暨南大学病理生理学2018年考博真题考博试卷
2012整理版病理考博题目资料
暨南大学2012年病理和病理生理学博士题回忆版。
这和之前一个病理的是不一样的，应该是针对不同的专业。
一，问答，每题20分，前四题是病生的，后四题是病理的，任选4题做1，热休克蛋白2，全身炎症反应综合征3，左心衰各期呼吸改变4，再灌注时自由基生成机制5，炎症基本病理改变，与肿瘤发生及调控机制6，胃溃疡从内到外四层，再生的机制7，病毒与肿瘤的关系，宫颈癌、鼻咽癌8，死亡和凋亡区别和检测方法二，每题10分1，新药I1202能治疗血管源性痴呆，其机制是能减少自由基，设计实验寻找作用靶点2，博士期间的研究计划2012 北医病理学名字解释:无性细胞瘤NK/T细胞淋巴瘤心肌炎R-S细胞桥接坏死化生CIN 纤维素样坏死交界性肿瘤肉芽肿简答:肉芽组织的组成及其作用肝炎的病理特点动脉粥样硬化的合并症霍奇金淋巴瘤的病理特点克隆病的病理特点论述:大肠癌的癌前病变有哪些?以及病理特点?器官慢性缺氧导致的病理变化原发性心肌病与心肌炎的鉴别哪些病理学指标可用于临床肿瘤的诊断以及预后暨南大学病理题1、肝细胞体积增大，胞浆空泡状，最常见原因是什么，什么检测方法确定胞浆性质？请举例说明2、冠心病基本病理变化，其并发症，详细阐述其病理生理机制3、阐述肾小球肾炎的病理分类，并论述其发病机制4、白血病免疫分型意义，如何检测5、根据自己专业写一个研究计划（小论文形式1000字）2012北京协和医学院病理真题完整版一、名词解释Caseous necrosisAnemic infarctOncogeneVerrucous vegetatioPeutz-Jegher syndromeComedocarcinoma二、单选题1. 恶性高血压病变特点2. 动脉粥样硬化发展过程3. 肺癌horner征4. 鼻咽癌哪种类型对放疗最敏感5. 早期胃癌病理类型6. 反流性食管炎成因7. 胃粘膜相关淋巴瘤8. 遗传性非息肉病性结肠癌9. 毛玻璃样肝细胞内嗜酸性颗粒成分10. 肝硬化特征性病理表现11. 肝硬化蜘蛛痣原因12. 小肝癌定义13. 胰头癌14. Burkitt淋巴瘤15. 滤泡性淋巴瘤16. Ph染色体17. 颈部淋巴结肿大18. 蚤咬肾19. Goodpasture综合征20. 微小病变性肾小球病21. 肾细胞癌22. 卵巢颗粒细胞癌23. 无性细胞癌24. 乳腺癌25. 甲状腺癌三、简答题1. 中枢神经系统的胶质肿瘤与其他系统肿瘤相比有何特点？2. 一妇女，双侧卵巢肿瘤，妇科切除后病理诊断为krukenber瘤，试述此肿瘤的发生、发展及组织学特征。
中山大学病理生理学2015--2019年考博真题
1.Cell signal transduction
2.Hepatic insufficiency
3.paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
4.hypovolemic shock
二、简答题
1.试述应激时下丘脑垂体-肾上腺皮质体统对机体的影响。
2.试述休克和DIC的关系。
4、myocardial stunning
二、问答题（20分*4题=80分）
1.肝性脑病相关的神经递质种类及其导致肝性脑病的机制。
2.长期高血压引起心脏衰竭的发病机制。
3.全身适应性综合征各期的神经内分泌变化及其生理效应。
4.试述细胞信号转导异常引起霍乱的机制。
中山大学
2016年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
4.热休克蛋白
5.APC抵抗
二、论述题
1.氨在肝性脑病中对神经递质的影像。
2.慢性肾脏病合并高血压的机制。
3.代谢性酸中毒对循环系统的影像。
4.休克早起（代偿期）微循环的特点及其机制，以及对心脏、肾脏、脑功能的影像。
中山大学
2017年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：病理生理学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释（每题5分，共20分）
1.renal osteodystrophy
2.hepatic encephalopathy
3.recessive edema
4.non-reflow phenomenon
二、简答题（每题20分，共80分）
1.心衰代偿反应时血容量增加的机制及对机体的意义。
2.DIC引起出血的机制。
3.ARDS患者为什么常出现I型呼吸衰竭。
2018年全国医学统考考博英语真题与答案
2018 年全国医学博士英语统一考试试题试卷一 (Paper One)Part I Listening Comprehension (30%)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question about what is said. The question will be read only once, after you hear the question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answers and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She is bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B ● D Now let’s begin with question Number 1.1. A. On campus B. At he dentist’sC.At the pharmacyD. In the laboratory2. A. Pain B. Weakness C. Fatigue D. Headache3. A. Their weird behavior at school.B. Their superior cleverness over others’.C. Their tendency to have learning difficulty.D. Their reluctance to switch to right handedness.4. A. John will be angry. B. John will be disappointed.C. John will be attracted.D. John will be frightened.5. A. Th ey’re quite normal. B. They’re not available.C. They came unexpected.D. They need further explanation.6. A. He knows so little about Lady GagaB. He has met Lady Gaga before.C. He should have known Lady GagaD. He is a big fan of Lady Gaga.C. In the emergency room.D. On their way to the hospital8. A. Health care B. Health reformC. Health educationD. Health maintenance9. A. Learning to act intuitively.B. Learning to argue academically.C. Learning to be critical of oneself.D. Learning to think critically and reason10. A. She is a pharmacist. B. She is a medical doctor.C. She is a scientist in robotics.D. She is a pharmacologist.11. A. She’s pessimistic about the future.B. She’s pessimistic about the far future.C. She’s optimistic about the far future.D. She’s optimistic about the near future.12. A. Negligence may put a patient in danger.B. Patients must listen to doctors and nurses.C. Qualified doctors and nurses are in bad need.D. Patients should be careful about choosing the right hospital.13. A. The man works at eh ER.B. The man can do nothing but wait.C. The woman’s condition is critical.D. The woman is a capable paramedic.14. A. A gynecologist. B. A psychologistC. A neurologist.D. A nephrologist.15. A. She has