponsors to be deterred by consideration of possible failure九、第7章P1503．In Exercise 7.2 you were asked to identify risks under the four headings of Actors, Technology, Structure and Tasks for the IOE maintenance group accounts and the Brightmouth College payroll scenarios. Now identify risks for each scenario that relate to pairs of domains, for example, Actors-Techinology, Actors-Tasks and so on.▪Actor-Technology e.g. Pc23 pe28unfamiliarity with the new technology. This could be caused by the technology being genuinely novel, or by the fact the developershave simply not had the opportunity to use it previously.▪Actor- Task pc23 pe27 test group not available▪For example, a particular task might be too demanding for the novice developer who happens to be the only one who is available at the required time.▪Actor-Structure. Organizational barriers may make it difficult for people who need to communicate to do so. Pc30 pe36▪Technology-Structure. (Pc24 pe29)Pc22 pe24 no machine availableAn example here might be where software for a control system has to be tested on an expensive hardware configuration, which is used by more than one team. There could be clashes over the use of this valuable resource if an appropriate process was not in place to allocate user in an orderly and rational manner.▪Technology-Task.▪Pc24 pe29 commercial package availablePc29 pe35 estimate cost while using commercial packageThe example immediately above concerning the shared use of a testing facility could also apply here to the task of testing a software component in the shared technological environment.▪Structure-Task.2 points on Pc21 pe25 & extra workFor example, the management process might dictate that a particular task can only be carried out when approval to start had been provided by higher management4、（只分析该项目的主要存在的问题）lack of staff experienceuse of contractorsnovel technologyreal-time performance shortfallslack of monitoringlack risk managementlack necessary checkpointslack clear requirementsbad feasibility evaluationlack cost-profit / business case evaluationbad schedule/bad time cost estimation十、第8章P1661.需要提交的作业A. 3The following might be discussed.The concern of a team leader could be locked onto the successful accomplishment of the project. There are however organizational concerns to be considered. Several projects, all important, might be running in parallel and using the best staff on one project might be the expense of some other.Other concerns might be for staff development: sometimes risks have to be accepted so that staff can be developed in new