英语四六级阅读
全国英语四六级考试内容
全国英语四六级考试内容
全国英语四六级考试内容主要包括听力、阅读、写作和翻译四个部分。
听力部分：四级听力主要以较短的对话和短文为主，考查考生对于常见词汇、短语和基本语法结构的理解。
六级听力主要以长对话和长篇演讲为主，考查考生对于复杂语言材料的理解能力。
阅读部分：四级阅读主要包括词汇理解、段落理解、理论观点、细节推理和文章结构等题型。
六级阅读主要考查考生对于较长的文章的理解、推理和阅读策略的应用。
写作部分：四级写作要求考生根据提供的图表或图画，写一篇约150个词的短文。
六级写作要求考生从提供的两条论述观点中选择一个，写一篇约250个词的文章，阐述自己的观点并支撑论据。
翻译部分：四级翻译要求考生将一篇英文短文翻译成中文，约100个词。
六级翻译要求考生将一篇中文短文翻译成英文，约150个词。
总体来说，四级试题相对简单，重点在于词汇和基础语法的掌握；六级试题难度适中，重点在于阅读和写作的能力。
考生可以根据自己的实际情况合理安排备考时间，有针对性地进行复习。
四六级下半年英语六级阅读练习素材-关于澳大利亚的话题含答案
2022年下半年英语六级阅读练习素材:关于澳大利亚的话题AustraliaAn island country, a whole continent, Australia has aremarkably cohesive personality and one which,much to our surprise, is markedly foreign. It is nolonger the infant colony, peopled by Britishconvicts2 and pioneers, but a maturing, perhaps stillsomewhat adolescent individual, ruggedly steering avital new course in life.Australia is a sprawl of rock and desert, fringed with lush valleys, snow fields, coralspectaculars, storm-stabbed cliffs and rolling beaches, a land rich in minerals, colors, curiousflora 3, 230 species of mammals4 , 700 of birds, 400 of reptiles, 70 of amphibia, 2, 200 of fishand 50 , 000 species of insects —and seemingly infinite space . Australia is becoming therichest country in the world, materially.Total area of the continent is about half as big as Europe, or 25 times the size of Britain andIreland. Population is bunched mainly in coastal cities, the biggest of which are capitals of thecountry’s states and the federal capital Canberra5 . Canberra is a model of a planned gardencity and is the seat of a major university. It is smallish in size , but big in importance. Sydney isthe largest city, and commercial capital of the country.Throughout the country, the basic accommodation unit is the motel, a flat prefabricated6sprawl of bedrooms. But prices are reasonable and, most important, the rooms are excellentand equipped usually with air-conditioning, a refrigerator and tea and coffee making facilities.Bath tubs are rare, as Australians prefer the convenience and hygiene of a shower. Porterageand other services are rare , as Australians don’t like doing a job which smacks of7 servility.After all, this is the land of equality and opportunity.阅读自测Ⅰ. Are the sesta tements True or False according to the article1. Australia is as big as Europe , or 25 times the size of Britain and Ireland.2. Canberra is notonly the capital but also the biggest city of Australia .3. Motel is very popular foraccommodation in Australia.Ⅱ. Match the following countries with their corresponding capitals :1. Egypt Wellington2. Australia Athens3. New Zealand Seoul4. Canada Cairo5. Greece Ottawa6. South Korea Canberra参考翻译澳大利亚是一个岛国, 但同时也是一个完整的大陆, 它具有突出一贯的个性。
大学英语四六级之做仔细阅读的方法
大学英语四六级之做仔细阅读的方法在英语四级中仔细阅读一共有两篇，虽然数量不是很多，但分值还是很重要的！下面我通过自身学习以及一些老师的言传身教掌握了一些提高仔细阅读效率的方法：做仔细阅读每一篇只能规定在8分钟内完成，否则会耽误整个试卷的时间安排。
那么这8分钟又应当如何安排呢？应当设置一个5+3的方法：5分钟阅读文章（重点要看完）；3分钟用于解题。
在5分钟的阅读文章的时候，我们应当掌握阅读技巧（四大出题重点，也是容易出题的地方）：1.文章第一段和每段话的第一句；2.转折句（带有but,howerver,yet,in fact ,truth之类的转折词语的句子）；3.总结句（therefor, thus,表顺承关系的词，consequently,总结的词）；4.复杂长难句（超过两行以上的句子）另外，要了解字里行间的引申义，要花相当一段时间去研究逻辑关系。
仔细阅读的题目还分为主旨题，态度题，推断题，词义题和句子释义题，这四类类题型的做法也是因题而异。
一：.做主旨题时：1.讲求留后原则，留在最后去做，这种题一般是在五个题中的第4，5题；2.逆向思维，数段落（那方观点的段落多，就是那个观点），首段和尾段是指向那个观点，文章的主旨就是哪个观点。
二：做态度题时：猜褒义的次（过激的词不选），比较客观的，温柔的，中立的词选！三：做推断题（主要题型）：1.做这种题之前，我们就要有个心理准备，这种题是：比较好时间的；比较伤神的（a.概念混淆b.无中生有的干扰选项居多），所以我们要放慢脚步。
2.要站在命题者的角度去思考，心态要平和；3.推断和判断正确选项的题，选C和D的概率比较高。
四：词义题和句子释义题：一般都是超纲单词或者熟词生意，通过带入法，将句子带入原文中看是否解释的痛，根据上下文猜测单词意义；这种题有最明显的特征就是要么句子很长，要么气短无比。
接下来说下正确选项的特征：1.符合题干的要求；2.对应了文章的一句话或者相邻的两句话；3.一定是文章相关信息的正确改写；干扰选项的特征：1.题干或者选项中，原文中相关信息的歪曲反射，a:移花接木：将原文中的多个信息取出，然后没有逻辑的组合；b.偷天换日：就、跟文中的新信息特别像，就是麽个单词的意思不同，跟原文越是一样就越不是正确答案；2.扭头不对马嘴：是文章的正确相关信息，但不符合题干；3.空穴来风：文章中根本就没有相关信息（多出现在判断题和推断题中）切记：做题时，找一遍没有找着就不用找了，心态要好。
四六级下半年英语六级阅读练习素材-美国历史的见证—白宫含答案
2022年下半年英语六级阅读练习素材:美国历史的见证—白宫The White HouseThe White House has been the home of every UnitedStates president except George Washington2 .Abigail Adams3 was the first“First Lady” to move intothe Pennsylvania Avenue mansion. She used tohang her family’s laundry in the unfinished EastRoom4. The White House was burned by the Britishduring the War of 1812. Soon after, the house wasrebuilt and painted white, and it has been known as the White House ever since .The White House is both a public house and a private home. Its character changes with eachnew president. Gas lighting was installed in 1848, but bathrooms were not added until thirtyyears later. By 1950 , the building was no longer safe to live in . The Truman5 family moved outwhile repairs were made. Jacqueline Kennedy6 developed the plan to decorate the White Houseas it is today.The 132 -room mansion is furnished with antiques, portraits of the presidents, and other artwork. The President’s Oval Office7 and staff offices are on the ground floor. The state receptionrooms are on the first floor. The second and third floors are where the president and his familylive.The job of President is very demanding. Every minute of every day is planned. The Presidentmay start with a breakfast meeting with his Cabinet, move on to the East Room for a pressconference, meet with a foreign ambassador in the Blue Room, then end the day at a dinner inthe State Dining Room.The President and his family share their home with the public every morning. Long lines stretchfor blocks. They wait for a chance to see the nation’s most popular house, and possibly aglimpse of the President.阅读自测Ⅰ. Fill in the blanks with proper prepositions:1. He was known_______ a great novelist.2. My mother is known_______ her cooking.3. He’s known_______ everyone as a good actor.Ⅱ. Answer the following questions:1. What happened to the White House during the War of 18122. How is the White House furnished参考答案Ⅰ. 1. as 2 . for 3. toⅡ. 1. It was burned by the British. 2. It’s furnishedwith antiques, portraits of the presidents, and otherartwork.参考译文美国历史的见证——白宫除乔治·华盛顿以外, 白宫是历任美国总统的家。
