自动化 外文翻译 文献综述 温度传感器
传感器技术论文中英文对照资料外文翻译文献
传感器技术论文中英文对照资料外文翻译文献Development of New Sensor TechnologiesSensors are devices that can convert physical。
chemical。
logical quantities。
etc。
into electrical signals。
The output signals can take different forms。
such as voltage。
current。
frequency。
pulse。
etc。
and can meet the requirements of n n。
processing。
recording。
display。
and control。
They are indispensable components in automatic n systems and automatic control systems。
If computers are compared to brains。
then sensors are like the five senses。
Sensors can correctly sense the measured quantity and convert it into a corresponding output。
playing a decisive role in the quality of the system。
The higher the degree of n。
the higher the requirements for sensors。
In today's n age。
the n industry includes three parts: sensing technology。
n technology。
and computer technology。
自动化专业英语原文和翻译
自动化专业英语原文和翻译引言概述：自动化专业是一门涉及自动控制系统和自动化设备的学科，它主要研究如何利用现代科技手段实现生产和工程过程的自动化。
在学习和研究自动化专业时，了解并掌握相关的英语术语和表达是非常重要的。
本文将介绍一些自动化专业常见的英语原文和翻译，以帮助读者更好地理解和运用这些术语。
一、传感器与测量（Sensors and Measurements）1.1 传感器类型（Types of Sensors）- 温度传感器（Temperature Sensor）：用于测量环境或物体的温度。
- 压力传感器（Pressure Sensor）：用于测量液体或气体的压力。
- 光电传感器（Photoelectric Sensor）：用于检测光的存在或光的强度。
1.2 传感器原理（Principles of Sensors）- 电阻式传感器（Resistive Sensor）：利用物体电阻的变化来测量物理量。
- 压电传感器（Piezoelectric Sensor）：利用压电效应来转换压力为电信号。
- 光电传感器（Photoelectric Sensor）：利用光电效应来检测光的存在或光的强度。
1.3 传感器应用（Applications of Sensors）- 工业自动化（Industrial Automation）：传感器在工业自动化中广泛应用，用于监测和控制生产过程。
- 智能家居（Smart Home）：传感器在智能家居中用于检测环境参数，如温度、湿度和光照强度。
- 医疗设备（Medical Devices）：传感器在医疗设备中用于监测患者的生理参数，如心率和血压。
二、控制系统（Control Systems）2.1 开环控制（Open-loop Control）- 定义：开环控制是指输出信号不受反馈信号影响的控制系统。
- 特点：简单、稳定性差、无法纠正误差。
2.2 闭环控制（Closed-loop Control）- 定义：闭环控制是指输出信号受到反馈信号影响的控制系统。
关于温度传感器的文献综述
温度传感器简单概述摘要温度是表征物体冷热程度的物理量。
在工农业生产和日常生活中，对温度的测量始终占据着重要的地位。
温度传感器应用范围之广，使用数量之大，也高居各类传感器之首。
且它的发展大致经历了传统的分立式温度传感器，模拟集成温度传感器/控制器，智能温度传感器这三个阶段。
目前，温度传感器正向着单片集成化、智能化、网络化和单片系统化的方向发展。
关键词温度温度传感器传感器智能化目录摘要 (I)目录 (I)1前言 (1)2 传感器的介绍 (2)2.1传感器的概念 (2)2.2传感器的分类 (2)3 温度传感器的发展阶段 (3)3.1分立式温度传感器 (3)3.2模拟集成温度传感器 (3)3.3模拟集成温度控制器 (4)3.4智能温度传感器 (4)4 温度传感器的发展趋势 (5)5 结语 (7)参考文献 (8)1 前言蔬菜的生长与温度息息相关，对于蔬菜大棚来说，最重要的一个管理因素是温度控制。
温度太低，蔬菜就会被冻死或则停止生长，所以要将温度始终控制在适合蔬菜生长的范围内。
如果仅靠人工控制既费时费力, 效率低，又容易发生差错，为此，在现代化的蔬菜大棚管理中通常有温度自动控制系统，来监控采集大棚内各个角落的温度变化情况，以控制蔬菜大棚温度，适应生产需要。
要时刻对蔬菜大棚的温度进行测量，就离不开温度传感器。
在20世纪90年代中期最早推出的智能温度传感器，采用的是8位A/D转换器，其测温精度较低，分辨力只能达到1℃。
国外已相继推出多种高精度、高分辨力的智能温度传感器，所用的是9～12位A/D转换器，分辨力一般可达0.5 ～0.0625℃。
由美国DALLAS半导体公司新研制的 DS1624型高分辨力智能温度传感器，能输出13位二进制数据，其分辨力高达0.03125℃，测温精度为±0.2℃。
为了提高多通道智能温度传感器的转换速率，也有的芯片采用高速逐次逼近式A/D转换器。
进入21世纪后，智能温度传感器正朝着高精度、多功能、总线标准化、高可靠性及安全性、开发虚拟传感器和网络传感器、研制单片测温系统等高科技的方向迅速发展。
热电偶温度传感器中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)外文翻译：Thermocouple Temperatur sensorIntroduction to ThermocouplesThe thermocouple is one of the simplest of all sensors. It consists of two wires of dissimilar metals joined near the measurement point. The output is a small voltage measured between the two wires.While appealingly simple in concept, the theory behind the thermocouple is subtle, the basics of which need to be understood for the most effective use of the sensor.Thermocouple theoryA thermocouple circuit has at least two junctions: the measurement junction and a reference junction. Typically, the reference junction is created where the two wires connect to the measuring device. This second junction it is really two junctions: one for each of the two wires, but because they are assumed to be at the same temperature (isothermal) they are considered as one (thermal) junction. It is the point where the metals change - from the thermocouple metals to what ever metals are used in the measuring device - typically copper.The output voltage is related to the temperature difference between the measurement and the reference junctions. This is phenomena is known as the Seebeck effect. (See the Thermocouple Calculator to get a feel for the magnitude of the Seebeck voltage). The Seebeck effect generates a small voltage along the length of a wire, and is greatest where the temperature gradient is greatest. If the circuit is of wire of identical material, then they will generate identical but opposite Seebeck voltages which will cancel. However, if the wire metals are different the Seebeck voltages will be different and will not cancel.In practice the Seebeck voltage is made up of two components: the Peltiervoltage generated at the junctions, plus the Thomson voltage generated in the wires by the temperature gradient.The Peltier voltage is proportional to the temperature of each junction while the Thomson voltage is proportional to the square of the temperature difference between the two junctions. It is the Thomson voltage that accounts for most of the observed voltage and non-linearity in thermocouple response.Each thermocouple type has its characteristic Seebeck voltage curve. The curve is dependent on the metals, their purity, their homogeneity and their crystal structure. In the case of alloys, the ratio of constituents and their distribution in the wire is also important. These potential inhomogeneous characteristics of metal are why thick wire thermocouples can be more accurate in high temperature applications, when the thermocouple metals and their impurities become more mobile by diffusion.The practical considerations of thermocouplesThe above theory of thermocouple operation has important practical implications that are well worth understanding:1. A third metal may be introduced into a thermocouple circuit and have no impact, provided that both ends are at the same temperature. This means that the thermocouple measurement junction may be soldered, brazed or welded without affecting the thermocouple's calibration, as long as there is no net temperature gradient along the third metal.Further, if the measuring circuit metal (usually copper) is different to that of the thermocouple, then provided the temperature of the two connecting terminals is the same and known, the reading will not be affected by the presence of copper.2. The thermocouple's output is generated by the temperature gradient along the wires and not at the junctions as is commonly believed. Therefore it is important that the quality of the wire be maintained where temperature gradients exists. Wire quality can be compromised by contamination from its operating environment and the insulating material. For temperatures below 400°C, contamination of insulated wires is generally not a problem. At temperatures above 1000°C, the choice of insulationand sheath materials, as well as the wire thickness, become critical to the calibration stability of the thermocouple.The fact that a thermocouple's output is not generated at the junction should redirect attention to other potential problem areas.3. The voltage generated by a thermocouple is a function of the temperature difference between the measurement and reference junctions. Traditionally the reference junction was held at 0°C by an ice bath:The ice bath is now considered impractical and is replace by a reference junction compensation arrangement. This can be accomplished by measuring the reference junction temperature with an alternate temperature sensor (typically an RTD or thermistor) and applying a correcting voltage to the measured thermocouple voltage before scaling to temperature.The correction can be done electrically in hardware or mathematically