上海交通大学考博历年临床基础A主观题汇总
上海交大考博病理历年真题
上海交大考博病理历年真题本帖总结交大《病理学》考博真题[上海交通大学1998 年病理学考博试题]1.试述高血压病人的细胞膜改变及功能障碍2.补体在细胞膜损伤种的作用3.生长因子的分类及其在肿瘤发生发展中的作用4.Insulin Receptor 异常的基因图变型及分子结构5.何谓高凝状态及生理情况下的高凝状态6.内皮细胞损伤与动脉粥样硬化的关系7.肝内胆汁淤积症的发病机制8.消化性溃疡的发病机制9.G-6-PD 缺乏引起溶贫的机制10.休克时细胞流态变化[上海交通大学2003 年病理学考博试题]1. 名词解释10 个：PH 染色体凋亡等；2 填空20 个3 简答：（1）慢性肺心病的病理特点；（2）急性心梗的病理变化；（3）急性菌痢的病理；（4）血吸虫的虫卵结节；4 问答3 个：结肠癌多步癌变的分子生物学机理；5 论述：（1）病理学研究的方法技术有哪些？写出两种新技术的原理与步骤；（2）恶性肿瘤的生物学行为有哪些？设计一个题目来证实其恶性行为，写出试验目的、方法步骤、结果。
[上海交通大学2004 年病理学考博试题]一、名词解释1. 鳞状上皮化生2. 纤维素性坏死3. 静止细胞4. 透明血栓5. 假膜性炎6. 骨性骨痂7. 动脉瘤8. 干线性肝硬化9. 霍奇金淋巴瘤10. 侵蚀性葡萄胎11. 结节性甲状腺肿12. 镂空筛网状软化灶二、填空（20×0.5’）大概的答案，题干已经忘了。
1. 脂褐素，自噬泡2. 血小板的黏附释放反应3. 炎性介质的作用：血管通透性增加，趋化作用4. 脑膜炎球菌5. 阿米巴肿，烧瓶样溃疡6. 肿瘤的实质和间质是：7. AIDS 的并发症8. Ph1 染色体，基因易位9. 硅肺的病因和特征性病理10. 脑内出血好发部位及动脉三、简答题（4×4’）1. 肉芽组织的成分、特点及功能2. 心肌梗死的发生机制3. 慢性萎缩性胃炎的病理变化4. 结核病基本病理变化的转化规律四、陈述题1. 凋亡和坏死的定义、形态特点及机制（8’）2. P53 以及检测基因改变的技术（10’）3. 胸部X 线见一境界清楚团块，请问有哪些可能，及其病理学特点（10’）4. 门脉性肝硬化的临床表现，病理表现及联系（8’）5. 脂性肾病病理特点及其发病机制（8’）[上海交通大学2005 年病理学考博试题]一、名词解释（12*2.5）1、炎性介质2、褐色硬化3、绒毛膜癌4、霍杰金淋巴瘤5、肉芽肿性炎6、粥瘤（artheromatous plaque)7、慢性阻塞性肺病（chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)8、革囊胃9、10、11、12？二、填空题（0.5*20）1、ph1 染色体，绿色瘤。
上海交通大学考博历年临床基础A主观题汇总
临床基础Ａ2017 临床基础A生理简答：EPSP的概念和机制；近端肾小管重吸收葡萄糖的机制；钙在骨骼肌与平滑肌收缩的比较。
论述：蛋白质在肠道消化和吸收的过程。
生化简答：核酸杂交；简述磷酸戊糖途径；呼吸链。
论述：从氨基酸代谢阐述降低血氨的方法。
2016临床基础A生理简答：呆小症的原因和症状；动脉压感受器的传导途径和意义；牵张反射的概念、形式和意义。
论述：糖尿病患者尿糖、多尿、多饮原因。
生化简答：酮体的组成及生理意义；简述嘌呤核苷酸循环；第二信使的概念及作用特点。
论述：葡萄糖代谢的途径及意义。
2015临床基础A生理名解：动作电位，兴奋性突触后电位，心房钠尿肽，血管升压素，肺顺应性简答：葡萄糖盐水纠正严重脱水机制；呼吸道神经支配和作用特点；窦房结P细胞动作电位机制和特点。
生化名解：别构效应，碱基对，一碳单位，限制性内切酶，苯丙酮尿症简答：维生素C的作用和特点；糖皮质激素升血糖的机制；同工酶的作用及举例。
2014生理学名解：兴奋性突触后电位，通气/血流比肠神经系统，射血分数，肾糖阈简答：神经-肌肉接头的组成及兴奋传导；动脉化学感受器神经通路及调节效应；长时程增强概念机制及意义。
2014生物化学名解：催化性受体，反式作用因子，转座重组，层析，锌指模体简答：参与多肽合成的RNA及作用；常见基因载体的种类和特点；蛋白质合成过程。
2013生理学名解：外源性凝血途径，小脑性共济失调，非寒战产热，昼光觉系统，肠-胰岛素轴，波尔效应简答：可兴奋组织受刺激后的反应及机制；生理状态参与调节肾小球滤过的机制；低温麻醉时患者的缺氧为什么易被忽视；ABO 血型的定义、判断与输血原则。
2013生物化学名解：核酸，基因表达，翻译后加工冈崎片段，腺苷酸载体，Ras通路凝胶过滤层析，蛋白质组学，简答：蛋白质的分类方法；蛋白质生物合成过程；肌肉剧烈运动产生的代谢物和去向；胞浆NADH如何参加氧化磷酸化；野生型p53基因的抑癌机制；乳糖操纵子结构、功能和操纵机制。
上海交大生物化学历年考博试题精选文档
上海交大生物化学历年考博试题精选文档 TTMS system office room 【TTMS16H-TTMS2A-TTMS8Q8-2010年上海交通大学医学博士入学试题一、名词解释（每题3分，共24分）RNA3.乙酰辅酶A羧化酶4.混合功能氧化酶5.不对称转录6.反应元件7.凝血酶原激活物8.活性维生素D3二、简答题（每题6分，共24分）1.何谓Anfisen定律，简述Anfisen定律。
2.体内胆固醇的转化。
3.简述PCR实验的原理。
4.简述经cAMP介导的生物学效应的机制。
三、问答题（每题13分，共52分）族维生素多为酶的辅助因子，请写出四种在糖代谢中作为酶的辅助因子的B族维生素，它们的活性形式及所参与的化学反应（用文字式表达）。
2.临床上肝昏迷的患者通常伴有血氨升高，试从蛋白质与氨基酸代谢的角度探讨降低肝昏迷患者其增高的血氨的措施和生化原理。
3.试述干扰素抗病毒的机制。
4.因肝功能障碍引起脂类代谢异常的患者其临床和生化检验指标上会出现哪些改变，请简述其中的生化机制。
2012年上海交通大学生物化学真题（绝对考场记录版绝非网络copy 附英文名词解释中文名称）希望版主加分一、名词解释1. 二硫键2. exon and intron (外显子和内含子)3. acetyl CoA carboxylase (乙酰辅酶A羧化酶)4. 氨基甲酰磷酸5. recombination repairing (重组修复)6. 1,25-(OH)2-D3?1,25二羟维生素D37. 分解代谢物激活蛋白8. calmodulin (钙调蛋白)9. 2,3-二磷酸甘油酸支路10.鹅脱氧胆酸和牛黄石胆酸二、简答题1. 蛋白质的别构作用？并举例？2. NADH+H+?和NADPH+H+去路？3. 原核生物转录终止途径？4. cAMP在细菌和鼠肝细胞中的作用及其机制？5. 甲状腺激素合成步骤？三、论述题1. 5-氟尿嘧啶和甲氨蝶呤抑制肿瘤的机制？2. 丙酮酸的去路及反应？3. mRNA在大肠杆菌和小鼠肝细胞中的异同点？4. 黄疸的定义及发生黄疸时血尿胆红素、尿胆原及粪胆原的变化？2011年上海交通大学内分泌考博一、名词解释（3×10）1.混合功能氧化酶2.谷氨酰胺4.不对称转录5.氨基酰-tRNA合成酶6.乳糖操纵子7.三聚体GTP-结合蛋白8.甲状腺球蛋白9.抗凝血酶Ⅲ10.生物转化二、问答题70分1.何谓酶的竞争性抑制作用，试举两个有关酶的竞争性抑制作用在医学上应用的例子并阐述其作用机制。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-上海交通大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷(带答案)试题号：14
2022年考研考博-考博英语-上海交通大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.写作题Directions: It is found that many students today simply "cut and paste" information from the Internet when they do their assignments. What can be done to stop this? Please write an essay of about 300 words on this issue. You should also give your essay a proper title on the basis of your suggestion(s). Write the essay on the answer sheet 2 only.【答案】Teachers and Students Should Unite2.单选题Helen Keller's work gave comfort and encouragement to other handicapped people who （） might have led a hopeless life.问题1选项A.thereforeB.thusC.orD.otherwise【答案】D【解析】考查逻辑关系。
句意：海伦•凯勒的工作是给其他残疾人以安慰和鼓励, 否则他们可能会过着绝望的生活。
前后构成转折关系,选项D正确。
3.单选题He had a quarrel with his wife and just（） her.问题1选项A.became ofB.got hold ofC.walked out onD.passed over【答案】C【解析】动词词组辨析。
2010年上海交大医学院整形外科学博士专业科考题
2010年上海交大医学院整形外科学博士专业科考题专业基础一、选择题：以下每一道考题有五个备选答案，请从中选择一个最佳答案。
1.黑瘤做病理，标本采集应（）A 包括病损的周围正常皮肤组织活检B 不包括正常组织活检C 只切取表面的组织或取小块组织活检D 做包括适当范围的病损及周围正常皮肤和适当浓度皮下组织的整块标本切除提供活检E 取瘤体坏死部分做活检2.下列关于低位尺神经损伤的症状哪项是错误的（）A 感觉障碍为整个小指及环指尺侧半B 大鱼际肌明显萎缩C 呈"爪形手"D 虎口内夹笔无力E 握拳时，环、小指不能完全屈曲3.隆鼻术时假体过长或过厚，常引起的并发症有（）A 感染B 驼峰鼻C 穿破皮肤或粘膜D 鼻部"光照阴影"E 鼻假体"漂浮感"4.发际高的病人一般以什么血管为蒂设计额正中皮瓣（）A 颞浅动脉的额支B 内眦动脉C 内眦动脉及滑车上动脉D 眶上动脉E 滑车动脉5.有关毛发移植，下列哪项是错误的（）A 毛发的移植，实际是长有毛发的皮肤移植B 睫毛的修复，常自眉部切取C 应掌握无创技术操作D 移植后的毛发，仍保持其固有的特性E 移植存活后初期，毛囊毛根暂时处于休止状态，甚至毛发相继脱落，一般经半年后才能逐渐再生6.有关真皮移植，下列哪项是错误的（）A 真皮移植物分别起着组织加强和替代、充填等作用B 真皮在各个方向均有强大的张力强度C 用真皮矫正组织凹陷的效果不如筋膜佳D 真皮易于成活，即使局部营养稍差也无妨E 真皮具有较强的抗感染力7.有关筋膜移植，下列哪项是错误的（）A 移植筋膜一般多取自阔筋膜B 自体、同体、异种筋膜都可用于临床C 新鲜同种筋膜抗原性不强，可不被排斥而存活D 筋膜具有质地细密而薄及强韧而润滑的特点E 筋膜移植于骨关节可防止截骨两端重新粘着或粘连8.取髂骨时应保留髂前上棘，这是因为（）A 保持外形高点B 维持肌肉附着点C 该处骨皮质厚不易成活D 操作方便E 避免过多出血9.在"Z"成形术中，角度应以多大为宜（）A 以30°角为宜B 以45°角为宜C 以60°角为宜D 以不超过70°角为宜E 以不超过75°角为宜10.大口畸形与第一、二腮弓畸形的区别是（）A 大口畸形口角裂隙轻B 第一、二腮弓综合征单侧发病C 第一、二腮弓综合征有颌骨发育不良D 第一、二腮弓畸形除巨口症外尚伴有一侧颌骨发育不良和外耳畸形E 第一及第二腮弓畸形所呈现之巨口症并非真正巨口症11.