英语四六级阅读理解习题集
The "standard of living" of any country means the average person's share of the goods and services which the country produces. A country's standard of living, therefore, depends first and foremost on its capacity to produce wealth. "Wealth" in this sense is not money, for we do not live on money but on things that money can buy: "goods" such as food and clothing, and "services" such as transport and entertainment.A country's capacity to produce wealth depends upon many factors, most of which have an effect on one another. Wealth depends to a great extent upon a country's natural resources, such as coal, gold, and other minerals, water supply and so on. Some regions of the world are well supplied with coal and minerals, and have a fertile soil and a favorable climate; other regions possess perhaps only one of these things, and some regions possess none of them. The U. S. A is one of the wealthiest regions of the world because she has vast natural resources within her borders, her soil is fertile, and her climate is varied. The Sahara Desert, on the other hand, is one of the least wealthy.Next to natural resources comes the ability to turn them to use. China is perhaps as well off as the U. S. A. in natural resources, but suffered for many years from civil and external wars, and for this and other reasons was. unable to develop her resources. Sound and stable political conditions, and freedom from foreign invasion, enable a country to develop its natural resources peacefully and steadily, and to produce more wealth than another country equally well served by nature but less well ordered. Another important factor is the technical efficiency of a country's people. Old countries that have, through many centuries, trained up numerous skilled craftsmen and technicians are better placedto produce wealth than countries whose workers are largely unskilled. Wealth also produces wealth. As a country becomes wealthier, its people have a large margin for saving, and can put their savings into factories and machines which will help workers to turn out more goods in their working day.1. A country's wealth depends upon______. ,A. its standard of livingB. its moneyC. its ability to provide goods and servicesD. its ability to provide transport and entertainment2. The word "foremost" means______.A. most importantlyB. firstlyC. largelyD. for the most part3. The main idea of the second paragraph is that______.A. a country's wealth depends on many factorsB. the U. S. A. is one of the wealthiest countries in the worldC. the Sahara Desert is a very poor regionD. natural resources are an important factor in the wealth or poverty of a country4. The third paragraph mentions some of the advantages which one country may have over another in making use of its resources. How many such advantages are mentioned in this paragraph?A. 2B. 3考试大论坛C. 4D. 55. The second sentence.in Paragraph 3 is______.A. the main idea of the paragraphB. an example supporting the main idea of the paragraphC. the conclusion of the paragraphD. not related to the paragraph1. C2. A3. A4. B5. BSugar is so much a part of our modern life that we only really think about it when, for some ___1___ , we cannot obtain it. It has been known to man for at least 3,000 years, but has ___2___ into common use only in ___3___times. Until quite recently it was considered as a medicine and as a luxury for the very rich only.Sugar is, then, ___4 ___to our civilization. But what___5___ is it? Of course, most of us recognize sugar immediately as the sweet material which we put in coffee or cakes. This common form of sugar is derived from two plants: the sugar cane (a type of grass which grows to a height of twenty feet) and the sugar beet (which grows under ground). But there are in fact many types of sugar, and the chemist recognizes hundreds of different ___6___ , each coming from a different source.About 90% of the sugar is produced as food. Only 10% is used in industry for ___7___other than food production. Yet sugar has great possibilities for use as the basis of chemicals. It can even be used for making plastics. In the future these potential uses will certainly be developed more than in the past.来源：考试大的美女编辑们There are many reasons why we should ___8___the production of sugar. Most important is that it is one of the most highly concentrated of energy foods.Thus sugar cane and beet produce an average of 7,000,000 calories per acre. In this way they have the advantage over potatoes which give only 4, 000, 000, while the___9___ for wheat and beans is 2 ,000,000 each. So three acres of land growing wheat, beans and potatoes give only ___10__more energy than one acre of sugar.A. slightlyB. intentionC. reasonD. modernE. stronglyF. figureG. comeH. significantI. exactly J. increase K. proposals L. turnM. purposes N. varieties O. seriousI. C 2. G 3. D 4. H 5. I 6. N 7. M 8. J 9. F 10. APronouncing a language is a skill. Every normal person is expert in the skill of pronouncing his own language; but few people are even moderately proficient at pronouncing foreign languages. Now there are many reasons for this, some obvious, some perhaps not so obvious. But I suggest that the fundamental reason why people in general do not speak foreign languages very much better than they do is that they fail to grasp the true nature of the problem of learning to pronounce, and consequently never set about tackling it in the right way. Far too many people fail to realize that pronouncing a foreign language is a skill—one that needs careful training of a special kind, and one that cannot be acquired by just leaving it to take care of itself. I think even teachers of language, while recognizing the importance of a good accent, tend to neglect, in theirpractical teaching, the branch of study concerned with speaking the language. So the first point I want to make is that