in software. The software method is preferred as it is universal to all thermocouple types (provided the characteristics are known) and it allows for the correction of the small non-linearity over the reference temperature range.4. The low-level output from thermocouples (typically 50mV full scale) requires that care be taken to avoid electrical interference from motors, power cable, transformers and radio signal pickup. Twisting the thermocouple wire pair (say 1 twist per 10 cm) can greatly reduce magnetic field pickup. Using shielded cable or running wires in metal conduit can reduce electric field pickup. The measuring device should provide signal filtering, either in hardware or by software, with strong rejection of the line frequency (50/60 Hz) and its harmonics.5. The operating environment of the thermocouple needs to be considered. Exposure to oxidizing or reducing atmospheres at high temperature can significantly degrade some thermocouples. Thermocouples containing rhodium (B,R and S types) are not suitable under neutron radiation.The advantages and disadvantages of thermocouplesBecause of their physical characteristics, thermocouples are the preferred methodof temperature measurement in many applications. They can be very rugged, are immune to shock and vibration, are useful over a wide temperature range, are simple to manufactured, require no excitation power, there is no self heating and they can be made very small. No other temperature sensor provides this degree of versatility.Thermocouples are wonderful sensors to experiment with because of their robustness, wide temperature range and unique properties.On the down side, the thermocouple produces a relative low output signal that is non-linear. These characteristics require a sensitive and stable measuring device that is able provide reference junction compensation and linearization.Also the low signal level demands that a higher level of care be taken when installing to minimise potential noise sources.The measuring hardware requires good noise rejection capability. Ground loops can be a problem with non-isolated systems, unless the common mode range and rejection is adequate.Types of thermocoupleAbout 13 'standard' thermocouple types are commonly used. Eight have been given an internationally recognised letter type designators. The letter type designator refers to the emf table, not the composition of the metals - so any thermocouple that matches the emf table within the defined tolerances may receive that table's letter designator.Some of the non-recognised thermocouples may excel in particular niche applications and have gained a degree of acceptance for this reason, as well as due to effective marketing by the alloy manufacturer. Some of these have been given letter type designators by their manufacturers that have been partially accepted by industry.Each thermocouple type has characteristics that can be matched to applications. Industry generally prefers K and N types because of their suitability to high temperatures, while others often prefer the T type due to its sensitivity, low cost and ease of use.A table of standard thermocouple types is presented below. The table also showsthe temperature range for extension grade wire in brackets.Accuracy of thermocouplesThermocouples will function over a wide temperature range - from near absolute zero to their melting point, however they are normally only characterized over their stable range. Thermocouple accuracy is a difficult subject due to a range of factors. In principal and in practice a thermocouple can achieve excellent results (that is, significantly better than the above table indicates) if calibrated, used well below its nominal upper temperature limit and if protected from harsh atmospheres. At higher temperatures it is often better to use a heavier gauge of wire in order to maintain stability (Wire Gauge below).As mentioned previously, the temperature and voltage scales were redefined in 1990. The eight main thermocouple types - B, E, J, K, N, R, S and T - were re-characterised in 1993 to reflect the scale changes. (See: NIST Monograph 175 for details). The remaining types: C, D, G, L, M, P and U appear to have been informally re-characterised.Try the thermocouple calculator. It allows you the determine the temperature by knowing the measured voltage and the reference junction temperature.Thermocouple wire gradesThere are different grades of thermocouple wire. The principal divisions are between measurement grades and extension grades. The measurement grade has the highest purity and should be used where the temperature gradient is significant. The standard measurement grade (Class 2) is most commonly used. Special measurement grades (Class 1) are available with accuracy about twice the standard measurement grades.The extension thermocouple wire grades are designed for connecting the thermocouple to the measuring device. The extension wire may be of different metals to the measurement grade, but are chosen to have a matching response over a much reduced temperature range - typically -40°C to 120°C. The reason for using extension wire is reduced cost - they can be 20% to 30% of the cost of equivalent measurementgrades. Further cost savings are possible by using thinnergauge extension wire and a lower temperature rated insulation.Note: When temperatures within the extension wire's rating are being measured, it is OK to use the extension wire for the entire circuit. This is frequently done with T type extension wire, which is accurate over the -60 to 100°C range.Thermocouple wire gaugeAt high temperatures, thermocouple wire can under go irreversible changes in the form of modified crystal structure, selective migration of alloy components and chemical changes originating from the surface metal reacting to the surrounding environment. With some types, mechanical stress and cycling can also induce changes.Increasing the diameter of the wire where it is exposed to the high temperatures can reduce the impact of these effects.The following table can be used as a very approximate guide to wire gauge:At these higher temperatures, the thermocouple wire should be protected as much as possible from hostile gases. Reducing or oxidizing gases can corrode some thermocouple wire very quickly. Remember, the purity of the thermocouple wire is most important where the temperature gradients are greatest. It is with this part of the thermocouple wiring where the most care must be taken.Other sources of wire contamination include the mineral packing material and the protective metal sheath. Metallic vapour diffusion can be significant problem at high temperatures. Platinum wires should only be used inside a nonmetallic sheath, such as high-purity alumna.Neutron radiation (as in a nuclear reactor) can have significant permanent impact on the thermocouple calibration. This is due to the transformation of metals to different elements.High temperature measurement is very difficult in some situations. In preference, use non-contact methods. However this is not always possible, as the site of temperature measurement is not always visible to these types of sensors.Colour coding of thermocouple wireThe colour coding of thermocouple wire is something of a nightmare! There are at least seven different standards. There are some inconsistencies between standards, which seem to have been