专业英语-物理化学

物化词汇部分：Chemical thermodynamics 化学热力学Chemical kinetics 化学动力学物理化学的分支：quantum chemistry 量子化学；structure chemistry 结构化学；catalysis 催化；electrochemistry 电化学；colloid chemistry 胶体化学。

热力学体系：closed system 封闭体系：a system that does not allow transfer of substance but energy isolated system 孤立体系：a system that does not allow transfer of substance and energyopen system 开放体系：a system that allow transfer of substance and energyInternal energy 内能：motions 分子运动；interaction 相互作用；bonding of its constituent molecules 分子成键（ionic bond离子键, covalent bond共价键, coordinationbond配位键, hydrogen bond氢键, metallic bond.金属键）external energy 外能：（velocity速度；location of its center of mass位置）= kinetic 动力+potential energy 势能Thermal energy (internal energy + heat)Mechanical energy (external energy + mechanical /electrical work)Heat: energy transfer as a results of only temperature differenceWork:energy transfer by any mechanism that involves mechanical motion across thesystem boundaries.Microscopic properties:molecule kinetic energy 分子动能(translational energy跃迁能, rotational energy转动能, vibrational energy振动能) Intermolecular forces 分子间力(electrostatic forces静电力, induction forces感应能, forces of attraction (or dispersion forces)分散能and repulsion排斥能, specific (chemical) forces like hydrogen bonds)Intermolecular potentials 分子势(Lennard-Jones potential)Macroscopic properties:pressure, volume, temperatureextensive variables广度性质(volume, mass)intensive variables 强度性质(T, P, molar volume, molar mass)Thermodynamic Equilibriums热力学平衡:thermal equilibrium,热平衡force equilibrium,力平衡phase equilibrium,相平衡chemical equilibrium化学平衡PVT relationscompressibility factor 压缩因子expansion coefficient 体积膨胀系数compressibility coefficient 等温压缩系数热力学定律The first law of thermodynamics*Energyis neithercreatednordestroyed,but may change in formsenthalpy焓heat capacity热容isochoric等容isobaric等压reversible可逆, irreversible 不可逆isothermal等温, adiabatic绝热(diabatic),cyclic循环, free expansion自由膨胀throttling 节流(isenthalpy等焓, Joule-Thomson coefficient)The second law of thermodynamicsClausius statement: It is not possible to construct adevice that operates in a cycle and whose sole effect is to transfer heat from a colder body to a hotter body.The efficiency of the Carnot heat engine is defined to be:η＝(QH-QC)/QH=W/QH=1-TC/THendothermic吸热exothermic放热entropy熵, isentropic process 等熵过程spontaneous system自发系统, entropy balance熵平衡热化学：Heat of reaction反应热, isothermal、isobaric、only volumetric work，the reaction’heat change heat of combustion燃烧热, 25℃，100kPa the heat change of 1 mol pure substance fully combustionheat of formation生成热fixed temperature and pressure，the heat change of 1 mol pure substance produced by the most stable elementGibbs free energy: G=H-TSHelmholtz free energy: F=U-TS相平衡：vapor pressure蒸汽压the pressure exerted by a vapor in thermodynamic equilibriumwith its condensed phases (solid or liquid) at a given temperature in a closed system.boiling point沸点the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid equals thepressure surrounding the liquid and the liquid changes into a vapor.melting point熔点the temperature at which it changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressuresolidifying point凝固点the temperature at which it changes state from liquid to soild at atmospheric pressurePartial molar quantity偏摩尔量A partial molar property is a thermodynamic quantity which indicates how an extensive property of a solution or mixture varies with changes inthe molarcomposition of the mixture at constant temperature and pressure.Chemical potential化学势, is a form of potential energy that can be absorbed or released during a chemical reaction or phase transition.activity活度 activity (symbol a) is a measure of the “effective concentration” of a species in a mixture, in the sense that the species'chemical potential depends on the activity of a real solution in the same way that it would depend on concentration for an ideal solution.fugacity逸度, the fugacity of a real gas is an effective partial pressure which replaces the mechanical partial pressure in an accurate computation of the chemical equilibrium constant.activity coefficient活度系数, fugacity coefficient逸度系数the degree of freedom自由度f=C-Π+2the number of degrees of freedom is the number of values in the final calculation of a statistic that are free to varyPhase diagram相图:single-phase/binary/ternary x-y diagram, p-x-y diagram, t-x-y diagramfully /partly miscible solution可混溶的溶液,immiscible solution不可混容的溶液minimum/maximum azeotrope共沸（正偏差，最低共沸点；负偏差，最高共沸点）,dew point露点the temperature at which airborne water vapor will condense to form liquid dew., bubble point泡点, the temperature (at a given pressure) where the first bubble of vapor is formed when heating a liquid consisting of two or more components.eutectic point共熔点 the point at which the liquid phase L borders directly on the solid phase α + β (a homogeneous composed of both A and B), representing the minimum melting temperature of any possible alloy of A and B.multi-component system多组成体系化学平衡：Chemical equilibrium in a single-phase system:free energy of formation 组成自由能equilibrium constant 平衡常数endothermic reaction 放热反应exothermic reaction 吸热反应ionization constant 电离常数dissociation constant 解离常数association constant 结合常数化学动力学chemical reaction kinetics:rate of reaction反应速率, order of reaction反应要求activation energy活化能, activated molecules活化分子activation活化collision碰撞, active centers活性中心activation enthalpy活化焓parallel reaction平行反应：substance reacts or decomposes in more than one wayseries reaction串联反应, two or more reaction in same environmentwithout new operationchain reaction链式反应：A chain reaction is a sequence of reactions where a reactive product or by-product causes additional reactions to take placelight-chemical reaction,reaction mechanism 反应机理adsorption and catalysis (catalyst)其他Surface表面/interface界面colloid chemistrysurface tension表面张力, interfacial tension界面张力,surface excess表面超额, surface film,表面膜surface coverage表面覆盖, adsorption on the surface,表面吸附surfactant/surface active agent表面活性剂，colloid (particles 5~ 5,000 angstroms) Electrochemistry, electrochemical engineering and electrolyte solution theory, electroreactionTypes of reactors反应器类型In terms of the operation modes:Stirred reactors 搅拌反应器BSTR (batch stirred tank reactor)间歇搅拌罐式反应器;CSTR (continuous stirred tank reactor)连续搅拌罐式反应器Pipe reactors管式反应器fixed-bed reactor,固定床fluidized-bed reactor流化床In terms of the phase states:Homogenous reaction reactors均相Heterogeneous reaction reactors- using catalysts 多相In terms of the fluid flow modes:Ideal reactors (ideal flow):Fully mixed flow reactors全混流反应器Plug flow reactors-PFRs活塞流反应器Non-ideal reactors (models are required)The tank-in-series model 串联罐式模型The dispersion model分散模型。