Chapter eight
8 politeness
Put the following responses in each dialogues in increasing order of politeness.(Approbation Maxim)
1. Mary: Well, I‘ve done it. I‘ve dyed my hair blonde. Ed: a) you look beautiful. b) you look awful. c) you look amazing.
b)—c)—a)
2. Tom: Do you like the wine I picked out? Mary: a) it‘s Italian, isn‘t b) yes, I do. c) not really.
c)—a)—b)
it‘s Italian, isn‘t it? Implies a less than whole-hearted endorsement of the wine by failing to be maximally informative, ‗answering a question with another question‘, and by failing to be maximally relevant since the topic was the wine‘s taste not its country of origin.
B: No, it was very uninteresting.
2. A: English is a difficult language to learn. B: True, but the grammar is quite easy.
8.3 Brown & Levinson‘s Face Theory
Unit 8 Accounting
What did current accounting practices start with?
•
Is it true that accounting at any point in time and place can represent the level of civilization then and there? Give your reasons.
What has the rise of the accounting profession benefited since the beginning of the 19th century?
•
V Background
• Accountants invented writing, developed money and banking, innovated the double entry bookkeeping system that fueled the Italian Renaissance, were needed by Industrial Revolution inventors and entrepreneurs for survival, helped develop the capital markets necessary for big business so essential for capitalism, turned into a profession that brought credibility for complex business practices that sparked the economic boom of the 20th century, and are central to the information revolution that is now transforming the global economy.
《哈利波特与魔法石》第8章《魔药课老师》中英文对照学习版
中英文对照学习版Harry Potter and Philosopher’s Stone《哈利˙波特与魔法石》CHAPTER EightThe Potions Master第八章魔药课老师‘There, l ook.’“就在那边，快看。
”‘Where?’“哪边？”‘Next to the tall kid with the red hair.’“在那个高个红头发男生旁边。
”‘Wearing the glasses?’“那个戴眼镜的？”‘Did you see his face?’“你看见他的脸了吗？”‘Did you see his scar?’“看见他那道伤疤了吗？”Whispers foll owed Harry from the moment he l eft his d ormitory next day. Peopl e queuing outsid e classrooms stood on tiptoe to get a l ook at him, or d oubl ed back to pass him in the corrid ors again, staring. Harry wished they woul dn't, because he was trying to concentrate on finding his way to classes.第二天，哈利走出寝室，这些窃窃私语就一直紧追着他。
学生们在教室外边排着长队，个个踮着脚尖，想一睹他的真面目。
在走廊里，他们从他身边走过去，又折回来，死死地盯着他看。
哈利希望他们不要这样，因为他要集中注意力寻找去教室的路。
There were a hundred and forty-two staircases at Hogwarts: wid e, sweeping ones; narrow, rickety ones; some that l ed somewhere different on a Friday; some with a vanishing step halfway up that you had to remember to jump. Then there were d oors that woul dn't open unl ess you asked politely, or tickl ed them in exactly the right place, and d oors that weren't really d oors at all, but solid walls just pretending. It was also very hard to remember where anything was, because it all seemed to move around a l ot. The peopl e in the portraits kept going to visit each other and Harry was sure the coats of armour coul d walk.霍格沃茨的楼梯总共有一百四十二处之多。
2019-导游英语Chapter 8 Emergency Handling-文档资料
the way to the hotel. • 行李不可能遗失在机场或是来酒店的路上。 • Lost and Found Desk 失物招领处
Situation I —— Notes
• Could you describe some features of your baggage?
• 请描述一下你的行李的外观特点。 • It’s a medium-sized, black suitcase with my name
tag attached. • 一个中等大小黑色的行李箱，上面有我的姓名标
• 4. If the baggage eventually cannot be found, the manager of the travel service (if necessary), and the tour guide should explain to the tourist what may have happened, offer apologies and help him or her to claim for compensation in accordance with the international practice.
n. 标签
• feature
n. 特征，特色；容貌，相貌
• medium-sized adj. 中等大小的，中号的
• attached
adj. 附加的
Situation I —— Notes
• I’m sorry to disturb you now, but I can’t find my baggage.
