C^4ISR

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C4ISR系统剖析与进展

最初通过无线电和电缆连接的由雷达、空军基地和指挥中心构建的网络雏形可追溯到１９４０年的“不列颠之战”。

第二次世界大战末期，一些传感器（如定向仪）被用于收集德国潜艇通过“恩尼格玛”密码机所发送的信息。

在大西洋反潜作战中，这些加密文件被送到布莱切利园通过第一代机电式计算机进行破解。

然而，综合集成式的指挥、通信和情报收集设备（包括监视雷达和侦察平台）的应用始于冷战期间的北约和华约组织。

北约和华约双方通过精心部署指挥、控制、通信、计算机、情报、监视和侦察（亦称Ｃ４ＩＳＲ）设备来为打大规模战争做准备，而双方也正是通过分析对方的Ｃ４ＩＳＲ能力从而确定其作战能力。

随着电子技术逐步让位给信息技术，一体化水平也实现了突破。

到２０世纪８０年代末，北约和华约双方各自制定了Ｃ４ＩＳＲ规范，但是苏联领导的华约集团的Ｃ４ＩＳＲ能力明显落后，１９９１年海湾战争就说明了这一点。

全面装备Ｃ４ＩＳＲ设备的以美国为首的联军仅用４３天就将苏联训练的伊拉克人赶出了科威特。

４３天的交错式作战展现了成熟的北约空地作战理论，而这一理论与２０世纪８０年代中期苏联最高统帅部所提出的“侦察打击一体化”概念是一致的。

系统剖析与进展C 4ISR Ｃ４ＩＳＲ，作为支撑指挥员决策能力的各种技术的融合体被一些人看作是一种新概念。

但事实上，Ｃ４ＩＳＲ早已存在了很长一段时间，其最初投入应用是在７０年以前，只是这种缩写的方式最近才出现。

今天，Ｃ４ＩＳＲ的影响遍及每一个作战层面，从最高级司令部到下车步兵，在当前的作战环境中已从陆地扩展到了空、天和海上。

吴磊从Ｃ２到Ｃ４ＩｓｔａｒＣ４ＩＳＲ领域中一贯的特点就是缩略语满天飞，即使是应用以后也是如此。

它们经常被用错，因此有必要对主要部件进行说明以明确其能力。

Ｃ４ＩＳＲ中最明显的也是被广泛认知的部件是通信—Ｃ。

不难理解，通信是用于传递传感器和指挥信息的主要部件，虽然通信设备的种类已经十分的丰富，传输介质包括从无线电到光纤，中继方式亦可通过空间卫星或地面站，但是这同时也增加了通信的复杂性，目前的通信已经从语音越来越多地转向了数据。

C^4ISR系统效能评估指标体系及计算模型

对信息的获取和处理 (A１)是 C４ISR 系统最基本的功能 ,也是实现其他功能的基础 ,只有具有良好的信息获取和处理能力,C４ISR 系统才能充分发挥情报保障作用,更好地把握战场态势. 该能力可进一步细分为以下指标:
次分析法推导出了用于效能评估计算的权重表,可据此对实际作战或想定推演中测量到的指标值进行计算,得出科学、可信的评估结果 .
关键词:效能评估;C４ISR 系统;层次分析法中图分类号:E２１１文献标识码:A 文章编号:CN３２Ｇ１４１３(２０１８)０３Ｇ００２４Ｇ０４ DOI:１０．１６４２６/j．cnkij．cdzdk．２０１８．０３．００６
新一代的 C４ISR 系统在旧有的战术数据链基础上 ,加入了辅助决策、多链路协同作战等功能 . 目前对于 C４ISR 系统的效能评估还没有一个标准的指标体系,而现有的研究成果也大多侧重于对系统通信能力的评估[２Ｇ３],这样往往会掩盖 C４ISR 系统的其他能力,无法全面、准确地反映系统的整体效
(５)情报处理时延:情报信息从探测设备捕获报告开始,经通信传输、情报处理中心处理,到显示器显示或其它方式输出所滞后的总时间.
(６)系统反应时间 :系统从接收到情报、命令或指令 ,到做出反应之间的时间滞后量 ,它是作战指挥系统的反应时间和武器系统的反应时间之和.