only one friend.B. She isolates herself from others.C. She suffers from a chronic disease.D. She is jobless and can’t find a job.Section BDirections: In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages, after each of which, you will hear five questions. After each question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.DialogueQuestions 16-20 are based on the following dialogue.16. A. Because she couldn’t do other jobs well.B. Because it was her dream since childhood.C. Because she was fed up with all her previous jobs.D. Because two professors found talent in her and inspired her to do it.17. A. The Self/Nonself Model B. The Danger ModelC. The vaccination theoryD. The immunological theory18. A. Being overactive B. Being mutantC. Being selectiveD. Being resistant19. A. It can help cure most cancers.B. It can help develop new drugs.C. It can help most genetic diseases.D. It can help change the nature of medicine.20. A. We should ignore the resistance.B. We should have the model improved.C. We should have the experiments on animals.D. We should move from animals to human.Passage One21. A. The profits form medical tourism.B.The trendy phenomenon of medical tourism.C.The soaring health care costs around the word.D.The steps to take in developing medical tourism22. A. Affordable costs B. Low pace of livingC. Five-star treatmentD. Enjoyable health vacation23. A. It is a$100 billion business already.B. It is growing along with medical tourism.C. Its costs are skyrocketing with medical tourism.D. It offers more medical options than western medicine.24. A. To set up a website for blogging about medical tourism.B. To modify our lifestyles and health behaviors.C. To buy and affordable medical insurance.D. To explore online to get well informed.25. A. A travel brochure.B. A lecture on medical tourism.C. A chapter of a medical textbook.D. A webpage promotional material.Passage TwoQuestions 26-30 are based on the following passage.26. A. Song sparrows take good care of their babies.B. Young song sparrows back the skills and experience of their parents.C. There are different kind of song sparrows in different seasons.D. Young and old song sparrows experience climate change different.27. A. In the warmer spring B. In the hottest summerC. In the coolest autumnD. In the coldest winter28. A. Because they lack the skill and experience to find food.B. Because they have not developed a strong body yet.C. Because they cannot endure the unusual heat.D. Because they cannot find enough food.29. A. They are less sensitive to the effect of climate change thanks to their parents.B. They are quick to develop strong bodies to encounter climate change.C. They experience food insufficiency due to climate change.D. They are as sensitive to climate change as the juveniles.30. A. Body size B. Migration routeC. Food preferenceD. Population growthPart Ⅱ Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirections: In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D are given beneath each of them. You are to choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence, then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31.The medical team discussed their shared ____to eliminating this curable disease.A.obedienceB. susceptibilityC. inclinationD. dedication32. Many of us are taught from an early age that the grown-up response to pain, weakness, oremotional_____is to ignore it, to tough it out.A. TurmoilB. rebellionC. temptationD. relaxation33. Those depressed kids seem to care little about others,____communication and indulge in theirown worlds.A. put downB. shut downC. settle downD. break down34. The school board attached great emphasis to____ in students a sense of modesty and a sense ofcommunity.A. dilutingB. inspectingC. instillingD. disillusioning35. Our brain is very good at filtering out sensory information that is not______to what we need tobe attending to.A. pertinentB. permanentC. precedentD. prominent36. New studies have found a rather____correlation between the