英语演讲选修课chapter 8 Special
“Children, we have a very important guest with us today. He is the number one policeman in our city, the head of all the other police officers. Besides knowing a lot about crime right here at home, the police commissioner has also spent time working with Interpol – a special group of police officers who deal with crimes around the world. Today he is going to talk about how all of us can help to prevent crime. Let’s give a big round of applause and listen carefully to police commissioner Robert Washington.”
Focus on the accomplishments of the recipient
The audience doesn’t want a detailed biography of the recipient. You just need to highlight his achievements. The speech of presentation will be very brief, rarely more than five minutes long.
1. Speech of introduction
chapter8 Language in Use
Semantics and Pragmatics
Semantics: what language means
(sentence meaning)
Pragmatics: what people mean
(speaker’s meaning) （utterance meaning）
Similarity
• The utterance which performs an act is called a performative (行事话语)。
•I name the ship the Queen Elizabeth. •I declare the meeting open. •I resign. •I pronounce you husband and wife.
• Though performatives cannot be true or false, they can be felicitous or infelicitous.
Felicity Conditions
• Felicity Conditions (合适条件) are conditions needed for success or achievement of a performative.
Pragmatics and semantics are both linguistic study of meaning
Difference
• Semantic meaning: the more constant, inherent side of meaning • Pragmatic meaning: the more indeterminate, the more closely related to context • Pragmatic = meaning - semantics
柳林风声第八篇读后感英文版三十字左右
柳林风声第八篇读后感英文版三十字左右全文共10篇示例，供读者参考篇1The eighth article in the "Sound of the Wind in Liulin" book made me feel very excited and inspired. In this article, the story continues with the adventures of the main characters as they face new challenges and obstacles. The characters show bravery, friendship, and perseverance as they work together to overcome these challenges.One of the things that I really liked about this article was how the characters never gave up, even when things seemed impossible. They always found a way to work together and come up with a plan to solve their problems. This taught me that no matter how difficult things may seem, with determination and teamwork, anything is possible.Another part of the article that I enjoyed was the strong bond of friendship between the characters. They supported each other, cheered each other on, and celebrated each other's successes. This reminded me of the importance of having friends who are there for you during both good and bad times.Overall, the eighth article in the "Sound of the Wind in Liulin" series was a great read. It taught me valuable lessons about perseverance, teamwork, and friendship. I can't wait to see what adventures await the characters in the next article!篇2Liu Lin, a small town surrounded by lush green trees and chirping birds, is a place full of wonders. In the eighth volume of the series "The Sound of the Wind in Liu Lin," the adventures continue with new mysteries to solve and friendships to be made.In this volume, the main characters, Timmy and Lily, team up with their friends to explore a mysterious cave that appeared overnight in the town square. As they venture into the depths of the cave, they uncover hidden treasures and ancient artifacts that reveal the town's rich history.What I love most about this book is the sense of adventure and camaraderie among the characters. Timmy, Lily, and their friends work together to overcome obstacles and solve puzzles, showing the power of teamwork and friendship. The story also teaches important lessons about perseverance, curiosity, and respect for nature.One of my favorite parts of the book is when the characters encounter a family of foxes living in the cave. The foxes teach them the importance of living harmoniously with nature and respecting the creatures that call the cave home. It's a heartwarming reminder to always be kind and empathetic towards all living beings.Overall, "The Sound of the Wind in Liu Lin: Volume Eight" is a delightful read that combines mystery, adventure, and heartwarming moments. It's a story that will capture your imagination and inspire you to explore the world around you with an open mind and a kind heart. I can't wait to see what other adventures await in future volumes of the series!篇3After reading the eighth episode of the Liuming Fengsheng, I feel so excited and thrilled! The story is so interesting and full of surprises.In this episode, the main character Xiao Ming finally meets the mysterious old man in the forest. The old man tells Xiao Ming about the legend of the ancient temple hidden deep in the woods. He also reveals that only the chosen one can enter the temple and unlock its secrets.I was on the edge of my seat as Xiao Ming bravely enters the temple and faces a series of challenges. He must solve riddles, overcome obstacles, and prove his courage and intelligence. I was rooting for him the whole time, hoping that he would succeed in his quest.As Xiao Ming explores the temple, he discovers ancient artifacts and learns about the history of the land. It's like areal-life adventure movie, with twists and turns that kept me guessing until the very end.The eighth episode of Liuming Fengsheng is not only entertaining but also teaches important lessons about bravery, friendship, and perseverance. It reminds me that we should never give up, no matter how difficult the journey may seem.I can't wait to read the next episode and find out what happens next in Xiao Ming's adventures. The Liuming Fengsheng series is a must-read for anyone who loves action, mystery, and a good old-fashioned adventure!