English pronunciation must be taught; the teacher should be prepared to devote some of the lesson time to this, and should get the student to feel that here is a matter worthy of receiving his close attention. So, there should be occasions when other aspects of English, such as grammar or spelling, are allowed for the moment to take second place.Apart from this question of the time given to pronunciation, there are two other requirements for the teacher: the first, knowledge; the second, technique.It is important that the teacher should be in possession of the necessary information. This can generally be obtained from books. It is possible to get from books some idea of the mechanics of speech, and of what we call general phonetic theory. It is also possible in this way to get a clear mental picture of the relationship between the sounds of different languages, between the speech habits of English people and those, say, of your students. Unless the teacher has such a picture, any comments he may make on his students' pronunciation are unlikely to be of much use, and lesson time spent on pronunciation may well be time wasted.26. What does the writer actually say about pronouncing foreign languages?A. Only a few people are really proficient.B. No one is really an expert in the skill.C. There aren't many people who are even fairly good.D. There are even some people who are moderately proficient.27. The writer argues that going about the problem of pronunciation in the wrong way isA. an obvious cause of not grasping the problem correctlyB. a fundamental consequence of not speaking wellC. a consequence of not grasping the problem correctlyD. not an obvious cause of speaking poorly28. The best way of learning to speak a foreign language, he suggests, is by_______.A. picking it up naturally as a childB. learning from a native speakerC. not concentrating on pronunciation as suchD. undertaking systematic work考试大－全国最大教育类(．Examda。
英语四六级阅读训练试卷及详解_（A
练习：练习：one practice that has helped my writing processes tremendously. The distinction is between the creative mind and the critical mind. While you need to employ both to get to a finished result, they cannot work in parallel no matter how much we mightlike to think so…..men. I was never very good at telling those stories because truthfully I neverfound them interesting. What I do find interesting is the origin of the universe, the shape of space-time and the nature of black holes… .….An educated mother, on the other hand, has greater earning abilities outsidethe home and faces an entirely different set of choices. She is likely to have fewerbut healthier children and can insist on the development of all her children, ensuring that her daughters are given a fair chance. The education of her daughtersthen makes it much more likely that the next generation of girls, as well as of boys,will be educated and healthy. The vicious circle is thus transformed into a virtuouscircle circle……Q: The author believes that a vicious circle can turn into a virtuous circle when _______.A. women care more about educationB. parents can afford their daughters ’ educationC. girls can gain equal access to educationD. a family has fewer but healthier children答案：选C 。
英语四六级考试阅读理解五大类型题详解
阅读能⼒的提⾼包括很多因素，⽂章可以分为段落，段落可以分为句⼦，句⼦可以分为单词。
所以提⾼阅读能⼒，需要从微观层⾯扩⼤单词量，提⾼句⼦理解⼒，从宏观层⾯把握段落与⽂章的框架。
⽽在考前短短的时间内，考⽣不可能从单词到框架⼀步步提⾼阅读能⼒了，那么应该怎么办呢？这得从了解阅读考什么，怎么考开始。
四级考试阅读部分要求考⽣在35分钟内，看完四篇⽂章，做完20个题⽬。
其中，每篇⽂章⼤约有250——350个单词，后⾯附有5个题⽬。
四级阅读考查的题型主要是细节题，另外还会涉及态度题，主旨题，推理题，结论观点题，词汇题等。
各类题型表现形式不同，考查重点各异，解题⽅法有别。
1、细节题（1）、细节题表现形式这类题在四级考试中题量较⼤，占到60%——70%的题量，可以说是四级考试成败的关键这类题特点是题⼲的信息⽐较具体，考查⽂章中的重要细节。
如2005年1⽉份考题：“Free play has been introduced in some Japanese kindergartens in order to”，本题通过“free play”，“some Japanese kindergartens”反映了原⽂考查对象，题⼲内容⽐较具体，属于细节分析。
⼜如2005年6⽉份出现的题⽬：“What did the handball player do when he was not allowed a time out to change his gloves？ ”本题handball player 是中⼼话题，when引导状语从句，这两部分明确指定了考查的细节内容，在原⽂中找答案⼗分⽅便。
（2）、细节题解题⽅法细节题考查信息查找能⼒和句⼦的理解能⼒。
由于考试时间⾮常紧张，对于考⽣来说，做好细节题，⾸先是要在原⽂找到相关信息。
正是由于这点，我们看⽂章需要⽬的。
有同学先看⽂章再做题，导致做题时还得回去在⽂章中寻找相关内容，或者⼲脆凭着对⽂章的主观印象匆忙求解，结果是浪费时间或者错误较多。
【四六级】TPO 07阅读详细解析——【英语阅读提高TPO 阅读详细解析】
TPO 07 Paragraph 11．The wordin thepassage is closest in meaning to○achievement○requirement○purpose○feature2．Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 1 as a change that occurred in the fauna of the Mediterranean?○Most invertebrate species disappeared during a wave ofextinctions.○A few hardy species wiped out many of the Mediterranean’sinvertebrates.○Some invertebrates migrated to Atlantic Ocean.○New species of fauna populated the Mediterranean whenThe Geologic History ofthe MediterraneanIn 1970 geologists Kenneth J. Hsu and William B.F. Ryan were collecting research data while aboard the oceanographicresearch vessel Glomar Challenger. An of this particular cruise was to investigate the floor of the Mediterranean and to resolve questions about its geologic history. One question was related to evidence that the invertebrate fauna (animals without spines) of the Mediterranean had changed abruptly about 6 million years ago. Most of the older organisms were nearly wiped out, although a few hardy species survived. A few managed to migrate into the Atlantic. Somewhat later, the1the old migrants returned.Paragraph 33．What does the author imply by○The most obvious explanation for the origin of the pebbles was not migrants returned, bringing new species with them. Why did the near extinction and migrations occur?■Another task for the Glomar Challenge r’s scientists was to try to determine the origin of the domelike masses buried deep beneath the Mediterranean seafloor. ■These structures had been detected years earlier by echo-sounding instruments, but they had never been penetrated in the course of dri lling. ■Were they salt domes such as are common along the United States Gulf Coast, and if so, why should there have been so much solid crystalline salt beneath the floor of the Mediterranean? ■With question such as these clearly before them, the scientists2supported by the evidence.