designed to confuse. For example the colour red in the USA standard is always used for the negative lead, while in German and Japanese standards it is always the positive lead. The British, French and International standards avoid the use of red entirely!Thermocouple mountingThere are four common ways in which thermocouples are mounted with in a stainless steel or Inconel sheath and electrically insulated with mineral oxides. Each of the methods has its advantages and disadvantages.Sealed and Isolated from Sheath: Good relatively trouble-free arrangement. The principal reason for not using this arrangement for all applications is its sluggish response time - the typical time constant is 75 secondsSealed and Grounded to Sheath: Can cause ground loops and other noise injection, but provides a reasonable time constant (40 seconds) and a sealed enclosure.Exposed Bead: Faster response time constant (typically 15 seconds), but lacks mechanical and chemical protection, and electrical isolation from material being measured. The porous insulating mineral oxides must be sealedExposed Fast Response: Fastest response time constant, typically 2 seconds but with fine gauge of junction wire the time constant can be 10-100 ms. In addition to problems of the exposed bead type, the protruding and light construction makes the thermocouple more prone to physical damage.Thermocouple compensation and linearizationAs mentioned above, it is possible to provide reference junction compensation in hardware or in software. The principal is the same in both cases: adding a correction voltage to the thermocouple output voltage, proportional to the reference junction temperature. To this end, the connection point of the thermocouple wires to the measuring device (i.e. where the thermocouple materials change to the copper of thecircuit electronics) must be monitored by a sensor. This area must be design to be isothermal, so that the sensor accurately tracks both reference junction temperatures.The hardware solution is simple but not always as easy to implement as one might expect.The circuit needs to be designed for a specific thermocouple type and hence lacks the flexibility of the software approach.The software compensation technique simplifies the hardware requirement, by eliminating the reference sensor amplifier and summing circuit (although a multiplexer may be required).The software algorithm to process the signals needs to be carefully written. A sample algorithm details the process.A good resource for thermocouple emf tables and coefficients is at the US Commerce Dept's NIST web site. It covers the B, E, J, K, N, R, S and T types.The thermocouple as a heat pumpThe thermocouple can function in reverse. If a current is passed through a thermocouple circuit, one junction will cool and the other warm. This is known as the Peltier Effect and is used in small cooling systems. The effect can be demonstrated by alternately passing a current through a thermocouple circuit and then quickly measuring the circuit's Seebeck voltage. This process has been used, with very fine thermocouple wire (0.025 mm with about a 10 mA current), to measure humidity by ensuring the cooled junction drops below the air's dew point. This causes condensation to form on the cooled junction. The junction is allowed to return to ambient, with the temperature curve showing an inflection at the dew point caused by the latent heat of vaporization.Measuring temperature differencesThermocouples are excellent for measuring temperatures differences, such as the wet bulb depression in measuring humidity. Sensitivity can be enhanced by constructing a thermopile - a number of thermocouple circuits in series.In the above example, the thermopile output is proportional to the temperaturedifference T1 - T2, with a sensitivity three times that of a single junction pair. In practice, thermopiles with two to hundreds of junctions are used in radiometers, heat flux sensors, flow sensors and humidity sensors. The thermocouple materials can be in wire form, but also printed or etched as foils and even electroplated.An excellent example of the thermopile is in the heat flux sensors manufactured by Hukseflux Thermal Sensors. Also see RdF Corp. and Exergen Corp.The thermocouple is unique in its ability to directly measure a temperature difference. Other sensor types require a pair of closely matched sensors to ensure tracking over the entire operational temperature range.The thermoelectric generatorWhile the Seebeck voltage is very small (in the order of 10-70μV/°C), if the circuit's electrical resistance is low (thick, short wires), then large currents are possible (e.g. many amperes). An efficiency trade-off of electrical resistance (as small as possible) and thermal resistance (as large as possible) between the junctions is the major issue. Generally, electrical and thermal resistances trend together with different materials. The output voltage can be increased by wiring as a thermopile.The thermoelectric generator has found its best-known application as the power source in some spacecraft. A radioactive material, such as plutonium, generates heat and cooling is provided by heat radiation into space. Such an atomic power source can reliably provide many tens of watts of power for years. The fact that atomic generators are highly radioactive prevents their wider application.译文：热电偶温度传感器热电偶的定义热电偶是最简单的传感器之一。
自动化英文文献翻译中英文
单位代码10006学号********1毕业设计(外文翻译)学院名称自动化学院专业名称自动化学生姓名指导教师2012年6月第二章故障预测与健康管理的传感系统 (1)2.1传感器和传感原理 (1)2.1.1 热传感器 (2)2.1.2 电子传感器 (3)2.1.3 机械传感器 (4)2.1.4 湿度传感器 (5)2.1.5 生物传感器 (5)2.1.6 化学传感器 (6)2.1.7 光学传感器 (7)2.1.8 磁性传感器 (8)2.2PHM传感器系统 (9)2.2.1 待监测的参数 (11)2.2.2 传感器系统性能 (12)2.2.3 传感器系统的物理特性 (12)2.2.4 传感器系统的功能特性 (13)2.2.4.1 板载电源和电源管理 (13)2.2.4.2 板载存储器和存储器管理 (14)2.2.4.3 可编程采样模式和采样速率 (15)2.2.4.4 信号处理软件 (15)2.2.4.5 快速方便的数据传输 (16)2.2.5 成本 (18)2.2.6 可靠性 (18)2.2.7 可用性 (19)2.3传感器选择 (19)2.4实施PHM的传感器系统例子 (21)2.5PHM传感器技术的新兴趋势 (21)第二章故障预测与健康管理的传感系统数据收集是PHM的一个关键部分，通常需要利用传感系统来测量一些环境参数和运行操作参数。
这章将介绍通常的传感器和它们的传感原理。
用于PHM实现的传感器系统所必要的特征在本章会被讨论到，同时也会讲到一些最先进的传感系统。
最后，会介绍在传感系统技术中的新兴趋势。
在电子产品和电子系统中，PHM的实现有几种可用的方法，包括对即将产生的错误参数的监测和分析，比如性能参数中存在的漂移，曝光条件的利用（例如用法，温度，震动，辐射）以及把它和PoF模型结合起来计算累计损坏，并估计剩余寿命[1]。
在这些方法中，对参数的监测是最基本的一步。
为了准确的估算健康状态以及预测这个产品的剩余寿命，监测可能在产品生命周期的整个阶段都需要，包括制造，舶运，存储，管理和操作。
数字温度传感器毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献[管理资料]
