Constitutional Monarchy君主立宪制
名词解释
TermsConstitutional Monarchy君主立宪制Constitutional Monarchy is a form of government in which a monarch acts as head of state and the power of the monarch (the king or queen) is limited by a parliament, by law, or by custom. Most constitutional monarchies have a parliamentary system in which the monarch only exercises ceremonial duties, but a prime minister is head of government and exercises effective political power.MPsThe House of Commons is a democratically elected body consisting of about 650 members called Members of Parliament (MPs). Each member is elected by and represents an electoral district of Britain known as a constituency. MPs are only allowed to sit for the lifetime of the Parliament, that is, the length of time between General Elections when a new set of MPs is elected. MPs receive a salary and will be able to identify with the “typical” voter they represent.Tower BridgeTower Bridge, officially opened on 30 June 1894, is a combined bascule and suspension bridge in London which crosses the River Thames. It is close to the Tower of London, from which it takes its name, and has become a symbol of London. The bridge consists of two towers tied together at the upper level by means of two horizontal walkways, and the vertical component of the forces in the suspended sections and the vertical reactions of the two walkways are carried by the two strong towers. The present color of white and blue is for Queen Elizabeth II’s silver jubilee.Afternoon Cuppa (tea)下午茶Afternoon tea was 'invented' by Anna Maria, the wife of the 7th Duke of Bedford, who would get hungry before dinner and start drinking tea and having a bite to eat in the mid-afternoon in order to tide her over during the long gap between lunch (at 1 p.m.) and dinner (at 7 p.m.). It starts with a pot of tea served with sugar and milk and includes thin slices of bread and butter, muffins, or scones with jam; sometimes with little sandwiches with egg, cucumber, or tomato with a pudding.The Open UniversityThe Open University is founded in Britain in the 1960s for people who might not get the opportunity for higher education. It is a distance learning and research university where the students’ previous academic achievements are not taken into consideration for entry. It provides a wide range of short and long-term undergraduate and postgraduate programs to students of all ages in the world in varied learning places from on-campus to off-campus. Learning takes place through a variety of media from printed materials, books, audio/video cassettes, TV, radio to software and wet-site. It has become the academic institution in the United Kingdom by student number.a welfare stateA welfare state can be defined as “a state with a government which assumes responsibility for the well-being of its citizens throughout life, through a range ofinterventions in the market economy.” The welfare state will aim to offer its citizens a life with certain specified standards of living which it considers reasonable and possible for all, and protection against the unexpected hazards of life (such as losing a job, becoming sick, having an accident, and so on).the quality press大报The quality press, such as Telegraph, The Times, Guardian, Observer, carry more serious and in-depth articles of particular political and social importance. They also carry reviews and feature articles about high culture and will generally be read by a well-educated, middle class audience.the tabloids小报The tabloids are also called “the gutter press”, which are smaller format newspapers with color photos and catchy headlines. The Mirror, Sun, Mail, etc. belong to the type. This kind of newspapers deals in scandals and gossip, usually about famous people, whether in politics, sports or entertainment, and carry lots of crime, sports and sensational human interest stories. The stories are short, easy to read and often rely more on opinion than fact.the Highland gamesThe Highland games is a celebration of Scottish and Celtic culture which takes place every summer in the north of Scotland. At the heart of any Highland games are the heavy events, known as “tossing the caber”——enormous men wearing kilts try to throw tree trunks high into the air to show off their physical prowess and strength. On the other hand, the musical aspect of the Highland games refers to that beautiful girls dance gracefully on top of swords accompanied by the music of the bagpipes, drums and fiddle, in which the dancers try to outdo each other in terms of grace and technical