英语四级改革后新题型 长篇阅读9
Hate Your Job? Here’s How to Reshape It
A)Once upon a time, if you hated your job, you either quit or bit your lip. These days, a group of researchers is trumpeting a third option: shape your job so ifs more fruitful than futile.
B) "We often get trapped into thinking about our job as a list of things to do and a list of responsibilities," says Amy Wrzesniewski, an associate professor at the Yale School of Management. "But what if you set aside that mind-set?" If you could adjust what you do, she says, "who would you start talking to, what other tasks would you take on, and who would you work with?"
C)To make livelihoods more lively, Wrzesniewski and her colleagues Jane Dutton and Justin Berg have developed a methodology they call job-crafting. They’re working with Fortune 500 companies, smaller firms and business schools to change the way Americans think about work. The idea is to make all jobs--even mundane (平凡的) ones---more meaningful by empowering employees to brainstorm and implement subtle but significant workplace adjustments. Step 1: Rethink Your Job--Creatively
D)"The default some people wake up to is dragging themselves to work and facing a list of things they have to do,"
says Wrzesniewski. So in the job-crafting process, the first step is to think about your job holistically. You first analyze how much time, energy and attention you devote to your various tasks. Then you reflect on that allocation( 分配). See I0 perfect jobs for the recession--and after.
E) Take, for example, a maintenance technician at Burt’s Bees, which makes personal-care products. He was interested in process engineering, though that wasn’t part of his job description. To alter the scope of his day-to-day activities, the technician asked a supervisor if he could spend some time studying an idea he had for making the firm’s manufacturing procedures more energy-efficient. His ideas proved helpful, and now process engineering is part of the scope of his work.
F) Barbara Fredrickson, author of Positivity and a professor of psychology at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, says it’s crucial for people to pay attention to their workday emotions. "Doing so," she says, "will help you discover which aspects of your work are most life-giving-and most life-draining."
G) Many of us get stuck in ruts (惯例). Berg, a Ph.D. student at the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania who helped develop the job-crafting methodology, says we all
benefit from periodically rethinking what we do. "Even in the most constraining jobs, people have a certain amount of wiggle room," he says. "Small changes can have a real impact on life at work."
Step 2: Diagram Your Day
H) To lay the groundwork for change, job-crafting participants assemble diagrams detailing their workday activities. The first objective is to develop new insights about what you actually do at work. Then you can dream up fresh ways to integrate what the job-crafting exercise calls your "strengths, motives and passions" into your daily routine. You convert task lists into flexible building blocks. The end result is an "after" diagram that can serve as a map for specific changes.
I)lna Lockau-Vogel, a management consultant who participated in a recent job-crafting workshop, says the exercise helped her adjust her priorities. "Before, 1 would spend so much time reacting to requests and focusing on urgent tasks that I never had time to address the real important issues." As part of the job-crafting process, she decided on a strategy for delegating and outsourcing (外包) more of her administrative responsibilities.
J)In contrast to business books that counsel, managers to influence workers through incentives, job-crafting focuses on what employees themselves can do to re-envision and adjust what they do every day. Given that according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, it now takes the average job seeker more than six months to find a new position, it’s crucial to make the most of the job you’ve got.
Step 3: Identify Job Loves and Hates
K) By reorienting (使适应) how you think about your job, you free yourself up for new ideas about how to restructure your workday time and energy. T ake an IT worker who hates dealing with technologically incompetent callers. He might enjoy teaching more than customer service. By spending more time instructing colleagues--and treating help-line callers as curious students of tech--the disgruntled IT person can make the most of his 9-to-5 position.
L)Dutton, a professor at the University of Michigan’s Ross School of Business, says she has seen local auto-industry workers benefit from the job-crafting process. "They come in looking worn down, but after spending two hours on this exercise, they come away thinking about three or four things they can do differently."
M) "They start to recognize they have more control over their work than they realized," says Dutton, who parmered with Wrzesniewski on the original job-crafting research.
Step 4: Put Your Ideas into Action
N)To conclude the job-crafting process, participants list specific follow-up steps: Many plan a one-0n-one meeting with a supervisor to propose new project ideas. Others connect with colleagues to talk about trading certain tasks. Berg says as long as their goals are met, many managers are happy to let employees adjust how they work.
O) Job-crafting isn’t about revenue, per se, but juicing up ( 活跃) employee engagement may end up beefing up the bottom line. Amid salary, job and benefit cuts, more and more workers are disgruntled. Surveys show that more than 50% aren’t happy with what they do. Dutton, Berg and Wrzesniewski argue that emphasizing enjoyment can boost efficiency by lowering turnover rates and jacking up productivity. Job-crafting won’t rid you of a lousy boss or a subpar salary, but it does offer some remedies for job dissatisfaction. If you can’t ditch or switch a job, at least make it more likable.