唇颊部较小的组织缺损应尽量采用（）A 皮管B 游离复合组织瓣C 邻近组织D 游离植皮E 带蒂或游离的远位组织瓣12.肢体淋巴水肿的术前常规检查方法不包括以下哪一项（）A 直接淋巴管造影B 间接淋巴管造影C 放射性核素淋巴造影D MRIE多普勒血流探测13.先天性内眦赘皮理想的手术矫正时间是（）A 6岁B 7岁C 8岁D 9岁E 10岁以上14.术后具有感觉功能和性功能的阴茎再造术是以下哪种（）A 皮管法B 带蒂皮瓣法C 岛状皮瓣法D 吻合血管游离皮瓣法E 程开祥阴茎再造术15.关于肢体淋巴水肿的治疗正确的是以下哪一项（）A 复合理疗方法简单，但费用极高不易推广B 红外线烘绑疗法适用于治疗各期、各种类型的淋巴水肿C 手术治疗成功与否取决于手术时机和适应证D 苯吡喃酮类药物通过增强巨噬细胞吞噬功能促进淋巴回流而消除水肿E 晚期象皮肿可选用淋巴管-静脉吻合术治疗16.胸大肌肌皮瓣的主要缺点是（）A 手术时间长B 修复后组织臃肿C 皮瓣易坏死D 组织量不足E 解剖难度大17.关于阴道尿道瘘与阴道直肠瘘的手术治疗原则，下面哪一项正确（）A 感染引起的尿道瘘，感染控制后可行修补术B 外伤性瘘有局部炎症者，待炎症控制后，宜早期修复C 阴道尿道瘘与阴道直肠瘘同时存在者，最好分次手术D 感染引起的阴道瘘，待炎症消退3～6个月后再行修补术E 肿瘤侵蚀引起的瘘，根据肿瘤治疗原则处理后，也不适宜行修复术18.有关趾甲移植，下列哪项是错误的（）A 趾甲移植用于指甲缺损的修复B 指(趾)甲的生长和增长源于甲床C 当甲根部受到破坏时，指(趾)甲的生长停止D 甲床部发生毁损时，则指(趾)甲增长缓慢，凹凸不平，漂浮变形E 指(趾)甲与其他表皮组织相同，具有可移植性19.有关睑黄斑瘤，以下哪项是错误的（）A 多见于中年妇女B 好发于近内眦部的皮肤上C 常两侧对称发生D 无自觉症状也不影响功能E 手术切除不复发，也不会有新生病变出现20.眉缺损的形成，以下列何种原因引起者居多（）A 眉部皮肤肿瘤切除B 局限性脱发C 梅毒D 烧伤E 麻风病21.哪项不是正中神经低位损伤的症状（）A 虎口不能张开，对掌功能障碍B 不能握拳和内旋C 猿手畸形D 感觉障碍为整个小指及环指尺侧半E 大鱼际肌萎缩22.移植物血管危象发生的时间是（）A 主要发生在术后第一个24小时内，及术后3～5天内B 主要发生在术后8小时以内C 主要发生在术后一周以内D 主要发生在术后第一个24小时内E 主要发生在术后3天以内23.如面神经哪支损伤则导致额纹消失（）A 颞支B 颊支C 颧支D 颈支E 下颌缘支24.阴茎内支撑物最常用的是（）A 自体肋骨B 自体肋软骨C 自体髂骨D 自体腓骨E 固体硅胶25.关于褥疮的防治原则正确的是以下哪一项（）A 积极治疗原发病是防治褥疮的根本B 褥疮一旦形成不能自愈，必须手术C 褥疮一旦形成，防止继发感染是最有效的措施D 应用抗生素和加强换药是首选E 褥疮应以预防为主，防治结合26.有关粘膜移植，下列哪项是错误的（）A 移植的粘膜多取材于口唇B 临床上应用多仅限于眼结膜缺损或红唇缺损修复C 以唇冠状动脉为蒂的轴型粘膜瓣，可不受一般长宽比例规定的限制D 无论游离或有蒂移植均易成活E 供区创面如不能直接缝合而任其自愈，常致瘢痕挛缩畸形27.关于断肢再植，下列哪项是错误的（）A 断肢再植伤者全身情况必须良好B 重要神经严重撕脱不影响再植后肢体功能C 再植成功与断肢正确保存有关D 再植时限一般在6～8小时E 断面不规则、有污染不是断肢再植禁忌症28.下列哪种黑痣不易恶变（）A 巨痣B 混合痣C 交界痣D 皮内痣E 伴卫星痣的黑痣29.有关皮肤磨擦术操作下列哪项是错误的（）A 磨擦术的深度可以超过乳头层B 上、下唇区施术时，磨擦器移动方向应与中轴平行C 两次磨擦术间隔应3～6月或更长时间D 创面如见有密集出血点或见沙样颗粒时，切勿加深磨擦E 受术区温度不要太高30.有恶变的小腿慢性溃疡最好采用以下那种治疗方法（）A 保守治疗B 局部坏死组织切除C 游离植皮D 比目鱼肌肌瓣移植加游离植皮E 背阔肌肌皮瓣修复加延期植皮31.轻度先天性上睑下垂行手术矫治的时间宜在（）A 2岁左右B 3岁左右C 4岁左右D 5岁左右E 10岁左右32.影响基底细胞癌复发率的最重要因素是（）A 外科切除距肿瘤边缘的距离B 肿瘤的组织学亚型C 患者的全身状况D 手术的时机选择E 既往是否经过放射治疗33.髂骨骨内板切取较容易，切取髂骨骨外板后有时可导致术后臀区疼痛甚至跛行，这是因为（）A 腹股沟韧带附着点破坏B 臀大肌附着破坏C 腹膜损伤D 极易发生血肿所致E 皮肤神经损伤34.以下哪一项是任意皮瓣（）A 侧胸皮瓣B 胸三角皮瓣C 下肢交叉皮瓣D 岛状皮瓣E 中国皮瓣35.眼睑成形术的并发症可能有（）A 感染B 切口愈合不良C 瘢痕D 眼睑外翻E 以上都有36.下列关于唇腭裂的描述错误的是（）A 发生率为1‰B 女性多于男性C 左侧多于右侧D 腭裂最合适的手术年龄是2～3岁E 单侧唇裂最合适的手术年龄是2～3个月37.关于屈指肌腱损伤，下列哪项是错误的（）A 肌腱断裂有手的休息位的改变B 指深屈肌腱断裂表现为近侧指间关节不能屈曲C 指深、浅屈肌腱断裂，该指两指间关节不能屈曲D 指深、浅屈肌腱断裂可同时修复E 单纯指浅屈肌腱可不做修复38.阴道尿道瘘与阴道直肠瘘同时存在者，其修复方法最好是（）A 先修复阴道尿道瘘再修复后者B 先修复阴道直肠瘘再修复前者C 只需修复阴道尿道瘘D 只需修复阴道直肠瘘E 一次手术完成两种瘘管的修复39.下列哪项不是淋巴水肿的晚期表现（）A 间隙中积聚的蛋白浓缩B 水肿呈非凹陷性C 皮肤增厚，干燥，色素沉着D 抬高肢体后，水肿可减退或消失E 有典型的象皮腿特征40.有关唇外翻畸形的修复，下列哪项是不正确的（）A 一般外翻都呈切迹状裂隙，可用V-Y矫正修复B 烧伤致外翻一般需切除瘢痕，松解挛缩和植皮修复C 单纯上唇外翻复位后创面修复的全厚皮片一般取自耳后或锁骨上区D 上唇外翻复位一般应作过度矫正以免复发E 轻度下唇外翻可采用鼻唇沟皮瓣修复41.下列哪块肌肉的血液供应模式为Ⅲ型，并可以以两个不同的弧度旋转（）A 拇长屈肌B 臀大肌C 内侧腓肠肌D 胸大肌E 比目鱼肌42.当足跟部皮肤部分缺损后，应选用（）A 足背游离皮瓣修复B 背阔肌皮瓣修复C 前臂皮瓣修复D 足底内侧皮瓣修复E 阔筋膜张肌肌皮瓣修复43.关于尿道下裂，以下说法不正确的是（）A 尿道下裂属于先天畸形B 尿道外口开口于阴茎腹侧到会阴部的任何位置C 患者大多伴有不同程度的阴茎向背侧屈曲畸形D 伴有生殖系统畸形E 患者宜于幼儿时做手术44.切开法重睑术术后并发两眼睑皱襞的宽度不等，最关键的原因是（）A 切口标记失误B 标记和实际切口位置不一致C 切除眼轮匝肌的宽度相差太大D 皮肤与睑板缝合固定的高度两侧不等E 两侧手术创伤的程度不同造成45.有关后天性上睑下垂，下列哪项是错误的（）A 病因可因动眼神经受伤所致B 常须1.5年以上观察确无恢复可能者才考虑手术C 常为单侧性D 睑缘移动距离小于5mm，则需行以额肌代行上睑提肌功能手术E 在保持头部不会俯位活动时，睑缘由下至上移动距离正常值为15mm46.三叉神经上颌支由（）A 眶下裂出颅B 茎乳孔出颅C 颅底圆孔出颅D 卵圆孔出颅E 以上都不对47.手外伤出血较多时，应采取（）A 抬高患肢B 患者平卧C 应用止血带，每小时开放一次约3～5分钟D 快速建立静脉通道输入止血药物E 给予止痛剂及抗生素48.拇指掌骨基底与哪枚腕骨相接（）A 大多角骨B 舟状骨C 小多角骨D 豌豆骨E 钩骨49.皮瓣移植中位于身体其他部位的随意皮瓣长宽比值一般不宜超过（）A 1:1B 1.5:1C 2:1D 2.5:1E 3:150.有关上睑下垂的诊断标准描述正确的是（）A 坐位平视，上睑缘位于角膜上缘B 坐位平视，上睑缘位于角膜上缘下1cmC 上睑缘位于瞳孔中央D 坐位平视，上睑缘位于角膜上缘与瞳孔上缘间的中点水平E 坐位平视，上睑缘低于角膜上缘与瞳孔上缘间的中点水平51.阴茎再造是一项复杂的外科手术，其中最关键的难题是（）A 支撑组织选择和植入B 阴茎体形成C 尿道形成D 血供E 阴茎缺损带来的精神创伤52.褥疮发生的主要因素是（）A 局部过度受压B 维生素缺乏C 皮肤刺激D 营养不良E 冷热刺激53.下列哪项不是头颅骨缺损的原因（）A 外伤B 肿瘤C 先天性D 神经外科手术E 以上都是54.关于Apert综合征，下列说法不正确的是（）A 面中部严重后缩B 并指C 肢体关节僵直D 鸟嘴状畸形E 多条颅缝早闭55.关于眶距增宽症，下列说法错误的是（）A 鼻裂可造成眶距增宽B 最佳手术时机是5～6岁C 手术不当可造成颅内高压D 术后要重视眼、鼻、口腔的护理E 重度眶距增宽症者其内眶距(IOD)必须大于40mm56.招风耳畸形，耳舟与耳甲之间夹角为（）A ＞150°B ＜150°C ＜90°D ﹦90°E ＞90°57.腹壁吸刮去脂术可能发生的严重并发症为（）B 脂肪栓塞C 血肿和血淤肿D 皮下淤血E 水肿58.下列哪种移植物，其移植后"存活"的组织不是原移植物（）A 皮肤B 真皮C 脂肪D 肌肉E 筋膜59.在行一侧乳房再造术中若健侧乳房较大且下垂则应（）A 背阔肌肌皮瓣加乳房假体置入B 一期假体置入乳房再造C 二期假体置入乳房再造D 横行腹直肌肌皮瓣乳房再造E 臀大肌肌皮瓣乳房再造60.会阴部烧伤后周围型瘢痕挛缩畸形，瘢痕主要累及（）A 臀部B 大腿内侧和臀部C 臀部和阴阜部D 臀部、阴阜部和外生殖器E 大腿内侧、臀部和阴阜二、问答题：1. 试述颈疤严重程度分类。
上海交大生物化学历年考博试题
上海交大生物化学历年考博试题2010年上海交通大学医学博士入学试题一、名词解释(每题3分,共24分)1、Micro RNA2、UDPGlc3、乙酰辅酶A羧化酶4、混合功能氧化酶5、不对称转录6、反应元件7、凝血酶原激活物8、活性维生素D3二、简答题(每题6分,共24分)1、何谓Anfisen定律,简述Anfisen定律。
2、体内胆固醇得转化。
3、简述PCR实验得原理。
4、简述经cAMP介导得生物学效应得机制。
三、问答题(每题13分,共52分)1、B族维生素多为酶得辅助因子,请写出四种在糖代谢中作为酶得辅助因子得B族维生素,它们得活性形式及所参与得化学反应(用文字式表达)。
2、临床上肝昏迷得患者通常伴有血氨升高,试从蛋白质与氨基酸代谢得角度探讨降低肝昏迷患者其增高得血氨得措施与生化原理。
3、试述干扰素抗病毒得机制。
4、因肝功能障碍引起脂类代谢异常得患者其临床与生化检验指标上会出现哪些改变,请简述其中得生化机制。
2012年上海交通大学生物化学真题(绝对考场记录版绝非网络copy 附英文名词解释中文名称)希望版主加分一、名词解释1、二硫键2、exon and intron (外显子与内含子)3、acetyl CoA carboxylase (乙酰辅酶A羧化酶)4、氨基甲酰磷酸5、rebination repairing (重组修复)6、1,25-(OH)2-D3 1,25二羟维生素D37、分解代谢物激活蛋白8、calmodulin (钙调蛋白)9、2,3-二磷酸甘油酸支路10、鹅脱氧胆酸与牛黄石胆酸二、简答题1、蛋白质得别构作用？并举例？2、NADH+H+ 与NADPH+H+去路？3、原核生物转录终止途径？4、cAMP在细菌与鼠肝细胞中得作用及其机制？5、甲状腺激素合成步骤？三、论述题1、5-氟尿嘧啶与甲氨蝶呤抑制肿瘤得机制？2、丙酮酸得去路及反应？3、mRNA在大肠杆菌与小鼠肝细胞中得异同点？4、黄疸得定义及发生黄疸时血尿胆红素、尿胆原及粪胆原得变化？2011年上海交通大学内分泌考博一、名词解释(3×10)1、混合功能氧化酶2、谷氨酰胺3、IMP4、不对称转录5、氨基酰-tRNA合成酶6、乳糖操纵子7、三聚体GTP-结合蛋白8、甲状腺球蛋白9、抗凝血酶Ⅲ10、生物转化二、问答题70分1、何谓酶得竞争性抑制作用,试举两个有关酶得竞争性抑制作用在医学上应用得例子并阐述其作用机制。
上海交大 生理学题库
临床基础A: 生理学生物化学病理生理学临床基础B：人体解剖学，病理学病理生理学生理学*（共25分）名词解释（5*2分）：1，兴奋性突触后电位。