achievements.pantomime儿童哑剧Pantomime is a special kind of Christmas show for children which is loved by people of all ages and which also allows the audience to join in. “Pantomime” was the name of the Roman actor who performed shows without speaking. A pantomime is always based on a well-known children’s story, and there are certain types of characters, such as a “principal boy”, a “dame” and a “horse” in the show and certain situations and events. A pantomime contains lots of songs, dances and comedy. Members of the audience have to shout a warning to one of the characters and argue with them.Hogmanay苏格兰新年除夕It refers to Scotland’s New Year’s Eve, the major winter celebration. One widely practiced custom is “first footing.” It is believed that in the early hours of January 1st the first person to cross the threshold of a household can bring luck and prosperity. To be a true luck-bringer, the First Foot should be vigorous, healthy, young, good-looking and preferably dark-haired. He should bring symbolic gifts of food or fuel or money, or even carry a bunch of evergreen as a promise of continuing life. In return, the luck-bringer must be entertained with food and wine hospitably.Boxing Day节礼节(12月26日)Boxing Day is a holiday of particularly British origin, which takes its name from the old custom of giving employees or tradesmen (such as milkmen) an annual present or “Christmas box” on that day. It is on the second day of Christmas Day. It is common to spend the day with family members or friends, exchange presents and have a family meal in celebration. It i s also a day when stores launch one of the year’s biggest sales periods.Madam Tussaud 杜莎夫人蜡像馆: Madam Tussaud's Waxwork Museum(Madam Tussaud's for short) is one of the most popular tourist destinations ,located on Marylebone Road in London .It was established by Madam Tussaud in 1835, and it is one of the highest level waxworks museums in the world. In Madam Tussaud's there are lots of different famous people's waxworks in it displaying waxworks of historical and royal figures, film stars, sports stars and infamous murderers. Not only in London but also in Amsterdam, New York, Las Vegas, Hong Kong and Shanghai.What’s welfare?It means health, happiness/comfort and freedom from want. A safety net to offer help to the vulnerable(脆弱人群)What’s a welfare nation/state?Key: a state with a government which assumes responsibility of the well-being of its citizens throughout life, through a range of interventions in the market economy.福利国家指其政府在整个市场经济过程中,对国民终生承担健康责任的国家The British welfare system has nearly covered every aspect of all people living in the UK, this welfare system offer various kinds of welfare services and the British live a relatively relaxed and happy life.Aim to offer its citizensa life with certain specified standards of living which it considers reasonable and possible for all Protection against the unexpected hazards of life (losing a job, sick ,having an accident ,etc.) Provides education, housing, food ,health care, pension , unemployment , insurance, sick leave or time off due to injury, etc.Features of British Educational systemLong history 历史悠久Perfect rules ,laws ®ulations法律完善Perfect management system完美管理Efficient ,excellent 优良有效Scientific科学In good order有序Sufficient funds资金充足Open education system 公开Compatibility of Interchange相容立交Advantages of the British Educational SystemHigh quality \Formal language-widely used \Well-known\Short\Best environment\Parents accompanying students\Free medical service\Over 6months )part-time jobs(20 hours)\In holiday full time \transport , convenient,More single than married \Divorce’s reasons \Cohabite without marriages ¼in 2000 \Job first, raising babies until late 30s.\ single –parent familyGirls : financially independent, working, Choose her own husband, no dowry (嫁妆),It marks the beginning of a new and independent family.The new couples become the masters of themselves.In the past 20 years : nuclear family : father working , mother at homeNow : divorce: 1/3 marriages in divorce Mother: work and family Crimes increasing Children : independent and mature。
英国和君主立宪制Britain_and_Constitutional_Monarchy
Importance
• Magna Carta was the first document forced onto an English King by his subjects in an attempt to limit his powers by law. • Magna Carta was the most significant early influence on the extensive historical process that led to the rule of consititutional law today. Magna Carta influenced the development of the common law and many constitutional documents, such as the United States Constitution.