1. A long time ago when a person hated his/her job, he/she will resign or bear it.
2. Amy Wrzesniewski think job could be adjusted.
3. Your first thing to do in the job-crafting process is to think about your job wholly .
4. The idea of a maintenance technician at Burt’s Bees turned out to be helpful and energy-efficient.
5. Berg’s suggestion about work is to rethink and make small changes.
6. According to Ina Lockau-Vogel, the benefit from job-crafting is that it helps her set priorities properly.
7. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the situation in job market is ---it is difficult to find a job.
8. Dutton has seen that local auto-industry workers
profit from the job-crafting process.
9. According to Berg, if the job-crafting process is successful, the supervisors are willing to let employees adjust what to do.
10. If you can’t quit your job, using job-crafting may at least offer some remedies for job dissatisfaction.
答案：
文章精要
日常生活中，人们往往认为工作是一些不得不做的任务、不得不承担的责任。以前，当人们讨厌他们的工作时，通常会辞职或掩饰不满。而耶鲁大学管理学院的副教授Amy Wrzesniewski及其同事却提出了一个新的理念：雕琢工作(job—crafting)。文章通过举例子，讲述了如何运用这种方法来改变人们对工作的看法，使工作更讨人喜欢。
1. A
根据题干信息词hated和job定位到文章首句：从前，如果你讨厌你的工作，要么辞职，要么掩饰自己的不满，bite one’s lip意为“努
力掩饰某人的怒火或不满”。
2. B
根据题于信息词Amy Wrzesniewski和job定位到文章第二段，即：我们经常会陷入这种思维定势，认为我们的工作就是一系列要做的事情和一系列责任，但是，如果你换一种心态呢?如果做些什么可以调整这种心态呢?也就是说Amy Wrzesniewski认为工作是可以调整的，故选段落B。
3. D
A根据题于信息词first和in the job-crafting process定位到第一个小标题下的首段第二句：在job-crafting的过程中，首先就是要整体考虑你的工作，故选段落D。holistically意为“整体地，全盘地”。原文的意思是先整体考虑，然后是具体分析时间、能量、注意力如何分配到不同的任务中。
4. E
根据题干信息词At Burt’s Bees和maintenance technician定位到第一个小标题下的第二段：在Burt’s Bees的一个技术人员，对程序工程感兴趣，虽然这不属于他的职责范畴，但为了改变他日常工作的范围，他争取到一些时间研究出一个点子使公司的生产过程更节能，最后，他成功了。
5. G
根据题干信息词Berg定位到第一个小标题下最后一段。Berg说道：阶段性的反思会让我们受益，即便是最受限制的工作也有改动的余
地，一些小改变对工作状态会有实实在在的影响。故本题选段落G。
6. I
根据题干信息词job-crafting和Ina Lockau—Vogel定位到文章第二个小标题下的第二段：Ina提到，她参加了一个job—crafting研讨会，在那的训练帮助她调整事情的优先级别，priority意为“优先，优先权”，故选段落I。
7. J
根据题干信息词the Bureau of Labor Statistics定位到文章第二个标题下的第三段末句：根据劳动统计局的数据，现在找一个新工作平均需要6个月，最大限度去做好你现在的工作是至关重要的，由此可知本题选段落J。
8. L
根据题干信息词Dutton和local auto-industry workers定位到文章第三个小标题下的第二段：Dutton说她已经看到当地汽车行业的工作者受益于job—crafting的过程。
9. N
根据题干信息词the job—crafting process和employees定位到文章第四个小标题下的第一段末句：Berg说，一旦他们的目标实现，许多管理者都乐意让他们的员工安排他们怎样工作，题干中的be willing to意为“愿意，乐意”，与be happy to同义。
10. O
根据题于信息词quit，at least和for job dissatisfaction定位到文
章末段最后两句：job-crafting不会使你摆脱糟糕的老板或低廉的薪水，但是它可以为你对工作的不满提供补救。如果你不能丢弃或换掉工作，至少可以让工作更讨人喜欢，由此选段落O。
英语四级改革后新题型--长篇阅读
英语四级改革后新题型--长篇阅读
A: Pizza Hut was started in 1958, by two brothers in Wichita, Kansas. Frank and Dan Carney had the idea to open a pizza parlor. They borrowed $600 from their mother, and opened the very first Pizza Hut. In 1959, the first franchise unit opened in Topeka, Kansas. Almost a decade later, Pizza Hut would be serving one million customers a week in their 310 locations. In 1970, Pizza Hut was put on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol PIZ. B: In 1986, Pizza Hut introduced delivery service, something no other restaurant was doing. By the 1990's Pizza Hut sales had reached $4 billion worldwide. In 1998, Pizza Hut celebrated their 40th anniversary, and launched their famous campaign "The Best Pizzas Under One Roof." In 1996, Pizza Hut sales in the United States were over $5 million. Out of all the existing pizza chains, Pizza Hut had the largest market share, 46.4%. However, Pizza Hut's market share has slowly eroded because of intense competition from their rivals Domino's, Little Caesar's and newcomer Papa John's. Home delivery was a driving force for success, especially for Pizza Hut and Domino's.
