托福TPO27听力Conversation1文本+题目+答案解析
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO27听力Conversation1文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO27听力Conversation1文本
Narrator: Listen to part of a conversation at the information desk in the library.
Librarian: Hi. Can I help you?
Student: Where do I go, besides the computers, to look for books on New Zealand?
Librarian: OK. You mean you don’t want to use the computer?
Student: Well, I haven’t had any luck on the computers here.
Librarian: OK. I mean the reason I am asking is you pretty much have to go to the computer to find out where a book is. But I can help you find it on the computer if you like.
Student: That would be great. I just spent half an hour and I couldn’t find anything.
Librarian: I know how you feel. When I first started working here, I couldn’t find anything either. So you are looking for information on New Zealand, is that right?
Student: Yes.
Librarian: Is it like travel information that you are looking for?
Student: Uh… No. Actually what I am looking for is information on a volcano in New Zealand.
Librarian: Oh. OK. Because I know a travel agency that specializes in tours in New Zealand and Australia.
Student: Oh. I’d love to go. I heard it’s beautiful.
Librarian: Yeah.
Student: Maybe someday.
Librarian: Yup. OK. Let’s see … OK. If you want to search the library holdings and don’t know the author’s name or the exact title of the book or an article, you have to set up a keyword search.It is a special function. Then you can just type in
some keywords and let the computer do the search.
Student: I see.
Librarian: OK. Oh, how about if we search for volcanoes and New Zealand.
Student: Sounds good.
Librarian: It’s for a geology class?
Student: Mhmm.
Librarian: Ha! You must be from Professor Simpson’s class.
Student: No.
Librarian: Oh. Well, he is a volcano expert, so I thought he might be teaching your class.
Student: No, I’ve heard he is really good though.
Librarian: Yeah. That’s what everyone says. Do you know the name of the volcano?
Student: Mount Ruapehu.
Librarian: Can you spell that?
Student: Sure. It is R-U-A-P-E-H-U.
Librarian: OK. Mount Ruapehu. Let’s see. So are you a geology major?
Student: Hem. Hardly.
Librarian: Let me guess, you have to take a science course and you don’t want to have to deal with biology, chemistry or physics.
Student: Exactly. But it’s actually turned out to be a pretty interesting class.
Librarian: Well, that’s good. Um… does it have to be a book? Or could you use a journal article?
Student: Mhmm… no, either one would be fine.
Librarian: OK. Well, here’s a journal article. Let me check to see if we have。
托福TPO27阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO27阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
Crafts in the Ancient Near East Some of the earliest human civilizations arose insouthern Mesopotamia,in what is now southern Iraq,in the fourth millennium B.C.E.In the second half ofthe millennium,in the south around the city of Uruk,there was an enormous escalation in the area occupied by permanent settlements.A largepart of that increase took place in Uruk itself,which became a real urban center surrounded bya set of secondary settlements.While population estimates are notoriously unreliable,scholars assume that Uruk inhabitants were able to support themselves from the agriculturalproduction of the field surrounding the city,which could be reached with a daily commute.ButUruk’s dominant size in the entire region,far surpassing that of other settlements,indicatesthat it was a regional center and a true city.Indeed,it was the first city in human history. 一些最早的人类文明是在公元前四千年前的南美索不达米亚出现的，现在这片区域处于南伊拉克。
托福TPO27
TPO27-1-1 原文：Crafts in the Ancient Near EastSome of the earliest human civilizations arose in southern Mesopotamia, in what is now southern Iraq, in the fourth millennium B.C.E. In the second half of the millennium, in the south around the city of Uruk, there was an enormous escalation in the area occupied by permanent settlements. A large part of that increase took place in Uruk itself, which became a real urban center surrounded by a set of secondary settlements. While population estimates are notoriously unreliable, scholars assume that Uruk inhabitants were able to support themselves from the agricultural production of the field surrounding the city, which could be reached with a daily commute. But Uruk’s dominant size in the entire region, far surpassing that of other settlements, indicates that it was a regional center and a true city. Indeed, it was the first city in human history.The vast majority of its population remained active in agriculture, even those people living within the city itself. But a small segment of the urban society started to specialize in nonagricultural tasks as a result of the city’s role as a regional center. Within the productive sector, there was a growth of a variety of specialist craftspeople. Early in the Uruk period, the use of undecorated utilitarian pottery was probably the result of specialized mass production. In an early fourth-millennium level of the Eanna archaeological