篇4Title: My Thoughts on "The Wind in the Willows: Part Eight"Today, I read the eighth part of "The Wind in the Willows" called "The Windy Man." It was such an exciting chapter! I just couldn't put the book down. I wanted to share my thoughts about this amazing story.In this chapter, the animals were all afraid of the "Windy Man." They thought he was going to blow their homes away with his strong wind. But then, they found out that the "Windy Man" was actually a scarecrow put up by the humans to keep the birds away from their crops.I was so relieved when I found out the truth about the "Windy Man." I was really scared for the animals, especially when badger and mole went to confront him. It made me realize that things are not always what they seem, and it's important to look deeper before jumping to conclusions.I also loved how the animals worked together to help each other out. Rat, Badger, Mole, and Toad all showed great teamwork and friendship in this chapter. It was heartwarming to see them support each other in times of need.Overall, I think this chapter taught me that it's important to be brave and to face our fears. Just like the animals in the story, we should always stick together and help each other out. I can'twait to continue reading "The Wind in the Willows" and see what adventures lie ahead for Rat, Badger, Mole, and Toad.篇5Title: My Thoughts on "The Wind in the Willows" Chapter EightHi everyone! Today, I want to tell you about the eighth chapter of "The Wind in the Willows." It's super fun and exciting, just like all the other chapters in the book.So, in this chapter, Mole and Rat are hanging out by the river when they hear this wonderful sound. It's the sound of Pan playing his pipes, and it's so beautiful that it makes Mole and Rat feel really happy. They even start dancing and singing along!But then, all of a sudden, a big, scary stoat named Chief Weasel shows up. He's causing trouble and scaring all the other animals in the riverbank. Mole and Rat know they have to do something to stop him, so they come up with a clever plan to trick Chief Weasel and make him go away.With the help of their friends Toad, Badger, and Otter, Mole and Rat are able to outsmart Chief Weasel and save the day. It's areally exciting and adventurous chapter, and it shows just how brave and clever Mole and Rat are.I really enjoyed reading this chapter because it taught me that no matter how scary or difficult a situation may seem, if you work together with your friends and use your brains, you can overcome any obstacle. That's a really important lesson to learn, and I think it's one of the reasons why "The Wind in the Willows" is such a great book.I can't wait to read the next chapter and see what other adventures Mole, Rat, Toad, Badger, and Otter go on. I'm sure it will be just as fun and exciting as this one! Thanks for listening to my thoughts on "The Wind in the Willows" Chapter Eight. Bye for now!篇6Title: My Thoughts on "The Eighth Episode of The Wind in the Willows"Hey guys! Today I want to talk to you about this cool book I just read called "The Eighth Episode of The Wind in the Willows". It's a really awesome story about animals who can talk and go on all sorts of adventures.In this book, the animals are all friends and they live in the wild. There's a mole, a rat, a toad, and a badger. They all have different personalities and they get into all kinds of funny situations. My favorite character is Toad because he's so silly and always getting into trouble.The story is all about friendship and loyalty. The animals stick together no matter what and help each other out when they're in trouble. It made me think about how important it is to have good friends who always have your back.One of the best parts of the book is when the animals go on a journey to find a lost treasure. They face all sorts of challenges along the way, but they never give up. It showed me that we can accomplish anything if we work together and never lose hope.Overall, "The Eighth Episode of The Wind in the Willows" is a super fun and exciting book that teaches us the value of friendship and teamwork. I highly recommend it to all my friends.I hope you guys enjoy it as much as I did!