○The geologists did not find as many pebbles as they expected.○The geologists were looking for a particular kind of pebble.○The different pebbles could not have come from only one source.4．Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 3 about the solid gypsum layer?○It did not contain any marine fossil.○It had formed in open-ocean conditions.○It had once been soft, deep-sea mud.○It contained sediment from nearby deserts.5. Select the TWO answer choice from paragraph 3 that identify materials discovered in the deepest part of the Mediterranean basin. To receive credit aboard the Glomar Challenger processed to the Mediterranean to search for the answers. On August 23, 1970, they recovered a sample. The sample consisted of pebbles of gypsum and fragments of volcanicIn the days following, samples of solid gypsum were repeatedly brought on deck as drilling operations penetrated the seafloor. Furthermore, the gypsum was found to possess peculiarities of composition and structure that suggested it had formed on desert flats. Sediment above and below the gypsum layer contained tiny marine fossils, indicating open-ocean conditions. As they drilled into the central and deepest part of the Mediterranean basin, the3you must select TWO answers.○Volcanic rock fragments.○This silt layers○Soft, deep-sea mud○Crystalline salt6. What is the main purpose of paragraph 3?○To describe the physical evidence collected by Hsu and Ryan.○To explain why some of the questions posed earlier in the passage could not be answered by the findings of the Glomar Challenger.○To evaluate techniques used by Hsu and Ryan to explore the sea floor.○To describe the most difficult problems faced by the GlomarChallenger expedition.Paragraph 47. According to paragraph 4, which of the following was responsible for the evaporation of the Mediterranean’s scientists took solid, shiny, crystalline salt from the core barrel. Interbedded with the salt were thin layers of what appeared to be windblown silt.The time had come to formulate a hypothesis. The4waters?○The movements of Earth’s crust○The accumulation of sediment layers○Changes in the water level of the Atlantic Ocean○Changes in Earth’s temperature8. The word “scores” in the passage is closest in meaning to○members○large numbers○populations○different types9. According to paragraph 4, what caused most invertebrate species in the Mediterranean to become extinct?○The evaporation of chemicals necessary for their survival○Crustal movements that connected the Mediterranean to the investigators theorized that about 20 million years ago, the Mediterranean was a broad seaway linked to the Atlantic by two narrow straits. Crustal movements closed the straits, and the landlocked Mediterranean began to evaporate. Increasing salinity caused by the evaporation resulted in the extermination ofof invertebrate species. Only a few organisms especially tolerant of very salty conditions remained. As evaporation continued, the remaining brine (salt water) became so dense that the calcium sulfate of the hard layer was precipitated. In the central deeper part of the basin, the last of the brine evaporated to precipitate more soluble sodium chloride (salt). Later, under the weight of overlying sediments, this salt flowed plastically upward to5saltier Atlantic○The migration of new species through the narrow straits○Their inability to tolerate the increasing salt content of theMediterranean10. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○The strait of Gibraltar reopened when the Mediterranean and the Atlantic became connected and the cascades of water from one sea to the other caused crustal adjustments and faulting.○The Mediterranean was dramatically refilled by water from the Atlantic when crustal adjustments and faulting opened the Strait of Gibraltar, the place where the two seas are joined.○The cascades of water from the form salt domes. Before this happened, however, the Mediterranean was a vast desert 3,000 meters deep. Then, about 5.5 million years ago came the deluge.tore into the hardened salt flats, broke them up, and ground them into the pebbles observed in the first sample taken by the Challenger. As the basin was refilled, normal marine organisms returned. Soon layer of oceanic ooze began to accumulate above the old hard layer.The salt and gypsum, the faunal changes, and the unusual gravel provided abundant6Atlantic to the Mediterranean were not as spectacular as the crustal adjustments and faulting that occurred when the Strait of Gibraltar was connected to those seas.○As a result of crustal adjustments and faulting and the creation of the Strait of Gibraltar, the Atlantic and Mediterranean were connected and became a single sea with spectacular cascades of water between them.11. The word “Turbulent” in the passage is closest in meaning to○fresh○deep○violent○temperateParagraph 212. Look at the four squares ■ that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Thus, scientists had information about the shape of the domes but not evidence that the Mediterranean was once a desert.gypsum: a mineral made of calcium sulfate and water7about their chemical composition and origin.Where would the sentence best fit?13．An expedition to the Mediterranean answered some long-standing questions about the ocean’s history.