site at Uruk, a pottery style appears that is most characteristic of this process, the so-called beveled-rim bowl. It is a rather shallow bowl that was crudely made in a mold; hence, in only a limited number of standard sizes. For some unknown reason, many were discarded, often still intact, and thousands have been found all over the Near East. The beveled-rim bowl is one of the most telling diagnostic finds for identifying an Uruk-period site. Of importance is the fact that it was produced rapidly in large amounts, most likely by specialists in a central location.A variety of documentation indicates that certain goods, once made by a family member as one of many duties, were later made by skilled artisans. Certain images depict groups of people, most likely women, involved in weaving textiles, an activity we know from later third-millennium texts to have been vital in the economy and to have been centrally administered. Also, a specialized metal-producing workshop may have been excavated in a small area at Uruk. It contained a number of channels lined by a sequence of holes, about 50 centimeters deep, all showing burn marks and filled with ashes. This has been interpreted as the remains of a workshop where molten metal was scooped up from the channel and poured into molds in the holes. Some type of mass production by specialists were involved here.Objects themselves suggest that they were the work of skilled professionals. In the late Urukperiod(3500-3100 B.C.E.), there first appeared a type of object that remained characteristic for Mesopotamia throughout its entire history: the cylinder seal. This was a small cylinder, usually no more than 3 centimeters high and 2 centimeters in diameter, of shell, bone, faience (a glassy type of stoneware), or various types of stones, on which a scene was carved into the surface. When rolled over a soft material----primarily the clay of bullae (round seals), tablets, or clay lumps attached to boxes, jars, or door bolts----the scene would appear in relief, easily legible. The technological knowledge needed to carved it was farsuperior to that for stamp seals, which had happened in the early Neolithic period (approximately 10,000-5000 B.C.E.). From the first appearance of cylinder seals, the carved scenes could be highly elaborate and refined, indicating the work of specialist stone-cutters. Similarly, the late Uruk period shows the first monumental art, relief, and statuary in the round, made with a degree of mastery that only a professional could have produced.----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Paragraph 1: Some of the earliest human civilizations arose in southern Mesopotamia, in what is now southern Iraq, in the fourth millennium B.C.E. In the second half of the millennium, in the south around the city of Uruk, there was an enormous escalation in the area occupied by permanent settlements. A large part of that increase took place in Uruk itself, which became a real urban center surrounded by a set of secondary settlements. While population estimates are notoriously unreliable, scholars assume that Uruk inhabitants were able to support themselves from the agricultural production of the field surrounding the city, which could be reached with a daily commute. But Uruk’s dominant size in the entire region, far surpassing that of other settlements, indicates that it was a regional center and a true city. Indeed, it was the first city in human history.1.which of the sentences below best express the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.O Although scholars cannot accurately determine the size of the Uruk population, they know the citizens were not dependent on agriculture.O scholars do not have enough evidence to determine whether the agriculture areas just outside of Ur uk were large enough to feed the city’s population.O Because city populations cannot feed themselves, scholars think the surrounding farms provided food to the people in Uruk.O Scholars believe that the inhabitants of Uruk were able to support themselves from product grown in field surrounding the city.2.The word ―surpassing‖ in the passage is closest in meaning toO proceedingO exceedingO challengingO outlasting3.According to paragraph 1, all of the following are true of the ancient settlement at Uruk EXCEPT:O It was a permanent settlement.O It was self-sufficient.O It was one of a group of other larger settlements.O It had easy access to the land where its crops were grown.Paragraph 2: The vast majority of its population remained active in agriculture, even those people living within the city itself. But a small segment of the urban society started to specialize in nonagricultural tasks as a result of the city’s role as a regional center. Within the productive sector, there was a growth of a variety of specialist craftspeople. Early in the Uruk period, the use of undecorated utilitarian pottery was probably the result of specialized mass production. In an early fourth-millennium level of the Eanna archaeological site at Uruk, a pottery style appears that is most characteristic of this process, the so-called