L3Harris 智能集成 C4ISR 系统部署指南说明书

6 Steps to Fielding Smart, Integrated C4ISR SystemsL3Harris TechnologiesTHIS INFORMATION IS NOT EXPORT CONTROLLED THIS INFORMATIONIS APPROVED FOR RELEASE WITHOUT EXPORT RESTRICTIONS INACCORDANCE WITH A REVIEW OF THE INTERNATIONAL TRAFFIC INTABLE OF CONTENTS Executive summary (3)Start with your end goal in mind (4)Design for ease-of-use and rapid deployment (5)Beware of introducing information overload (6)Build on your existing systems as you add new capabilities (7)Plan for post-acquisition training, support and maintenance (8)Demand a focus on sovereignty (9)6 Steps to Fielding Smart, Integrated C4ISR Systems EXECUTIVE SUMMARYPutting the necessary assets and infrastructure in place to create a real-time, multi-echelon Common Operational Picture (COP) is the desire of most militaries. But fielding these smart, integrated, cognitive systems can become overly complicated, costly and time-consuming—hindering their effective implementation in the short term and over time.Your ability to overcome the complexities, timelines and cost challenges associated with C4ISR system integration—and to ensure the integration is sustainable over time—is closely tied to the partner you choose to work with. Having a partner that serves as a trusted advisor with the experience and willingness to put your needs first (selling capability instead of products) is a critical success factor.L3Harris is the established leader in developing and deploying customized, integratedC4ISR systems and the infrastructure needed to gather, synthesize and share a diverse range of battlefield reconnaissance data. Our long history of being there “in field” with our customers through times of peace and conflict positions us to recommend solutions that help the world’s militaries put intelligence into action. Success can be fast-tracked, deploying pre-configured packages available for quick delivery as building blocks to an otherwise complex, bespoke system implementation.Here are the top 6 pre-purchase steps that should be considered when developing and implementing an integrated C4ISR system:1. Start with your end goal in mind2. Design for ease-of-use and rapid deployment3. Beware of introducing information overload4. Build on your existing systems as you add new capabilities5. Plan for post-acquisition training, support and maintenance6. Demand a focus on sovereignty1. Start with your end goal in mindOUR OBSERVATION: Choose a partner with direct access to the necessary technologies and proven experience in developing and deploying integrated military command systems. The best partner will understand and anticipate the specific needs of each user group from headquarters to the front line. Ensure your partner can demonstrate their understanding of how users will be impacted by the result, as well as the journey during implementation. That partner should play an advisory role throughout the process, helping you to:•Understand how you are operating today likely differs from what you will be doing tomorrow. It’s not enough to simply update systems. Commanders must understand and articulate the benefits of increased C4ISR awareness well before delivery so that new doctrine can be written, and end users can be trained prior to fielding. Following this type of implementation strategy will greatly reduce the time it takes to get from delivery to improved, real-time tactical decision making.•U se focused terms for what you’re trying to achiev e. It may not need to be a nationwide C4- or C5ISR system. The scale and scope of your migration should be based on your actual needs today—and not become overcomplicated by extra capabilities you may not use.•Develop specific, measurable goals and objectives for each stage of the project. The overall objective is to get the right information to the right personat the right time to enhance decision making. Plan a number of steps in yourdevelopment. New capabilities, delivered incrementally, allow for short-termsuccesses in pursuit of the greater goal.•Count on your partner to develop a vision that delivers on your specific measurable goals and objectives. You are purchasing experience, labor and services as much as technologies and equipment. Your partner should show how they plan to help you ensure forward and backward interoperability and avoid“analysis paralysis” by solving today’s mission while leaving room for futuregrowth and adaptation.L3Harris is ideally suited to guide you on your journey, given our decadesof experience in the international systems market, demonstrated customer relationships, in-country partnerships (175+) and reputation as cutting-edge integrators. This combination of reputation and knowledge drives us to have the right conversations with the right people—and to solve today’s mission challenges while planning for the requirements for future adaptation. Along with our position as a world leader in waveform development and fielding, we bring valuable real-life experiences to the implementation of C4 Battle Management Systems (BMS) and related solutions.2. Design for ease-of-use and rapid deploymentOUR OBSERVATION: Systems must be designed with your current end user’s capabilities in mind. The easier a system is to use, and the faster it can be deployed, the more likely it is to be adopted and implemented to its full potential. Highly effective system designs:•Understand that a soldier’s user experience is key to both the adoption and effectiveness of a given solution. The goal is to free up users so they can spend more time on valuable situational analysis and less on figuring out how to use agiven system.•Take an iterative approach. Start with what you have (tactical radios, for example) and build from there so new capabilities can be fielded quickly and more easily.Teach users how to adopt new technologies in iterative content blocks to avoidoverwhelming them all at once.•Include a cadence of new capability “quick wins.” Incremental successes will demonstrate a measurable return on investment to stakeholders up and down the command chain. They will also help to keep your users engaged in the development, design and delivery process, while building consensus regarding next stepsduring fielding.