文学翻译课程预习1(1)
英汉文体翻译第一章
the Definition of Translationቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
Translation may be defined as follows: The replacement of textural material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language. (TL). (Catford, British translation theorist ) 将一种语言的话语材料替换成等值的另一种 语言的话语材料。
(4) After the May Fourth New Literary Movement to Now
There appeared a lot of famous translators in China today, such as: 傅雷：以翻译法国文学作品享誉译坛，代表作《高 傅雷 老头》 杨宪益：《红楼梦》英译本 （David Hawks） 杨宪益 朱生豪：译文以传神典雅见长，主要代表作是《莎 朱生豪 士比亚的戏剧》 许渊冲：诗歌翻译，《唐诗三百首》 许渊冲 王佐良：培根《论读书》 王佐良
翻译绪论
教师：张红娟
Lecture 1
the Translation History in China
Introduction
Translation in China has a long history of about two thousand years. During the centuries, quite a number of world-famous translators in China appeared one after another and they made great contributions to China as well as to the world in the development of translation. This can be seen from the following facts.
文学翻译讲义
Style1. Definition of styleStyle: the way language is used by a given person, for a given purpose, in a given context. In a broad sense, style is the “specific or characteristic manner of expression, execution, construction, or design in any art, period, work, employment, etc. When applied to literature, style suggests the result of a successful blending of form with content. Here form refers to the language a writer uses, and content the theme or ideology of the writer or his/her work.Three grades/domains of style in translation concerning language:1)levels of speech: such as formal or informal, familiar or polite, spoken or written（语体）2)literary forms: such as poetry, drama and novel（文体）3)manner of expression, characteristic of a particular writer, or the way in which languageis used in a particular school or period（风格）Style in the last sense can be viewed as literary style., which is the essential characteristics of every piece of writing, the outcome of the writer‟s personality and his/her emotions at the moment.2. Stylistic Markers2.1 Formal markers1) Phonological markers2) Register markersRegister refers to the scope to which a word is applicable, such as spoken language and written language, dialect and standard speech, male speech and female speech, etc.Another way of classification is to classify register into five categories: (a) the frozen, (b) the formal, (c) the consultative, (d) the casual, (e) the intimate.3) Lexical markersLexical markers indicate the author‟s inclination to the choice of words, e.g. the personal preference of plain and simple words, particular adjectives, adverbs, etc..4) Syntactic markersSentences can be examined in terms of their length (short, economical / long, involved), form (simple / compound / complex), construction (loose / periodic / balanced). In a broad sense, any employment of a particular sentence structure which forms a linguistic feature(e.g. coordination, subordination, parallelism, antithesis对偶, omission, etc.) can beregarded as a syntactic marker.5) Textual markersTextual markers refer to the striking features revealed in the organization of a piece of writing, in which the writer‟s style is mainly revealed. They are revealed in the following aspects: (1) omission of some parts to cause staccato断音in context; (2) recurrence or alternation of long or