• 在1688年的光荣革命中，国会废除了不听话的詹 姆士二世，迎来了詹姆士二世的女婿、荷兰执政、 奥伦治亲王威廉三世。威廉自然要召集国会，而国 会在尊奉威廉为王的同时发布了权利宣言（ declaration of rights），并在这一宣言的基础上 制定了《权利法案》（the bill制(limited monarchy)：等级君主制是王 权借助等级代表会议实施统治的一种政权形式，贵 族和市民阶层共同参政，并在一定程度上分享权力。 • 等级君主制相对于中世纪早期的政治混乱和割据状 态而言，具有历史进步意义，推动了社会经济的进 一步发展。1265年召开的英国议会和1302年举行 的法国三级会议，标志着英、法两国等级君主制的 初步形成。
The Monarchy（三类君主制）
• 君主专制制(absolute monarchy)：实行君主独裁 的政体形式；君主拥有无限的权力，他的意志就是 国家的法律，臣民必须绝对服从。 • 代表人物：法国君主路易十四；中国历史上的皇帝
【精选】英国君主立宪制
英国君主立宪制国际商务创新1201班刘承恩学号：20120200526一、定义：君主立宪制（又称立宪君主制，constitutional monarchy），是指在宪政体制下由一个世袭或选出的君主作为元首的政体。
相对于君主独裁制，君主立宪是在保留君主制的前提下，通过立宪，树立人民主权、限制君主权力、实现事实上的共和的政体。
二、发展原因（1）《大宪章》确立了“法律至上”“王权有限”的宪政传统13世纪初，英王约翰残暴统治引发了贵族、市民的反抗，在武力的胁迫下，走投无路的约翰于1215年6月15日签署了贵族们早已拟好的《大宪章》。
《大》的签订，确立了“王在法下”的原则，即英王的权力并非是至高无上的，它只能在法律的约束下行使权力，第一次明确了国王也必须服从法律，国王也不能凌驾于法律之上。
这是在黑暗的中世纪中人们试图用法律的形式限制王权的第一次尝试。
《大》体现了“法律至上”“王权有限”的精神和原则，成为英国政治传统而不断被继承和发展。
如1628年议会通过《权利请愿书》，全文共有8条，列数了国王滥用权力的行为；重申了过去限制国王征税权利的法律，强调非经议会同意，国王不得强行征税和借债；重申了《大宪章》中有关保护公民自由和权利的内容，规定非经同级贵族的依法审判，任何人不得被逮捕、监禁、流放和剥夺财产及受到其他损害；规定海陆军队不得驻扎民居，不得根据戒严令任意逮捕自由人等等。
1641年议会通过《大抗议书》，要求进一步改革，如实行工商业自由，政府对议会负责等。
（2）议会制形成了国王与议会协商共治天下的统治传统英国议会是西方资产阶级议会的鼻祖。
1265年，贵族在与英王亨利三世的斗争中获胜，召开了英国历史上第一次议会，除了有贵族和主教参加外，还邀请了骑士和市民代表，议会拥有决定征税、颁布法律等权利，行使国家的最高立法权。
从1343年开始，在议会内部逐渐区分为上、下两院，上议院由贵族和教会代表组成，称为“贵族院”，下议院由乡绅和市民代表组成，称为“平民院”。
英国概况名词解释
T he British Commonwealth 英联邦The British Empire was replaced b y the British Commonwealth or the Commonwealth of Nations in 1931. It is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. Member nations are joined together economically and have certain trading arrangements.The C ommonwealth has no special powers. The decision to become a member of the Commonwealth is left to each member nation. At present there are 50 members counties whit in the commonwealth (1991).Constitutional monarchy君主立宪制It is a political system that has been practised in Britain since the Glorious revolu tion of 1688. According to this system, the C onstitu tion is superior to the Monarch. In law, the Monarch has many supreme powers, but in practice, the real power of monarchy has been greatly reduced and today the Queen acts solely on the advice of her ministers. She reigns but does not rule. The real power lies in the Parliament, or to be exact, in the House of C ommons. the British ConstitutionThere is no written constitu tion in the United Kingdom. The British C onstitu tion is not set ou t in any single document, but made up of statu te law, common law and conventions. The Judiciary determines common law and interpret statues.parliament (legislature)Parliament is the British legislature,where proposals for new laws are introduced, discussed and either rejected or accepted, where existing laws are amended or abolished, and where votes are taken on taxing and spending. Parliament consists of the House of Lords and the House of Commons.T he House of LordsThe House of Lords is made up of the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal.The Lords Spiritual are the Archbishops of Canterbury and York and 24 senior bishops of the C hurch of England.The main function of the House of Lords is to b ring the wide experience of its members into the process of lawmaking.T he House of CommonsThe House of Commons is elected b y universal adult suffrage and consists of 650 Members of Parliament (MPs). It is in the House of Commons that the ultimate authority for law-making resides.the OppositionIn the General Election, the party which wins the second largest nu mber of seats becomes theoffcial Opposition, with its own leader and“shadow cabinet”. The