•Stay focused on the need. Since new program phases are often budget-driven, put your resources into what is most critical for sovereign protection, rather thanadditional advanced features you may not be ready for, or able to implement totheir full potential.L3Harris takes the user experience seriously, and our 50 years in the field—combined with a workforce comprising 15% ex-military personnel—havehoned our understanding of how technologies are used in the real worldunder high-stress conditions. This extends even to small details, like how easyit is to operate a radio while wearing gloves, or how a piece of technology with extraneous light or sounds could inadvertently reveal locations at night.3. Beware of introducing information overloadOUR OBSERVATION: Relying on an ever-increasing number of battlefield sensors presents a significant challenge: how to process all the data collected by each sensor and deliver relevant situational understanding in real time to aid in decision making. Collecting the information from tens to hundreds of sensors in the field creates more information than the human mind can interpret; therefore, an effective system must provide some information processing and simplification:•Identify who needs what data, when. It will no longer be possible for everyone to know everything. Data will be delivered at different need and classification levels so that various decision makers will only receive what they need, when they need it. •Understand that Artificial Intelligence (AI) is not just hype, it is a requirement.Data collection, analysis and target identification need to be implemented in-fieldtoday. As your partner, we will help identify what data should be processed where, how it can be automated, when human input is necessary or desired, and whereto use each tool. For example, a warfighter engaged in combat often can’t readdetailed environmental information in real time. By presenting the data graphically using visualization tools, the same information becomes instantly actionable in atime-critical decision-making process.•To design for project success, start small and build gradually.Don’t change or replace everything at once. It’s better to make incremental changes to data collection and processing that will help users adapt and adopt more easily.L3Harris will implement systems that deliver relevant information to each operational role using machine learning and AI to control information overload and keep warfighters laser-focused on their tasks.4. Build on your existing systems as youadd new capabilitiesOUR OBSERVATION: Many vendors are more proprietary than they admit. Inevitably, lack of interoperability (or imperfect interoperability) can result in missed data—and even missed targets. True interoperability requires proactive effort on the part of the integrator. Although the industry claims to operate on an “open systems” architecture, the reality is that many aren’t there yet. Proactive, effective integrators will continually:•Invest in developing two-way, responsive relationships. Look for a partner witha record of industry collaboration and th e ability to leverage relationships to get whatthey need from other suppliers.•Take your own buying habits into account. Many purchasers buy for a specific mission, program, or end user, resulting in splintered acquisitions over time. Consider an evolving procurement approach with a focus on long-term program sustainability rather than a “big bang” single-need or one-off purchase.•Develop a phased plan that ensures each program investment solves both immediate problems and longer-term goals. Don’t sacrifice the future for a“right now” solution.•Steer away from partners who force a single-system approach, and who will hold you hostage to their products for future interoperability. You need to be able to plug new capabilities into your C4ISR solution—and they won’t necessarily come from the same vendor. Stressing the use of open standards eases this problem. L3Harris is relentlessly focused on open architecture and open systems.Our industry relationships and integration experience, along with our commitment to understanding and solving the specific challenges faced by our customers, translateto robust solutions and the ability to deliver advanced capabilities today without limiting the possibilities for tomorrow.5. Plan for post-acquisition training, support,and maintenanceOUR OBSERVATION: Purchasers often don’t consider the ongoing trainingand maintenance requirements—and costs—for the systems they buy. It’sup to us to be your partner and help ensure you plan accordingly and to the appropriate budget levels:• A system that lacks proper training/maintenance funding will not be used or usable. Plan for up to 15%–20% ongoing costs above and beyond the initial system investment.•Understand the emerging battlefield environment and develop new concepts of operation, as well as determine how these approaches will impactperformance. In a sense, your partner will need to understand the big picture as well as or better than you do, given duty rotations and other operationalrealities. They should provide a level of continuity to help maintain their corporate knowledge—and your institutional knowledge—as personnel come and go.L3Harris is known for industry-leading post-delivery support and sustainment packages tailored to specific customer needs. We offer a wide range of services, such as installation, maintenance support, sovereign maintenance capability, training, and in-field customer support. Every system, whether turnkey or custom-built, is delivered with detailed user documentation as well as maintenance schedules.6. Demand a focus on sovereigntyOUR OBSERVATION: This is only possible when a partner has an absolute commitment to their customers’ sovereignty—and is willing to make investments to support and develop local workforces in every region in which they operate. Having a sovereign-focused mindset will ensure you can:•Work with your partner to source labor and materials locally. For example, rather than ship shelters from an out-of-country vendor, find the shelters locally, fit them out locally, and you’ll be creating a trained workforce rather than simply importing finished products.•Plan for local delivery of training, service and maintenance over a period of time. This will help to create local jobs and build the local economy.•Identify a partner that uses local relationships that can be leveraged throughout the planning and implementation process, including thedevelopment of specific technologies that can further local capabilities.L3Harris is committed to local partnering and has a long history of partnershipin the countries we serve. This is a core element of our business process atL3Harris, and one of the reasons we are able to achieve such close customer relationships. For example, in Australia, L3Harris has created opportunitiesfor over 500 full-time local employees and fostered ongoing technology innovation. Formoreinformation,contactJakeWilliams(**************************).。