2，肠神经系统。
3，通气血流比值。
4，射血分数。
5，肾糖阈。
简答题（3*5分）：1，简述神经肌肉接头的构成与兴奋传递过程。
2，试述动脉化学感受器反射的神经通路及对呼吸和血压的调节作用。
3，简述长时程增强效应的概念机制与意义。
二，生物化学*（共25分）（from aiunao兄）名词解释（5*2分）：1，反式作用因子。
2，同源重组。
3，锌指结构。
4，层析。
5，催化型受体。
简答题（3*5分）：1，简述各种RNA在肽链合成过程中的作用。
2，常用基因载体有哪几种，各有何特点？3，试述蛋白质的生物合成过程。
2014上海交大考博试题（临床基础B）病理：名词解释：5×2′1. Apoptosis2. Crescent3. Intestinal metaplasia4. 贫血性梗死5. Carcinoma in situ简答题：3×5′1. 简述组织损伤后修复的分子机制？2. 简述肉芽组织的肉眼与镜下特点、功能与转归？3. 试以肉眼形态特点区别胃的良、恶性溃疡？2014病理生理学：名词解释：5×2′1. Autophagy2. Oncegene3. 脑死亡4. 应激反应5. Pathophysiology简答题：3×5′1. DIC时引起凝血系统障碍激活的主要机制？2. 肿瘤转移的基本过程？3. 休克早期维持动脉血压的主要机制？2014病理生理题目包括：1.单选题50个（病理，病生混合，共50分）；2.病理和病生名词解释各5个（每个2分），简答题各3个（每个5分）（二）具体题目：1.单选题：导致亚急性心内膜炎最常见的病原体：细菌？不是癌前病变的疾病是：十二指肠溃疡？结核性脑膜炎渗出物成分是：单核细胞/淋巴细胞？炎性介质的作用：使血管通透性增加？肺心病的共同机制：肺动脉高压？缺血再灌注的引起不可逆损伤的共同机制：钙超载？抑癌基因的是：p53弥漫性增生性肾炎增生的细胞是：系膜细胞和脏层上皮细胞？结核性肉芽肿的主要细胞：上皮样细胞和郎汉斯细胞霍奇金淋巴瘤的典型细胞：镜影细胞还有几道题是关于基因的，酸碱平衡的，内容记不住2.名词解释：病理：凋亡/intestinal metaplasia(肠上皮化生)/carcinoma in situ(原位癌)/贫血性梗死/crescent(新月形？)病生：autophasy(自噬性溶酶体)/oncogene(癌基因)/脑死亡/应急反应/病理生理学3.简答题：病理：组织损伤修复的分子机制/肉芽肿肉眼和镜下特点，功能和转归/肉眼观良性和恶性胃溃疡的差别病生：DIC凝血障碍的机制/肿瘤转移的过程/休克时动脉血压维持的机制一绪论、细胞的基本功能一、名词解释细胞外液内环境稳态反射激素旁分泌负反馈正反馈液态镶嵌模型单纯扩散易化扩散主动转运继发性主动转运受体介导式入胞第二信使静息电位动作电位去极化阈电位兴奋局部电流兴奋-收缩耦联等长收缩等张收缩最适初长度二、填空题1. 机体对细胞、器官功能活动的调节可分为__________、__________和__________。
上海交通大学考博英语真题及答案
上海交通大学考博英语真题及答案Part II vocabularysection A31.There was no_____but to close the road until February.A.dilemmaB.denyingC.alternativeD.doubt32.I______when I heard that my grandfather had died.A.fell apartB.fell awayC.fell outD.fall back33.I’m_____passing a new law that helps poor children get better medicine.A.taking advantage ofB.standing up forC.looking up toD.taking hold of34.In front of the platform,the students were talking with the professor over the quizzes oftheir_____subjects.pulsorypulsiveC.alternativeD.predominant35.The tutor tells the undergraduates that one can acquire____in a foreign language through morepractice.A.proficiencyB.efficiencyC.efficacyD.frequency36.The teacher explained the new lesson_____to the students.A.at randomB.at a lossC.at lengthD.at hand37.I shall ___the loss of my reading-glasses in newspaper with a reward for the finder. A.advertisermC.announceD.publish38.The poor nutrition in the early stages of infancy can ___adult growth. A.degenerateB.deteriorateC.boostD.retard39.She had a terrible accident,but___she was’t killed.A.at all eventsB.in the long runC.at largeD.in vain40.His weak chest___him to winter illness .A.predictsB.preoccupiesC.prevailsD.predisposesSection B41.The company was losing money,so they had to lay off some of its employees for three months.A.oweB.dismissC.recruitD.summon42.The north American states agrreed to sign the agreement of economical and military union inOttawa.A.conventionB.convictionC.contradictionD.confrontation43 The statue would be perfect but for a few small defects in its base.A.faultsB.weaknessesC.flawsD.errors44.When he finally emerged from the cave after thirty days.John was startlingly pale. A.amazinglyB.astonishinglyC.uniquelyD.dramatically45.If you want to set up a company,you must comply with the regulations laid down by theauthorities.A.abide byB.work outC.check outD.succumb to46.The school master applauded the girl’s bravery in his opening speech.A.praiseB.appraisedC.cheeredD.clapped47.The local government leaders are making every effort to tackle the problem of poverty.A.abolishB.addressC.extinguishD.encounter48.This report would be intelligible only to an expert in computing.A.intelligentprehensivepetentprehensible49.Reading a book and listening to music simultaneously seems to be mo problem for them.A.intermittentlyB.constantlyC.concurrentlyD.continuously50.He was given a laptop computer in acknowledgement of his work for the company.A.accomplishmentB.recognitionC.apprehensionmitmentPart III CloseIn Mr.Allen’s high school class,all students have to “get married”.However,the wedding ceremonies are not real ones but 51 .These mock ceremonies sometimes become so 52 that the loud laughter drowns out the voive of the “minister”.Even the two students getting married often begin to giggle.The teacher Mr. Allen,believes that marriage is a difficult and serious business.He wants young people to understand that there are many changes that 53 take place after marriage.He believes that the need for these psychological and financial 54 should be understood before people marry.Mr.Allen does’t only introduce his students to major problems 55 in marriage such as illness or unemployment.He also expose them to nitty-gritty problems they will face every day.He wants to introduce young people to all the trials and 56 that can strain a marriage to the breaking point .He even 57 his students with the problems of divorced men must pay child support money for their wives.It has been upsetting for some of the students to see the problems that a married couple often faces. 