东西方文化与翻译期中考试复习题
中西文化比较考试题及答案
1.请从中西视域阐述文化的含义，并比较文化与文明的差异。
答：“文化”，是中国语言系统中古已有之的词汇。
“文”的本义，指各色交错的纹理，引申为涵盖、反映社会、自然现象的条理及规律性。
“化”，本义为改易、生成、造化，引申为教行迁善之义。
“文”与“化”方合成一个整词，本义就是“以文教化”，它表示对人的性情的陶冶，品德的教养，本属精神领域之范畴。
西方的“文化”，英文“culture”和德文的“kuctur”都由拉丁文“cultura”衍化而来，原意指耕作土地（故园艺学在英语为Horticulture），后来逐渐引申出神明崇拜、性情陶冶、品德教化等，这就与古汉语中“文化”所具有的“文治教化”的义项日益接近。
用《中国大百科全书》社会学卷上的话说:“文化一词的中西两个来源,殊途同归,今人都用来指称人类社会的精神现象。
”随着时间的流变和空间的差异，现在“文化”已成为一个内涵丰富、外延宽广的多维概念，并有广义与狭义之分。
广义的“文化”，着眼于人类与一般动物、人类社会与自然界的本质区别，着眼于人类卓立于自然的独特的生存方式，其涵盖面非常广泛，所以又称作“大文化”。
“大文化”指的是人类自身的一切精神性创造活动及其结果，包括认识的（语言、哲学、科学、教育）、规范的（道德、法律、信仰）、艺术的（文学、美术、音乐、舞蹈、戏剧）、器用的（生产工具、日用器皿以及制造它们的技术）。
社会的（制度、组织、风俗习惯）等等。
广义的“文化”从人之所以为人的意义上立论，认为正是文化的出现“将动物的人变为创造的人、组织的人、思想的人、说话的人以及计划的人”，因而将人类社会——历史生活的全部内容统统摄入“文化”的定义域。
与广义“文化”相对的，是狭义的“文化”。
狭义的“文化”排除人类社会——历史生活中关于物质创造活动及其结果的部分，专注于精神创造活动及其结果，所以又被称作“小文化”。
1871年英国文化学家泰勒在《原始文化》一书中提出，文化“乃是包括知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、习俗和任何人作为一名社会成员而获得的能力和习惯在内的复杂整体”，是狭义“文化”早期的经典界说。
中西文化对比期中复习题
According to what you have learned in the book “Doing Culture”, try to decide whether the following statements are true or false.1. Westerners do not use gifts to incur or repay social obligations. ( )2. For Chinese kissing means a casual physical touch, a way of greeting and showing amity.( )3. The basic reasons why Americans climb mountains are to get to the top and enjoying theexperience of doing it. ( ) 4. American young people are very practical about their dating relationships, but are very romanticwhen marrying someone they truly love. ( )5. Chinese young people might be more romantic about their youthful love, while they might bevery practical when choosing a marriage partner. ( ) 7. Chinese expect friendships to be more lasting and they tend to expect more from their friends than Americans do. ( )8.For an American a true friendship is a relationship that endures through changes in the lives of the friends. ( )9. In China, a person is likely to change even “best friends” several times over the years. ( )10. For a German, a neighbor’s duty is to follow the rules that create order. ( )11. American communicators consider silence a message, while to most Chinese silence is theabsence of communication. ( )12. In China, people are concerned more about protecting the dignity of his company, his rank inthat company and his nationality.( )13. In the west, people concern about dignity is more often only an individual matter. ( )14. Westerners are more formal than Asians. ( )15. Comparatively, Chinese are high-context communicators. ( )16. Low-context communicators pay little attention to message sent non-verbally. ( )17. When people share culture, they exchange meanings; when they communicate, they sharemeaning. ( )18. “To play ball” means “to go along with, to cooperation”. ( )19. A stereotype is a generalization that goes beyond the existing evidence, an overgeneralization.( )20. The old image of America is a “melting pot” and the new image of it is a “mosaic”. ( )21. In the metaphor or the global village, nations are like neighborhoods and continents are likefamilies. ( )二．Brief answers1. What are the factors that influence how people make first contacts?2. When people initiate contact they might make mistakes. And what are the characteristics of these mistakes?3. What are the four levels of cross-cultural awareness?4. What is culture ?5. What are the inappropriate and appropriate topics when people from different cultures start to talk?三、Write at least 120 words on the following topic:。
西方文化期中考试复习
1. Adopt the most exact, appropriate, and vivid word. Avoild repetition. eg.: interested? be fond of? be obsessed with? You 've accepted his idea unwillingly? You've conceded his idea? The flag should be raised/ lowered at the half of the pole? The flag should be flying at half mast? We'll expect your son to appreciate his own character? We'll expect your son to celebrate his own individuality?