presence of small particles andboth obesity and diabetes.A. collaboratingB. comprehendingC. compromisingD. convincing37. We must test our____about what to include in the emulation and at what level at detail.A. intelligenceB. imitationsC. hypothesisD. precautions.38. We must____the problem____, which is why our map combines both brain structure andfunction measurements at large scale and high resolution.A. set...backB. take...overC. pull...inD. break...down39. Asthma patient doesn’t need continuous treatment because his symptoms are rather____thanpersistent.A. intermittentB. precedentC. dominantD. prevalent40. It is simply a fantastic imagination to_____that one can master a foreign language overnight.A. conceiveB. concealC. convertD. conform Section BDirections: Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined. There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence. Choose the word or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.41. The truly competent physician is the one who sits down, senses the “mystery”of anotherhuman beings, and often the simple gifts of personal interest and understanding.A. imaginableB. capableC. sensibleD. humble42. The physician often perceived that treatment was initiated by the patient.A. conservedB. theorizedC. realizedD. persisted43. Large community meals might have served to lubricate social connections and alleviatedtensions.A. facilitateB. intimidateC. terminateD. mediate44. Catalase activity reduced glutathione and Vitamin E levels were decreased exclusively insubjects with active disease.A. definitelyB. trulyC. simplyD. solely45. Ocular anomalies were frequently observed in this cohort of offspring born after in vitrofertilization.A. FetusesB. descendantsC. seedsD. orphans46. Childhood poverty should be regarded as the single greatest public health menace facing ourchildren.A. breachB. griefC. threatD. abuse47. A distant dream would be to deliberately set off quakes to release tectonic stress in a controlledway.A. definitelyB. desperatelyC. intentionallyD. identically48. Big challenges still await companies converting carbon dioxide to petrol.A. applyingB. relatingC. relayingD. transforming49. Concern have recently been voiced that the drugs elicit unexpected cognitive side effects, suchas memory loss, fuzzy thinking and learning difficulties.A. ensueB. encounterC. impedeD. induce50. A leaf before the eye shuts out Mount Tai, which means having one’s view of the importantovershadowed by the trivial.A. insignificantB. insufficientC. substantialD. unexpectedPart ⅢCloze (10%)Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D on the right side. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of yourchoice on the ANSWER SHEIET.The same benefits and drawbacks are found when using CT scanning to detect lung cancer—the three-dimensional imaging, improve detection of disease but creates hundreds of images that increase a radiologist’s workload, which, 51 , can result in missed positive scans.Researchers at University of Chicago Pritizker School of Medicine presented 52 data on a CAD (computer-aided diagnosis) program they’ve designed that helps radiologist spot lung cancer 53 CT scanning. Their study was 54 by the NIH and the university.In the study, CAD was applied to 32 low-dose CT scanning with a total of 50 lung nodules, 38 of which were biopsy-confirmed lung cancer that were not found during initial clinical exam. 55 the 38 missed cancers,15 were the result of interpretation error (identifying an image but 56 it as non cancerous) and 23 57 observational error(not identifying the cancerous image).CAD found 32 of the 38 previously missed cancers (84% sensitivity), with false-positive 58 of 1.6 per section.Although CAD improved detection of lung ca ncer, it won’t replace radiologists, said Sgmuel G Armato, PhD, lead author of the study.” The computer is not perfect,”Armato said.” It will miss some cancers and call some things cancer that 59 . The radiologists can identify normal anatomy that the computer