58 they took the course,they had not worried much about the problems of marriage.However,both students and parents feel that Mr.Allen’s course is valuable and have 59 the course publicly.There statements and letters supporting the class have, 60 the school to offer the course again,51. A.duplications B.imitations C.assumption D.fantasies52. A.noisy B.artificial C.graceful D.real53. A.might B.would C.must D.need54. A.issues B.adjustments C.matters D.expectancies55. A.to face B.facing C.having faced D.faced56. A.tribulations B.errors C.triumphs D.verdicts57. rms B.concerns C. triumphs D.associates58. A.Until B.Before C.After D.As.59. A.taken B.suggested C.endorsed D.reproched60. A.confined B.convinced promised D.conceivedpassage oneWhy do people always want to get up and dance when they hear music? The usual explanation is that there is something embeded in every culture-----that dancing is a “cul tural universal”. A researcher in Manchester thingks the impulse may be more deeply rooted than that.He says it may be a reflex reaction.Neil Todd,a psychologist at the University of Manchester. told the BA that he first got an inkling that biology was the key after watching people dance to deafeningly loud music.“There is a compulsion about it.”he says.He reckoned there might be a more direct,biological,explanation for the disre to dance,so he started to look at the inner ear.The human ear has two main functions:hearing and maintaining balance.The standard view is that these tasks are segregated so that organs for balance,for insance,do not have an acoustic function.But Todd says animal studies have shown that the sacculus,which is part of the balance---regulating vestibular system,has retain some sensitivity to sound.The sacculus is especially sensitive to extremely loud noise,above 70 decibel.“There’s no question that in a contemporary dance environment,the sacculus will be stimulated.”says Todd.The av erage rave,he says,blares music at a painful 110 to 140 decibels.But no one really knows what an acoustically stimulated sacculus does.Todd speculates that listening to ex tremely loud music is a form of “vestibular self-stimulation”:it gives a he ightened sensation of motion. “We don’t know exactly why it causes pleasure.”he says.”But we know that people go to extraordinary length to get it.”He list bungee jumping,playing on swings or even rocking to and fro in a rocking chair as other example of pursuits designed to stimulate the sacculus.The same pulsing that makes us feel as though we are moving may make us get up and dances as well,says Todd.Loud music sends signals to the inner ear which may prompt reflex movement. “The typical pulse rate of dance musi c is around the rate of locomo tion.”he says,“It’s quite possible you’re triggering a spinal reflex.”61.The passage begins with______A. a new explanation of musicB. a cultural universal questionedC. a common psychological abnormalityD. a deep insight into human physical movenents62.What intrigued Todd was ______A.human instinct reflexesB.people’s biological heritagesC.people’s compulsion about loud musicD.the damages loud music wrecks on human hearing63.Todd’s biological e xplanation for the desire to dance refers to_____A.the mechanism of hearing soundsB.the response evoked from the sacculusC.the two main functions performed by the human earD.the segregation of the hearing and balance maintaining function64.When the sacculus is acoustically stimulated,according to Todd_____A.functional balance will be maintained in the earB.pleasure will be arousedC.decibel will shoot upD.hearing will occur65.What is the passage mainly about?A.The human ear does more than hearing than expcted.B.Dancing is capable of heighten the sensation of hearingC.Loud music stimulates the inner ear and generates the urge to danceD.The human inner ear does more to help hear than to help maintain balance.passage 2Have you switch off your compter? How about your television? Your video? Your CD player? And even your coffee percolator? Really switched them off,not just pressed the button on some conrtol panel and left your machine with a telltale bright red light warning you that it is ready to jump back to life at your command?Because if you haven’t,you are one of the guilty people who help pollute the planet.It does’t matter if you’ve joined the neighborhood recycling scheme,conscientiously sorted your garbage and avoided driving to work.You still can’t sleep easy while just one of those little red lights is glowing in the dark.The awful truth is that household and office electrical appliances left on stand-by mode are gobbling up energy,even though they are doing absolutely nothing.Some electronic products-----such as CD players----can use almost as much energy on stand-by as they do when running.Others may use a lot less,but as your video player spend far more hours on stand-by than playing anything,the wastage soon adds up.In the US.alone,idle electronic devices consume enough energy to power cities with the energy needs of Chicago or London----costing consumers around ＄1 billion a year.Power stations fill the atmosphere with carbon dioxide just to do absolutely nothing.Thoughtless design is partly responseble for the waste.But manufactures only get away with desinging products that waste energy this way because