米字旗 英国王室旗帜 首相 寄宿学校 “人生的七个阶段” 四大悲剧
Union Jack Royal Standard Prime Minister boarding school “Seven Stages of Life” “Four Tragedies”
Part Two Culture Corridor
Part Two Culture Corridor
Movies & Western Culture: the UK
Quiz
Put the following terms and sentences into English
君主
中西方翻译理论试题及答案
中西方翻译理论试题及答案中西方翻译理论的发展历史悠久，各有特色。
西方翻译理论倾向于结构主义和语言学的分析，而中国传统翻译理论则更侧重于文化和哲学的考量。
本文将探讨中西方翻译理论的基本观点、发展历程以及它们在翻译实践中的应用，最后提供一些典型的试题及答案，以供学习和参考。
一、中西方翻译理论的基本观点西方翻译理论西方翻译理论的发展经历了古典时期、中世纪、文艺复兴、现代和后现代等阶段。
每个阶段都有其代表性的理论家和观点。
例如，罗马时期的哲人西塞罗提出了“直译”与“意译”的区分；20世纪初，语言学家尤金·奈达提出了“功能对等”和“动态对等”理论，强调翻译应使目标语言读者能够获得与原文读者相同的信息和感受。
中方翻译理论中国传统翻译理论的起点可以追溯到佛教经典的翻译。
如鸠摩罗什的“文质论”和玄奘的“五不翻”原则，都体现了对原文和译文之间关系的深刻理解。
近现代，中国翻译学者如严复提出的“信、达、雅”原则，至今仍对翻译实践有着重要的指导意义。
二、中西方翻译理论的发展历程西方翻译理论的发展西方翻译理论的发展经历了从文本中心到读者中心的转变。
20世纪中叶，随着结构主义和解构主义的兴起，翻译研究开始关注文本的多义性和读者的解读过程。
后现代翻译理论则更加强调文化差异和权力关系在翻译中的作用。
中方翻译理论的发展中国传统翻译理论的发展与佛教经典的翻译密切相关。
随着时间的推移，翻译理论逐渐融入了更多的文化和哲学元素。
近现代，中国翻译理论开始吸收西方的一些理论，形成了更加开放和多元的理论体系。
三、翻译理论在实践中的应用理论指导实践无论是西方的语言学翻译理论还是中国的文质论，都为翻译实践提供了重要的指导。
翻译者在实践中需要根据原文的文体、内容和目标读者的特点，选择合适的翻译策略。
实践反馈理论翻译实践也为理论的发展提供了丰富的素材。
通过分析具体的翻译案例，翻译学者可以提炼出新的理论观点，进一步完善和发展翻译理论。
四、典型试题及答案1. 试题：请简述尤金·奈达的“功能对等”理论。
八年级英语中西方文化差异练习题50题含答案解析
八年级英语中西方文化差异练习题50题含答案解析1.In Western countries, people often eat ______ for breakfast.A.noodlesB.porridgeC.breadD.dumplings答案解析：C。
在西方国家，人们早餐常吃面包。
选项A 面条，在西方国家不是常见的早餐食物；选项B 粥，也不是西方常见早餐；选项D 饺子，更是中国特色食物，西方早餐很少吃饺子。
2.In China, people usually drink ______ with meals.A.coffeeB.teaC.wineD.juice答案解析：B。
在中国，人们用餐时通常喝茶。
选项 A 咖啡，不是中国传统用餐时喝的；选项C 酒，一般不是每餐都喝；选项D 果汁，也不是中国传统用餐搭配饮品。
3.Westerners like to eat ______ with steak.A.ketchupB.soy sauceC.hot sauceD.mustard答案解析：D。
西方人吃牛排喜欢搭配芥末。
选项A 番茄酱，搭配薯条等较多；选项B 酱油是中国常用调料；选项C 辣酱，不是牛排常见搭配。
4.In China, people celebrate festivals by eating ______.A.turkeyB.mooncakesC.hamburgersD.pizza答案解析：B。
在中国，人们庆祝节日会吃月饼。
选项A 火鸡是西方感恩节等节日食物；选项 C 汉堡和选项 D 披萨不是中国节日特色食物。
5.Western people usually use ______ to eat.A.chopsticksB.spoonsC.knives and forksD.hands答案解析：C。
西方人通常用刀叉吃饭。
选项A 筷子是中国人常用餐具；选项 B 勺子单独使用不全面；选项 D 用手吃饭不是西方普遍习惯。
中西方文化试题答案
4谈谈搞好自身和谐社会效应
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
5中西方文化融合有两个成功范例，它们对中国的影响
近代鸦片战争？？
使中国向世界开放，为中国带来了近代文明
中国加入世贸组织
6请你谈谈《马可波罗游记》的影响
拓宽了欧洲人的世界观念。
激发了欧洲的世俗观念。
是当时西方人研究中国的一个重要依据
中国古代并没有形成典型的农牧结合的经济结构。
农耕文明发展的后期，越来越限制了中国社会的发展。
种植业为基础。
棉麻直接来源于种植业，蚕丝生产亦以桑树栽培为前提，是植物性生产与动物性生产、农业生产与手工业生产的结合。
农桑并举或耕织结合成为传统小农经济的基本特点。
畜牧业是作为副业存在的。
游牧文化:由于实行逐水草而居的游牧方式，强调要使牲畜“遂其天性”，重视牧场的保护和合理利用。
3、发展海外贸易,传播中华文明
4 、开拓海洋事业,铺平亚非航路
5、刺激促进船舶业的发展
6、寻找朱允文，为朱棣扫清障碍
敬业献身报效国家的精神
一种中国人不畏艰险，征服自然的价值趋向，一种打开国门走向世界进行文化交流的决心。
乐于奉献、勇于体主义、、
1简述东西方文化的基本概念
东方文化主要是指亚洲地区，包括部分非洲地区的历史传统文化。
指的是西欧、北美的现代文化,包括西方世界中共同的标准、价值观、风俗等。
2简述农耕文化和游牧文化的各自特点
农耕文化:集中性、稳定性，积累性
自给自足，男耕女织，规模小，分工简单，不用于商品交换。