篇7Title: My Thoughts on "The Sound of the Wind in Willow Woods" Chapter EightHey guys, I just finished reading chapter eight of "The Sound of the Wind in Willow Woods" and I have so much to say about it! This chapter was really exciting and had lots of twists and turns that I didn't see coming.One thing I really liked about this chapter was how the main character, Lily, finally stood up to the mean girl in her class. It was so cool to see her find her courage and speak her mind. It made me think about how important it is to stand up for yourself and not let others push you around.I also loved how Lily and her friends went on a big adventure in the woods. They discovered a secret cave and found a magical crystal that gave them special powers. It was like something out of a movie! I wish I could go on an adventure like that with my friends.But the best part of the chapter was the ending. Just when I thought everything was going to be okay, there was a huge cliffhanger that left me wanting more. I can't wait to see what happens in the next chapter!Overall, I really enjoyed reading chapter eight of "The Sound of the Wind in Willow Woods." It was full of excitement, mystery, and friendship. I can't wait to read the next chapter and find out what happens next.篇8Title: My Thoughts on "The Eighth Chapter of Wind in the Willows"Hey guys! So, I just finished reading "The Eighth Chapter of Wind in the Willows" and let me tell you, it was super awesome! The story was about Rat and Mole going on a big adventure together and meeting new friends along the way. It was so exciting and funny at the same time!One thing I really liked about the book was how the author described all the different animals in such a cool way. Like, there was this one part where Rat and Mole meet a wise old Badger who helps them out with their problems. And then they run into a crazy Toad who is always getting into trouble - he was hilarious!I also loved how the author showed the importance of friendship and working together. Rat and Mole had each other's backs no matter what, and that's something really special. It made me think about my own friends and how we always stick together too.Overall, "The Eighth Chapter of Wind in the Willows" was a super fun and heartwarming story that taught me a lot aboutfriendship and adventure. I can't wait to read the next chapter and see what other crazy adventures Rat and Mole get up to!That's it for my thoughts on the book. I hope you guys check it out too and have as much fun as I did reading it. See you next time! Bye!篇9"Wow! Have you read the eighth article of "The Sound of the Wind in the Willows"? It was so exciting and thrilling! This time, the animals in the story faced a dangerous situation when a wildfire swept through the forest. It was really scary, but they all worked together to put out the fire and protect their home.I think the story teaches us the importance of teamwork and cooperation. When everyone works together towards a common goal, amazing things can happen. Just like how the animals in the story saved their forest from the wildfire, we can achieve great things if we support each other and work as a team.I also liked how the author described the beauty of nature in the forest. The way the wind rustled through the leaves and the sunlight danced on the water, it made me feel like I was right there with the animals. It reminded me to appreciate the world around me and to take care of our environment.Overall, I really enjoyed reading the eighth article of "The Sound of the Wind in the Willows". It was a fun and inspiring story that taught me valuable lessons about teamwork, nature, and friendship. I can't wait to read the next one and see what adventures the animals will go on next!"篇10As a primary school student, I recently read the eighth essay of "Sounds of the Willow Forest” and I really enjoyed it! The story was about a young girl named Lily who went on an adventure to discover the secrets of the mysterious forest. Here are some of my thoughts after reading the story:First of all, I thought it was really cool how Lily was so brave and curious. Even though she was scared at times, she didn't give up and kept on exploring. It made me think about how important it is to be brave and never give up, no matter how tough things get.Secondly, I loved how the author described the forest with such vivid details. I could almost imagine myself walking through the dense trees and hearing the rustling of the leaves. It made me appreciate the beauty of nature even more and made me want to explore the forest myself.Lastly, I was really surprised by the twist at the end of the story. I won't spoil it for you, but it made me think about how things are not always what they seem and how important it is to keep an open mind.Overall, reading the eighth essay of "Sounds of the Willow Forest” was a really fun and inspiring experience for me. It taught me about bravery, curiosity, and the beauty of nature. I can't wait to read more stories like this one!。
商务翻译 Chapter 8
9. It is true our price is a bit higher compared with that of other suppliers，but you know you get what you pay for. 译文： 译文：我方价格是比其他供货商高些，但要知 道一分钱一分货。
我听说稀土出口税率四月一日起会增长十倍。 a. I hear that the export tax rate of rare earth will increase by ten folds (times) starting from April 1. b. I hear that the export tax rate of rare earth will have a tenfold increase by April 1. c. I hear that the export tax rate of rare earth on April 1 will be ten times larger than that of March. d. I hear that the export tax rate of rare earth on April 1 will be eleven times as much as that of March.