consumers are not sensitive enough to the issue,indeed,while recycling has caught the public imagination ,reducing waste has attracted much less attention.But “source reduction”,as the garbage experts like to call the art of not using what you don’t need to use,offers enormous potential for reducing waste of all kinds.With a little intelligent shopping,you can cut waste long before you reach the end of the chain.Packaging remains the big villain.One of the hidden consequences of buying products grown or made all around the world,rather than produced locally,is the huge amount of packaging.To help cut the waste and encourage intelligent manufacturers the simplest trick is to look for ultra-light package.The same arguments apply to the very light but strong plastic bottles that are replacing heavier glass alternatives,thin-walled aluminum cans,and cartons made of composites that wrap up anything drinkable in an ultra-light package.There are hundreds of other tricks you can discuss with colleagues while gathering around the proverbial water cooler—filling up,naturally,your own mug rather than a disposable plastic cup.But you don’t need to go as far as one website which tells you how to give your friends unwrapped Christmas presents.There are limits to source correctness.66. Fron the first two paragraphs,the author implies that______A.hitch has made life easy everywhereB.nobody seems to be innocent in polluting the planetC.recycling can potentially control environmental deteriorationD.everybody is joining the global battle against pollution in one way or another67.The waste caused by household and office electrical appliances on stand-by mode seemsto_____A.be a long-standing indoor problemB.cause nothing but troubleC.get exaggeratedD.go unnoticed68.By idle electronic devices,the author means those appliances_____A.left on stand-by modeB.filling the atmosphere with carbon dioxideed by those who are mot energy-conscioused by those whose words spesk louder than actions69.Ultra-light packaging______A.is expected to reduce American waste bu one-thirdB.is an illustration of what is called “source reduction”C.can make both manufacturers and consumers intelligentD.is a villain of what the garnage experts call “source reduction”70.The conclusion the author is trying to draw is that______A.one person cannot win the battle against pollutionB.anybody can pick up tricks of environmental protection on the webC.noybody can be absolutely right in all the tricks of environmental protectionD.anybody can present or learn a trick of cutting down what is not neededpassage 3You can have too much of a good thing,it seems---at least when it comes to physiotherapy after a stroke. Many doctors believe that it is the key to recovery:exetcising a partially paralyzed limb can help the brain “rewire”itself and replace neural co nnections destroyed by a clot in the brain.But the latest animal experiments suggest that too much exercise too soon after a brain injury can make the damage worse. “It’s something that clinicians are not aware of,”says Timothy Schallert of the University at Austin,who led the research.In some trials,stroke victims asked to put their good arm in a sling---to force them to use their partially paralyzed limb---had made much better recoveries than those who used their good arm. But these patients were treated many months after their strokes.Earlier intervention,Schallert reasoned,should lead to even more dramatic improvements.To test this theory,Schallert and his colleagues placed tiny casts on the good forelimbs of rats for two weeks immediately after they were given a small brain injury that partially paralyzed one forelimb.Several weeks later, the researchers were astonished to find that brain tissue surruouding the original injury had also died. “The size of the injury doubled. It’s very dramatic effect.”says Schallert.Brain-injured rats that were not forced to overuse their partially paralyzed limbs showed no similar damage,and the casts did not cause a dramatic loss of brain tissue in animals that had not already suffered minor brain damage.In subsequent experiments,the researchers have found that the critical period for exercise-induced damage in rats is the first week after the initial brain injury.The spreading brain damage witnessed by Schaller’s team was probably caused by the releaseof glutamate,a neurotransmitter,from brain cells stimulated during limb movement.At high doses,glutamate is toxic even to healthy nerve cells.And Schallert believes that a brain injury makes neighboring cells unusually susceptible to the neurotransmitter’s toxic effects.Randolph Nudo of the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston,who studies brain injury in primates,agrees that glutamate is the most likely culprit.In experiments with squirrel monkeys suffering from stroke-like damage,Nudo tried beginning rehabilitation within five days of injury.Although the treatment was bebeficial in the long run,Nudo noticed an initial worsening of the paralysis that might also have been due to brain damage brought on by exercise.Schallert