short sentences; (3) flashback or cutback in temporal sequence in narration; (4) overuse of direct speech or indirect speech; (5) explicitness or implicitness.6) Markers of figures of speech（修辞格）e.g. Charles Dickens: irony and exaggeration2.2 Non-Formal Markers1) Ways of expressionEvery writer has his / her own way of expressing and processing what he / she writes about, even if they are of the same literary school.e.g. symbolic undertones象征性潜隐叙事法“Near the curb of the crowded sidewalk, pigeons were tossing around a bread crust that someone had dropped or thrown them. They couldn’t cope with it or let it be. These creatures filled me with both compassion for them and rage against their Creator. Where did they spend the nights in this severe weather? They must be cold and hungry. They might die this very night.”It seems that the writer is describing the phenomena in pigeons‟ world, but in fact he refers to the reality of human society. The symbolic meanings exist between and behind the lines, leaving much room for readers‟ exploration.2) Subject mattere.g. Hemingway‟s subject matter is always about death, violence, danger and the like. His preoccupation with individual courage, will and power is unique and characteristic of Hemingway style.3) Ideological Contents3. The difficulty in reproducing the original styleStyle is usually part of the original literary works‟ textual meaning; therefore harm will be done, to a great extent, to the textual meaning of the original, if the translator fails to pay enough attention to the style of the SLT in translation.Owing to the different natures of language, however, which may differ in word formation, syntactic structure, figure of speech, etc., there do exist some linguistic difficulties in stylistic transference. Those who believe style cannot be reproduced insist that style belongs to the category of linguistic form, not content. Form cannot be independent of the concrete mode of expression in the literary text, which has to be changed in the translating process, thus the style is changed accordingly. For example:1）此木为柴山山出，因火成烟夕夕多。
大学英语翻译全教程第一讲(完美版)
翻译理论与实践（以《英语翻译教程》南开大学出版社为基础）第一讲翻译概述一、翻译的概念1．广义的翻译指语言与语言、语言与非语言等代码转换和基本信息的传达。
它包括不同语言间的翻译（如英汉互译）语言变体间的翻译（如古今语言、不同方言的互译）、语言与其他交际符号的转换（如把交通规则画成交通标志）。
他对翻译的内容只强调“基本信息”，不强调“完全的忠实”。
也有翻译家提出“理解也是翻译”的理论，这就把语言与思维也包括在广义的翻译里了。
2．狭义的翻译指语言活动，是把一种语言所表达的内容中式地用另一种远表达出来。
这个定义强调“是一种语言活动”，表明它是人类多种交际方式中语言交际的沟通；强调“一种语言到另一种语言”，排除了同一语言间各变体的互译；强调“忠实地”，避免了翻译与释义或改写的混淆。
奈达（Eugene Nida）“Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and second in terms of style.”(Nida & Taber: The Theory and Practice of Translation)我们的翻译课讲的就是狭义的翻译，并专指“书面表达内容”，以区别于有独特之处的口译（interpretation）。
二、翻译的分类1．从所涉及的代码性质看，可分为语内翻译（intralingual translation）、语际翻译（interlingual translation）和语符翻译（intersemiotic translation）。
语内翻译是同一种语言见不同语言变体的翻译，如把古汉语译成现代汉语，把黑话译成一般语言（雷子，一方）；语际翻译是不同语言间的翻译，是狭义翻译研究的对象；语符翻译是用非文字符号解释文字符号，如图画、手势、音乐符号等。
文学翻译（汉译英）
文学翻译：1．《柳家大院》（节选）原文作者：老舍这两天我们大院里又透着热闹，出了人命。
事情可不能由这儿说起，得打头来。
先交代我自己吧。
我是个算命的先生，我也卖过酸枣、落花生什么的。
那可是先前的事了。
现在我在街上摆卦摊儿；好了呢，一天也抓弄三毛五毛的。
老伴儿早死啦，儿子拉洋车。
我们爷儿俩住着柳家大院的一间北房。
除了我这间北房，大院里还有二十多间房呢。
一共住着多少家子，谁说得清？住两间房的就不多，又搭上今儿个搬来，明儿个又搬来，我没那么好的记性。
大家见面，招呼声“吃了吗？”透着和气，不说呢，也没什么。
大家一天到晚为嘴奔命，没有工夫扯闲盘儿。
爱说话的自然也有。
可得先吃饱啦。
王家住两间房。
老王和我算是柳家大院最“文明”的人了。
“文明”是三孙子。