roles. Allocating the most capable staff member to the most critical activities all the time might lead, in the longer term, to burn-outB.Extra one(a) Draw up an activity network and calculate the earliest finish for the following project:学生答案可能是表，也可能是优先网络图如下(b) Produce a table showing the number of specialists of each type needed on each day of the project. How many of each type of resource will need to be recruited for the project as a whole if the earliest finish date is to be preserved?答案：表可以是excel图，也可以是表格填写的每天需要多少人SA 1 SD 3 SC 2(c) What impact would there be on the project if there were only two systems designers?答案：只要答出no impact，并给出延迟任务C到B结束就可以了，不需要画图。
软件项目管理作业（共5篇）
软件项目管理作业（共5篇）第一篇：软件项目管理作业1.谈谈你对质量管理的认识？保证质量管理从哪几个方面考虑？答：质量管理的学派和观点有很多，具体代表性有戴明理论，朱兰理论，克鲁斯比理论，田口玄一理论等。
其中：1.戴明理论的核心是“目标不变，持续改善和知识积累”，预防胜于检验。
○2.朱兰理论的核心思想是适用性，适用性是通过遵守技术规范，使项目符○合或者超过项目相关人及客户的期望。
3.克鲁斯比理论的核心思想是质量定义符合预先的要求，质量源于预防，○质量的执行标准是零缺陷，质量是用非一致成本衡量的。
4.田口一玄核心思想是应用统计技术进行质量管理，通过损失函数来决定○产生未满足目标产品的成本。
质量就是符合客户要求。
人们对质量如何达成的认识是在不断发展与完善之中的。
早期认为质量是检验出来的，后来随着统计方法的应用认为质量是控制出来的，现在业界普遍认为是覆盖全员、全过程、全系统的质量管理。
质量管理归结起来可包括：关注客户；明确要求；零缺陷过程方法；系统分析与预防；领导重视；全员参与；持续改进；基于数据与事实决策；与供应方合作互利；知识管理。
至少要考虑以下几个方面：1、让用户承认你的测试对象分析结果(需求分析转化为测试需求分析的过程要得到客户的认可)2、用例设计过程，不但要能设计出高效的用例，而且要能说明是如何的高效，要得到客户的认可。
3、如何证明，你的测试过程是高精度，高效率的，你的团队是敬业的，并有在实施的过程中能不断的发现问题，克服/解决问题。
4、你的结果报告中的内容，是否能准确反映软件的质量状况，并且，有客户想看到的内容。
2.结合自己的软件项目，拟定项目管理控制计划。
第二篇：浅谈软件项目管理范文浅谈软件项目管理1.软件项目管理的概念软件项目管理是为了使软件项目能够按照预定的成本、进度、质量顺利完成，通过计划、组织、控制等一系列活动，合理地配置和使用各种资源，对成本、人员、进度、质量、风险等进行分析和管理，以达到既定目标的过程。
《软件项目管理实用教程》-习题参考答案
习题参考答案第一章软件项目管理概述一、习题1. 项目管理和技术工作之间有什么关系？【答案】技术毫无疑问是我们实现产品落地的唯一工具。
需求产生、产品设计其实都是人们的愿景而已，那如何去实现呢，就需要我们用技术手段进行支撑落地。
项目管理作为一门专业已经得到认可，这表明知识、过程、技能、工具和技术的应用对项目的成功有显著影响。
其实项目管理是为产品或项目的有效落地产生的一种管理方法。
因此不难看出，项目管理和技术工作是相辅相成，缺一不可的。
2. 软件项目和一般项目的区别是什么？【答案】软件项目也被称为IT项目，是一种和信息技术（Information Technology，IT）相关的特殊项目，它创造的唯一产品或者服务是逻辑体，没有具体的形状和尺寸，只有逻辑的规模和运行的效果。
软件项目不同于其他项目，不仅是一个新领域而且涉及的因素很多，管理也比较复杂。
软件项目如下2个特点可以很好地区别于其他一般项目：（1）目标渐进性软件项目，作为一类特殊的项目，按理说，一开始也应该有明确的目标，然而，实际的情况却是大多数软件项目的目标不是很明确，经常出现任务边界模糊的情况。
在项目前期只能粗略地进行项目定义，随着项目的进行才能逐渐完善和明确。
（2）智力密集型软件项目是智力密集型项目，软件项目工作的技术性很强，需要大量高强度脑力劳动。
因此必须充分挖掘项目成员的智力、才能和创造精神，不仅要求开发人员具有一定的技术水平和工作经验，而且还要求他们具有良好的心理素质和责任心。
与其他性质的项目相比，软件项目中人力资源的作用更为突出，必须在人才激励和团队管理问题上给予足够的重视。
3. 什么是项目管理过程？项目管理过程之间有什么关系？【答案】项目管理在软件开发的技术工作之前就应该开始，而在软件从概念到实现的过程中继续进行，并且只有当软件开发工作最后结束时才终止。
其过程可分为以下几个管理过程组。
开始项目以上过程及之间的关系是指导性的，在实际实施某一软件项目时，可根据项目性质、项目规模、工作重点等灵活制定相应的管理过程。
软件项目管理习题答案
软件项目管理习题第1章项目管理1.给出项目旳定义。
项目是一种特定旳、待完毕旳优先任务，是在一定旳时间内，运用有限旳经费，满足一系列特定目旳旳多项有关工作旳总称。
2.列举项目旳属性。
唯一性、一次性、多目旳属性、生命周期属性、互相依赖性、冲突属性。
3.给出项目旳五个构成要素。
项目旳范围、项目旳组织、项目旳费用、项目旳质量、项目旳进度。