●●●Answer choices1. The Glomar Challenger expedition investigated changes in invertebrate fauna and some unusual geologic features.2. Researchers collected fossils to determine which new species migrated from the Atlantic with older species.3. Scientists aboard the Glomar Challenger were the first to discover the existence of domelike masses underneath the seafloor.4. Samples recovered from the■Another task for the Glomar Challenger’s scientists was to try to determine the origin of the domelike masses buried deep beneath the Mediterranean seafloor. ■These structures had been detected years earlier by echo-sounding instruments, but they had never been penetrated in the course of drilling. ■Were they salt domes such as are common along the United States Gulf Coast, and if so, why should there have been so much solid crystalline salt beneath the floor of the Mediterranean? ■8旗开得胜expedition revealed importantdifferences in chemical composition andfossil distribution among the sedimentlayers.5. Evidence collected by the GlomarChallenger supports geologists' beliefsthat the Mediterranean had evaporatedand become a desert, before it refilledwith water.6. Mediterranean salt domes formedafter crustal movements opened thestraits between the Mediterranean andthe Atlantic, and the Mediterraneanrefilled with water.9旗开得胜10Paragraph 11. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○The regularity and power of stone walls inspired Romans attempting to unify the parts of their realm.○Although the Romans used different types of designs when building their walls, they used regular controls to maintain their realm.○Several types of control united the Roman realm, just as design and cement held Roman walls together.○Romans built walls to unite the various parts of their realm into a single entity, which was controlled by powerful laws.2. According to paragraph 1, all of the following are controls that held together the roman world EXCEPTAncient Rome and GreeceThere is a quality of cohesiveness about the Roman world that applied neither to Greece nor perhaps to any other civilization, ancient or modern. Like the stone of Roman wall, which were held together both by the regularity of the design and by that peculiarly powerful Roman cement, so the various parts of the Roman realm were bonded into a massive, monolithic entity by physical, organizational, and psychological controls. The physical bonds included the network of military garrisons, which were stationed in every province, and the network of stone-built roads that linked the provinces with Rome. The organizational bonds were based on the common principles of law and administration and on the universal army of officials who enforced common standards of conduct. The psychological controls were built on fear and punishment —on the absolute certainty○administrative and legal systems○the presence of the military○a common language○transportation networksParagraph 23.The phrase “obsession with” in the passage is closest in meaning to○thinking about○fixation on○interest in○attitude toward4.According to paragraph 2, which of the following was NOT characteristic of Rome’s early development?○Expansion by sea invasion○T erritorial expansion○Expansion from one original settlement ○Expansion through invading armies5.Why does the author mention “Alexander the Great” in the passage?○T o acknowledge that Greek civilization that anyone or anything that threatened the authority of Rome would be utterly destroyed.The source of Roman obsession with unity and cohesion may well have lain in the pattern of Rome’s early development. Whereas Greece had grown from scores of scattered cities, Rome grew from one single organism. While the Greek world had expanded along the Mediterranean seas lanes, the Roman world was assembled by territorial conquest. Of course, the contrast is not quite so stark: in Alexander the Great the Greeks had found the greatest territorial conqueror of all time; and the Romans, once they moved outside Italy, did not fail to learn the lessons of sea power. Yet the essential difference is undeniable. The Key to the Greek world lay in its high-11also expanded by land conquest○T o comp are Greek leaders to Roman leaders○T o give an example of Greek leader whom Romans studied○T o indicate the superior organization of the Greek militaryParagraph 36.is closest in meaning to○accepted○combined○introduced○encouraged7.Paragraph 3 suggests which of thefollowing about the people of Latium?○Their economy was based on trade relations with other settlements.○They held different values than the people of Rome.○Agriculture played a significant r ole in the society. powered ships; the key to Roman power lay in its marching legions. The Greeks were wedded to the sea; the Romans, to the land. The Greek was a sailor at heart; the Roman, a landsman.Certainly, in trying to explain the Roman phenomenon, one would have to place great emphasis on this almost instinct for the territorial imperative. Roman priorities lay in the organization, exploitation, and defense of their territory. In all probability it was the fertile plain of Latium, where the Latins who founded Rome originated, that created the habits and skills of landed settlement, landed property, landed economy, landed administration, and a12○They possessed unusual knowledge of animal instinctsParagraph 48.Paragraph 4 indicates that somehistorians admire Roman civilization because of○the diversity of cultures within Roman society○its strength○its innovative nature○the large body of literature that it developed9.In paragraph 4, the author develops adescription of Roman civilization by○comparing the opinions of Roman intellectuals to Greek intellectuals○identifying which characteristics of roman civilization were copied from Greece○explaining how the differences between Roman and Greece developed as time passed○contrasting characteristics of Roman land-based society. From this arose the Roman genius for military organization and orderly government. In turn, a deep attachment to the land, and to the stability which rural life engenders,the Roman virtues: gravitas, a sense of responsibility, peitas, a sense of devotion to family and country, and iustitia, a sense of the natural order.Modern attitudes to Roman civilization range from the infinitely impressed to the thorough disgusted. ■As always, there are the power worshippers, especially among historians, who are predisposed to admire whatever is strong, who feel more attracted to the might of Rome than to the subtlety of Greece. ■At the same time, there is a solid body of opinion that dislikes Rome. ■For many, Rome is at best the imitator and the continuator of Greece on a larger scale. ■Greek civilization had quality; Rome,13civilization with characteristics of Greek civilization10.According to paragraph 4, intellectual Romans such as Horace held which of the following opinions about their civilization?