aims of the Oppositionare to contribute to the formulation of policy andlegislation, to oppose government proposals, toseek amendments to government bills, and to pu tforward its own policies in order to win the nextgeneral election.Quality papersQuality papers are directed at readers who wantfull information on a wide range of publicmatters.There are 5 quality dailies: FinancialTimes, The Daily Telegraph,The Guardian, TheIndependent, and The Times.tabloidsTabloids appeal to people wanting news of moreentertaining character, presented moreconcisely.There are 5 tabloids:Daily Mail, DailyExpress,Daily Mirror,Daily Star and The Sun.SkySky provides television and broadband internetservices, fixed line and mobile telephoneservices to consumers and businesses in theUnited Kingdom.Sky is a b rand name forsatellite television providers and channels acrossthe world, owned by News Corporation. TheBritish Sky Broadcasting Group is a publicsatellite broadcasting company operating in theUnited Kingdom and Ireland. It is the largestpay-TV broadcaster in The United Kingdom withapproximately 9,860,000 subscribers.BBCThe british broadcasting corporation,the UKorganization responsible for making antransmitting of its own television and radioprograms.A welfare stateA welfare state is a system of g overnment-ru norganisations that help everyone to have a goodquality of life by providing a safety-net ofprovisions to ensure people’s welfare.the NHSThe National Health Service was established inthe UK in 1948 and based first on Acts ofParliament. This Service provides for everyresident a full range of medical services. It isbased upon the principle that there should be fullrange of publicly provided services designed tohelp the individual stay healthy. It is now alargely free service.T ripartite SystemThe 1944 Education Act created a tripartitesystem for England and Wales in which allchildren were given the right to free secondaryeducation. A “tripartite”system of secondarymodern, technical and g rammar schools selected11 year-old children at the end of their primaryeducation by means of an exam (eleven plus).E lev en plusUnder the old selective system, children take anexamination ,called the “eleven plus", in theirlast year at primary school. The results of thisexamination determine the kind of secondaryschooling each child will receive.comprehensiv e schoolsIn the 1960s, C omprehensive schools wereintroduced all over the country and are the mostpopular secondary schools in Britain today. Suchschools admit children withou t reference to theiracademic abilities and provide a generaleducation. Pupils can study everything fromacademic subjects like literature to morepractical subjects like cooking.public schoolsFee-paying secondary schools which are longestablished and have gained a repu tation for theirhigh academic standards, as well as theirexclusiveness and snobbery. The b oys’publicschools include such well-known schools as Etonand Harrow, and girls’ famous schools includeRoedean. Most of the members of the BritishEstablishment were educated at a public school.GCSE(中等教育普通证书)The General Certificate of Secondary Education(GCSE) is an academically rig orous,internationally recognised qualification awardedin a specified subject, generally taken in anumber of subjects by pupils in secondaryeducation in England and W ales over two years(three years in certain schools). It is the mainexamination that all students should take at 16.A-L ev el (进阶级课程):Some students continue in the same school for afurther 2 years of study (Sixth