4.项目旳生命周期可以分为哪四个阶段？概念阶段、开发阶段、实行阶段、收尾阶段。
第2章软件项目管理知识范围1.从软件项目管理旳角度看，软件生存周期包括哪些阶段，每个阶段旳工作成果是什么？软件计划→需求分析→软件设计→软件编码→软件测试→软件实行→软件维护计划任务书、需求规格阐明书、设计阐明书、程序/文档清单、测试汇报、顾客汇报2.从软件项目旳观点看，软件生存周期旳第1阶段是什么？其工作成果是什么？第一阶段是软件计划，工作成果是计划任务书。
3.软件项目管理旳角色（开发方）有哪些？项目经理、系统分析员、系统设计人员、程序员、测试员、实行人员、系统管理员4.论述与老式旳部门管理相比，项目管理有哪些基本特点？P30一、至少两家单位或两个组织协同工作是软件项目管理旳组织特点。
二、首先要成立项目管理委员会，并根据项目开展旳详细需要设置多种小组。
三、项目管理委员会是企业软件项目管理旳最高决策机构。
四、在项目开展过程中，组织构造会有合适变化。
第3章软件项目全生命周期旳阶段划分1.软件项目生命周期模型中，将任务分为哪些阶段？最重要旳哪个阶段，其任务是什么？整个软件开发活动可划分为四个重要工作阶段：立项、设计、实现及收尾。
最重要旳阶段是设计。
系统设计阶段重要完毕系统旳总体设计、详细设计、边界设计、信息模型设计、过程设计，功能设计以及软硬件环境旳搭建与准备等工作。
2.软件项目中，软件系统设计做什么？软件系统实现做什么？软件收尾阶段做什么？P49-51 软件系统设计包括需求分析和系统设计两方面旳工作。
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EF
ES
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Duration=8 Task E LS LF
Duration=8 Task F LS LF
1.确定ＣＰ以及ＣＰ的长度？
时间压缩题 2
下图给出了各个任务可以压缩的最大限度和压缩成本，请问如果将工期压 缩到17，16，15周时应该压缩的活动和最后的成本？
开始－》A－》B－》结束
A
N:7周:5万:
作业七：风险管理
1.谈谈你对项目风险管理的认识，包括 风险管理模型及过程。 2.针对自己的项目，如何进行风险管理， 并给出风险清单？
风险管理练习
利用决策树风险分析技术来分析如下两种情况的，以便决定你会选择哪 种方案：（要求画出决策树） 方案１：随机投掷硬币两次，如果两次投掷的结果都是硬币正面超上， 你将获得１０元；投掷的结果背面每超上一次你需要付出１.５元。 方案２：随机投掷硬币两次，你需要付出２元；如果两次投掷的结果都 是硬币正面超上，你将获得１０元。
课堂练习1
作为项目经理，你需要给一个软件项目做计划安排，经过任务分解后得 到任务A，B，C，D，E，F，G，假设各个任务之间没有滞后和超前，下 图是这个项目的PDM网络图。通过历时估计已经估算出每个任务的工期， 现已标识在PDM网络图上。假设项目的最早开工日期是第０天，请计算 每个任务的最早开始时间，最晚开始时间，最早完成时间，最晚完成时 间，同时确定关键路径，并计算关键路径的长度，计算任务F的自由浮动 和总浮动.
C:5周:6.2万
B
N:9周:8万: C:6周:11万
Path:16周
开始 C
N:10周:4万: C:9周:4.5万
总成本20万
D
N:8周:3万 C:6周:4.2万
结束
开始－》C－》D－》结束
CP Path:18周
习题3
完成课后第二题 P88（二）
作业六：质量管理
1.谈谈你对质量管理的认识？保证质量 从哪些几个方面考虑？ 2.结合自己的软件项目，拟定项目质量 控制计划。
软件项目管理作业
软件12级
作业一拟定项目名称
根据软件项目特点，拟定项目名称 作为以后项目管理和分析依据。
作业二项目合同
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
根据以上拟定的项目，给出项目合同。 要求符合合同格式和要求 主要内容包括：
技术要求 指标参数 研究开发计划 经费，支付等 项目履行甲乙责任及方式 验收 风险 违约、纠纷 其他等
问题
1.每个模型的特点是什么？ 2.你选择的项目准备选择哪个生存模型？ 原因？ 3.依据你的生存模型制定开发过程？
作业三需求分析和任务分解
1.
对你所选择的项目进行需求分析。 应用面向对象用例分析法。
角色？功能需求？需求管理内容？
2. 对你所选择的项目进行任务分解。
目的：掌握任务分解方法及过程
作业四： 成本估算
1.谈谈你对几种估算方法的理解。 2.对你所选择的项目进行成本估算 要求：写出详细的估算方法、过程和依据。 目的：掌握成本估算过程、方法和成本预 算。
作业五：项目进度计划与成本控制
目的：学习掌握如何标识项目活动，确定 次序，关键路径分析，最后编制自己项 目的进度计划表，写出估算方法和依据。 目的：学习掌握成本控制的方法，途径。 完成课堂练习1-3
chapter__10
14
课堂练习
GameA: EMV=1
0.25*10=2.5元
0.5*（-1.5）= -0.75元
0.25*（-3）=（-0.75） 元 0.25*(10-2)=2元
0.5*（-2）=（-1）元
GameB:EMV=0.5
chapter__10
15
0.25*（-2）=（-0.5）元
课堂练习1
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Duration=6 Task B
ES 0 EF LS LF
Duration=7 Task C
LS LF
Duration=5 Task D
LS LF ES EF
Duration=4 Task A
LS LF
Duration=3 Task G LS LF
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作 用？为什么要建立基线？
软件项目配置管理过程？配置管理 的四大功能领域？