大学英语四级阅读理解试题及标准答案.
大学英语四级阅读理解试题及答案.
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英语四级改革后新题型 长篇阅读
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2013年12月大学英语四级改革新题型段落翻译题 练习1 Part ⅣTranslation (30 minutes)(原单句汉译英调整为段落汉译英。翻译内容涉及中国的历史、文化、经济、社会发展等。四级长度为140-160个汉字。) Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2. 中国的传统节庆膳食是节日必不可少的伴侣。例如，我国的端午节(the Dragon Boat Festival)是纪念古代诗人屈原的日子。那一天，人们通常要赛龙舟、吃粽子(zongzi)。中秋节是观赏满月的日子。圆圆的月亮象征着圆满，象征着家庭团聚。因此，中秋节(The Mid-autumn Festival)的特制食品是一种圆形的月饼。春节是中国的农历新年(the Chinese lunar New Year’s holiday)，除了常见的家禽和肉类之外，人们还要按各自的地方习俗烹制传统食物，如铰子和年糕。 参考答案 Traditional Chinese holiday meals are indispensable on some festivals. For example, the Dragon Boat Festival is a day established in memory of the ancient poet Qu Yuan and people usually hold dragon boat races and eat zongzi, or rice dumpling on that day. The Mid-autumn Festival is an occasion for viewing the full moon. The round moon is a symbol for completeness and family reunion. The special food of the day is yuebing, a round cake known as the mooncake. The Spring Festival is the Chinese lunar New Year’s holiday. Besides the popular poultry and meat, people cook traditional food according to regional customs, for example, jiaozi, or boiled dumplings, and niangao, or the “1 ”new year cake . 难点精析 ■1.中国的传统节庆膳食：翻译为Traditional Chinese holiday meals,其中“节庆膳食”直接译为holiday meals , 即可，翻译时注意“中国的”和“传统”的顺序。 2.纪念：翻译为介词短语in memory of,修饰前面的a day。 ■3.赛龙舟：翻译为hold dragon boat races,其中hold意为“举行”，“举行龙舟比赛”即“赛龙舟”。 4.观赏满月：“满月”即fMlmoon,此处的“观赏”可以译为viewing,也可以用enjoying或watching表示。 5.象征着家庭团聚：“象征”翻译为系表结构is a symbol for,也可以用动词symbolize表示，“家庭团聚”翻译：为family reunion 即可。 练习2 Part ⅣTranslation (30 minutes)(原单句汉译英调整为段落汉译英。翻译内容涉及中国的历史、文化、经济、社会发展等。四级长度为140-160个汉字。) Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2. 北京有无数的胡同(hutong)。平民百姓在胡同里的生活给古都北京带来了无穷的魅力。北京的胡同不仅仅是平民百姓的生活环境，而且还是一门建筑艺术。通常，胡同内有一个大杂院，房间够4到10个家庭的差不多20 口人住。所以，胡同里的生活充满了友善和人情味。如今，随着社会和经济的飞速发展，很多胡同被新的高楼大厦所取代。但愿胡同可以保留下来。 参考答案 In Beijing, there are numerous hutongs. The life of common people in hutongs brings endless charm to the ancient capital, Beijing. The hutong in Beijing is not only the living environment of common people but also a kind of architecture. Usually, there is a courtyard complex inside hutong, with rooms shared by 4 to 10 families of about 20 people. Therefore, life in hutongs is full of friendliness and genuine humanity. Nowadays, with rapid social and economic development, many hutongs are replaced by new tall buildings. I hope hutongs can be preserved. 难点精析 1.带来了无穷的魅力：翻译为bring endless charm to。 2.汉语习惯于用并列的散句或短语来表达一个语境，而英文习惯上用整句表述，句内不太重要的信息会用| 介词短语或从句来补充说明，如本段中“胡同内有一个大杂院，房间够4到10个家庭的差不多20口人住”是：两个并列关系的汉语短句，翻译成英文时可将第二句用with介词结构表达出来，起补充说明的作用。 3.充满友善和人情味：翻译为full of friendliness and genuine humanity。 4.随着社会和经济的飞速发展：翻译为with rapid social and economic development，也是with介词短语的应用，在句中作伴随状语。
(完整版)大学英语四级阅读理解试题及答案
As the pace of life continues to increase ,we are fast losing the art of relaxation. Once you are in the habit of rushing through lift,being on the go from morning till night, it is hard to slow down. But relaxation is essential for a healthy mind and body. Stress is an natural part of everyday lift and there is no way to avoid it. In fact ,it is not the bad thing it is often supposed to be .A certain amount of stress is vital to provide motivation adn give purpose to life. It is only when the stress gets out of control that it can lead to poor performance and ill health. The amount of stress a person can withstand depends very much on the individual. Some people are not afraid of stress,and such characters are obviously prime material for managerial