stresses that mild exercise is likely to be beneficial however soon it begins.He adds that it is unclear whether human victims of strokes,like brain -injured rats,could make their problems worse by exercising too vigorously,too soon.Some clinics do encourage patients to begin physiotherapy within a few weeks of suffering a traumatic head injury or stroke,says David Hovda,director of brain injury research at the University of California,Los Angeles.But even if humans do have a similar period of vulnerability to rat,he speculates that it might be possible to use drugs to block the effects of glutamate.71. Schallert issued a warning to those who____A.believe in the possibility of rewiring the brainB.are ignorant of physiotherapy in the clinicC.add exercise to partially paralyzed limbsD.are on the verge of a stroke72.Which of the following is Schallert’s hypothesis for his investigation.?A.Earlier intervention should lead to even more dramatic improvements.B.The critical period for braim damage is one week after injury.C.A partially paralyzed limb can cause brain damagesD.Physiotherapy is the key to brain recovery.73.The results from Schallert’s rese arch____A.reinforced the singificance of physiotherapy after a strokeB.indicated the fault with his experiment designC.turned out the oppsiteD.verified his hypothesis74.The results made Schallert’s team aware of the fact that____A.glutamate can have toxic efforts on healthy nerve cellsB.exercise can boost the release of glutamateC.glutamate is a neurotransmitterD. all of the above75.Schallert would probably advise clinicians____A.to administer drugs to blick the effects of glutamateB.to be watchful of the amount of exercise for stroke victimsC.to prescribe vigorous exercise to stroke vivtims one week after injuryD.to reconsider the significance of phusiotherapy to brain damagePssage FourOur understanding of cities in anything more than casual terms usually starts with observationsof their spatial form and structure at some point or cross-section in time.This is easiest way to begin,for it is hard to assemble data on how cities change through time,and, in any case,our perceptions often betray us into thinking of spatial structures as being resilient and long lasting.Even where physical change is very rapid,this only has an impact on us when we visit such places infrequent －ly ,after years away. Most of our urban theory,whether it emanates from the social sciences or engineering,is structured around the notion that spatial and spatial and social structures change slowly,and are sufficiently inert for us to infer reasonable explanations from cross-sectional studies.In recent years,these assumptions have come to be challenged,and in previous editorials I have argued the need for a more temporal emphasis to our theories and models,where the emphasis is no longer on equilibrium but on the intrinsic dynamics of urban change.Even these views,however,imply a conventional wisdom where the real focus of urban studies is on processes that lead to comparatively slow changes in urban organization,where the functions determining such change are very largely routine,accomplished over months or years,rather than any lesser cycle of time.There is a tacit assumption that longer term change subsumes routine change on a day-to-day or hour-basis,which is seen as simply supporting the fixed spatial infrastructures that we perceive cities to be built around .Transportation modeling,for example,is fashioned from thes standpoint in that routine trip-making behavior is the focus of study,its explanation being central to the notion that apatial structures are inert and long lasting.76.We ,according to the passage,tend to observe citiesA.chronologicallyB.longitudinallyC.sporadicallyD.horizontally77.we think about a city as____A.a spatial eventB.a symbolica worldC.a social environmentD.an intertelated system78.Cross-sectional studies show that cities ____A.are structured in three dimensiosB.are transformed rapidly in any aspectC.are resilient and long lasting rhrougy timeD.change slowly in spatial and social structrues79.The author is drawing our attention to ____A.the equilibrium of urban spatial structuresB.the intrinsic dynamics of urban changeC.the fixed spatial infrastructureD.all of the above80.The conventional notion,the aurhor contends,____A.presents the inherent nature of a cityB.underlies the fixed spatial infrastructuresC.places an emphasis on lesser cycles of timeD.hinders the physical change of urban structurePassane fiveWhen it is sunny in June,my father gets in his first cutting of hay.He starts on the creek meadows,which are flat,sandy,and hot.They are his driest land.This year,vacationing from my medical practice,I returned to Vermont to help with the haying.The heft of a bale through my leather gloves is familiar:the tautness of the twine,the heave ofthe bale,the sweat rivers that run through the hay chaff on my arms.This work has the smell of sweet grass and breeze.I walk behind the chug and clack of the baler,moving the bales into piles so my brother can do the real work