指挥自动化系统

（ C4ISR 系统）
指在军队指挥机构中，采用自动化的
硬设备及相应的软设备等现代化工具，实
施指挥与控制的“人－机”系统。
指挥自动化系统的基本概念
C4ISR 系统各要素的含义
Command（指挥）
4 C
： Communication（通信）
Computer（计算机）
Control（指挥）
I ： Intelligence （情报） S ： Surveillance （监视） R ： Reconnaissance（侦察）
指挥自动化系统的构成
（五）决策监控分系统
由辅助决策设备和监控设备组成。
指挥自动化系统的构成
计算机辅助决策
（六）执行分系统
主要由自动把指令信息变成行动的执行设备和人员组成。
指挥自动化系统的构成
美“爱国者”防空导弹系统
美“密集阵”近程武器系统俄S300地空导弹系统
6管20mm加特林自动炮
收集情报
情报获取是系统工作的首要步骤，是指挥员定下决心的前提和基础。
指挥自动化系统在现代战争中的运用
澳大利亚的德斯蒙德•鲍尔： “海湾战争中，最致命、最昂贵的武器不是导弹、战斗机、坦克或战舰，而是美国部署在该地区的庞大的情报系统。这些情报系统从价值10亿美元的侦察卫星到车载电子窃听系统和测向系统，无所不有。”
传递情报
迅速准确保密不间断
情报传递的基本要求：
指挥自动化系统在现代战争中的运用
处理情报
是指对原始情报进行分类、研究、分
析和综合。
指挥自动化系统在现代战争中的运用
美国战略空军司令部平均每天可以收到 2.7 万份情报，这些情报如果全部使用纸张作为载体，经简单计算，所有的这些情报全部叠起来比一个人还要高。

C4ISR系统在国土安全领域的应用构想

的时候 , 可以较为容易地使用多种品牌的通信技术传感器等 ,
而不会存在兼容性不好等问题
监控网络的有效性在很大程度上依赖于其所部署的传感器例如 , 如果没有红外线照明设备 , 那么监控摄像头的工作效
率就会大打折扣 , 如果摄像头不具有宽动态范围 (仰R ) 特
统则融入了负责信息的搜索和发布的中间件 , 这样用户可以订阅由系统提供的信息或服务 , 并对信息进行实时接收和统
一处理
J U L Y ,2 0 月 3 C H I N A A 闪T I一 C O U N T 任R F E I T I N G 尺任尸 0 尺T
% .互操作性良好
% .开放的系统架构
通过与国土安全机构的己有系统和移动单元进行交互不依赖于传感器的这个特点使得 C4工 R 系统可以不断地 S 集成新的传感器 , 而不依赖于地图的这个特点则允许 C4工 sR 系统支持大多数地图格式分散式基于服务的架构 (SOA )
计算机辅助调度等
地理信息系统 (GIS )
16
作为一个紧急行动中心来_l 二作 MW尺包括 Ip 监控系统
三
基于 C 4 I s 尺系统的战术行动指挥自动化方案
( 一 ) 方案主要组成部分
基于 C4工 SR 系统的战术行动指挥自动化方案主要包括移动 C4ISR
不同类别的情报
在国土安全领域 , C4IS尺系统可以作为一个通用框架 , 将来源众多的信息进行有效地组织 , 使非现场人员凭借此框架对多源信息进行分析 , 指挥现场人员采取必要应对措施 , 接收现场人员的行动反馈 , 并根据反馈信息采取进一步的行