may 60 something suspicious. It’s a spell-checker of sorts, or a second opinion.51.A. in common B. in turn C. in one D. in all52.A. preliminary B. considerate C. deliberate D. ordinary53.A. being used B. to use C. using D. use54.A. investigated B. originated C. founded D. funded55.A. From B. Amid C. Of D. In56.A. disseminating B. degenerating C. dismissing D. deceiving57.A. were mistaken for B. were attributed to C. result in D. gave away to58.A. mortalities B. incidences C. images D. rates59.A. don’t B. won’t C. aren’t D. wasn’t60.A. stand for B. search for C. account for D. mistake forPart Ⅳ Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions: In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneWhen Tony Wagner, the Harvard education specialist, describes his job today, he says he’s“a translator between two hostile tribes”—the education world and the business world, the people who teach our kids and the people who give them jobs. Wagner’s ar gument in his book “Creating Innovations: The Making of Young People Who Wil l Change the World” is that our K-12 and college tracks are not consistently “adding the value and teaching the skills that matter most in themarketplace.”This is dangerous at a time when there is increasingly to such things as a high-wage, middle-skilled job—the thing that sustained the middle class in the last generation. Now, there is only a high-wage, high-skilled job. Every middle-class job today is being pulled up, out or down faster than ever. That is, it either requires more skill or can be done by more people around the world or is being buried made obsolete faster than ever. Which is why the goal of education today, argues Wagner, should not be to make every child “college ready” but “innovation ready”—ready to add value to whatever they do.That is a tall task. I tracked Wagner down and asked him to elaborate. “Today,” he said via e-mail,” because knowledge is available on every Internet-connected device, what you know matters far less than what you can do with what you know. The capacity to innovate—the ability to solve problems creatively or bring new possibilities to life and skills like critical thinking，communication and collaboration are far more important than acade mic knowledge. As one executive told me, “We can teach new hires the content. And we will have to because it continues to change, but we can’t teach them how to think—to ask the right questions—and to take initiative.”My generation had it easy. We got to “find” a job. But, more than ever, our kids will have to “invent” a job. Sure, the lucky ones will find their first job, but, given the pace of change today, even they will have to reinvent, re-engineer and reimagine that job much often than their parents if they want to advance in it.“Finland is one of the most innovative economics in the world,”Wagner said,” and it is the only country where students leave high school ‘innovation-ready.’ They lea rn concepts and creativity more than facts, and have a choice of many elective—all with a shorter school day, little homework, and almost no testing. There are a growing number of “reinvented”colleges like the Olin College of Engineering, the M.I.T. Media L ab and the “D-school” Stanford where students learn to innovate.”61.In his book, Wagner argues that _____.A.the education world is hostile to our kidsB.the business world is hostile to those seeking jobsC.the business world is too demanding on the education worldD.the education world should teach what the marketplace demands62. What does the “tall task” refer to in the third paragraph?A. Sustaining the middle class.B. Saving high-wage, middle-skilled jobs.C. Shifting from “college ready” in “innovation ready.”D. Preventing middle-class jobs from becoming obsolete fast.63. What is mainly expressed in Wagner’s e-mail?A. New hires should be taught the content rather than the ways of thinking.B. Knowledge is more readily available on Internet-connected devices.C. Academic knowledge is still the most important to