农耕文明，受封建思想束缚，闭关自守。
忠于职守的奉献、、
各种翻译考试题及答案
各种翻译考试题及答案翻译考试是一种评估考生语言转换能力的专业测试，通常包括笔译和口译两个部分。
考试内容可能涉及文学、科技、商务、法律等多个领域。
以下是一些模拟的翻译考试题目及参考答案，供参考。
题目一：英译汉原文："In the pursuit of knowledge, every individual is an explorer, and the more we learn, the more we realize how much we do not know."参考答案：在追求知识的过程中，每个人都是探险者，我们学得越多，就越意识到我们不知道的有多少。
题目二：汉译英原文：“中国有着悠久的历史和丰富的文化，其中，书法艺术是中国文化的重要组成部分。
”参考答案：China has a long history and a rich culture, among which calligraphy is an important component of Chinese culture.题目三：英译汉（科技领域）原文："The advent of quantum computing has the potential to revolutionize the field of cryptography, offering new ways to secure data against the ever-growing threats of cyber-attacks."参考答案：量子计算的出现有可能彻底改变密码学领域，为数据安全提供新的方法，以抵御日益增长的网络攻击威胁。
题目四：汉译英（法律领域）原文：“合同一旦签署，双方均应遵守合同条款，任何一方违约，都应承担相应的法律责任。
”参考答案：Once a contract is signed, both parties should abide by the terms of the contract. Any breach of contract by either party should bear the corresponding legal responsibilities.题目五：口译练习（商务谈判场景）情景描述：一位中国企业家与外国投资者进行商务谈判，讨论合作事宜。
中西方文化差异考试准备
中西方文化差异考试准备4.中国教育与西方教育的主要区别What are the most significances between chinese and western education, let‟s have a compare and discussas follws:A.concepts of education value:In china, teaching concepts in china, learn knowledge from classes that conducts by teachers and perceive knowledge by listening to what the parents have told them and textbooks which parents ask them to read. It resulted that Chinese primary education is with no doubt strongly-built.where guiding concepts in western, it emphasized the rights and respects of children ,which is based on a trust motion. Westerners intend to offer childern opportunities to develope themselves. Encourage students to learn without pressure.B.Chace to enter high educationFor chinese, is unilaterally seeking for the rate of upgrading, only those high scored students have the opportunity to enter famous schools. Cause huge pressures.For western, every students have a chace to enter high education properties. Mainly emphasize the personal development skills of students and set creativeness as a major purpose of education.C. Education methodsIn china, students may told that they should have the good manner of studying hard towards goals as a chuinese tradition. Like from early of their life ,teaching calculation and writing.In western, people may more look into children‟s perceives abilities. Students just keep sufficient attendance and points, they can graduate easily. And have opportunities to manage their leisure time.5.