解读C4ISR

解读C4ISR阮立志编译关键字: 指控C4ISR摘自：网上下载--------------------------------------------------------------------------------摘要：本文解释了C4ISR中个各字母的含义。

文中详细介绍了4个C（指挥、控制、通信、计算机）的作用及相互关系，同时比较了S（监视）和R（侦察）的区别。

关键词：C4ISR 指挥控制通信计算机监视侦察--------------------------------------------------------------------------------你是否会惊讶地发现美国海军该有个处理以缩写作为其“行话”的专业官员了，这些“行话”作为海军语言就好象是用所有字母调配的汤，要品味它还真得有点工作知识去理解所有缩写词后的思想、方法、理论以及真实体现。

C4ISR是目前最流行的缩写词之一。

或许因为是海军，sea和C有同音之缘，所以有尽可能经常使用C字母的固有要求，记住海员之源。

归根结底，美国海军是通过使用诸如指挥、控制、甚至计算机、通信这些实词，才得以很好地运行。

有人说指挥和控制不可分要放在一起，只能称作C2。

把其它的C或其它字母掺进去就会有C2、C3、C4，作点数字游戏，眨眼间，你就已经看到了C4ISR。

依据你所处的位置以及为谁工作，在缩写词的末尾加上一个终止符T（termination 的首字母）是一个好措施。

因此，我们发现自己处在一个缩写词比单词有更多意思的时代。

说到“第三个C”自动地将人们分成两派，一派把它理解为通信的简写，另一派认为与印度洋有关。

整个“C”是依sea事转移的。

那就请跟我一起来探究这一缩写词吧。

1 指挥控制是关键指挥和控制的联系是如此分不开，我们简直不可能只谈其一，不谈其二。

指挥和控制，亦即C2——尽管你早已熟知——是缩写词的关键所在，是建立其它一切的基石。

教科书上关于C2的定义是这样的：“严格指定的指挥官在完成使命中对配属部队行使权力和领导。

C4ISR系统仿真测试技术

（Ｓ＆ＴＥ），ａｎｄｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｓｔｈｅｗｏｒｋｍｏｄｅｌ，ａｎｄｄｅｓｃｉｒｂｅｓｔｈｅｋｅｙｔｅｃｈｎｉｑｕｅｓｏｆｔｈｅｉｍｐｌｅｍｅｎｔａｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅｓｙｓｔｅｍｓｕｃｈａｓｔｈｅ
Ｆｅｂ．２０１４
Ｃ４ＩＳＲ系统仿真测试技术
门星火，余科洋，甄
（解放军６３８９２部队，河南洛阳摘
理
４７１００３）
要：网络化扩大了ＣＩＳＲ系统的边界，赋予了系统更多的资源、更强的能力和灵活性，但也给ＣＩＳＲ系统研究、
ｓｉｍｕｌａｔｉｏｎｔｅｃｈｎｉｃａｌｓｃｈｅｍｅｓ，ｍｏｄｅｌｄｅｓｃｉｒｐｔｉｏｎ，ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎｄｉｓｔｉｒｂｕｔｉｏｎａｎｄｓｈａｒｅｏｎｄｅｍａｎｄ，ｅｃｔ．Ｔｈｅａｃｈｉｅｖｅｍｅｎｔｈａｓ
ＭＥＮＸｉｎｇ — ｈｕｏ，ＹＵＫｅ — ｙａｎｇ，ＺＨＥＮＬｉ
（ｔｈｅＵｎｉｔ６３８９２ｏｆＰＬＡ，Ｌｕｏｙａｎｇ４７１００３，Ｃｈｉｎａ）
Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ：ＮｅｔｗｏｒｋｉｎｇｂｒｏａｄｅｎｓｔｈｅｂｏｕｎｄａｒｙｏｆｔｈｅＣＩＳＲｓｙｓｔｅｍ，ｅｎｄｕｅｓｍｏｒｅｒｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｓ，ｍｏｒｅｐｏｗｅｒｆｕｌａｂｉｌｉｔｉｅｓａｎｄｌｆｅｘ－ｉｂｉｌｉｔｙｔｏｔｈｅｓｙｓｔｅｍ．Ｂｕｔｍｅａｎｗｈｉｌｅ，ｍｏｒｅｄｉｆｉｃｕｌｔｉｅｓａｒｅｔａｋｅｎｔｏｔｈｅＣＩＳＲｓｙｓｔｅｍｉｎｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ，ｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔ，ｔｅｓｔａｎｄｅ — ｖａｌｕａｔｉｏｎ．Ｔｏｒｅｓｏｌｖｅｔｈｉｓｐｒｏｂｌｅｍ，ｉｔｉｓｎｅｃｅｓｓｉｔｙｔｏｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｏｎｔｈｅｓｉｍｕｌａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｔｅｓｔｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙｏｆｔｈｅＣＩＳＲｓｙｓｔｅｍ，ａｎｄｐｒｏｖｉｄｅｔｅｃｈｎｉｃａｌｓｕｐｐｏ￣ｆｏｒｔｈｅｏｖｅｒａｌｌｄｅｓｉｇｎ，ｃｏｒｅｂｉａｌｉｔｙｔｅｓｔａｎｄｅｖｌｕａａｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅＮｅｔ — ｃｅｎｔｒｉｃＣＩＳＲｓｙｓｔｅｍ．Ｂａｓｅｄｏｎ