○Ancient works of Greece held little value in the Roman world.○The Greek civilization had been surpassed by the Romans.○Roman civilization produced little that was original or memorable.○Romans valued certain types of innovations that had been ignored by ancient Greeks.Paragraph 5mere quantity. Greece was the inventor; Rome, the research and development division. Such indeed was the opinion of some of the more intellectual Romans.” had the Greeks held novelty in such disdain as we,” asked Ho race in his Epistle, “what work of ancient date would now exist?”Rome’s debt to Greece was enormous. The Romans adopted Greek14Paragraph 611.The wordin thepassage is closest in meaning to○abilities○areas○combinations○models12.Which of the following statements about leading Roman soldiers and statesmen is supported by paragraphs 5 and 6?○They could read and write the Greek language.○They frequently wrote poetry and plays.○They focused their writing on military matters.○They wrote according to the philosophical laws of the Greeks.Paragraph 413.Look at the four squares ■ that religion and moral philosophy. In literature, Greek writers were consciously used as models by their Latin successors. It was absolutely accepted that an educated Roman should be fluent in Greek. In speculative philosophy and the sciences, the Romans made virtually no advance on early achievements.Yet it would be wrong to suggest that Rome was somehow a junior partner in Greco-Roman civilization. The Roman genius was projected into newespecially into those of law, military organization, administration, and engineering. Moreover, the tensions that arose within the Roman state produced literary and artistic sensibilities of the highest order. It was no accident that many leading Roman soldiers and statesmen were writers of high caliber.15indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.They esteem symbols of Roman power, such as the massive Colosseum. Where would the sentence best fit?14.The Roman world drew its strength from several important sources●●●Answer choices1. Numerous controls imposed by Roman rulers held its territory together.2. The Roman military was organized differently from older military organizations.3. Romans valued sea power as did the Latins, the original inhabitants of Rome.4. Roman values were rooted in a strong attachment to the land and the stability of rural life.5. Rome combined aspects of ancient Greek civilization with its own contributions in new areas. civilization range from the infinitely impressed to the thorough disgusted. ■As always, there are the power worshippers, especially among historians, who are predisposed to admire whatever is strong, who feel more attracted to the might of Rome than to the subtlety of Greece. ■At the same time, there is a solid body of opinion that dislikes Rome. ■For many, Rome is at best the imitator and the continuator of Greece on a larger scale. ■Greek civilization had quality; Rome, mere quantity. Greece was the inventor; Rome, the research and development division. Such indeed was the opinion of some of the more intellectual Romans.” had the Greeks held novelty in such166. Educated Romans modeled their own literature and philosophy on the ancient Greeks disdain as we,” asked Horace in his Epistle, “what work of ancient date wo uld now exist?”17Paragraph 11.The wordin thepassage is closest in meaning to○emerged○was understood○spread○developed2.According to paragraph 1, why do researchers doubt that agriculture developed independently in Africa?○African lakes and rivers already provided enough food for people to survive without agriculture.○The earliest examples of cultivated plants discovered in Africa are native to Asia.○Africa’s native plants are very difficult to domesticate.○African co mmunities were not large enough to support agriculture.无老师网站:ibtsat3.In paragraph 1, what does theAgriculture, Iron, andthe Bantu PeoplesThere is evidence of agriculture in Africa prior to 3000 B.C. It may have developed independently, but many scholars believe that the spread of agriculture and iron throughout Africa linked it to the major centers of the Near East and Mediterranean world. The drying up of what is now the Sahara desert had pushed many peoples to the south into sub-Sahara Africa. These peoples settled at first in scattered hunting-and-gathering bands, although in some places near lakes and rivers, people who fished, with a more secure food supply, lived in larger population concentrations. Agriculture seems to have reached these people from the Near East, since the first domesticated crops were millets and sorghums whose18author imply about changes in the African environment during this time period?○The climate was becoming milder, allowing for a greater variety of crops to be grown.○Although periods of drying forced people south, they returned once their food supply was secure.○Population growth along rivers and lakes was dramatically decreasing the availability of fish.