teach.D. Creativity and skills matter more than knowledge.64. What is implied in the fourth paragraph?A. Jobs favor the lucky ones in every generation.B. Jobs changed slowly in the autho r’s generation.C. The author’s generation led an easier life than their kids.D. It was easy for the author’s generation to find their first job.65. What is the purpose of the last paragraph?A. to orient future educationB. to exemplify the necessary shift in educationC. to draw a conclusion about the shift in educationD. to criticize some colleges for their practices in educationPassage TwoBy the end of this century, the average world temperature is expected to increase between one and four degrees, with widespread effects on rainfall, sea levels and animal habitats. But in the Arctic, where the effects of climate change are most intense, the rise in temperature could be twice as much.Understanding how Arctic warming will affect the people, animals, plant and marine life and economic activity in Canada’s North are important to the country’s future, says Kent Moore, and atmospheric physicist at University of Toronto Mississauga who is participating in a long-term, international study of the marine ecosystem along the Beaufort Sea, from Alaska to the Mackenzie delta.The study will add to our knowledge of everything from the extent of sea ice in the region to how fish stocks will change to which areas could become targets for oil and gas exploration to the impact on the indigenous people who call this part of the country home.Moore, who has worked in the Arctic for more than 20 years, says his research has already found that thinning sea ice and changes in wind patterns are causing an important change in the marine food chain: phytoplankton（浮游植物）is blooming two to three weeks earlier. Many animals time their annual migration to the Arctic for when food is plentiful, and have not adapted to the earlier bloom. “Animal behavio r can evolve over a long time, but these climate changes are happening in the space of a decade, rather than hundreds of years,” says Moore,“Animals can’t change their behavior that quickly.”A warmer Arctic is expected to have important effects on human activity in the region, as the Northwest Passage becomes navigable during the summer, and resource extraction becomes more feasible. Information gained from the study will help government, industry and communities make decisions about resource management, economic development and environmental protection.Moore says the study—which involves Canadian, American and European researchers and government agencies—will also use a novel technology to gather atmospheric data: remotely piloted drones. “The drones have the capability of a large research aircraft, and they’re easier to deploy,” he says, showing the researchers to gather information on a more regular basis than they would be able to with piloted aircraft.66. By the end of this century, according to the author, global warming will_____.A. start to bring about extreme weather events to humans and animalsB. increase the average world temperature by four degreesC. cause more damages to the whole world than expectedD. affect the Arctic more than any other parts of the earth67. To help understand the destructive mechanism of Arctic warming, as indicated by the passage,the international study ____.A. is conducted with every single discipline of University of TorontoB. pioneers in pursuing the widespread effects of climate change.C. involves so many countries for different investigationsD. is intended to deal with various aspects in research68. When he says, “Animals can’t change their behavior that quickly,” what does Moore mean bythat quick?A. The migration of the animals to the Arctic.B. The widespread effects of global warming.C. The rate of the climate change in the Arctic.D. The phytoplankton within the marine ecosystem.69. According to the author, to carry out proper human activities in the Arctic_____.A. becomes more difficult than ever before.B. is likely to build