C4ISR需求过程概念

C4ISR需求过程概念
段采宇;吴晶;张维明;余滨
【期刊名称】《火力与指挥控制》
【年(卷),期】2009(034)004
【摘要】为了规范C4ISR需求工程中的实践活动,提出C4ISR 需求过程的概念.首先,根据C4ISR 需求涉及的作战领域、功能领域、技术领域,将C4ISR 需求划分为能力需求、系统需求和技术需求.然后,定义C4ISR 需求过程的概念,提出由需求领域、需求开发、需求管理构成的三维的C4ISR需求过程框架,需求开发活动包括需求采集、需求建模、需求检验和需求生成,需求管理活动包括关系管理、变更管理和版本管理.最后,给出C4ISR需求过程在C4ISR系统全生命周期各阶段中的实施,说明了其重要性.
【总页数】5页(P117-120,123)
【作者】段采宇;吴晶;张维明;余滨
【作者单位】国防科技大学信息系统与管理学院,湖南,长沙,410073;国防科技大学指挥军官基础教育学院,湖南,长沙,410073;国防科技大学信息系统与管理学院,湖南,长沙,410073;国防科技大学信息系统与管理学院,湖南,长沙,410073
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】TN914;E96
【相关文献】
1.C4ISR系统军事需求描述概念模型 [J], 余滨;段采宇;饶德虎
2.C4ISR体系结构工程概念研究 [J], 黄力;罗爱民;罗雪山
3.C4ISR系统需求工程中作战过程描述方法 [J], 涂智
4.基于UML/OCL的C4ISR效能概念建模分析 [J], 蒋鑫;王智学;董庆超;孙瑞
5.C4ISR系统概念模型元素研究 [J], 丁晓剑;孙丰鑫
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指挥自动化系统