2．《柳家大院》（节选）译文A prettykick-up has been the order of the day again in our compoun d lately, for a life has been lost.Butthisisn’tthewaytoopentheball. We shouldgo the whole animal.First , a few words about myself.I’mafortune-teller. Once I was a venderof sour dates , ground-nuts and what not. But that was ages ago. Now I keep a fortune-teller’sstallontheside-walk and can scrapeup three or five dimes a day at best. My old gal had long kickedup her heels. Myson’saricksha w-boy. That’swhathe’s. We two , fatherand son , hang our hats at a south-facingroom in the Liu’scompoun d.Besides the room we occupythere are twentymore rooms in the same compoun d. How many familie s live there , only God knows. Those who occupytwo rooms are quite few. Besides , they are alwaysonthego.Ihaven’tgotsuchagoodmemor yas to remembe r all that. When peoplemeet , theygreeteachotherwitha“Howdoyoudo?”, just to show their good neighbo urly feeling s. But if they shouldcut each other dead , nobodywould care. Whenone’sknocked about from pillarto post for his bread day in and day out , hewon’tfindgingerenoughfor gas and gaiters. Of course, there’sthosewhoarealljawlikeasheep’sheadamongus. But one can hardlybe in a mood for rag-chewingwhenone’sgutscrycupboar d .The Wang familyoccupie s two rooms. Old Wang and I are conside red the genteel fork in the compoun d. Gentili ty be hanged!注释：kick-up：有了问题，出了毛病open the ball：作为开头what not：诸如此类的东西old gal：（口）老伴kickedupone’sheels：(俚) 死ricksha w ：人力车，黄包车hangone’shatson:指望，依靠on the go：（口）忙个不停cut sb. dead：不理睬某人knock about ：（口）漂泊，游荡from pillarto post ：四处奔走着，到处碰壁地，for his bread (俚) ＝for his moneyday in and day out ：日复一日，每天不间断地ginger：（口）精力，活力，劲头gas ：（俚）令人非常满意（或愉快的）的事（或人）bealljaw(likeasheep’shead)：全是空话，废话连篇rag ：（俚）姑娘，情人（指女性）guts：（用作单）贪食者be hanged：（用于诅咒语中）不得好死3．原文言语风格分析老舍先生是善于运用群众的言语大师。
第一章 文学翻译导论
Characteristics of Literary Translation
Ideological （思想性）
True
（真实性）
Stylistic （风格性）
National （民族性）
Historical （历史性）
Ideological
Literary translation is an art，as well as a form to understand and reflect the reality through artistic image.
茅 盾 郭沫若 钱钟书 曹靖华 刘重德 许渊冲
Classification of Translation
翻译
狭义
文学翻译
文字翻译
广义 非文学翻译
散文小说戏剧翻译 诗歌翻译 文学评论翻译
狭义文学翻译 节译 编译
口头翻译
达旨
茅盾
文学的翻译是用另一种语言，把原 作的艺术意境传达出来，使读者在读译文 时能够像读原作一样得到启发、感动和美 的感受。
翻译像绘画的艺术，只有知道要画什么之后，画家才 会ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้手去画。他不会随便的画一丛灌木，而后再画一 棵树，接着再画一块石头，而是头脑里首先有了整幅 画的轮廓，心领神会，然后才着手去画。（托尔曼）
翻译，说到底，就是语篇的翻译，如同创作一样，选 词，炼句，构段，谋篇，环环相扣。
Definition of Literary Translation
True art
the translation must truly reproduce the original image of the real life and situation of the author in an artistic way.
第一讲：文学翻译：导论
文学文本的结构特点
❖ 1 中国古代文本结构论 ❖ 中国古代有过两种文本结构论：一种是“言象意”
论，另一种是“粗精”论。《周易•系辞上》中记载 有：“书不尽言，言不尽意。”和“圣人立象以尽意， 设卦以尽情伪，系辞焉以尽其言。”的观点，初步 涉及到文本的言、象、意三要素。庄子在《外物》 中提出了“得意忘言”的观点：“言者所以在意，得 意而忘言。”三国时的王弼在《周易略例》中将前 人的“言意”论做了进一步的扩展与阐发：“夫象者， 出意者也。言者，明象者也。尽意莫若象，尽象 莫若言。言出于象，故可寻言以观象；象先于意， 故可寻象已观意。意以象尽，象以言著。” 在王 弼看来，“言”、“象”、“意”构成了表情达意逐层深 入的层次结构。
❖ 在西方，“文学”（literature）一词是在十四 世纪从拉丁文litteratura和 litteralis引进的， 意思是“著作”或者“书本知识”，是与政治、历 史、哲学、伦理学、神学等一样的文化产品， 并无特殊的或专有的性质。直到十八世纪， 文学才从作为一般的文化产品中独立出来， 用以特指具有美的形式和能产生情感作用的 文学作品。
The Eagle （Alfred Tennyson ） ❖ He clasps the crag with crooked
hands; ❖ Close to the sun in lonely lands, ❖ Ringed with the azure world, he
stands. ❖ The wrinkled sea beneath him crawls; ❖ He watches from his mountain walls, ❖ And like a thunderbolt he falls.