中西方食品差异A.Differences cooking criteria:”Norm and Casual”Norm and Extractness in western cooking: for western, they emphasize science and nutrition, so the whole process of cooking is in strict accordance with the scientific norm. The use of recipes is an excellent proof to this.In china, is flavor and liberty in chinese cooking. Does not pursue the accurate standardization, but respect randomness.B.Different food objects:The westerners have the traditions of nomadic and seafaring nations, leading their living mainly on fishing and hunting and supplementary on the cultivation they have more meat food and all they need in their daily life.In china, the proportion of meat in the diet is still higher than that of chinese people.C.Eating habits:In china, no matter what the banquet is, people tend to sit around to enjoy the food placed in te moddle of the table which are not only the subjects for people at the table to enjoy.In western, they get to dinner or host a party, they are less enthusiastic that chinese people, and between the guests and the host the atmosphere is more casual. Pay more attention to their individuals.D.Table manner:In china, there was a set of complicated etiquettes. You can not eat only caring about yourself and ignoring others. And must check your hands clean .they may like to urging somebody to drink and zugreifen frequently. Not allow make a noise while eating the food.But in western, like the earlies one to come is hostess, and also she is the earliest one to leave, and also when their are someone else to enter to a party or something, so the couple is not allowed to side one by one, they should face by face. And the most importance guest should side by the host(man).6.你喜欢的一种服装的特点Tang Dynasty: The clothing materials were exquisite. The structure was natural, graceful and elegant .Adornments were splendid ,Complimented by elaborate hairstyle, ornaments and face makeup. The general features of women‟s costume in Tang dynasty：1)topless（上空装，袒胸装）2）exposed arm 3）oblique(斜的）collar 4）large sleeves 5）long skirt dress All of these make it deserve the most typical open clothing style. The clothing materials are exquisite, the structure is natural, graceful and elegant, and adornments are splendid.Han Dynasty: is essentially wrapped around the body with the left side over the right, in a style known as rightward cross collared(in Chinese 交领右衽), which just looks like the letter …y‟ when seen from the front. Only when dressing the dead for burial would it be reversed.BUT there are also other kinds of shape of collars. has many patterns.Ruqun（襦裙）is worn by women.When its collar likes the letter “y”,we can called it Jiaolingruqun(交领襦裙).If its collar likes the number“11”,we can called it duijinruqun（对襟襦裙).When they are classified by its height of the skirt，we can called them