○A region that had once supported many people was becoming a desert where few could surviveParagraph 24.According to paragraph 2,camels were important because they ○were the first domesticated animal to be introduced to Africa○allowed the people of the West African savannahs to carve out large empires origins are not African but west Asian. Once the idea of plantingtheir own crops, such as certain varieties of rice, and they demonstrated a continued receptiveness to new imports. The proposed areas of the domestication of African crops lie in a band that extends from Ethiopia across southern Sudan to West Africa. Subsequently, other crops, such as bananas, were introduced from Southeast Asia.Livestock also came from outside Africa. Cattle were introduced from Asia, as probably were domestic sheep and goats.19○helped African peoples defend themselves against Egyptian invaders○made it cheaper and easier to cross the Sahara5.According to paragraph 2, which of the following were subjects of rock paintings in the Sahara?○Horses and chariots○Sheep and goats○Hyksos invaders from Egypt○Camels and cattleParagraph 36.What function does paragraph 3 serve in the organization of the passage as a whole○It contrasts the development of iron technology in West Asia and West Africa. Horses were apparently introduced by the Hyksos invaders of Egypt (1780-1560 B.C.) and then spread across the Sudan to West Africa. Rock paintings in the Sahara indicate that horses and chariots were used to traverse the desert and that by 300-200 B.C., there were trade routes across the Sahara. Horses were adopted by peoples of the West African savannah, and later their powerful cavalry forces allowed them to carve out large empires. Finally, the camel was introduced around the first century A.D. This was an important innovation, because the camel’s abilities to thrive in harsh desert conditions and to carry large loads cheaply made it an effective and efficient means of transportation. The camel transformed the desert from a barrier into a still difficult, but more20○It discusses a non-agricultural contribution to Africa from Asia.○It introduces evidence that a knowledge of copper working reached Africa and Europe at the same time.○It compares the rates at which iron technology developed in different parts of Africa.Paragraph 47.The wordin thepassage is closest in meaning to ○fascinating○far-reaching○necessary○temporary8.Theword in thepassage is closest in meaning to ○military○physical○ceremonial accessible, route of trade and communication.Iron came from West Asia, although its routes of diffusion were somewhat different than those of agriculture. Most of Africa presents a curious case in which societies moved directly from a technology of stone to iron without passing through the intermediate stage of copper or bronze metallurgy, although some early copper-working sites have been found in West Africa. Knowledge of iron making penetrated into the forest and savannahs of West Africa at roughly the same time that iron making was reaching Europe. Evidence of iron making has been found in Nigeria, Ghana, and Mali.This technological shift causein the complexity of African societies. Iron21○permanent9.According to paragraph 4, all of the following were social effects of the new metal technology in Africa EXCEPT: ○Access to metal tools and weapons created greater social equality.○Metal weapons increased the power of warriors.○Iron tools helped increase the food supply.○T echnical knowl edge gave religious power to its holders.Paragraph 510.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○While American iron makers developed the latest furnaces, African iron makers continued using earlier represented power. In West Africa the blacksmith who made tools and functions. Iron hoes, which made the land more productive, and iron weapons, which made the warrior more powerful, had symbolic meaning in a number of West Africa societies. Those who knew the secrets of making ironand sometimes political power.22techniques.○Africans produced iron much earlier than Americans, inventing technologically sophisticated heating systems.○Iron making developed earlier in Africa than in the Americas because of the ready availability of carbon and iron ore.○Both Africa and the Americas developed the capacity for making iron early, but African metallurgy developed at a slower rate.Paragraph 611.The wordin thepassage is closest in meaning to○afraid of○displaced by○running away from○responding to12.Paragraph 6 mentions all of the following as possiblecauses of theright into the Iron Age, taking the basic technology and adapting it to local; conditions and resources.The diffusion of agriculture and later of iron was accompanied by a great movement of people23“Bantu explosion” EXCEPT○superior weapons○better hunting skills○peaceful migra tion○increased populationParagraph 613.Look at the four squares ■ that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.T hese people had a significant linguistic impact on the continent as well.Where would the sentence best fit?14.Agriculture and iron working probably spread to Africa from neighboring regions.●●●Answer choices who may have carried these innovations. These people probably originated in eastern Nigeria. ■Their migration may have been set in motion by an increase in population caused by a movement ofthe desiccation, or drying up, of the Sahara. ■They spoke a language, prior-Bantu (“Bantu” means “the people”), which is the parent tongue of a language of a large number of Bantu languages still spoken throughout sub-Sahara Africa. Why and how these people spread out into central and southern Africa remains a mystery, but archaeologists believe that their iron weapons allowed them to conquer their hunting-gathering opponents, who still used stone implements. ■Still, the process is uncertain, and peaceful migration—or simply rapid241 .Once Africans developed their own crops, they no longer borrowed from other regions.2. The harshness of the African climate meant that agriculture could not develop until after the introduction of iron tools.3. The use of livestock improved transportation and trade and allowed for new forms of political control.4. As the Sahara expanded, the camel gained in importance, eventually coming to have religious significance.5. The spread of iron working had far-reaching effects on social, economic, and political organization in Africa.6. Today's Bantu-speaking peoples are descended from a technologically advanced people who spread throughout Africa. demographic growth—may have also caused the Bantu explosion. ■25。