Form) leading tothe examination of the General Certificate ofEducation, Advanced level (GCE A level).Usually 3 or 4 academic subjects are studied & 1general studies paper. This is the main examinationrequired for university entrance.Open univ ersityThe Open University is founded in Britain in the1960s for people who might not get the opportunityfor hig her education. It is a distance learning andresearch university where the students’previousacademic achievements are not taken intoconsideration for entry. It provides a wide range ofshort and long-term undergraduate and postgraduateprograms to students of all ages in the world in variedlearning places from on-campus to off-campus.Learning takes place through a variety of media fromprinted materials, b ooks, audio/video cassettes, TV,radio to software and wet-site. It has become theacademic institution in the United Kingdom by studentnumber.T he Russell GroupThe Russell Grou p is a self-selected association oftwenty-four public research universities in the UnitedKingdom. The group is headquartered in London andwas established in 1994 to represent its members'interests, principally to government and parliament. In2010, Russell Group members received approximatelytwo-thirds of all university research grant and contractincome in the United Kingdom. The group is widelyperceived as representing the best universities in thecountry.。
7英国的君主立宪制
荷兰女王
丹麦女王
西班牙国王夫妇
摩纳哥国王
柬埔寨国王
泰国国王夫妇
是谁在统治德国？
德国宰相俾斯麦
德国皇帝威廉二世
（“一战”的发起者）
德国议会大厦
二、德意志的君主立宪制：
1、确立的前提：德意志的统一：
２、德意志的君主立宪制确立：
标志：1871年《德意志帝国宪法》颁布
1 对丹麦
1864年
3
对法国
2 对奥地利 1866年
1870年
统一后普鲁士“铁血宰相” 俾斯麦当上了帝国宰相
普鲁士国王威廉一 世当上了帝国皇帝
宰相
行政权
皇皇帝帝
“德意志帝国是 由一只大猛兽、 半打狐狸和十几 只耗子组成的 ”
负责
议会 （立法权）
联邦议会
共同组成
帝国议会
下列不能恰当表现德国皇帝和议会的关系的是
“太不象话了，家务活你 连手指也不动一下！”
威廉三世和玛丽 二世
§四、民主制度的作用§
➢1、结束了封建专制制度，促进政治民主化。 ➢2、对社会的稳定作用不可低估。 ➢3、为资本主义发展提供有力保障。 ➢4、是世界上第一个建立君主立宪制的国家，这一制度
的确立和不断完善，为世界上很多国家树立了一种模式。
政治民主 社会稳定 经济发展 一种模式
日本天皇夫妇
英国议会大厦
政治条件：资产阶级革命的成功
（原因、进程）
英过 国程 资 产 阶 级 革 命 曲 线 图
两 次 内 战
处 死 国 王
建 立 共 和 国
苏
威廉三16世49年和玛丽
格 兰
二世
人
1640年
民
起
义
7课英国君主立宪制
活学活用
每日经济新闻报道：金融危机愈演愈烈，英伦三岛早 已是深陷泥潭。英国财政大臣达林10月8日上午宣布了一 揽子银行救助计划，英国政府将向英国各大商业银行注入 高达500亿英镑 （880亿美元）的资金。甚至准备将中小 银行国有化。你认为： ◆ 内阁成员大体上是赞成还是反对？为什么？ 赞同。集体负责，共同进退。 ◆ 女王伊丽莎白二世如果反对，布朗首相会不会为此 改变策略，为什么？ 不会。首相掌握行政大权，不对国王负责。 ◆ 如果议会中大多数都极力反对，结果又会如何？ 议会可以通过对政府的不信任案，要求内阁下台； 内阁要么下台，要么宣布解散议会，重新选举。
光 荣 革 命 1688年 完 成
革命爆发 1640年
1660年 斯图亚特王朝 复辟 时间
• 1、“它是一场没有流血的戏剧，不具有革命性 质，麦考来的《英国史》称它是”理想的、合法 的、典范的革命“。这场革命的实质是（ ） • A 封建政权内部的争夺政权的斗争 • B 资产阶级与封建势力妥协的斗争 • C 资产阶级内部的争夺政权的斗争 • D 封建国王与克伦威尔争夺政权的斗争
英国国家大权掌握在谁手中？
无实权 国家元首 最高 决策者
现任英国首相卡梅伦 前英国首相布朗
第 7 课 英国君主立宪制的建立
Constitutional Monarchy System in England 宪法的
君主立宪制含义：
君主制
国家的一切是由法律来决定的，君主无实权， 而且本身也要遵循法律。
小结
一条主线：英国君主立宪制的确立、发展、完善 过程 两大趋势： 国王权力不断削弱 议会权力不断增强 三个转移：立法权、财政权等从国王转移到议会 （《权利法案》） 行政权从国王手里转移到内阁 （责任内阁制确立） 民主权利转移：议会改革 （贵族民主→工业资产阶级民主→公民民主）
Unit_2_The_Constitutional_Monarchy_英国的君主立宪制
Buckingham Palace
Buckingham Palace, the monarch's principal residence
16
Monument of Queen Victoria
17
Windsor Castle is an official residence of The Queen and the largest occupied castle in the world. William the Conqueror built the castle in 1080 and it has remained a royal palace and fortress for over 900 years.
Queen Elizabeth’s coronation on June 2, 1953
The Royal Family Tree
Charles Prince of Wales
Anne Princess Royal
Andrew Duke of York 约
Edward Earl of Wessex
It is the Queen's official and main royal London home. The Palace has around 600 rooms, including 19 State rooms, 52 royal and guest bedrooms, 78 bathrooms, 92 offices, a cinema and a swimming pool. It also has its own post office and police station.