responsibilities. Others lose heart at the first signs of unusual difficulties. When exposed to stress,in whatever form,we react both chemically and physically. In fact we make choice between "fight" or "flight" and in more primitive days the choice made the difference between life or death. The crises we meet today are unlikely to be so extreme,but however little the stress,it involves the same response. It is when such a reaction lasts long,through continued exposure to stress,that health becomes endangered.Such serious conditions as high blood pressure and heart disease have established links with stress.Since we cannot remove stress from our lives(it would be unwise to do so even if we could),we need to find ways to deal with it. 1.People are finding less and less time for relaxing themselves because_____. a.they do not know how to enjoy themselves b.they do not believe that relaxation is important for health c.they are travelling fast all the time d.they are becoming busier with their work 2.According to the writer ,the most important character for a good manager is his ________. a.not fearing stress b.knowing the art of relaxation c.high sense of responsibility d.having control over performance 3.Which of the follwing statements is ture? a.We can find some ways to avoid stress b.Stress is always harmful to people
大学英语四级阅读理解模拟题
大学英语四级阅读理解模拟题 The most frightening words in the English language are, "Our computer is down. " You hear it more and more when you are on business. The other day I was at the airport waiting for a ticket to Washington and the girl in the ticket office said, "I' m sorry, I can' t sell you a ticket. Our computer is down. " "If your computer is down, just write me out a ticket. " "I can' t write you out a ticket. The computer is the only one allowed to do so. " I looked down on the computer and every passenger .was just standing there drinking coffee and staring at the black screen. Then I asked her, "What do all you people do?" "We give the computer the information about your trip, and then it tells us whether you can fly with us or not. " "So when it goes down, you go down with it. " "That' s good, sir. " "How long will the computer be down?" I wanted to know. "I have no idea. Sometimes it' s down for 10 minutes, sometimes for two hours. There' s no way we can find out without asking the computer, and since it' s down it won' t answer us. "
关于大学英语四级改革新题型的做题方法以及心得体会
关于大学英语四级改革新题型的做题方法以及心得体会：一、写作部分： 根据历年四级考试的写作题型我们可以总结出大学英语 级的写作考察类型分为两种：图画式作文和话题型作文。图画式作文即根据所给漫画表达出漫画中的主要内容并且写出自己的观点，其一般的下笔思路为：①先提取图画中的英文并分析要表达的内容②根据题目中所给的中心话题展开整片作文的构思③结合中心话题和漫画中给出的英文提示构建整片作文的基本框架；话题型作文——典型的议论文（这类作文的写作模式很固定，即三段论，一段也不要少一段也不要多）即在作文题目中直接给出本次写作的中心话题，不会出现提示性的话语,所有的内容都要靠考生自己去构建，其一般的下笔思路为：①分析题目中的话题（最好能看懂这个话题的意思）②思考这个话题应该如何去写。 ★虽然图画式作文和话题性作文都有各自的特点，但是他们的写作模式永远不变即上面提到的三段论，对一种现象展开论述并摆明自己的观点，而自己的观点你可以放到最后一段。下面就是三段论的书写格式（方法）： 我们可以回一下高中的语文作文老师交给我们的议论文书写要点即论点、论据、论证过程以及最后一段的收尾。英语议论文没有这么麻烦，只需三步：①第一段写出此次作文的中心论点然后对这个论点做简单分析，就是简单写出产生这个现象的原因，所以第一段叫做Main Idea，而且要写出你自己的观点②
那么第二段我们要写的就是支持性的论据（Supporting Points），说到论据，你肯定会问怎样的话语才算是论据，论据就是名人说过的话、名人事迹、已经发生过的真实的事情、历史、新闻调查、数据等等③对整篇文章进行总结即Conclusion，对前文进行简要的总结，适当深入写作更好。 1、注意短语和常用句型的积累 2、学会分析写作题目中的内容并获得与本次写作的相关信息 3、写出自己的观点，切记不敢太随意，要切题写自己的观点 （这一点很重要） 下面是一些句型和短语，写作的时候有相近的意思可以套用： ★引出自己观点的句型和短语： ①Different people have different opinions towards one question, however，I think……….不同的人对同一件事儿有不同的看法，然而，我认为……… ②In my opinion/From my perspective……在我看来…. ③In order to …….(一般是解决问题即in order to solve the problem), I/we should…..(这里要写出我该怎么做) ④What more important is that…..更重要的是….. ⑤……,including….. 包括….. ★分析现象的句子： ①Recently/In recent years, there has been/is many(加可数名