课前准备：小学三年级语文翻译练习教案
课前准备：小学三年级语文翻译练习教案教学目标：1.能够掌握一些简单的翻译技巧2.能够掌握基本的翻译要领，理解所翻译的句子意思3.培养学生的翻译能力和阅读能力教学重点：翻译要领和技巧的讲解，阅读和翻译能力的培养。
教学难点：翻译句子的意思，语法和词汇的理解。
教学过程：一、导入老师宣布今天的学习内容是小学三年级语文翻译练习，让同学们预习一下今天的课程。
二、讲解翻译要领和技巧1.翻译要领（1）理解原语言的意思。
在将一段文字翻译成另一种语言的时候，首先要理解原语言的意思。
（2）注意语法。
在翻译的过程中，要注意语法上的正确性，尽可能的保证语法的规范。
（3）注意词性、词形、词序。
在翻译的过程中，要注意词性、词形、词序的正确性，以防造成理解上的偏差。
（4）掌握表达方式。
在翻译的过程中，要掌握表述方式，使翻译的语言更加优美、通顺。
2.翻译技巧（1）学会解读语境。
在翻译的时候，要根据上下文和语境来理解句子的含义。
（2）学会借助在线工具。
当遇到生词或不能理解的语句时，可以借助一些在线翻译工具来帮助自己。
（3）学会独立思考。
在翻译的过程中，需要独立思考，理解和掌握原文的含义。
三、阅读和翻译练习1.带着目的阅读在阅读之前，需要先明确自己想从这篇文章中学习什么，有哪些重要信息可以用于观点的支撑，从而帮助我们更好地理解文章。
2.逐句翻译在阅读之后，需要将自己所读的文章逐句翻译，这样可以让自己更好地理解文章中的意思。
3.多角度解读如果同学们在翻译的过程中遇到一些不确定的内容，可以从不同的角度来进行解读，从而得到准确的意思。
四、总结在今天的课程中，我们主要学习了小学三年级语文翻译练习。
通过讲解翻译要领和技巧，带领同学们进行了阅读和翻译练习，让同学们能够更好地掌握翻译技巧，并培养学生的翻译能力和阅读能力。
在以后的学习中，我们需要保持学习的热情，多动脑筋，不断提升自己的阅读和翻译能力。
精编张保红——文学翻译资料
3 A Hermit Visited but not Encountered
--- tr. Wan Changsheng & Wang Jianzhong
4 Looking for a Recluse but Failing to Find Him
--- tr. Burton Watson
张驼提盒去探亲， 李驼遇见问原因， 赵驼拍手哈哈笑， 世上原来无直人。
寻隐者不遇 贾岛
松下问童子， 言师采药去。 只在此山中， 云深不知处。
标题的翻译
1 A Note Left for an Absent Recluse
--- tr. Witter Bynner
2 A Call on the Recluse Who Is Just Out
3）现象学家英伽登的“五分法”：
①字音层：字音、字形等语义与审美意义。
②意义单位：句法结构都有它的意义单元。
③图式化方面：每一所写客体都是由诸多 方面构成，在文学作品中出现时只能写 出其某些方面。
④被再现客体：文学作品中所表达的人、 物、情、事等。
⑤形而上性质层：揭示生命和存在更深的 意义，如作品中所表现出的悲剧性、戏 剧等。
• 职业道德：“就是责任心，对自己负责，对他 人负责，对艺术负责。换言之，也就是要真实， 对自己真实，对他人真实，对艺术真实。”
• 扎实的双语语言功底：具有较强的驾驭译出语 和译入语的双语能力，具有较为出色的双语写 作技能，能正确理解原文，熟练运用双语。
• 广博的文化知识：相关国家的文化背景知识 （如历史、宗教、政治、地理、军事、外交 等），中西文化差异的知识以及翻译理论与翻 译研究相关学科的知识（如语言学、哲学、文 学、美学、心理学等）。
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一、试将下列英语句子译成通顺地道的汉语
1. What is is right.
2. Many of the ideas which scientists tell us have no foundation have to do with mixture of
foods.