2. a. b.
ton (tonne) 吨 metric ton (公制) 公吨 = 1000 kg. long ton (英制) 长吨 = 2240 lb. = 1.016 公吨（1016 kg） short ton ( 美制) 短吨 = 2000 lb. = 0.907 公吨（907 kg） 溢装 overload 短装 shortload
2.
According to your invitation No.108, we are pleased to submit to you our bid. 译文: 根据你方第108号招标通知，我方乐于 提交标书。
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• • • • • • • • •
Share capital Types of shares Class rights Issuing shares Capital maintenance Distributions Debentures Fixed charges and floating charges Priority and registration of charges
ACCA F4
10
5. Issuing shares
Authority of directors to allot shares by articles. by ordinary resolution Authority must state maximum number of shares to be allotted expiry date for the authority ( maximum five years)
ACCA F4
14
6 Capital maintenance
Rules on capital maintenance capital of a limited company is regarded as guarantee or a buffer fund for creditors once capital has been raised it must be maintained, which includes share capital, share premium account, and capital redemption reserve. to prevent the company reducing its capital by returning to its members a limited company can not purchase its own shares, with exceptions give financial assistance for the purchase of company’s own shares Make distribution other than distributable profits
ordinary shares preference shares redeemable shares deferred / founders’ shares non-voting shares
ACCA F4
5
Preference shares dividends cumulative fixed dividend paid in priority to other dividends. prior return of capital, but no claim on surplus on winding up none or restricted voting rights
ACCA F4
11
Issue at discount Nominal value of the share represents the extent of a shareholder’s potential liability Gerneral rule: shares cannot be issued at a discount on their nominal value S580, CA06. If breached, the issuance is till valid but the allotted must pay up the discount plus interest( case on p204) (debentures are different)
ACCA F4
13
Paying for shares normally in cash private companies.
could be in kind(non-cash )
the court may intervene if “ illusory, past or inadequate “ public company Subscribers to the memo must pay cash ( couldn’t be in the form of work or services) a public company must not allot a share until at least 25% of the nominal value and the whole of any premium is paid up. non-cash consideration must be independently valued, reported, and received within five years
ACCA F4
16
7. Distribution of profit
Rules a company may only make a distribution ( pay dividends) out of profits available, not capital. Profits available for dividend profit accumulated (overall profit/ loss, not just one year) realized (not revaluation reserve)
ACCA F4
17
Rules for public company a public company may not pay a dividend unless its net assets exceed the aggregate amount of call-up share capital and undistributable reserves. undistributable reserves share premium account capital redemption reserve unrealized profits others
ACCA F4
1
1. Share capital
Definition of a share a share is the interest of the shareholder in the company, measured by a sum of money, consisting of rights and obligations. share capital: one of main resources of finance, which is divided into shares that defines the shareholder’s proportionate interest in a company.
ACCA F4
8
4. Terminology
terminology of share capital authorized share capital the amount of share capital authorized by memo to issue. issued share capital: actually issued or sold by the company paid up capital (public, at least 25%) called up capital uncalled capital
ACCA F4
2
shareholders, members of the corporation, have the right to receive dividends vote at general meetings receive surplus assets on a liquidation or reduction of capital
ACCA F4
3
2. Types of shares
classes are distinguished by rights to
voting rights dividends assets ( winding up or reduction of capital)
ACCA F4
4
types of shares
ACCA F4
9
bonus issues issue fully paid shares to existing shareholders in proportion to their shareholdings by using of company’s reserves. no new fund raised rights issues new shares offered to existing shareholders in proportion to their shareholdings. raise new funds usually offered at discount to current market value but no to nominal value.
ACCA F4
7
minority’s protection: S633, CA 06 15 % discontent of the nominal value of that class may ask the court to cancel the variation the court will decide if unfairly prejudicial. the court will only intervene in the case of right change( case on p201)
ACCA F4
12
Issue of shares at a premium any premium to be credited to a share premium account, only available for writing off the expenses of the issue writing off commission paid ton for issuance of shares issuing bonus sharesFra bibliotekACCA F4