a novel economy in the region.C. will surely lower the average world temperature.D. needs the research-based supporting information.70. With the drones deployed, as Moore predicts, the researchers will_____.A. involve more collaborating countries than they do now.B. get more data to be required for their research.C. use more novel technologies in research.D. conduct their research at a regular basis.Passage ThreeSkilled clinical history-taking and physical examination remain essential as the basis of the disease diagnosis and management, aided by investigations such as radiological or biochemical tests. Technological advances over the past few decades mean that such investigations now can be refined, or even replaced in some cases, by the measurement of genetic or genomic biomarkers. The molecular characteristics of a disorder or the genetic make-up of an individual can fine tune a diagnosis and inform its management. These new capabilities, often termed “stratified（分层的）” or “personalized” medicine, are likely to have profound effect on the practice of medicine and service delivery.Genetic medicine, which uses genetic or genomic biomarkers in this way, has, until recently, been the province of a small minority of specialized physicians who have used it to diagnose or assess risk of inherited disease. Recognition that most disease has a genetic component, the development and application of new genetic tests to identify important disease subsets and the availability of cost-effective interventions mean that genetic medicine must be integrated more widely across healthcare services. In order to optimize benefit equitably across the population, physicians and services need to be ready to change and adapt to new ways of working.Perhaps the greatest challenge is to ensure the readiness of physicians to use these genomic technologies for maximum effect, so that genetic medicine is incorporated into mainstream specialties. For some clinicians, particularly those involved in clinical research, these advances are already a reality.However, a sizable majority do not yet recognize the relevance of genetics for their clinical practice, perceiving genetic conditions to be rare and untreatable. Maximizing genomic opportunities also means being aware of their limitations, media portrayals that indicate that genetic information gives clear-cut answers are often unrealistic. Indeed, knowing one’s entire genomic seq uence is no the crystal ball of our future that many hope it to be，and physicians will need to be more familiar with what is hype（鼓吹）and what is reality for the integration of genetics into mainstream medicine to be successful.Finally, both professional and public should have a realistic view of what is possible. Although the discovery of genetic risk factors in common diseases such as heart disease and cancer has led to important insights about disease mechanisms, the predictive power of individual genetic variants is often very low. Developments in bioinformatics will need to evolve considerably before the identification of a particular combination of genetic variants in an individual will have clinical utility for them.71.Which of the following statements does the author most probably agree with?A.Personalized medicine will greatly change the practice of medicine.B.Genetic biomarkers have been largely refined over the past.C.Physical examination remains essential in tine tuning a diagnosis.D.Clinical history-taking is no longer important in the genetic era.72.What, according to the second paragraph, can be said of genetic medicine?A. It can offer solutions to all inherited diseases.B. It has been widely recognized among the physicians.C. It necessitates adaptation of the healthcare community.D. It is monopolized by a small minority of specialized physicians.73. The future of the genomic technologies, for the most part, lies in_____.A. the greater potential of treating rare diseasesB. the greater efforts in the relevant clinical researchC. the greater preparedness of