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毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献外文资料DS1722 Digital ThermometerWith scientific and technological progress and development of the types of temperature sensors increasingly wide range of application of the increasingly widespread, and the beginning analog toward digital, single-bus, dual-bus and bus-3 direction. And the number of temperature sensors because they apply to all microprocessor interface consisting of automatic temperature control system simulation can be overcome sensor and microprocessor interface need signal conditioning circuit and A / D converters advant ages of the drawbacks, has been widely used in industrial control, electronic transducers, medical equipment and other temperature control system. Among them, which are more representative of a digital temperature sensor DS18B20, MAX6575, the DS1722, MAX6636 other. This paper introduces the DS1722 digital temperature sensor characteristics, the use of the method and its timing. Internal structure and other relevant content.FEATURES:Temperature measurements require no external components;Measures temperatures from -55°C to +120°C. Fahrenheit equivalent is -67°F to +248°F;Thermometer accuracy is ±°C;Thermometer resolution is configurable from 8 to 12 bits (°C to °C resolution);Data is read from/written to via a Motorola Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) or standard 3-wire serial interface;Wide analog power supply range ( - );Separate digital supply allows for logic;Available in an 8-pin SOIC (150 mil), 8-pin USOP, and flip chip package;PIN ASSIGNMENTFIGURE 1 PIN ASSIGNMENTPIN DESCRIPTION:SERMODE - Serial Interface Mode.CE - Chip Enable.SCLK - Serial Clock.GND – Ground.VDDA - Analog Supply Voltage.SDO - Serial Data Out.SDI - Serial Data In.VDDD - Digital Supply Voltage.DESCRIPTION:The DS1722 Digital Thermometer and Thermostat with SPI/3-Wire Interface provides temperature readings which indicate the temperature of the device. No additional components are required; the device is truly a temperature-to-digital converter. Temperature readings are communicated from the DS1722 over a Motorola SPI interface or a standard 3-wire serial interface. The choice of interface standard is selectable by the user. For applications that require greater temperature resolution, the user can adjust the readout resolution from 8 to 12 bits. This is particularly useful in applications where thermal runaway conditions must be detected quickly.For application flexibility, the DS1722 features a wide analog supply rail of - . A separate digital supply allows a range of to . The DS1722 is available in an 8-pin SOIC (150-mil), 8-pin USOP, and flip chip package.Applications for the DS1722 include personal computers/servers/workstations, cellular telephones, office equipment, or any thermally-sensitive system.OVERVIEW:A block diagram of the DS1722 is shown in Figure 2. The DS1722 consists offour major components:1. Precision temperature sensor.2. Analog-to-digital converter.3. SPI/3-wire interface electronics.4. Data registers.The factory-calibrated temperature sensor requires no external components. The DS1722 is in a power conserving shutdown state upon power-up. After power-up, the user may alter the configuration register to place the device in a continuous temperature conversion mode or in a one-shot conversion mode. In the continuous conversion mode, the DS1722 continuously converts the temperature and stores the result in the temperature register. As conversions are performed in the background, reading the temperature register does not affect the conversion in progress. In the one-shot temperature conversion mode, the DS1722 will perform one temperature conversion, store the result in the temperature register, and then eturn to the shutdown state. This conversion mode is ideal for power sensitive applications. More information on the configuration register is contained in the “OPERATION-Programming”section. The temperature conversion results will have a default resolution of 9 bits. In applications where small incremental temperature changes are critical, the user can change the conversion resolution from 9 bits to 8, 10, 11, or 12. This is accomplished by programming the configuration register. Each additional bit of resolution approximately doubles the conversion time. The DS1722 can communicate using either a Motorola Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) or standard 3-wire interface. The user can select either communication standard through the SERMODE pin, tying it to VDDD for SPI and to ground for 3-wire. The device contains both an analog supply voltage and a digital supply voltage (VDDA and VDDD, respectively). The analog supply powers the device for operation while the digital supply provides the top rails for the digital inputs and outputs. The DS1722 was designed to be Logic-Ready.DS1722 FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM Figure 2OPERATION-Measuring Temperature:The core of DS1722 functionality is its direct-to-digital temperature sensor. The DS1722 measures temperature through the use of an on-chip temperature measurement technique with an operating range from -55°to +120°C. The device powers up in a power-conserving shutdown mode. After power-up, the DS1722 may be placed in a continuous conversion mode or in a one-shot conversion mode. In the continuous conversion mode, the device continuously computes the temperature and stores the most recent result in the temperature register at addresses 01h (LSB) and 02h (MSB). In the one-shot conversion mode, the DS1722 performs one temperature conversion and then returns to the shutdown mode, storing temperature in the temperature register. Details on how to change the setting after power up are contained in the “OPERATION-Programming”section. The resolution of the temperature conversion is configurable (8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 bits), with 9-bit readings the default state. This equates to a temperature resolution of °C, °C, °C, °C, or °C. Following each conversion, thermal data is stored in the thermometer register in two’s complement format; the information can be retrieved over the SPI or 3-wire interface with the address set to the temperature register, 01h (LSB) and then 02h (MSB). Table 2 describesthe exact relationship of output data to measured temperature. The table assumes the DS1722 is configured for 12-bit resolution; if the evince is configured in a lower resolution mode, those bits will contain 0s. The data is transmitted serially over the digital interface, MSB first for SPI communication and LSB first for 3-wire communication. The MSB of the temperature register contains the “sign” (S) bit, denoting whether the temperature is positive or negative. For Fahrenheit usage, a lookup table or conversion routine must be used.AddressLocation S 2625242322212002h MSB (unit = ℃) LSB2-12-22-32-40 0 0 0 01hTEMPERATURE DIGITAL OUTPUT(BINARY) DIGITAL OUTPUT(HEX)+120℃0111 1000 0000 0000 7800h+ 0001 1001 0001 0000 1910h+ 0000 1010 0010 0000 0a20h+ 0000 0000 1000 0000 0080h0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000h1111 1111 1000 0000 Ff80h1111 0101 1110 0000 F5e0h1110 0110 1111 0000 E6f0h-55 1100 1001 0000 0000 C900h OPERATION-Programming:The area of interest in programming the DS1722 is the Configuration register. All programming is done via the SPI or 3-wire communication interface by selecting the appropriate address of the desired register location. Table 3 illustrates the addresses for the two registers (configuration and temperature) of the DS1722.Register Address Structure Table 3CONFIGURATION REGISTER PROGRAMMING:The configuration register is accessed in the DS1722 with the 00h address for reads and the 80h address for writes. Data is read from or written to the configuration register MSB first for SPI communication and LSB first for 3-wire communication. The format of the register is illustrated in Figure 2. The effect each bit has on DS1722 functionality is described below along with the power-up state of the bit. The entire register is volatile, and thus it will power-up in the default state.CONFIGURATION/STATUS REGISTER Figure 21SHOT = One-shot temperature conversion bit. If the SD bit is "1", (continuous temperature conversions are not taking place), a "1" written to the 1SHOT bit will cause the DS1722 to perform one temperature