指挥自动化系统是指在军事指挥体系中采用以电子计算机为核心的技术与指挥人员相结合、对部队和武器实施指挥与控制的人机系统。20世纪50年代指挥自动化被称为与控制的人机系统。20世纪50年代指挥自动化被称为 C2 （指挥与控制）系统。20世纪60年代，随着通信技术的发（指挥与控制）系统。20世纪60年代，随着通信技术的发展，在系统中加上“通信” 展，在系统中加上“通信”，形成 C3（指挥、控制与通 C3（指挥、控制与通信）系统。1977年，美国首次把“ 情报” 信）系统。1977年，美国首次把“ 情报”作为指挥自动化不可缺少的因素，并与 C3系统相结合，形成 C3I（指挥、 C3系统相结合，形成 C3I（指挥、控制、通信与情报）系统。后来，由于计算机在系统中的地位和作用日益增强，指挥自动化又加上“计算机” 地位和作用日益增强，指挥自动化又加上“计算机”，变成 C4I（指挥、控制、通信、计算机和情报）系统。近年 C4I（指挥、控制、通信、计算机和情报）系统。近年来不断发生的局部战争使人们进一步认识到掌握战场态势的重要性，提出“战场感知” 的重要性，提出“战场感知”的概念，因此 C4I系统又进 C4I系统又进一步演变为包括“监视” 一步演变为包括“监视”与“侦察 ”的 C4ISR（指挥、控 C4ISR（指挥、控制、通信、计算机与情报、监视、侦察）系统。
C4ISR系统的组成 C4ISR系统的组成
一个完整的指挥自动化系统应包括以下几个分系统： “神经中枢”—指挥系统。指挥系统综合运用现代科学和军事理论，实神经中枢” 现作战信息收集、传递、处理的自动化和决策方法的科学化，以保障对部队的高效指挥，其技术设备主要有处理平台、通信设备、应用软件和数据库等。的高效指挥，其技术设备主要有处理平台、通信设备、应用软件和数据库等。 “手脚”—控制系统。控制系统是用来搜集与显示情报、资料，发出命手脚” 令、指示的工具，主要有提供作战指挥用的直观图形、图像的显示设备、控制键钮、通信器材及其他附属设备等。 “神经脉络”—通信系统。通信系统通常包括由专用电子计算机控制的神经脉络” 若干自动化交换中心以及若干固定或机动的野战通信枢纽。手段包括有线载波、海底电缆、光纤以及长波、短波、微波、散射和卫星通信等。 “大脑”—电子计算机系统。电子计算机是构成指挥自动化系统的技术大脑” 基础，是指挥系统中各种设备的核心。指挥自动化系统的计算机要求容量大、功能多、速度快，特别要有好的软件，并形成计算机网络。功能多、速度快，特别要有好的软件，并形成计算机网络。 “耳目”—情报、监视、侦察系统。情报系统包括情报搜集、处理、传耳目” 情报、监视、侦察系统。情报系统包括情报搜集、处理、传递和显示。主要设备有光学、电子、红外侦察器材、侦察飞机、侦察卫星以及雷达等。监视与侦察系统的作用是全面了解战区的地理环境、地形特点、气象情况，实时掌握敌友中心

网络中心化C4ISR系统服务架构及运行机制

Ｋｅｙｗｏｒｄｓ：ｎｅｔｗｏｒｋ — ｃｅｎｔｅｒ；ｃｏｍｍａｎｄ，ｃｏｎｔｒｏｌ，ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｉｏｎ，ｃｏｍｐｕｔｅｒ，ｉｎｔｅｌｌｉｇｅｎｃｅ，ｓｕｒｖｅｉｌ一１ａｎｃｅａｎｄｒｅｃｏｎｎａｉｓｓａｎｃｅ（ＣＩＳＲ）ｓｙｓｔｅｍ；ｓｅｒｖｉｃｅ — ｏｒｉｅｎｔｅｄ；ａｒｃｈｉｔｅｃｔｕｒｅ
・
理论与探索・
网络中心化Ｃ４ＩＳＲ系统服务架构及运行机制
张刚宁易侃，蓝羽石ｈ丁峰王珩ｈ游坤
（１中国电子科技集团公司第二十八研究所南京２１０００７）
（２信息系统工程重点实验室南京２１０００７）摘要：针对以平台为中心的ＣＩＳＲ系统中计算、存储、通信以及软件等资源独占使用、适应性差
Ｓｅｒｖｉｃｅ — ＯｒｉｅｎｔｅｄＡｒｃｈｉｔｅｃｔｕｒｅａｎｄＲｅａｌｉｚａｔｉｏｎＭｅｔｈｏｄｓｏｆ
Ｎｅｔｗｒｏｋ — ＣｅｎｔｒｉｃＣＩＳＲＳｙｓｔｅ息系统与技术
ＣｏｍｍａｎｄＩｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎＳｙｓｔｅｍａｎｄＴｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ
Ｖｏ１．４Ｎｏ．６