the physicians to employ themD. the greater publicity of their benefits in the media portrayals74. In the last paragraph, the author cautions against_____.A. underestimation of the importance of the genetic risk factorsB. unrealistic expectation of the genetic predicative powerC. abuse of genetic medicine in treating common diseasesD. unexpected evolution of the bioinformatics.75. Which of the following can best summarize the main idea of the passage?A. Genetic medicine should be the mainstream option for physicians.B. Genetic medicine poses great challenges to medical practice.C. Genetic medicine will exert great influence on medicine.D. Genetic medicine is defined as “stratified” medicine.Passage FourMisconduct is a word that is always on professors’ minds. Incidents in the news tend to describe the most serious violations of scientific standards, such as plagiarism for fabricating data. But these high-profile infractions（违法）occur relatively rarely. Much more frequent are forms of misconduct that occur as part of the intimate relationship between a faculty member and a student.Faculty members don’t need to commit egregious acts such as sexual harass ment or appropriation of students’work to fail in their responsibility to their charges. Being generally negligent as teachers and mentors should also be seen as falling down on the job.What we found most interesting was how respondents had less vehement（强烈的）reactions to a host of questionable behaviors. In particular, they said that faculty members should avoid neglectful teaching and mentoring. These included routinely being late for classes, frequently skipping appointments with advisees, showing favoritism to some students, ignoring those whose interests diverged from their own, belittling colleagues in front of students, providing little or no feedback on students’ theses or dissertations, and take on more graduate advisees than they could handle.The vast majority of US faculty members have simply not been taught how to teach. And these responses suggest that they are subjecting young scientists-in-training to the same neglect.To address this systemic issue, we must do a better job of exposing the current and next generations of scientists to the rules of proper mentoring through seminars. For instance, on online modules. The societies of academic disciplines, institutions and individual departments can play a big part here, by developing codes of conduct and clear mechanisms for students report violations.The most serious behaviors are relatively easy to spot and address, but “inadequate teaching”can be subjective. Still, if universities establish specific rules for academics to follow, real patterns of abuse will be easier to find. For instance, these rules could stipulate that professors must return substantive feedback on drafts within 15 days, provide more than just negative feedback during a student’s oral defense of their thesis, or be availa ble regularly to answer questions.To deal with faculty members who consistently fall short, universities should establish teaching-integrity committees, similar to the research-integrity committees that handle issues of scientific misconduct. These could receive reports from students and decide what action to take, either by following a due process laid out in the faculty manual, or simply by adopting the same process as that of other committees, such as for tenure applications.76.What is implied in the first two paragraphs?A. The misconducts are widely exposed in the news.。
暨南大学2018年真题参考答案
暨南大学2018年真题参考答案一、名词解释1.由于手术创伤的反应，术后病人的体温可略升高0.1~1℃，一般不超过38℃，称之为外科手术热或吸收热。
（外6 P.115）2.脑组织从高压区向低压区移位，导致脑组织、血管及脑神经等重要结构受压和移位，被挤入小脑幕裂孔、枕骨大孔、大脑镰下间隙等生理性或病理性间隙或孔道中，从而出现一系列严重的临床症状。
（外6 P.222）3.分级护理是指根据病人病情的轻重缓急以及自理能力的评估结果，给予病人不同级别的护理，通常分为四个护理级别，即特级护理、一级护理、二级护理及三级护理。
（基6 P.096）4.体温骤然上升至39℃以上，持续数小时或更长，然后下降至正常或正常以下，经过一个间歇，体温又升高，并反复发作，即高热期和无热期交替出现。
（基6 P.240）5.由于支气管-肺组织、胸廓或肺血管病变引起肺血管阻力增加，产生肺动脉高压，继而右心室结构和（或）功能改变的疾病。
（内6 P.083）6.是由于窦房结病变导致功能减退，从而产生多种心律失常的综合表现。
（内6 P.172）7.又称过期流产，是指胚胎或胎儿已死亡滞留在宫腔内尚未自然排出者。