conversion and store the results in the temperature register at addresses 01h (LSB) and 02h (MSB). The bit will clear itself to "0" upon completion of the temperature conversion. The user has read/write access to the 1SHOT bit, although writes to this bit will be ignored if the SD bit is a "0", (continuous conversion mode). The power-up default of the one-shot bit is "0".R0, R1, R2 = Thermometer resolution bits. Table 4 below defines the resolution of the digital thermometer, based on the settings of these 3 bits. There is a direct tradeoff between resolution and conversion time, as depicted in the AC Electrical Characteristics. The user has read/write access to the R2, R1 and R0 bits and the power-up default state is R2="0", R1="0", and R0="1" (9-bit conversions).THERMOMETER RESOLUTION CONFIGURATION Table 4SD = Shutdown bit. If SD is "0", the DS1722 will continuously perform temperature conversions and store the last completed result in the temperature register. If SD is changed to a "1", the conversion in progress will be completed and stored and then the device will revert to a low-power shutdown mode. The communication port remains active. The user has read/write access to the SD bit and the power-up default is "1" (shutdown mode).SERIAL INTERFACE:The DS1722 offers the flexibility to choose between two serial interface modes. The DS1722 can communicate with the SPI interface or with a standard 3-wire interface. The interface method used is determined by the SERMODE pin. When this pin is connected to VDDD SPI communication is selected. When this pin is connected to ground, standard 3-wire communication is selected.SERIAL PERIPHERAL INTERFACE (SPI):The serial peripheral interface (SPI) is a synchronous bus for address and data transfer. The SPI mode of serial communication is selected by tying the SERMODE pin to VDDD. Four pins are used for the SPI. The four pins are the SDO (Serial Data Out), SDI (Serial Data In), CE (Chip Enable), and SCLK (Serial Clock). The DS1722 is the slave device in an SPI application, with the microcontroller being the master. The SDI and SDO pins are the serial data input and output pins for the DS1722, respectively. The CE input is used to initiate and terminate a data transfer. The SCLK pin is used to synchronize data movement between the master (microcontroller) and the slave (DS1722) devices. The shift clock (SCLK), which is generated by the microcontroller, is active only when CE is high and during address and data transfer to any device on the SPI bus. The inactive clock polarity is programmable in somemicrocontrollers. The DS1722 offers an important feature in that the level of the inactive clock is determined by sampling SCLK when CE becomes active. Therefore, either SCLK polarity can be accommodated. There is one clock for each bit transferred. Address and data bits are transferred in groups of eight, MSB first.3-WIRE SERIAL DATA BUS:The 3-wire communication mode operates similar to the SPI mode. However, in 3-wire mode, there is one bi-directional I/O instead of separate data in and data out signals. The 3-wire consists of the I/O (SDI and SDO pins tied together), CE, and SCLK pins. In 3-wire mode, each byte is shifted in LSB first unlike SPI mode where each byte is shifted in MSB first. As is the case with the SPI mode, an address byte is written to the device followed by a single data byte or multiple data bytes.外文资料译文DS1722数字温度传感器随着科学技术的不断进步和发展，温度传感器的种类日益繁多，应用逐渐广泛，并且开始由模拟式向着数字式、单总线式、双总线式和三总线式发展。
传感器温湿度测量中英文资料外文翻译文献
中英文资料外文翻译文献SHT11/71传感器的温湿度测量Assist.Prof.Grish Spasov,PhD,BSc Nikolay KakanakovDepartment of Computer Systems,Technical University-branch Plovdiv,25,”Tzanko Djustabanov”Str.,4000Plovdiv,Bulgaria,+35932659576, E-mail:gvs@tu-plovdiv.bg,kakanak@tu-plovdiv.bg 关键词：温湿度测量，智能传感器，分布式自动测控这篇论文阐述了智能传感器的优点，介绍了SHT11/71温湿度传感器（产自盛世瑞公司）。
该传感器是一种理想的对嵌入式系统提供环境测量参数的传感器。
常规的应用时将SHT11/71放于实际的工作环境当中。
应用于分布式的温湿度监测系统。
使用单片机与集成网络服务器来实现对传感器的信息交流与关系。
这个应用是可实现与测试的。
1.介绍温湿度的测量控制对于电器在工业、科学、医疗保健、农业和工艺控制过程都有着显著地意义。
温湿度这两种环境参数互相影响，因为这至关重要的一点，在一些应用中他们是必须并联测量的。
SHT11/71是利用现代技术把温度、湿度测量元件、放大器、A/D转换器、数字接口、校验CRC计算逻辑记忆模块和核心芯片集成到一个非常小的尺寸上[1][3]。
采用这种智能传感器可以缩短产品开发时间和成本。
整合入传感器模数转换和放大器的芯片使开发人员能够优化传感器精度和长期问的的元素。
并不是全结合形式的数字逻辑接口连通性管理的传感器。
这些优点可以减少整体上市时间，甚至价格[1][3]。
本文以SHT11/71（产自盛世瑞公司）智能传感器为例，介绍他的优势和测量程序给出一个实用实例来说明该工作的实现条件。
这个应用时可行可测试的。
2.智能传感器——SHT11/71SHT11/71是一个继承了温度和湿度组建，以及一个多元化校准数字器的芯片。
自动化专业外文文献
Development of Sensor New TechnologySensor is one kind component which can transform the physical quantity, chemistry quantity and the biomass into electrical signal. The output signal has the different forms like the voltage, the electric current, the frequency, the pulse and so on, which can satisfy the signal transmission, processing, recording, and demonstration and control demands. So it is the automatic detection system and in the automatic control industry .If automatic Technology is used wider, then sensor is more important.Several key words of the sensor：1 Sensor ElementsAlthough there are exception ,most sensor consist of a sensing element and a conversion or control element. For example, diaphragms,bellows,strain tubes and rings, bourdon tubes, and cantilevers are sensing elements which respond to changes in pressure or force and convert these physical quantities into a displacement. This displacement may then be used to change an electrical parameter such as voltage, resistance, capacitance, or inductance. Such combination of mechanical and electrical elements form electromechanical transducing devices or sensor. Similar combination can be made for other energy input such as thermal. Photo, magnetic and chemical,giving thermoelectric, photoelectric,electromaanetic, and electrochemical sensor respectively.2 Sensor SensitivityThe relationship between the measured and the sensor output signal is usually obtained by calibration tests and is referred to as the sensor sensitivity K1= output-signal increment / measured increment . In practice, the sensor sensitivity is usually known, and, by measuring the output signal, the input quantity is determined from input= output-signal increment / K1.3 Characteristics of an Ideal SensorThe high sensor should exhibit the following characteristics.ahigh fidelity-the sensor output waveform shape be a faithful reproduction of the measured; there should be minimum distortion.bThere should be minimum interference with the quantity being measured; the presence of the sensor should not alter the measured in any way.cSize. The sensor must be capable of being placed exactly where it is needed.dThere should be a linear relationship between the measured and the sensor signal. eThe sensor should have minimum sensitivity to external effects, pressure sensor,for example,are often subjected to external effects such vibration and temperature.fThe natural frequency of the sensor should be well separated from the frequency and harmonics of the measurand.Sensors can be divided into the following categories：1 Electrical SensorElectrical sensor exhibit many of the ideal characteristics. In addition they offer high sensitivity as well as promoting the possible of remote indication or mesdurement.Electrical sensor can be divided into two distinct groups:avariable-control-parameter types,which include:iresistanceiicapacitanceiiiinductanceivmutual-inductance typesThese sensor all rely on external excitation voltage for their operation.bself-generating