3.—What do you do with the mountains of potatoes?
—We eat what we can and what we can’t we can.
4. The child is father to the man.
5. The steganography in ancient China is quite different from that of today in use.
6. Read aloud your goal to yourself every day until you have it memorized.
二、以下所给汉语对联、校训和英语句子的相应译文均有较严重的错误或不妥当，值得商
榷之处，请反复阅读，再三琢磨，争取看出问题并加以解决。
1. 青山有幸埋忠骨，白铁无辜铸佞臣。
The green hill is fortunate to be the burial ground of a loyal general,
The white iron is innocent to be cast into the statues of traitors.
（陈刚《旅游翻译和涉外导游》）
2. 博学笃行盛德日新（湘潭大学校训）
Knowledge, Action and Virtue （见湘潭大学网页英文版学校概况）学为人师，行为世范（北京师范大学校训）
Learn, so as to instruct others; Act, to serve as example to all（见北京师范大学网首页页楣）
3. The future is dark, yet Lauren stays cheerful and Patrick has a quiet confidence that he’ll
beat the disease. “Apart we’d probably be two of the weakest people,” says Lauren. “But together we’re strong.”
未来是暗淡的，但劳伦保持着乐观的心态，帕特里克也十分有信心战胜疾病。
劳伦说：“分开我们不堪一击，团结我们无坚不摧。
”
(中南大学出版社，《研究生英语精读教程》（上册）及教参)
4.…The suggestions and productivity improvements rained down on the plant.
……（结果）各种如何改进生产的建议如雨后春笋般地冒了出来。
(中南大学出版社，《研究生英语精读教程》（下册）及教参)
5. And we never can be sure, once we started to juggle lies, just where they’ll land, exactly
where they’ll roll.（From The Truth about Lying）
再说了，一旦开始谎话连篇，谁也拿不准结果会怎样，能不能蒙人蒙到底。
（中南大学出版社，《研究生英语精读教程》（上册）及教参）
三、请在仔细研读英语原句的基础上将其译成通顺达意的汉语
1. The wheel-track leading to the door, as well as the whole breadth of avenue, was almost
over-grown with grass, affording dainty mouthfuls to two or three vagrant cows and an old white horse who had his own living to pick up along the roadsid e…(Nathaniel Hawthorne, Preface to Mosses from an Old Manse: The Old Manse)
2. Howe gazed at the mushroom fortress with astonishment as it loomed instinctly but grandly
through a morning fog.
3. As the Pegasus righted herself I got up, half strangled with the brine I had swallowed and wet
to the skin. (the Pegasus: a ship)
4. (I am alone on earth, no one deigns to think of me. All those I see making their fortunes have
an effrontery and a hardness of heart that I do not detect in myself. They hate me for my easy good-fortune.) Ah! I shall soon die, wither of hunger or from unhappiness at finding men so hard-hearted.
5．Distant but distinct in the warm darkness the voice of the watchman in the steeple called to the sleeping old city.
“Thre e…o’clock…and all’s well.”
四、将以下论文摘要译成英语
摘要：标题作为英语新闻的“文眼”，简明精炼，形象生动，不拘一格，在新闻报道中起着重要的作用。
本文从词汇、语法和修辞三个方面分析英语新闻标题的语言特征,并论述其翻译标准和翻译方法。
英语新闻标题多采用小词，精简扼要；并多用省略而使标题言简意赅；在修辞上多使用对偶、隐喻，使标题生动活泼。
新闻标题的翻译以信、达、雅为标准并且多采用直译和意译等翻译方法。