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ｓｔｕｄｉｅｄ．ＴｈｅｍｏｄｅｌｏｆｔｈｅＣ２ｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎｓｈｉｐｉｓｅｓｔａｂｌｉｓｈｅｄ，ｔｈｅｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｏｆｔｈｅＣ２ｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎｓｈｉｐａｄａｐｔｉｖｅｅｖｏｌｕｔｉｏｎｉｓ
ＭｏｄｅｌａｎｄｓｏｌｖｉｎｇｍｅｔｈｏｄｆｏｒａｄａｐｔｉｖｅｅｖｏｌｕｔｉｏｎｏｆｃｏｍｍａｎｄａｎｄｃｏｎｔｒｏｌｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎｓｈｉｐｉｎＣＩＳＲｓｙｓｔｅｍ
Ｊｕｌｙ２０１５
网址：ｗｗｗ．ｓｙｓ — ｅｌｅ．ｃｏｍ
Ｃ４ＩＳＲ系统指挥控制关系适应性演化模型和方法研究
张杰勇，蓝羽石，易侃，毛少杰，王珩
（１．中国电子科技集团公司第二十八研究所信息系统工程重点实验室，江苏南京２１０００工程与电子技术
ＳｙｓｔｅｍｓＥｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇａｎｄＥｌｅｃｔｒｏｎｉｃｓ
Ｖｏ１．３７Ｎｏ．７
２０１５年７月
文章编号：１００１ — ５０６Ｘ（２０１５）０７ — １５４３ — ０８
ａｎａｌｙｚｅｄａｎｄｄｅｐｉｃｔｅｄ，ｔｈｅｃｏｓｔｏｆｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅｃｈａｎｇｅａｎｄｔｈｅｃｏｓｔｏｆｐｅｒｆｏｒｍａｎｃｅａｒｅｄｅｓｉｇｎｅｄ，ａｎｄｔｈｅｍａｔｈｅｍａｔ —
２．空军工程大学信息与导航学院，陕西西安７１００７７）
摘要：研究了ＣＩＳＲ系统结构中指挥控制关系的适应性演化问题。构建了ＣＩＳＲ系统结构中的指挥控制
关系模型，在对指挥控制关系适应性演化过程分析和描述的基础上，设计了演化过程中的指挥控制关系的结构变化代价和性能代价，并以最小化总的演化代价为目标函数构建了指挥控制关系适应性演化问题的数学模型。提
ＺＨＡＮＧＪｉｅ — ｙｏｎｇ，ＬＡＮＹｕ — ｓｈｉ，ＹＩＫａｎ，ＭＡＯＳｈａｏ — ｊｉｅ，ＷＡＮＧＨｅｎｇ
（ｊ．ＳｃｉｅｎｃｅａｎｄＴｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙｏｎＩｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎＳｙｓｔｅｍｓＥｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇＬａｂｏｒａｔｏｒｙ，Ｐ２８ｔｈＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＣｈｉｎａＥｌｅｃｔｒｏｎｉｃｓＴｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙＧｒｏｕｐＣｏｒｐｏｒａｔｉｏｎ，Ｎａｎｊｉｎｇ２１０００７，Ｃｈｉｎａ；２．ＣｏｌｌｅｇｅｏｆＩｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎａｎｄＮａｖｉｇａｔｉｏｎ，ＡｉｒＦｏｒｃｅＥｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ，Ｘｉ ’ ａｎ７１００７７，Ｃｈｉｎａ）Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ：Ｔｈｅａｄａｐｔｉｖｅｅｖｏｌｕｔｉｏｎｏｆｃｏｍｍａｎｄａｎｄｃｏｎｔｒｏｌ（Ｃ２）ｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎｓｈｉｐｉｎＣＩＳＲｓｙｓｔｅｍｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅｉＳ
出了基于ｎ — Ｂｅｓｔ策略层级聚类方法和遗传算法（ｇｅｎｅｔｉｃａｌｇｏｒｉｔｈｍ，ＧＡ）的问题模型求解思路。ｎ — Ｂｅｓｔ策略层级聚类方法用来获取每个任务阶段可行的指挥控制关系集合，而ＧＡ用来搜索最优的演化路径。最后通过某一仿
真算例验证了求解方法的可行性、稳定性。
关键词：ＣＩＳＲ系统；指挥控制关系；适应性演化； — Ｂｅｓｔ策略；层次聚类方法；遗传算法中图分类号：Ｅ９１９；Ｃ３９４文献标志码：ＡＤＯＩ：１０．３９６９／ｊ．ｉｓｓｎ．１００１ — ５０６Ｘ．２０１５．０７．１３