qiyaoruqun（齐腰襦裙）——Which waistband is on the waist.Or qixiongruqun（齐胸襦裙）—— Which waistband is above the chest .7.What are the differences between Chinese language and English language, for example, idioms, color words, OR numbers?In Chinese's eye, green is a symbol of safety, hope, peaceIn Anglo-American culture，Green is the color of unripe, green commonly used in English, said someone inexperienced.In Chinese, red are the symbols of celebration, luck, victory, loyal and welcome.In Anglo-American culture，Red can also represent violence and cruelty（“red”in English has more derogatory meanings, while in Chinese it has more positive meanings. ）In ancient times, the yellow symbolizes the acred, imperial, noble, lofty, majestic, lsand, land, etc. Is the color of the emperor.It has derogatory sense in western culture. Such as Yellow dog，Yellow streak8如何获得好人缘.Smile。
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09级期中考试复习题20121028
第一章
1简述语言、文化和翻译之间的关系。
⏹语言是文化的载体。
⏹文化是语言的土壤。
⏹翻译是跨文化交流的桥梁。
2简述文化发展的趋势，分析文化融合带来的文化差异缩小与扩大的辩证关系。
⏹生态翻译学（适应选择）翻译----语言—文化—人类---自然界（生态）
⏹全球化概念下的翻译：量大，文化问题突出
3如何理解“翻译者必须是一个真正的文化人”？
翻译是把一种语言转换成另一种语言。
不言而喻，两种语言转换的过程中必然涉及到两种文化。
翻译实质上是不同文化间的交流。
翻译工作者)处理的是个别词，他面对的则是两大片文化。
必须从文化的角度来看待翻译。
翻译不仅要做到语言意义上的等值，而更重要的是要真正做到文化意义上的等值。
第二章
1简述思维、语言和翻译之间的关系。
思维是人类对客观世界的认识能力。
语言是思维的工具,思维依靠语言来表达, 是思维外化的载体, 记录着思维的成果。
思维和语言是相互作用的，思维对语言的作用是决定性的,思维方式的不同决定了语言表达形式的多样性。
翻译过程始自语言, 又终以语言。
翻译活动不仅是一种语言活动, 更是一种思维活动, 翻译的过程是思维活动的过程, 思维的共性是翻译的基础。
思维是翻译活动的基础, 翻译是思维的转换。
2东西方思维方式的差异主要表现在哪五个方面？
一.抽象思维与具象思维
二.直线思维与曲线思维
三.个体分析性思维与整体综合性思维
四.英语思维重客体汉语思维重主体
五.五.顺向思维与逆向思维
3东西方直线思维和曲线思维的主要差别在哪里？举例说明
⏹西方英语民族思维特点就是喜欢直线思维，对事情的描述直接明了，对事物的说明
多是先说重点，造句上遵循从整体到个体、一般到具体、概括到举例、往往是把句子的重心放在句子的开头。
而汉民族在表达思想的时候更喜欢曲线思维，习惯从侧面来说明具体的事物，从具体到一般和从个体到整体的原则。
⏹It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune
must be in want of a wife.
( J. Austen, Pride and Prejudice)
凡是有钱的单身汉, 总想娶个太太, 这是一条举世公认的真理。
4“南征北战”翻译成汉语为fight north and south和northeast翻译成汉语“东北”，这种文字上的差异表现在英汉思维方式上属于哪一类？顺向思维与逆向思维
5翻译下列句子，并举说明在翻译这些句子时是如何处理英汉思维方式上的差异的？
（见课后练习题）
⏹ 1.We were all greatly moved by his loftiness.
⏹ 2.He refused to play up to his superiors to get a pay raise.
⏹ 3.He ought to be able to recognize the car by now, considering the amount electric
4.troubles they had had since moving into this country house.
⏹ 5.China was not, is not, will never be a superpower.
⏹ 6.An adult female giant panda gives birth to two cubs at a time.
⏹7.It didn’t occur to me that you would obje ct.
⏹8.The thought of being scolded by the teacher filled me with fear.
⏹9.The little boy, who was crying as if h is heart would break, said, when I spoke to him,
that he was very hungry, because he had no food for two days.