types,which includeielectromagneticiithermoelectriciiiphotoemissiveivpiezo-electric typesThese all themselves produce an output voltage in response to the measurand input and their effects are reversible. For example, a piezo-electric sensor normally produces an output voltage in response to the deformation of a crystalline material; however, if an alternating voltage is applied across the material, the sensor exhibits the reversible effect by deforming or vibrating at the frequency of the alternating voltage.2 Resistance SensorResistance sensor may be divided into two groups, as follows:iThose which experience a large resistance change, measured by using potential-divider methods. Potentiometers are in this group.iiThose which experience a small resistance change, measured by bridge-circuit methods. Examples of this group include strain gauges and resistance thermometers.3 Capacitive SensorThe capacitance can thus made to vary by changing either the relative permittivity, the effective area, or the distance separating the plates. The characteristic curves indicate that variations of area and relative permittivity give a linear relationship only over a small range of spacings. Thus the sensitivity is high for small values of d. Unlike the potentionmeter, the variable-distance capacitive sensor has an infinite resolution making it most suitable for measuring small increments of displacement or quantities which may be changed to produce a displacement.4 Inductive SensorThe inductance can thus be made to vary by changing the reluctance of the inductive circuit.Measuring techniques used with capacitive and inductive sensor:aA.C. excited bridges using differential capacitors inductors.bA.C. potentiometer circuits for dynamic measurements.cD.C. circuits to give a voltage proportional to velocity for a capacitor. dFrequency-modulation methods, where the change of C or L varies the frequency of an oscillation circuit.Important features of capacitive and inductive sensor are as follows:iresolution infiniteiiaccuracy±0.1% of full scale is quotediiidisplacement ranges 2510-6 m to 10-3mivrise time less than 50us possibleTypical measurands are displacement, pressure, vibration, sound, and liquid level.5 Linear Variable-differential Ttransformer6 Piezo-electric Sensor7 Electromagnetic Sensor8 Thermoelectric Sensor9 Photoelectric Cells10 Mechanical Sensor and Sensing ElementsIn information age, the information industry includes information gathering, transmission, process three parts, namely sensor technology, communication, computer technology. Because of ultra large scale integrated circuit’s rapid development after having been developed Modern computer technology and communication, not only requests sensor precision reliability, speed ofresponse and gain information content request more and more high but also requests its cost to be inexpensive. The obvious traditional sensor is eliminated gradually because of the function, the characteristic, the volume, the cost and so on. As world develop many countries are speeding up to the sensor new technology’s research and the development, and all has obtained the enormous breakthrough. Now the sensor new technology development mainly has following several aspects:Using the physical phenomenon, the chemical reaction, the biological effect as the sensor principle therefore the researches which discovered the new phenomenon and the new effect are the sensor technological improving ways .it is important studies to developed new sensor’s the foundation. Japanese Sharp Corporation uses the superconductivity technology to develop successfully the high temperature superconductivity magnetic sensor and get the sensor technology significant breakthrough. Its sensitivity is so high and only inferior in the superconductivity quantum interference component. Its manufacture craft is far simpler than the superconductivity quantum interference component. May use in magnetism image formation technology. So it has the widespread promoted value.Using the immune body and the antigen meets one another compound when the electrode surface. It can cause the electrode potential change and use this phenomenon to be possible to generate the immunity sensor. The immunity sensor makes with this kind of immune body may to some organism in whether has this kind of ant original work inspection. Like may inspect somebody with the hepatitis virus immune body whether contracts the hepatitis, plays to is fast, the accurate role. The US UC sixth branch has developed this kind of sensor.The sensor material is the important foundation for sensor technology, because the materials science is progressive and the people may make each kind of new sensor For example making the temperature sensor with the high polymer thin film; The optical fiber can make the pressure, the current capacity, the temperature, the displacement and so on the many kinds of sensors; Making the pressure transmitter with the ceramics. The high polymer can become the proportion adsorption and the release hydrogen along with the environment relative humidity size. The high polymer electricity lies betweenthe constant to be small, the hydrogen can enhance the polymer the coefficient of dialectical loss. Making the capacitor the high polymer dielectric medium, determines the electric capacity cape city the change, then obtains the relative humidity. Making the plasma using this principle to gather the legitimate polystyrene film temperature sensor below, it has the characteristic.Measured the wet scope is wide; The temperature range is wide, may reach -400 ℃ ~ +1,500 ℃; The speed of response is quick, is smaller than 1S; The size is small, may use in the small space measuring wet; The temperature coefficient is small.The ceramic electric capacity type pressure transmitter is one kind does not have the intermediary fluid the dry type pressure transmitter. Uses the advanced ceramic technology, the heavy film electronic technology, its technical performance is stable, the year drifting quantity is smaller than 0.1%F.S, warm floats is smaller than ±0.15%/10K, anti- overloads strongly, may reach the measuring range several hundred times. The survey scope may from 0 to 60mpa.German E+H Corporation and the American Kahlo Corporation product is at the leading position.The optical fiber application is send the material significant breakthrough, its uses in most early the optical communication techniques. In the optical communication use discovered works as environmental condition change and so on the temperature, pres-sure, electric field, magnetic field, causes the fiber optic transmission light wave intensity, the phase, the frequency, change and so on the polarization condition, the survey light wave quantity change, may know causes these light wave physical quantity the and so on quantitative change temperature, pressure ,electric field, magnetic field size, uses these principles to be possible to develop the optical fiber sensor. The optical fiber sensor and the traditional sensor compare has many characteristics: Sensitivity high, the structure simple, the volume small, anti-corrosive, the electric insulation good, the path of rays may be curving, be advantageous for the realization telemeter and so on. Optical fiber sensor Japan is in the advanced level. Like Idec Izumi Corporation and Sun x Corporation. The optical fiber