（妇6 P.140）8.由各种肾脏疾病所致的，以大量蛋白尿（尿蛋白＞3.5g/d）、低蛋白血症（血清白蛋白＜30g/L）、水肿、高脂血症为临床表现的一组综合征。
（内6 P.396）二、单项选择题1. C解析：外6 P.473 注：“外6 P.473”表示“第六版外科护理学第473页”2.C解析：外6 P.0153.D解析：外6 P.5964.A解析：外6 P.4235.E解析：外6 P.4996.D解析：外6 P.5737.B解析：外6 P.0928.A解析：外6 P.0659.B解析：外6 P.70910.B解析：外6 P.50111.A解析：外6 P.23412.A解析：外6 P.424解析：基6 P.346 14.A解析：基6 P.359 15.B解析：基6 P.150 16.E解析：基6 P.280 17.C解析：基6 P.270 18.B解析：基6 P.036 19.A解析：内6 P.498 20.A解析：内6 P.049 21.B解析：内6 P.574 22.D解析：内6 P.845 23.A解析：内6 P.083 24.D解析：内6 P.618 25.C解析：内6 P.296 26.E解析：内6 P.585 27.C解析：内6 P.329 28.B解析：内6 P.455 29.A解析：内6 P.485 30.C解析：内6 P.472 31.E解析：妇6 P.025 32.B解析：妇6 P.143 33.B解析：妇6 P.299 34.E解析：妇6 P.141解析：儿6 P.21336.B解析：儿6 P.44037.E解析：儿6 P.17638.D解析：儿6 P.38039.B解析：儿6 P.20040.B解析：儿6 P.342三、简答题1.答:凡是需要营养支持但又不能或不宜接受肠内营养的病人，包括预计1周以上不能进食、或因胃肠道功能障碍、不能耐受肠内营养者，或通过肠内营养无法达到机体需要的目标量者，均是肠外营支持的适应症。
病理生理各校考博真题
本人在网内收集各校考博真题,全是园子里的,以利考生复习用,如果能加分,希望加分,谢谢! 2005年中山医大病生试题：一，名词解释：1。
肺性脑病(英文)2。
非少尿型ARF3。
凋亡(英文)4。
过热(英文)二，问答题1。
试述应激反应时下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺激活的生物学效应(利与敝)2。
述肝性脑病时氨基酸失衡的原因和引起肝昏迷的机制。
3。
为何革兰氏阴性菌感染易引起DIC4。
晚期休克引起呼吸衰竭的机制2007交名解1.saline responsive alkalosis2.hypotonic hypoxia3.hypokalemia4.fever5.no reflow6.functional shunt7.hepatorenal syndrome8.CARS简答1、劳力性呼吸困难的原因、机制2、缺血再灌注组织局部白细胞增多、聚集的机制3、CDI？CDI失活与癌细胞发生的关系4、ARF时GFR下降的原因、机制问号这个地方有三个字当时抄的潦草，不认识了。
2007山东大学病生试题：非病理生理专业做1-10题。
病理生理专业做3-12题1. 请列举基因突变的类型；2. 信号转导发生的机制及环节；3. 缺血再灌注损伤时自由基生成增多的主要机制；4. 血液性缺氧的原因及血氧参数变化；5. 发热的时相及各相热代谢的特点；6. 应激与心脑血管疾病的关系；7. 代谢性碱中毒时机体的代偿机制及血气变化的特点；8. 低钠血症的病因和发病机制；9. 心力衰竭时心肌代谢障碍的主要机制；10.休克缺血缺氧期和淤血缺氧期血压变化的主要特点和机制；11.简述肺通气血流比值失调时血气变化及呼吸衰竭的发病关系；12.肾功能衰竭时肾脏内分泌功能的改变及机制1.2006博士全国统考病生试题（回忆版选择题40分单选30分Ｂ型选择4分Ｘ型选择6分简答题20分1.影响组织液生成的影响因素2.急性肾衰出现什么类型的钾代谢紊乱，为什么？3.肝功能受损，激活的星形细胞的变化？4.为什么弥散功能障碍时只有PaO2的降低，PaCO2无变化？论述题40分1.急性肾衰少尿的机制2.长期高血压导致心衰的机制3.严重感染导致ＤＩＣ的机制协和医科大学2005年病理生理学（博士）一、名词解释：每题3分，共30分。
2018年暨大考研试题答案整理
一、名词解释（4`*15=60`）1、半月板：（demilune）混合型腺泡由黏液和浆液细胞组成，前者组成腺泡的大部分，紧接闰管；后者呈新月状位于腺泡的盲端表面，又名半月板。
2、混合型牙瘤：镜下见肿瘤由牙釉质、牙本质、牙骨质和牙髓等相互混合形成一团紊乱的结构而没有牙齿的形态。
牙瘤（odontoma）是成牙组织的错构瘤或发育畸形，不是真性肿瘤。
肿物内含有成熟的牙釉质、牙本质、牙骨质和牙髓组织。
根据这些组织排列结构不同，可分为混合性牙瘤和组合性牙瘤两种。
（1）混合性牙瘤：多发生于儿童和青年，上下颌骨均可发生，以下颌前磨牙区和磨牙区多见。
活动性生长期可引起颌骨膨大。
X线片表现为境界清楚的放射透光区，其中可见放射阻射性结节状钙化物。
镜下见肿物内牙釉质、牙本质、牙骨质和牙髓等牙体组织成分排列紊乱，相互混杂，而无典型的牙结构。
发育期的混合性牙瘤，与成釉细胞纤维瘤或成釉细胞纤维-牙瘤不易区别。
肿物生长有自限性预后良好。
（2）组合性牙瘤：患者年龄较小，好发于上颌切牙-尖牙区。
X线显示形态及数目不一的牙样物堆积在一起。
镜下见肿物由许多牙样结构所组成，这些牙样结构虽然不同于正常牙，但牙釉质、牙本质、牙骨质和牙髓的排列如同正常牙的排列方式。
3、dyskeratosis：角化不良/错角化，为上皮的异常角化，在上皮棘层或基底层内个别或一群细胞发生角化。
有良性角化不良和恶性角化不良，前者多见于高度增生的上皮钉突，后者见于原位癌。
过度正角化（hyper-orthokeratosis）：黏膜或皮肤的角化层过度增厚，细胞界限不清，细胞核消失，形成均匀性嗜伊红染色的角化物，伴有粒层增厚及透明角质颗粒异常明显。
过度不全角化（hyperparakeratosis）：黏膜或皮肤的角化层过度增厚，增厚的角化层中胞核未分解消失，粒层增厚不明显。
4、肌力闭合道：开口再闭口时，下颌随升颌肌作用方向而运动，运动轨迹称为肌力闭合道。
肌力闭合道的终点称为肌接触位（MCP），正常情况下，肌力闭合道终点与ICP一致，表明ICP与升颌肌功能协调；若MPP向ICP移动中向上距离>1mm,或肌牙位不一致，说明咬合异常（早接触点）、肌功能异常。
南方医科大学病理生理学2013年考博真题试卷
南方医科大学
2013年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：病理生理学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、简答题
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水肿的发生机制？ 1型呼衰和2型呼衰在发病机制上和治疗上有何不同？ 何为微循环，举例说明微循环在休克发生发展中的作用？ 功能性肾衰竭和器质性肾衰竭的异同 何为受体？举例说明受体改变所引起的疾病 何为凋亡，它在生化结构和形态上的特点
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暨南大学病理生理学2012-2015考研复试真题(简答题)及答案
20151 简述高钾血症时心肌生理特性的改变。
（1）心肌兴奋性出现先升高后降低的双向变化；（2）传导性降低；（3）自律性降低；（4）收缩性减弱。
2、慢性肾功能衰竭患者会出现什么类型的酸碱平衡紊乱，请简述其发生机制。
答：慢性肾功能衰竭会发生代谢性酸中毒。
机制：①肾小管NH4+减少：CRF早期，肾小管上皮细胞产NH3减少，泌NH4+减少使H+增多；②GFR降低：当GFR降至10ml/min以下时，硫酸、磷酸等酸性产物滤过减少而在体内蓄积，血中固定酸增多；③肾小管冲吸收HCO3-减少：继发性PTH（甲状旁腺素）分泌增多可抑制近曲小管上皮细胞碳酸酐酶活性，使近曲小管分泌请和冲吸收HCO3-减少。
3、简述发热的基本发病过程。
答：（1）体温上升期特点：产热大于散热。
体温上升形式：一般有骤升和渐升两种形式。
骤升是指体温迅速上升，在数小时内达到39～40℃或更高。
渐升是指在数小时内，体温逐渐上升，经数日可达高峰。
临床表现：皮肤苍白、干燥无汗、畏寒、有时伴寒战、肌肉酸痛、无力。
（2）高热持续期特点：产热与散热在较高水平上趋于平衡，体温维持在较高状态。
临床表现：皮肤潮红而灼热，呼吸增快，心率加快，头痛、头晕，食欲不振，全身不适。
（3）退热期（体温下降期）特点：散热增加，产热趋于正常，体温恢复至正常水平。
发热的基本环节（1）第一环节：信息传递，激活物作用于产致热原细胞，产生和释放EP，EP作为“信使”，经血流将其传递到丘脑体温调节中枢；（2）第二环节：中枢调节，即EP以某种方式改变下丘脑温敏神经元的化学环境使体温调节中枢的调定点上移。
于是，正常血液温度变为冷刺激，体温调节中枢发出冲动，引起调温效应器的反应；（3）第三环节：效应部分，一方面，通过运动神经引起骨骼肌紧张度增高或寒战，使产热增加，另一方面，经交感神经系统引起皮肤血管收缩，使散热减少。
于是，产热大于散热，体温升高至与调定点相适应的水平。
4、何谓夜间阵发性呼吸困难，请简述其发生机制。