⏹10.When Smith was drunk, he used to beat his wife and daughter, and in the next morning,
with a headache, he would rail at the world for its neglect of his genius, and abuse, with a good deal of cleverness, and sometimes with perfect reason, the fools, his brother painters.
⏹1利比亚的的黎波里发生了很多暴力事件。
⏹2这些问题盘根错节，三言两语说不清楚。
⏹3这是他们夫妻之间的事情，你去插一脚干嘛？
⏹4你本该提前完成作业，可是你到现在还没完成，让我很失望。
⏹5对这种解释, 谁都不会接受。
⏹6中日两国发展和平友好关系, 符合两国人民的长远利益。
第三章
1简述宗教、语言、文化和翻译之间的关系。
宗教既是一种特定的思想信仰，同时又是一种普遍的文化现象，是人类文化的重要组成部分。
语言作为文化的载体和组成部分，必然与宗教这一特殊文化形式之间，有着非常密切的关系：语言记载了宗教，宗教发展了语言。
2佛教对汉语的影响和基督教对英语的影响哪个更大？为什么？
一．中古英语尚不规范时，1611年《钦定圣经译本》的出现促使中古英语过度到近代英语。
确立了规范而统一的英语，而且大大拓宽了它的使用面。
二．圣经所涵盖的范围非常广，宗教、地理学、礼仪学、建筑学、人口学等等。
三．《圣经》的影响大大超出了国家和民族的界限。
四．为英语输入了新鲜的血液，习语格言发展和完善了这一语言。
五．西方人的宗教信仰使得圣经更具有权威性，从而影响更深。
3东西方宗教文化的不同点主要表现在哪些方面？
⏹1、多元共处与一神崇拜
⏹2、以人为本与以神为本
⏹3、现世永恒与来世超越
⏹4、教权和政权
4如何翻译涉及宗教文化的文字？举例说明。
⏹异化：The way to Heaven is by Weeping Cross.
⏹忏悔受难，得升天堂。
⏹音译，音译+注解as wise as Solomon
⏹所罗门王（Solomon）是《圣经》中记载的古代以色列王，以智慧著称
⏹直译，直译+注解the Last Judgment
⏹如实地禀报自己一生的所作所为,听候上帝的“最后审判”
⏹归化：sow the wind and reap the whirlwind 恶有恶报,干坏事必将遭到加倍惩罚
⏹意译to return to dust/earth 死亡
第四章
1什么是文化空缺和文化空缺词汇，举例说明。
文化空缺,普遍被人们所接受的定义是:由于各民族在历史背景、社会习俗、宗教文化、意识形态等方面的差异, 一种语言具有的概念、事物或现象,在另一种语言中找不到对应或相近的表达方式, 形成了语言文化的空缺。
⏹给我支笔。
2简述文化空缺产生的原因及分类，并举例说明。
⏹ 1.哲学思想、价值观念、思维视点
⏹ 2.宗教信仰
⏹ 3.风俗习惯
⏹ 4.社会历史变迁
⏹ 5.地域环境
⏹ 6.文学、艺术、体育
⏹7.政治、经济、科学技术
⏹8.其他
3不同语言中的文化空缺词如何分类？举例说明。
（1）重合词汇
（2）平行词汇
（3）全空缺词汇
（4）半空缺词汇
（5）冲突词汇
4aids译成汉语“艾滋病”和chocolate 译成汉语“巧克力糖”在文化空缺词的翻译中属于哪种译法？异化翻译模式-音译法；
5文化空缺词的翻译分为哪两大类？举例说明。
⏹（一）异化翻译模式
⏹ 1.音译法胡同hutong
⏹ 2.直译：the cold war ( 冷战)
⏹ 3.直译加注the heel of Achilles：阿基里斯的脚跟—致命弱点。
⏹ 4.解释性翻译法Three rural issues(countryside, agriculture, farmer)⏹（二）归化翻译模式
⏹ 1.借用法三角债：chain debts
⏹ 2.代换法挥金如土：to spend money like water;
⏹ 3.意译法, lucky dog( 幸运儿)。