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英语四六级阅读考纲要求考生阅读若干篇短文。
每篇短文后有若干个问题。
考生应根据文章内容从每题四个选择项中选出一个最佳答案。
选材的原册是：1、题材广泛，可以包括人物传记、社会、文化、日常知识、科普常识等，但是所涉及的背景知识应能为学生所理解；2、体裁多样，可以包括叙述文、说明文、议论文等；3、文章的语言难度中等，无法猜测而又影响理解的关键词，如超出教学大纲词汇表四级的范围，用汉语注明词义。
阅读理解部分主要测试下述能力：1、掌握所读材料的主旨和大意；2、了解说明主旨和大意的事实和细节；3、既理解字面的意思，也能根据所读材料进行一定的判断和推论；4、既理解个别句子的意义，也理解上下文的逻辑关系。
阅读理解部分的目的是测试学生通过阅读获取信息的能力，既要求准确，也要求有一定速度。
Skimming and Scanning (10 items, 15minutes)Reading in Depth (25 minutes)Words Selection (10 items)Comprehension Questions (10 items for 2 passages)Skimming--- for detailed informationScanning --- for main idea (thesis)Sample 1Anne Whitney, a sophomore at Colorado State University, first had a problem taking tests when she began college.” I was always well prepared for my tests. Sometimes I studied for weeks before a test. Yet I would go in to take the test, only to find I could not answer the questions correctly. I would blank out because of nervousness and fear. I couldn't think of the answer. My low grades on the tests did not show what I knew to the teacher." Another student in microbiology and similar experiences. He said,"My first chemistry test was very difficult. Then on the second test, I sat down to take it, and I was so nervous that I was shaking. My hands were moving up and down so quickly that it was hard to hold my pencil. I knew the material and I knew the answers. Yet I couldn't even write them down!"These two young students were experiencing something called test anxiety. Because a student worries and it uneasy about a test, his or her mind does not work as well as it usually does. The student can't write or think clearly because of the extreme tension and nervousness. Although poor grades are often a result of poor study habits, sometimes testanxiety causes the low grades. Recently, test anxiety had been recognized as a real problem, not just an excuse or a false explanation of lazy students.Special university counseling courses try to help students. In these courses, counselors try to help students by teaching them how to manage test anxiety. At some universities, students take tests to measure their anxiety. If the tests show their anxiety is high, the students can take short courses to help them deal with their tension. These courses teach students how to relax their bodies. Students are trained to become calm in berry tense situations. By controlling their nervousness, they can let their minds work at ease .Learned information then comes out without difficulty on a test.An expert at the University of California explains.” With almost all students, relaxation and less stress are felt after taking out program. Most of then experience better control during their tests. Almost all have some improvement. With some, the improvement is very great."1. To "blank out" is probably______.a. to be like a blanketb. to be sure of an answerc. to be unable to think clearlyd. to show knowledge to the teacher2.Poor grades are usually the result of _______.a. poor hygienic habitsb. lazinessc. lack of sleepd. inability to form good study habits3.Test anxiety has been recognized as _______.a. an excuse for lazinessb. the result of poor habitsc. a real problemd. something that can't be changed4.To deal with this problem, students say they want to ______.a. take a short course on anxietyb. read about anxietyc. be able to manage or understand their anxietyd. take test to prove they are not anxiety5.A University of California counselor said_______.a. all students could overcome the anxiety after taking a special test anxiety programb. almost all students felt less stress after taking a University of California counseling coursec. students found it difficult to improve even though they had taken a special test anxiety coursed. students found it easy to relax as soon as they entered a University of California counseling course答案：cdcabSample 2Communication researchers have found that most of a message is carried in non-verbal ways. The importance of this is that awareness of non-verbal messages can significantly influence the effectiveness of any communication. For example, one study found that up to 55% of the impact comes through facial expressions and another 30% from tone of voice and inflection. The research shows that three basic emotions are conveyed non-verbally. First, is the extent to which we like or dislike others. Eye contact is the major indication of liking. People communicating normally look at each other about 40%-60% of the time, and more eye contact than this indicates liking, while less indicates dislike. Second, is the extent of submissiveness or dominance. This is conveyed by the environment as well as by the speaker. Third, is responsiveness---positive, negative, or mixed---that others arouse in us. Posture, for example, leaning toward or away from another, has a great deal to do with this. Showing responsiveness by leaning forward, nodding, and increasing eye contact will likely stimulate the speaker to continue on his or her current line of thought, for example.1. what is the topic of the paragraph?2. what is the main idea of the paragraph?3. what are the three basic emotions shown by the research?According to the research, eye contact can indicate ________,Usually, people lean forward, nod, and increase eye contact to ____ positively.Tips:1.了解文章写作结构（总-分；总-分-总；分-总；分-总-分）2.找准关键信息词找准信号词－四六级阅读如何能“一目十行”在文章的浏览(即略读，skimming)过程中，对文中信息重要性的判断可以帮助读者快速有效地了解段落的大意。