send receiver and the integrated path of rays technology unify, accelerates the optical fiber sensor technology development. Will integrate the path of ray’s component to replace the original optics part and the passive light component;enable the optical fiber sensor to have the high band width, the low signal processing voltage, the reliability high, the cost will be low.In semiconductor technology processing method oxygenation, the photo etc hang, the proliferation, the deposition, the plane electron craft, various guides corrosion and steams plates, the sputtering thin film and so on, these have all introduced to the sensor manufacture. Thus has produced each kind of new sensor, like makes the silicon micro sensor using the semiconductor technology, makes the fast response using the thin film craft the gas to be sensitive, the wet sensitive sensor, the use sputtering thin film craft system pressure transmitter and so on..The Japanese horizontal river company uses various guides’ corrosion technology to carry on the high accuracy three dimensional processing; the system helps the silicon resonance type pressure transmitter. The core partially presses two resonant Liang by the feeling which above the silicon diaphragm and the silicon diaphragm manufactures to form, two resonant Liang's frequency difference correspondence different pressure, measures the pressure with the frequency difference method, may eliminate the error which factor and so on ambient temperature brings. When ambient temperature change, two resonant Liang frequencies and the amplitude variation are same, after two frequency differences, its same change quantity can counterbalance mutually. It’s survey most high accuracy may reach 0.01%FS.American Silicon Microstructure Inc.SMI the company develops a series of low ends, linear in 0.1% to 0.In 65% scope silicon micro pressure transmitter, the lowest full measuring range is 0.15psi 1KPa, it makes take the silicon as the material, has the unique three dimensional structure, the light slight machine-finishing, makes the wheat stone bridge many times with the etching on the silicon diaphragm, when above silicon chip stress, it has the distortion, the resistance produces presses the anti- effect but to lose the bridge balance, the output and the pressure becomes the proportion the electrical signal.Such silicon micro sensor is the front technology which now the sensor develops, Its essential feature is the sensitive unit volume is a micron magnitude, Is the traditional sensor several dozens, several 1%. In aspect and so on industry control, aerospace domain, biomedicine has the vital role, like on the airplane the use may reduce the airplane weight, reduces the energy.Another characteristic is can be sensitive is small surveyed, may make the blood pressure pressure transmitter.The Chinese aviation main corporation Beijing observation and control technical research institute, the development CYJ series splashes thanks the membrane pressure transmitter is uses the ion sputtering craft to process the metal strain gauge, it has over come the nonmetallic strain gauge easily the temperature influence insufficiency, has the high stability, is suitable in each kind of situation, is measured the medium scope widely, but also overcame the tradition lowly to glue the precision which the type brought, sluggish big, shortcoming and so on slow change, had the precision high, the re-liability is high, the volume small characteristic, widely used in domain and so on aviation, petroleum, chemical industry, medical service.Integrates the sensor the superiority is the traditional sensor is unable to achieve, it is a simple sensor not merely, it in at the same time the auxiliary circuit part and send the part will integrate on together the chip, will caus e it to have the calibration, to compensate, from the diagnosis and the network correspondence function, it might reduce the cost, the gain in yield, this kind of blood pressure sensor which American LUCAS, NOVASENSOR Corporation will develop, each week will be able to produce 10,000.The intellectualized sensor is one kind of belt microprocessor sensor, is achievement which the microcomputer and the sensor unifies, it has at the same time the examination, the judgment and the information processing function, compares with the traditional sensor has very many characteristics: Has the judgment and the information processing function, can carry on the revision, the error to the observed value compensates, thus enhancement measuring accuracy; May realize the multi-sensor multi parameters survey; Has from the diagnosis and from the calibration function, enhances the reliability; The survey data may deposit and withdraw, easy to operate; Has the data communication interface, can and the microcomputer direct communication.The sensor, the signal adjustment electric circuit, the monolithic integrated circuit integration forms ultra large-scale integrated on a chip the senior intelligence sensor. American HONY WELL Corporation ST-3000 intelligence sensor, the chip size only then has 3×4×2mm3, uses the semiconductor craft,makes CPU, EPROM, the static pressure, the differential pressure, the temperature on the identical chip and so on three kind of sensitive units.The intellectualized sensor research and the development, US is at the leading position. American Space Agency when development spaceship called this kind of sensor for the clever sensor Smart Sensor, on the spaceship this kind of sensor is extremely important. Our country in this aspect research and development also very backward mainly is because our country semiconductor integrated circuit technological level is limited.The sensor’s development is changing day after day since especially the 80's humanities have entered into the high industrialization the information age, sensor techno-logy to renewal, higher technological development. US, Japan and so on developed country sensor technological development quickest, our country because the foundation is weak, the sensor technology compares with these developed countries has the big disparity. Therefore, we should enlarge to the sensor engineering research, the development investment, causes our country sensor technology and the foreign disparity reduces, promotes our country instrument measuring appliance industry and from the technical development.