考点
What is the role of the Monarchy?
why Constitutional monarchy was established in UK
The reasons of British constitutional monarchy 君主立宪制出现的原因
Political traditions
In 1295, Edward II formally established Parliament the contradiction between capitalist economy and absolute monarchy In 1295, Edward II formally established Parliament,which marked the beginning and development of the restrictions on crown's power. Parliament was reserved during the process of British development. Parliament's power has steadily increased while the Crown's has steadily declined,breaking the balanced relationship.It founded the base for The British bourgeois revolution.
the limit of royal power
In 1215,King John was forced to sign the Magna Carta.The Magna Carta aim to limit royal power. In British history,monarchy had been advancing while being constrained,both the king and nobility have certain rights and obligations to maintain a balanced relationship. it was the most significant early influence on the extensive historical process that led to the rule of 6 constitutional law.
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Constitutional Monarchy in England • The history background
• The glorious revolution of 1688, overthrew the autocratic rule of the feudal restoration dynasty. • The proclamation of the English Bill of Rights.
Mary married to Dutch Protestant William of Orange Anne married to Protestant Prince of Denmark
The Glorious Revolution of 1688
After the birth of a Catholic son (who would inherit the throne), James II fled England for France Parliament invited his daughter Mary and her husband William to rule England as joint sovereigns Laws were passed to ensure a Protestant succession
The English Bill of Rights
• Time : in 1689 • Purpose : limit the power of the king ensure the rights of the people. • Influence : provide legal guarantee for the limitation of kingship; the establishment of parliamentary monarchy powerful than the kingship, and gradually established a constitutional monarchy of the bourgeois revolution
Bourgeois revolution
The English Civil War The Commonwealth The Stuart Restoration The Glorious Revolution
Social background of
• Time：in the 17th century
Charlie I (Charles Ⅰ, November 19, 1600 - January 30, 1649), England, Scotland and the king of Ireland, the only one in history was publicly executed king. • Charlie I was the second son of James I and princess Anne of Denmark , was thin, and his father is from Scotland Presbyterian teacher, proficient in Latin and Greek. His brother died at the age of 18, he became the prince Welsh. He was fascinated by the Spanish princess, but at that time the British had converted to Anglicanism (Protestant), and the thirty years war in Europe support among Protestant Party (including Charlie's sister, brother-in-law PFALZ ( King Frederick V and Queen), and Catholic Spain (Catholicism)shoul d the enemy.
Content :
Affirmed Parliament’s right to make laws and levy taxes Made it impossible for kings to rule without Parliament Parliament’s consent was necessary to raise an army The rights of citizens to petition the monarch, keep arms, have a jury trial, and not to be burdened with excessive bail were guaranteed The Bill of Rights created a system of government based on the rule of law and a freely elected Parliament, laying the foundation for constitutional monarchy By deposing one monarch (James II) and establishing another (William and Mary), Parliament destroyed the divine-right theory of kingship and confirmed its right to participate in government along side of the king
Charles I (16y without Parliament Personal Rule from 1629 to 1640 Charles’ attempts to impose the Church of England in Scotland caused War Puritans joined the Scottish rebels in the English Civil War
In 1660, Charlie S succeeded to the throne, he will be Karen will’s body from the dug out to London 's out to London's Westminster Abbey and his body symbolic were hanged, in 1658 also will be bound on the post show to the public. It is reported, Cromwell's head was repeated until the 1960 sale, finally find a place to bury was buried in Cambridge's Sussex College underground. The church has an unusual plaque, saying: "the UK, Scotland and Northern Ireland the Lord Protector, the University from1616 to1617 were alumni, Oliver Cromwell, was buried here in March 25, 1960." It is reported, the remaining mask Cromwell was placed in the Warrick castle and the Museum of London.
James I (1603-1625)
Elizabeth’s successor was the Scottish King James VI, who became James I of England James I and his son, Charles were absolutists and hated the English tradition of ruling with the consent of Parliament. A strong believer in the divine right of kings, James I felt he was answerable to no one save God. James I expected to rule with minimal involvement of Parliament, which had grown accustomed to be consulted in important matters of state. James I inherited a large royal debt so he needed Parliament to vote new taxes & to fund wars against England’s enemies Despite pressures from both Catholics and Presbyterian Protestants, James I maintained the Church of England
The Oliver Cromwell
Roundheads led by Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658) Cromwell’s New Model Army defeated forces of Charles I, who was put on trial and executed in 1649 Cromwell created the English Commonwealth but soon disbanded Parliament and ruled England as a dictator