of picking them up later.As hot as the air is,my face is hotter.I am surprised at how soon I get tired.I take a break and sit in the shade,watching my father bale,trying not to think about how old he is,how the heat affects his heart,what might happen.This is not my usual work,of course.My usual work is to sit with patients and listen to them.Occasionslly I touch them,and am glad that my hands are soft.I don’t think my patients would like farmer callouses and dirty hands on their tender spots.Reluctantly I feel for lumps in breasts and testicles,hidden swellings of organs and joints,and probe all the painful places in my patients’lives.There are many,Perhaps I am too soft,could stand callouses of a different sort.I feel heavy after a day’s work ,as if my pat ients were inside me,letting me carry them.I don’t mean to.But where do I put their stories? The childhood beatings,ulcers from stress, incapacitating depression,fears,illness? These are not my experiences,yet I feel them and carry them with me.Try to find healthier meanings,I spent the week before vacation crying.The hay field is getting organized.Piles of three and four bales are scattered around the field.They will be easy to pick up.Dad climbs,tired and lame,from the tractor.I hand him a jar of ice w ater,and he looks with satisfaction on his job just done.I’ll stack a few more bales snd maybe drive the truck for my brother.My father will have some appreciative customers this winter,as he sells his bales of hay.I’ve needed to feel this heaviness in my muscles,the heat on my face.I am taunted by the simplicity of this work,the purpose and results,the definite boundaries of the fields,the dimensions of the bales,for illness is not defined by the boundaries of bodies;it spills into families ,homes, schools,and my office,like hay tumbling over the edge of the cutter bar.I feel the rough stubble left in its wake.I need to remember the stories I’ve helped reshape,new meanings stacked against the despair of pain,I need to remember the smell of hay in June.81.Which of the following is NOT true according to the story?A.The muscular work in the field has an emotional impact on the narrator.B.The narrator gets tired easily working in the field.C.It is the first time for the narroator to do hayingD.The narrator is as physician82.In retrospection ,the narrator___A.feels guilty before his father and brotherB.defends his soft hands in a meaningful wayC.hates losing his muscular power before he knows itD.is shamed for the farmer callouses he does not possess83.As a physician,the narrator is ___A.empathicB.arrogantC.callousD.fragile84.His associations punctuate_____A.the similarities between medicine and agricultureB.the simplicity of muscular workC.the hardship of life everywhereD.the nature of medical practice85.The narrator would say that____A.it can do physicians good to spend a vacation doing muscular workB.everything is interlinked and anything can be anythingC.he is a shame to his fatherD.his trip is worth itPassage SixEveryone has seen it happen,A colleague who has been excited,involved,and productive slowly begins to pull back,lose energy and interest,and becomes a shadow or his or her former self.Or,a person who has been a beacon of vision and idealism retreats into despair or cynicism.What happened? How does someone who is capable and committed become a person who functions minimally and does not seem to care for the job or the people that work there?Burnout is a chronic state of depleted energy ,lack of commitment and involvement,and continual frustration,often accompanied at work by physical symptoms,disability claims and performance problem.Job burnout is a crisis of spirit,when work that was once exciting and meaningful becomes deadening. An organization’s mo st valuable resource---the energy ,dedication,and creativity of its employees---is often squandered by a climate that limits or frustrates the pool of talent and energy available.Milder forms of burnout are a problem at every level in every type of work.The burned-out manager comes to work,but he brings a shell rather than a person.He experiences little satisfaction,and feels uninvolved,detached,and uncommitted to his work and co-workers.While he may be effective by external standards,he works far below his own level of productivity. The people around him are deeply affected by his attitude and energy level,and the whole community begins to suffer.Burnout is a crisis of the spirit because people who burn out were once on fire.It’s especially scary …………….some of the most talented .If they can’t maintain their fire,others ask who can? Are these people lost forever,or can the inner flame be rekindled? People often feel that burnout just comes upon them and that they are helpless victims of it. Actually,the evidence is growing that there were ways for individuals to safeguard and renew their spirit,snd more important,there are ways for organizations to change conditions that lead to burnout.86.The passage begins with____A.a personal transitionB.a contrast between two types of peopleC.a shift from conformity to individualityD.a mysterious physical and mental state87.Which of the following is related with the crisis of spirit?A.Emotional exhaustionB.DepersonalizationC.Reduced personal accomplishmentD.All of the above88.Job burnout is a crisis of spirit,which will result in ___A.a personal problemB.diminished productivityC.an economic crisis in a countryD.a failure to establish a pool of talent and energy89.Burnout can be ___A.fatalB.staticC.infectiousD.permanent90.Those who are burned-out,according to the passage,are potentially able___A.to find a quick fixB.to restore what they have lostC.to be aware of their status quoD.to challenge their organization A.B.C.D. A.B.C.D. A.B.C.D.。