——FromSensor Technology Handbook,Jon Wilson,Newnes传感器新技术的发展传感器是一种能将物理量、化学量、生物量等转换成电信号的器件;输出信号有不同形式,如电压、电流、频率、脉冲等,能满足信息传输、处理、记录、显示、控制要求,是自动检测系统和自动控制系统中不可缺少的元件;如果把计算机比作大脑,那么传感器则相当于五官,传感器能正确感受被测量并转换成相应输出量,对系统的质量起决定性作用;自动化程度越高,系统对传感器要求越高;传感器的几个关键词：1传感器元件除特例外,大多数的传感器都由敏感元件、转换元件或控制元件组成;如振动膜、波纹管、应力管和应力环、低音管和悬臂都是敏感元件,它们对压力和力作出响应把物理量转变成位移;然后位移可以改变电参数,如电压、电阻、电容或者感应系数;机械式和电子式元件合并形成机电式传感设备或传感器;这样的组合可用来输入能量信号;热的,光的,磁的和化学的相互结合产生的热电式、光电式、电磁式和电化学式传感器;2 传感器灵敏度通过校正测量系统获得的被测物理量和传感器输出信号的关系叫做传感器灵敏度K1,也就是K1=输出信号增量/测量增量;实际中,传感器的灵敏度是已知的,并且通过测量输出信号,输入量由下式决定,输入量=输出信号增量/K1;3 理想传感器的特性a高保真性：传感器输出波形应该真实可靠地再现被测量,并且失真很小;b可测量最小的干扰,任何时候传感器的出现不能改变被测量;c尺寸：传感器必须能正确地放在所需的地方;d被测量和传感器信号之间应该有一个线性关系;e传感器对外部影响的灵敏度应该小,例如压力传感器经常受到外部振动和温度的影响;f传感器的固有频率应该避开被测量的频率和谐波;传感器可分为以下几类：1 电传感器电传感器具有许多理想特性;它们不仅实现远程测量和显示,还能提供高灵敏度; 电传感器可分为两大类;a变参数型,包括：i电阻式；ii电容式；iii自感应式；v互感应式；这些传感器的工作依靠外部电压;b自激型,包括：i电磁式；ii热电式；iii光栅式；iv压电式;这些传感器根据测量输入值产生输出电压,而且这一过程是可逆的;比如,在一般情况下,压电式传感器可根据晶体材料的变形产生一个输出电压；但是,如果在材料上施加一个可变电压,传感器可以通过变形或与变电压同频率的振动来体现可逆效应;2 电阻式传感器电阻式传感器可以分为两大类：i那些表现为大电阻变化的物理量可通过分压方式进行测量,电位器就属于此类; ii那些表现为小电阻变化的物理量可通过桥电路方式进行测量,这一类包括应变仪和电阻温度计;3 电容式传感器电容量随着相对介电常数、截面面积、或者极板间的距离的变化而变化;电容的特征曲线表明,在空间的一段范围内,截面面积和相对介电常数的变化与电容量变化成线性关系;不象电位器,变极距型电容传感器有无限的分辨率,这最适合测量微小的位移增量的位移;4 电感式传感器电感可以通过改变电感电路的阻抗来调节;电容式和电感式传感器的测量技术：a用差分式电容或电感作为交流电桥；b用交流电位计电路做动态测量；c用直流电路为电容器提供正比于容值变化的电压；d采用调频法,C或者L随着振荡电路频率的变化而改变;电容式和电感式传感器的一些重要特性如下：i分辨率无限ii精确到满量程的±0.1%iii位移范围从2510-6m到10-3miv上升时间小于50us典型的被测量是位移、压力、振动量、声音和液位;5 线性调压器6 压电式传感器7 电磁式传感器8 热电式传感器9 光电管10 机械式传感器及敏感元件在今天的信息时代里,信息产业包括信息采集、传输、处理三部分,即传感技术、通信技术、计算机技术;现代的计算机技术和通信技术由于超大规模集成电路的飞速发展,而已经充分发达后,不仅对传感器的精度、可靠性、响应速度、获取的信息量要求越来越高,还要求其成本低廉且使用方便;显然传统传感器因功能、特性、体积、成本等已难以满足而逐渐被淘汰;世界许多发达国家都在加快对传感器新技术的研究与开发,并且都已取得极大的突破;如今传感器新技术的发展,主要有以下几个方面：利用物理现象、化学反应、生物效应作为传感器原理,所以研究发现新现象与新效应是传感器技术发展的重要工作,是研究开发新型传感器的基础;日本夏普公司利用超导技术研制成功高温超导磁性传感器,是传感器技术的重大突破,其灵敏度高,仅次于超导量子干涉器件;它的制造工艺远比超导量子干涉器件简单;可用于磁成像技术,有广泛推广价值;利用抗体和抗原在电极表面上相遇复合时,会引起电极电位的变化,利用这一现象可制出免疫传感器;用这种抗体制成的免疫传感器可对某生物体内是否有这种抗原作检查;如用肝炎病毒抗体可检查某人是否患有肝炎,起到快速、准确作用;美国加州大学巳研制出这类传感器;传感器材料是传感器技术的重要基础,由于材料科学进步,人们可制造出各种新型传感器;例如用高分子聚合物薄膜制成温度传感器；光导纤维能制成压力、流量、温度、位移等多种传感器；用陶瓷制成压力传感器;高分子聚合物能随周围环境的相对湿度大小成比例地吸附和释放水分子;高分子电介常数小,水分子能提高聚合物的介电常数;将高分子电介质做成电容器,测定电容容量的变化,即可得出相对湿度;利用这个原理制成等离子聚合法聚苯乙烯薄膜温度传感器,其有以下特点：测湿范围宽；温度范围宽,可达-400℃～+1500℃；响应速度快,小于1S；尺寸小,可用于小空间测试；温度系数小;陶瓷电容式压力传感器是一种无中介液的干式压力传感器;采用先进的陶瓷技术和厚膜电子技术,其技术性能稳定,年漂移量小于0.1%F.S,温漂小于±0.15%/10K,抗过载强,可达量程的数百倍;测量范围可从0到60Mpa;德国E+H 公司和美国Kahlo公司产品处于领先地位;光导纤维的应用是传感材料的重大突破,其最早用于光通信技术;在光通信利用中发现当温度、压力、电场、磁场等环境条件变化时,引起光纤传输的光波强度、相位、频率、偏振态等变化,测量光波量的变化,就可知道导致这些光波量变化的温度、压力、电场、磁场等物理量的大小,利用这些原理可研制出光导纤维传感器;光纤传感器与传统传感器相比有许多特点：灵敏度高,结构简单、体积小、耐腐蚀、电绝缘性好、光路可弯曲、便于实现遥测等;光纤传感器日本处于先进水平;如IdecIzumi公司和Suns公司;光纤传感受器与集成光路技术相结合,加速光纤传感器技术的发展;将集成光路器件代替原有光学元件和无源光器件,使光纤传感器有高的带宽、低的信号处理电压,可靠性高,成本低;半导体技术中的加工方法有氧化、光刻、扩散、沉积、平面电子工艺,各向导性腐蚀及蒸镀,溅射薄膜等,这些都已引进到传感器制造;因而产生了各种新型传感器,如利用半导体技术制造出硅微传感器,利用薄膜工艺制造出快速响应的气敏、湿敏传感器,利用溅射薄膜工艺制压力传感器等;日本横河公司利用各向导性腐蚀技术进行高精度三维加工,制成全硅谐振式压力传感器;核心部分由感压硅膜片和硅膜片上面制作的两个谐振梁结成,两个谐振梁的频差对应不同的压力,用频率差的方法测压力,可消除环境温度等因素带来的误差;当环境温度变化时,两个谐振梁频率和幅度变化相同,将两个频率差后,其相同变化量就能够相互抵消;其测量最高精度可达0.01%FS;美国Silicon Microstructure IncSMI公司开发一系列低价位,线性度在0.1%到0.65%范围内的硅微压力传感器,最低满量程为0.15psi1KPa,其以硅为材料制成,具有独特的三维结构,轻细微机械加工,和多次蚀刻制成惠斯登电桥于硅膜片上,当硅片上方受力时,其产生变形,电阻产生压阻效应而失去电桥平衡,输出与压力成比例的电信号;象这样的硅微传感器是当今传感器发展的前沿技术,其基本特点是敏感元件体积为微米量级,是传统传感器的几十、几百分之一;在工业控制、航空航天领域、生物医学等方面有重要的作用,如飞机上利用可减轻飞机重量,减少能源;另一特点是能敏感微小被测量,可制成血压压力传感器;中国航空总公司北京测控技术研究所,研制的CYJ系列溅谢膜压力传感器是采用离子溅射工艺加工成金属应变计,它克服了非金属式应变计易受温度影响的不足,具有高稳定性,适用于各种场合,被测介质范围宽,还克服了传统粘贴式带来的精度低、迟滞大、蠕变等缺点,具有精度高、可靠性高、体积小的特点,广泛用于航空、石油、化工、医疗等领域;集成传感器的优势是传统传感器无法达到的,它不仅仅是一个简单的传感器,其将辅助电路中的元件与传感元件同时集成在一块芯片上,使之具有校准、补偿、自诊断和网络通信的功能,它可降低成本、增加产量,美国LUCAS、NOV ASENSOR公司开发的这种血压传感器,每星期能生产1万只;智能化传感器是一种带微处理器的传感器,是微型计算机和传感器相结合的成果,它兼有检测、判断和信息处理功能,与传统传感器相比有很多特点：具有判断和信息处理功能,能对测量值进行修正、误差补偿,因而提高测量精度；可实现多传感器多参数测量；有自诊断和自校准功能,提高可靠性；测量数据可存取,使用方便；有数据通信接口,能与微型计算机直接通信;把传感器、信号调节电路、单片机集成在一芯片上形成超大规模集成化的高级智能传感器;美国HONYWELL公司ST-3000型智能传感器,芯片尺寸才有3×4×2mm3,采用半导体工艺,在同一芯片上制成CPU、EPROM、静压、压差、温度等三种敏感元件;智能化传感器的研究与开发,美国处于领先地位;美国宇航局在开发宇宙飞船时称这种传感器为灵巧传感器Smart Sensor,在宇宙飞船上这种传感器是非常重要的;我国在这方面的研究与开发还很落后,主要是因为我国半导体集成电路工艺水平有限;传感器的发展日新月异,特别是80年代人类由高度工业化进入信息时代以来,传感器技术向更新、更高的技术发展;美国、日本等发达国家的传感器技术发展最快,我国由于基础薄弱,传感器技术与这些发达国家相比有较大的差距;因此,我们应该加大对传感器技术研究、开发的投入,使我国传感器技术与外国差距缩短,促进我国仪器仪表工业和自化化技术的发展;摘自——传感器技术手册,Jon Wilson,Newnes。
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分辨率可编程单总线数字温度传感器——DS18B201 概述1.1 特性：⏹独特的单总线接口，只需一个端口引脚即可实现数据通信⏹每个器件的片上ROM 都存储着一个独特的64 位串行码⏹多点能力使分布式温度检测应用得到简化⏹不需要外围元件⏹能用数据线供电，供电的范围3.0V～5.5V⏹测量温度的范围：-55℃～+125℃（-67℉～+257℉）⏹从-10℃～+85℃的测量的精度是±0.5℃⏹分辨率为9-12 位，可由用户选择⏹在750ms 内把温度转换为12 位数字字（最大值）⏹用户可定义的非易失性温度报警设置⏹报警搜索命令识别和针对设备的温度外部程序限度（温度报警情况）⏹可采用8 引脚SO（150mil）、8引脚μSOP和3引脚TO-92 封装⏹软件兼容DS1822⏹应用范围包括：恒温控制、工业系统、消费类产品、温度计和任何的热敏系统图1 DS18B20引脚排列图1.2 一般说明DS18B20数字温度计提供9至12位的摄氏温度测量，并具有非易失性的用户可编程触发点的上限和下限报警功能。
DS18B20为单总线通信，按定义只需要一条数据线（和地线）与中央微处理器进行通信。
DS18B20能够感应温度的范围为-55~+125℃，在-10~+85℃范围内的测量精度为±0.5℃，此外，DS18B20 可以直接从数据线上获取供电（寄生电源），而不需要一个额外的外部电源。
每个DS18B20都拥有一个独特的64位序列号，因此它允许多个DS18B20作用在一条单总线上，这样,可以使用一个微处理器来控制许多DS18B20分布在一个大区域。
受益于这一特性的应用包括HAVC 环境控制、建筑物、设备和机械内的温度监测、以及过程监测和控制过程的温度监测。
注意： A "+"符号在封装上也标有图2 订购信息表1 DS18B20详细引脚说明* 表中所有未列出的引脚都是NC （空接）2 工作原理及功能2.1 温度测量DS18B20 的核心功能是它的直接数字温度传感器器，其分辨率可由用户配置为9、10、11 或者12 位，相应的增量值分别0.5℃、0.25℃、0.125℃和0.0625℃。
DS18B20上电时默认的分辨率是12 位，上电时处于低功耗的空闲状态，初始化温度测量和A/D 转换时，S O* μS OP * TO-92 符号 说明4 4 1 GND 地5 1 2 DQ 数据输入输出引脚，开路单总线引脚，当使用寄生电源模式时给器件供电（见寄生电源部分） 383VDD可选VDD 引脚，在寄生电源操作模式下VDD必须接地主机必须发送一个温度转换的指令[44H]。
转换后，测出的温度数据保存在暂存寄存器中的两字节温度寄存器中，然后DS18B20 返回到它的空闲状态。
如果DS18B20 有外部电源供电，主器件发送温度转换指令后要确保“读时隙”（参见单总线系统部分），DS18B20 在温度转换的处理中将返回一个0 作为相应，转换完以后将返回一个1。
如果DS18B20 采用寄生电源供电，那么上面的注意事项不在应用，因为在整个温度转换的过程中总线被一个强的上拉电流拉为高电平。
这个数据表总线要求将会在DS18B20 的供电部分做详细的解释。
DS18B20 输出温度被校准为摄氏温度。
为了使用华氏温度，必须使用一个查找表或者准换程序。
温度数据以16 位完整的数据存储在两个温度寄存器中（见图4）符号位S 表示测量的温度是正还是负，测量数据为正S=0，测量数据为负S=1。
如果DS18B20 被配置为12位的分别率，那么问对寄存器中所有的数据都是有效的数据，对于11 位的分辨率，位0 没有被定义，对于10 位的分辨率，位0 和位1 没有被定义，而对于9 位分辨率的，位2、1、0位都没有定义，表2 给出了一个分辨率为12 位转换后的数字输出数据和相应的读取的温度的值。
图3 温度寄存器格式表2 温度和数据的关系温度/℃二进制表示十六进制表示+125 0000 0111 1101 0000 07D0H+85 0000 0101 0101 0000 0550H+25.0625 0000 0001 1001 0000 0191H+10.125 0000 0000 1010 0001 00A2H+0.5 0000 0000 0000 0010 0008H0 0000 0000 0000 1000 0000H-0.5 1111 1111 1111 0000 FFF8H-10.125 1111 1111 0101 1110 FF5EH-25.0625 1111 1110 0110 1111 FE6FH-55 1111 1100 1001 0000 FC90H* 上电复位后温度寄存器的值为+85℃。
2.2 告警信号DS18B20 温度转换完成后，温度值将和用户定义的存储在TH 和TL 寄存器中一个字节的报警触发值相比较，见图4。
符号位（S）表明测量值是正还是负，S=0为正值，S=1则为负值。
TH 和TL 寄存器是非易失性的（E2PROM），因此在器件掉电后仍能够保存数据。
TH 和TL 能够通过暂存器的2,3字节来访问，正如这个数据表在存储器部分解释的一样。
图4 TH 和TL 寄存器的格式因为TH 和TL 是8 位寄存器，则在TH 和TL 的比较中，温度寄存器只使用了4~11位。
如果测量的温度低于或等于TL，或者高于或等于TH，报警情况将会发生，同时DS18B20 内部也会设置标志位。
每次测量后，这个标志位都会更新，因此，如果报警情况发生以后，每次温度转换完以后标志位将关闭。
主器件通过发出一个报警搜索命令（ECH）来检测所有挂接在总线上的DS18B20 器件报警标志位的状态，任何设置报警标志位的DS18B20 器件都能响应该指令，因此主器件能够精确的知道哪个DS18B20 发生报警情况。
如果报警情况发生了，或者TH 和TL 的设置发生了改变，则下次温度转换必须改变报警的条件。
2.3 DS18B20的供电DS18B20 可以由外部的VDD 引脚供电，也可以运作在寄生电源模式，即DS18B20 能够在无外部电源的情况下工作，而寄生电源对于远程温度传感和空间受限的情况是非常有用的。
图5给出了DS18B20 寄生电源控制电路，总线为高电平时，来自总线的"盗窃"电流流过DQ 引脚。
该电流在总线为高的时候给DS18B20 充电，部分电源将存储在寄生电源电容上（Cpp），并在总线为低的时候提供电源。
当DS18B20 采用寄生电源供电模式时，VDD引脚必须接地。
在寄生电源模式中，只要满足特定的时序和电压要求，单总线和Cpp 能够给DS10B20 提供有效的电流来满足绝大部分的操作。
（参阅直流电气部分范围交流电气部分的数据）。
然而在DS18B20 执行温度转换、或复制暂存器内的数据到E2PROM 的操作时，电流高达1.5mA。
这个电流将会在较小的总线上拉电阻上产生较大的电压压降，超过部分的电流将由Cpp 提供。
因此，为了确保在DS18B20 进行温度转换、或复制暂存器内的数据到E2PROM的操作时有足够的供电电流，要在单总线上提供一个大的上拉电阻。
正如图6给出的一样，这可以通过使用一个MOSFET 直接将总线拉至最大电流。
在发送一个温度转换指令[44H]或复制暂存器数据指令[48H]后，总线必须在10μS内转换为强上拉模式，且总线必须在温度转换（Tconv）和数据传输（Twr=10ms）时由上拉电阻保持在高电平。
当上拉电阻有效的时候，总线上不能做其他的操作。
DS18B20 也可以通过外部电源连接在VDD 引脚上的常规方法来供电，如图7 所示。
使用这种方法的好处是不需要MOSFET 的上拉电阻，同时在温度转换期间，单总线可以传输其他的数据。
在测量温度高于100℃的时候不推荐使用寄生电源供电，因为高温下较高的漏电电流使得DS18B20 不能维持通信，这时强烈建议使用外部电源供电。
在有些情况下，总线主机可能不清楚挂接在总线上的DS18B20 是寄生电源供电还是外部电源供电，而主机需要知道这一消息来决定是否在温度转换期间使用较大的上拉电阻。
为了得到这一信息，主器件在读时隙指令之后的读供电指令[B4h] 以后再发送一个扫描ROM［CCh］的指令，在读时隙期间，有寄生电源供电的DS18B20 将把总线拉低，而由外部供电的DS18B20 将维持总线为高电平。
如果总线为低电平，则主机在温度转换期间将在总线上使用强上拉电阻。
图5 DS18B20寄生电源供电图6 DS18B20外部电源供电2.4 64位激光ROM码每一个DS18B20 包含一个独特的64位编码（见图7）存储在ROM 中。
ROM 编码中的低八位有效数据包含了DS18B20 单总线的类码：28H。
接下来的48 位包含了一个独特的序列码。
高8 位是一个用来计算前56位ROM 编码的循环冗余校验（CRC）的字节。
CRC 的内容将在CRC 的产生部分详细说明。
64位ROM 编码和配套的功能控制逻辑允许DS18B20作为一个单总线器件能满足单总线系统一节中详述的协议。
图7 64位激光ROM 编码2.5 存储器DS18B20 存储器的结构如图8 所示，存储器由一个作为高、低报警触发寄存器（Th 和Tl）的非易失性E2PROM 和作为配置寄存器的暂存寄存器SRAM构成。
如果DS18B20 的报警功能没有使用，则TH 和TL 可以作为普通的寄存器来使用。
所有存储器指令将会在DS18B20功能指令部分详细的介绍。
特别的，暂存寄存器的字节1 和字节0 包含DS18B20温度寄存器的低有效位（LSB）和高有位（MSB）。
这些字节为只读性质。
字节2 和字节3 用来访问TH 和TL 寄存器。
字节4 包含了配置寄存器的数据，这部分将在配置寄存器的说明部分详细介绍。
字节5、6、7 保留给器件内部使用，并且不能被覆盖。
字节8 也是只读的，它包含寄存器内0~7字节的循环冗余校验码。
DS18B20 产生CRC 的方法将在CRC 的使用部分详细介绍。