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临床基础Ａ2017 临床基础A生理简答：EPSP的概念和机制；近端肾小管重吸收葡萄糖的机制；钙在骨骼肌与平滑肌收缩的比较。
论述：蛋白质在肠道消化和吸收的过程。
生化简答：核酸杂交；简述磷酸戊糖途径；呼吸链。
论述：从氨基酸代谢阐述降低血氨的方法。
2016临床基础A生理简答：呆小症的原因和症状；动脉压感受器的传导途径和意义；牵张反射的概念、形式和意义。
论述：糖尿病患者尿糖、多尿、多饮原因。
生化简答：酮体的组成及生理意义；简述嘌呤核苷酸循环；第二信使的概念及作用特点。
论述：葡萄糖代谢的途径及意义。
2015临床基础A生理名解：动作电位，兴奋性突触后电位，心房钠尿肽，血管升压素，肺顺应性简答：葡萄糖盐水纠正严重脱水机制；呼吸道神经支配和作用特点；窦房结P细胞动作电位机制和特点。
生化名解：别构效应，碱基对，一碳单位，限制性内切酶，苯丙酮尿症简答：维生素C的作用和特点；糖皮质激素升血糖的机制；同工酶的作用及举例。
2014生理学名解：兴奋性突触后电位，通气/血流比肠神经系统，射血分数，肾糖阈简答：神经-肌肉接头的组成及兴奋传导；动脉化学感受器神经通路及调节效应；长时程增强概念机制及意义。
2014生物化学名解：催化性受体，反式作用因子，转座重组，层析，锌指模体简答：参与多肽合成的RNA及作用；常见基因载体的种类和特点；蛋白质合成过程。
2013生理学名解：外源性凝血途径，小脑性共济失调，非寒战产热，昼光觉系统，肠-胰岛素轴，波尔效应简答：可兴奋组织受刺激后的反应及机制；生理状态参与调节肾小球滤过的机制；低温麻醉时患者的缺氧为什么易被忽视；ABO 血型的定义、判断与输血原则。
2013生物化学名解：核酸，基因表达，翻译后加工冈崎片段，腺苷酸载体，Ras通路凝胶过滤层析，蛋白质组学，简答：蛋白质的分类方法；蛋白质生物合成过程；肌肉剧烈运动产生的代谢物和去向；胞浆NADH如何参加氧化磷酸化；野生型p53基因的抑癌机制；乳糖操纵子结构、功能和操纵机制。
2012生理学名解：超极化，趋化性，等容收缩期，异长调节，混合微胶粒，不感蒸发，眼震颤，腱反射，超短反馈，应急反应简答：简述胰腺的功能；设计实验证明药物对心传导系统影响。
2012生物化学名解：二硫键，内含子和外显子，钙调蛋白乙酰CoA羧化酶，氨基甲酰磷酸重组修复，二羟维生素D3，分解代谢物激活蛋白，2,3-二磷酸甘油酸支路，鹅脱氧胆酸和牛黄石胆酸简答：蛋白质的别构效应并举例；NADH和NADPH的去路；原核生物转录终止的机制；cAMP在细菌和鼠肝细胞的作用；甲状腺素合成的步骤。
论述：5-FU和MTX抑肿瘤的机制；丙酮酸的去路和反应；mRNA在细菌和鼠肝细胞的异同；黄疸的定义及血、尿中胆色素变化2011生理学名解：钙触发钙释放，肾糖阈，功能残气量，热价，悬浮稳定性，卵巢周期，淋巴内生电位2011生物化学名解：混合功能氧化酶，谷氨酰胺，次黄嘌呤核苷酸，不对称转录，氨基酰tRNA合成酶，乳糖操纵子，三聚体GTP-结合蛋白，生物转化，甲状腺球蛋白，抗凝血酶-III问答：波尔效应和何尔登效应的概念和意义；心动周期对应心电图各段意义；解释兴奋周期。
问答：竞争性抑制的概念和临床应用；肝调节血糖的机制；肝脏氧化分解产物反应和临床意义；乙酰CoA, 一碳单位, CH, Tyr的代谢；慢性肝病的症状和生化机制。
2010生理学名解：内环境，受体介导入胞，水利尿，功能残气量，期前收缩，红细胞沉降率，基本电节律，胰岛素样生长因子简答：调节血钙浓度的激素及其作用机制；举例说明小分子的入胞方式；心率小于窦房结P细胞节律原因；O2和CO2的运输形式及相互影响；一次大量饮用生理盐水引起的尿量变化。
2010生物化学名解：miRNA，尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖，乙酰CoA羧化酶，混合功能氧化酶，不对称转录，反应元件，凝血酶原激活物，活性维生素D3简答：简述Anfisen定律；体内胆固醇的转化；简述PCR的原理；简述cAMP介导的生物学效应的机制。
论述：四种参与糖代谢反应的B族维生素；从氨基酸代谢阐述降低血氨的方法；阐述干扰素抗病毒的机制；肝衰竭引起脂代谢指标改变及机制。
2008生理学名解：稳态，化学门控通道，慢反应自律细胞，玻尔效应，分节运动，基础代谢率，允许作用，易化扩散，牵张反应，中心静脉压问答：局部电位概念及其与动作电位区别；骨骼肌与心肌收缩时钙触发钙释放机制区别老年人大、小动脉弹性降低对血压影响；因呕吐、腹泻引起大量失水对尿量的影响；写出支配以下器官交感神经的效应、受体：心肌、汗腺、血管、有孕子宫、膀胱逼尿肌2008生物化学简答：酶原的概念及生物学意义；谷氨酰胺的生理功能；磷酸戊糖途径的生物学意义；体内生成ATP的方式；胆汁酸的肠肝循环；癌基因活化的主要机理。
问答：肌肉无氧呼吸产生的乳糖的去路；阐述尿素合成的生化过程；解释痛风发病的生化机制；真核mRNA合成后加工的方式及意义；肾上腺素的信号转导途径；生物转化的概念和胆红素的生物转化。
2007生理学名解：等长收缩，应急反应，心动周期，红细胞比容，出胞作用，通气/血流比，允许作用，脊休克，牵涉痛，胃排空简答：氧解离曲线的概念及影响其移动的因素；人体散热的方式；抑制胃液分泌的因素；局部电位的特点；血浆晶体渗透压和胶体渗透压的概念及意义论述：影响心输出量的因素；肾上腺皮质激素的作用及分泌调节；特异性投射系统和非特异性投射系统的区别2007生物化学名解：致热源，F-2,6-BP，丙酮酸脱氢酶复合体，醛缩酶，苹果酸-天冬氨酸穿梭，PRPP，底物循环，别嘌呤醇，核酶，UDP-葡萄糖简答：蛋白质变性与变构的区别；糖酵解与氧化产生ATP的异同；联合脱氨基与磷酸戊糖途径的意义；叶酸和维生素B12与血红蛋白的关系。
肾上腺素的信号转导途径；论述：DNA突变的意义；血氨的来源与去路；以Hb为例阐述蛋白质加工成熟过程；诊断肝损伤所需辅检及其生化机制。
2006生理学名解：调定点，非突触性化学突触，非寒战性产热，门控，应激，顶体反应，感受器适应，搏出量储备，非通气阻力，滤过平衡问答：心肌细胞内保持离子平衡的机制；不同肺段通气/血流比失调是否影响通气；促进和抑制胃酸分泌的内源性物质及作用；听觉感受器辨别频率、强度、音色的机制；内脏痛的类型及产生机制；肾小管泌NH3机制及其与H+和HCO3-关系；简述脑干整合的姿势反射；阐述调节激素分泌的主要途径并举例。
2006生物化学名解：酮体，聚合酶链反应，miRNA，蛋白质构象病，6-磷酸果糖激酶2简答：比较结合胆红素与非结合胆红素；简述6-磷酸果糖激酶2功能；基因表达的空间特异性；功能基因组学概念、研究策略和方法。
论述：血氨的存在形式；解释断裂基因存在的实验依据；以LDH为例解释同工酶的临床意义；1分子甘油氧化所得ATP及反应；原癌基因的概念、意义及激活方式。
2004生理学名解：受体介导入胞，顺应性，MMC，钠-钙交换，淋巴泵，脑肠肽，视敏度，最大呼气量，滤过分数，葡萄糖极限吸收量，血-脑脊液屏障，情绪反应，张力-速度曲线，激肽，气传导，非突触化学传递，牵张反射，下丘脑调节肽，问答：钠-钾泵的生理意义；突触后电位的种类及作用机制；眼视近物时的调节；比较肾上腺素和去甲肾上腺素生理作用；氧缓冲的机制和意义；影响胃液分泌的内源性物质及作用；快速静推20%葡萄糖引起的尿量变化；甲状腺的生理调节。
2004生物化学名解：亚基，转氨基作用，凝血因子，遗传密码的简并性，ALA合成酶，SH结构域，K m，激素敏感脂肪酶简答：比较G-6-P激酶1和G-6-P激酶2；比较apoC和apoE；比较游离胆红素和结合胆红素；比较P因子和O亚基；比较核酶和限制性内切酶。
论述：DNA双螺旋结构提出的背景；ATP生成的方式和主要过程；葡萄糖存在时细菌不能利用乳糖原因肝昏迷生化机制及补充精氨酸的作用基因治疗的方法及最常用方法。
2003生理学名解：液态镶嵌模型，逆向转运，内入性整流，心房C波，淋巴管泵，移行性复合运动，眼震颤，滤过系数，肺通气阻力，突触可塑性问答：钠泵的本质及转运特点；心泵功能的影响因素；比较肺活量与时间肺活量；影响胃酸分泌的内源性物质及作用途径；比较肾糖阈与肾小管葡萄糖转运率；糖尿病患者出现尿糖的机制；有机磷农药中毒的机制及治疗原则；长期大量服用某激素致疗效降低的机制。
2003生物化学名解：蛋白质变构，多功能酶，载脂蛋白，IP3，一碳单位，切除修复，反式作用因子，DNA转座简答：酶原的概念及酶原激活的生理意义；谷胱甘肽的生理功能；甲硫氨酸循环的意义；维生素K的功能；胆固醇可用来合成的物质；氨基甲酰磷酸的功能；重组DNA的工具酶；游离胆红素和结合胆红素的区别。
论述：氨基酸、核苷酸序列及其与结构的关系肝损伤的临床症状及其机制；葡萄糖存在时细菌不能利用乳糖原因；mRNA转录后加工方式；为什么说生命起源于RNA。
2002生理学名解：电紧张扩布，降中峡，通气/血流比，比顺应性，渗透性利尿，IPSP，应急，旁分泌问答：钠-钾泵的生理意义；影响心肌传导性的因素；功能残气量的生理意义；肾小球有效滤过压与毛细血管压的异同；大脑皮层运动区的功能特征；生长抑素的作用及其分泌的调节。
2002生物化学名解：糖异生，呼吸链，逆转录酶，酮体，氨基酰tRNA合成酶，PCR简答：F-2,6-BP在糖代谢中的调节作用；比较甘油三酯脂肪酶和脂蛋白脂肪酶；谷氨酰胺的生理作用；单加氧酶系的组成和生理功能；维生素K的主要生理功能。
论述：乙酰CoA的来源、去路与代谢过程；真核mRNA的转录后加工；比较原核与真核生物的基因表达调控；肝损伤的临床表现及生化机制；制取分隔基因的蛋白质基因工程产物。
2000生理学名解：肺扩散容量，PO/AH，三磷酸肌醇，再生性除极，行波理论，异相睡眠，球管平衡，下丘脑调节肽问答：大脑皮层对躯体运动的调节；兴奋由神经纤维向骨骼肌的传递；心肌的自身调节；胃泌素的生理作用；兴奋性的变化及机制；非突触连接的特点；肾直小血管的作用。
2000生物化学名解：蛋白质变构，非竞争性抑制作用，糖异生，Klenow酶，外显子，操纵子，锌指，结合胆红素简答：下列物质或过程的生理作用：信号肽，酶原与酶原激活，切除修复，单核苷酸，酮体，加单氧酶，HDL，维生素B12，谷胱甘肽，谷氨酰胺论述：tRNA的结构特点及其与功能的关系；脂肪代谢旺盛组织还有什么代谢旺盛；干扰素抗病毒的机理；钙可作为第二信使的原因；举出两种纯化蛋白质的方法及其原理。