beveled-rim bowl. It is a rather shallow bowl that was crudely made in a mold; hence, in only a limited number of standard sizes. For some unknown reason, many were discarded, often still intact, and thousands have been found all over the Near East. The beveled-rim bowl is one of the most telling diagnostic finds for identifying an Uruk-period site. Of importance is the fact that it was produced rapidly in large amounts, most likely by specialists in a central location.4. The word ―intact‖ in the passage is closest in meaning toO unsoldO unusedO undamagedO unpainted5. According to paragraph 2, which of the following best describes the beveled-rim bowls from the Eanna Archaeological site at Uruk.O They were discarded because they became unpopular.O They varied greatly in shape and decoration.O They were each individually styled.O They were made in only a few sizes.6.Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 2 about craft production in the Uruk period?O Specialists in nonagricultural tasks obtained a higher status than those engaged in agricultural production.O People not needed for framing could perform other more specialized activities.O Ancient crafts were beginning to be produced for both utilitarian and decorative purposes.O Pottery making was the only known during the fourth millennium.Paragraph 3: A variety of documentation indicates that certain goods, once made by a family member as one of many duties, were later made by skilled artisans. Certain images depict groups of people, most likely women, involved in weaving textiles, an activity we know from later third-millennium texts to have been vital in the economy and to have been centrally administered. Also, a specialized metal-producing workshop may have been excavated in a small area at Uruk. It contained a number of channels lined by a sequence of holes, about 50 centimeters deep, all showing burn marks and filled with ashes. This has been interpreted as the remains of a workshop where molten metal was scooped up from the channel and poured into molds in the holes. Some type of mass production by specialists were involved here.7.According to paragraph 3, which of the following is true of textile production after the fourth millennium?O It had an important commercial value.O It existed but was not well organized.O It is not documented in the archaeological record.O It was carried on by individuals in their own homes.8. The word ―interpreted‖ in the passage is closest in meaning toO documentedO debatedO displayedO understood9. What is the purpose of paragraph 3?O To contrast the productivity of crafts workers in the third and fourth millenniaO To provide additional evidence of mass production by crafts workersO To suggest that an early form of urban settlement may have exist before UrukO To contrast the development of weaving and pottery in UrukParagraph 4: Objects themselves suggest that they were the work of skilled professionals. In the late Urukperiod(3500-3100 B.C.E.), there first appeared a type of object that remained characteristic for Mesopotamia throughout its entire history: the cylinder seal. ■This was a small cylinder, usually no more than 3 centimeters high and 2 centimeters in diameter, of shell, bone, faience (a glassy type of stoneware), or various types of stones, on which a scene was carved into the surface. ■When rolled over a soft material----primarily the clay of bullae (round seals), tablets, or clay lumps attached to boxes, jars, or door bolts----the scene would appear in relief, easily legible. ■The technological knowledge needed to carved it was far superior to that for stamp seals, which had happened in the early Neolithic period (approximately 10,000-5000 B.C.E.). ■From the first appearance of cylinder seals, the carved scenes could be highly elaborate and refined, indicating the work of specialist stone-cutters. Similarly, the late Uruk period shows the first monumental art, relief, and statuary in the round, made with a degree of mastery that only a professional could have produced.10. The word ―legible‖ in the passage is closest in meaning t oO printableO enjoyableO recognizableO available11. Paragraph 4 suggests which of the following about the significances of Mesopotamian cylinder seals?O They were designed more for home than for legal use.O They demonstrate that their creators were professionals.O They were the first example of seals made from materials other than stone.O They were the first example of carved seals.12. According to paragraph 4, one of the artistic achievements of the late Uruk culture wasO Its sophisticated sculpture and relief carvingO Its architecturally complex monumentsO Its invention of stamp seals carved from stoneO Its use of highly refined glassy stoneware13.Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.When viewed on the curved surface of the cylinder, the image looked distorted, but the carved image served only as a mold.Where would the sentence best fit?14 Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Uruk, located in ancient Mesopotamia, flourished in the fourth millennium B.C.E. and was the first city in human history.Answer Choices●●●O A variety of evidence indicates that Uruk, while it supported itself primarily by agriculture, also had specialized craft workers.O The monumental sculptures of Uruk were made by the specialist stone cutters who also produced small-scale relief scenes on shell, bone and faience.O The large number, standardized sizes, and simple molded construction of a type of pottery produced in Uruk demonstrate specialized, centrally organized mass production.O Cylinder seals from the late Uruk period are far superior to the stamp earlier Neolithic period.O Archaeological evidence from across the Near East indicates that Uruk was a center for the production and export of highly decorated pottery made by craft specialists in private homes.O The carved designs on cylinder seals produced in Uruk are of such technical and artistic excellence that they could only have been produced by professional artisans.---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 参考答案1.○42.○23.○34.○35.○46.○27.○18.○49.○210.○311.○212.○113.○214. A variety of evidence indicates…Archaeological evidence from across…The carved designs on cylinder…---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 答案解析：第一题，D，句子简化题。
tpo27托福范文
托福TPO27指的是什么呢？1。
原句讲了两个重点，一是人口估计不准，二是U这个地方的居民能自给自足。
A选项的前半正确，但后半句说不依靠农业明显是错的，不选；B说不确定是否能feed，跟原文相反，不选；C选项不但因果关系有问题，而且原因说不能feed他们自己，也与原文相反，不选；正确答案D，重点说的是能support他们自己，尽管没有说人口估计不准，但原文的转折重点体现在后半句，所以正确答案是D 2。
surpass超过，不懂的可以拆分，至少有pass，应该与超过有关，而选项中与超过有关的只有B，就算不认识也可以通过前缀ex-表明XX之外，说明与“过”有关。
A在XXX之前，C挑战D比XX持久都不沾边儿 3。
EXCEPT题，排除法。
A的permanent settlement做关键词定位至第二句，A正确，不选；B的self-sufficient自给自足作为形容词很难在原文中找到，但第一题简化句子题的那个句子中有这个信息，所以这个选项正确，不选；C的other larger settlement没讲，错，选；D选项同样出现在句子简化题的句子当中，正确，不选4。
intact未受破坏的，完整的，所以正确答案是C的undamaged。
原词in前缀表示否定，tact表示接触，碰。
代入原文，原文讲由于一些不明的原因，很多bowl被抛弃了，仍然是XXX状态，在整个近东地区发现了若干只，A没卖出去D没画上都不沾边，B没使用代入是说得通的，但原词没有unused的意思，不能选 5。
以beveled-rim bowls和专有名词做关键词定位至第五句，原句讲早期的一个考古学遗址上发现了这个style，特别具有这一过程的特点，被称为beveled-rim bowl，但仅凭此句无法选出答案，于是向下，下一句说由于是用mold做的，因此只有数目不多的standard size，所以正确答案是D。
B说形状和装饰变化很大，C说各具特色，这都不是mold能够完成的，因此与D相反，都错；A的discard原文有讲到，但原文也明确说不知道什么原因，所以unpopular错 6。
2017年8月27日托福真题解析
2017年8月27日托福真题解析在2017年8月27日的托福考试中，四部分都出现了怎样的题目呢?下面就是店铺给大家整理的2017年8月27日托福真题解析，希望对你有用!8月27日托福口语真题Task 1Your university has acquired a piece of land next to the campus. There have been three options for the use of the land. Which do you prefer?why?1 the athletic facilities and stadiums .2 a park with nature trails3 centers for students and hotel for campus guestsTask 2Some universities except the students to choose a major field of study when they enter the school; while other universities wait until the second or the third year before students deciding to choose a a major field of study. Which do you prefer? Why or why not?Task 3阅读标题：Ban laptops in the café.原因1：都去用电脑上网了，减少了大家沟通交流的时间原因2：很多人坐在咖啡馆很长时间不走，其他人没有位置听力态度：赞同原因1：可以认识更多的新朋友原因2：确实可以让更多人使用，课间可以休息一下，吃点东西。
Task 4阅读标题：Open Source Development定义：很多公司都会对自己设计的产品保密，Open Source Development就是指把公司的产品信息公开，和其他公司合作，共同解决产品生产中的困难。
托福TPO27听力文本+MP3下载
得听力者得天下，托福听力对于考生来说至关重要!小编给托福考生们带来了TPO听力27文本，希望可以帮助广大托福考生轻松备考托福。
下载TPO听力27MP3音频：/s/1i3EqCmh。
Section 1Conversation1-In the LibraryNarratorListen to part of a conversation at the information desk in thelibrary.LibrarianHi. Can I help you?StudentWhere do I go, besides the computers, to look for books on New Zealand?LibrarianOK. You mean you don’t want to use the computer?StudentWell, I haven’t had any luck on the computers here.LibrarianOK. I mean the reason I am asking is you pretty much have to go to thecomputer to find out where a book is. But I can help you find it on the computerif you like.StudentThat would be great. I just spent half an hour and I couldn’t findanything.LibrarianI know how you feel. When I first started working here, I couldn’t findanything either. So you are looking for information on New Zealand, is that right?StudentYes.LibrarianIs it like travel information that you are looking for?StudentUh… No. Actually what I am looking for is information on a volcano in New Zealand.LibrarianOh. OK. Because I know a travel agency that specializes in tours in New Zealand and Australia.StudentOh. I’d love to go. I heard it’s beautiful.LibrarianYeah.StudentMaybe someday.LibrarianYup. OK. Let’s see … OK. If you want to search the library holdings and don’t know the author’s name or the exact title of the book or an article, you have to set up a keyword search. It is a special function. Then you can just type in some keywords and let the computer do the search.。
【托福写作资料】TPO27综合写作文本与解析
【托福写作资料】TPO27综合写作文本与解析TPO综合写作范文是考生练习托福写作的必备资料，很多考生在网上求这份资料。
那么，在以下内容中，就为大家带TPO综合写作文本与解析，希望能为大家的备考带来帮助。
托福TPO27综合写作题目 Reading Part:The little ice age was a period of unusually cold temperature in many partsof the world that lasted from about the year 1350 until 1900CE. There wereunusually harsh winters, and glaciers grew larger in many areas. Scientist havelong wondered what caused the Little Ice Age. Several possible causes have beenproposed.First, the cooling may have been caused by disrupting of ocean currents.Before the Little Ice Age, there was a period of unusually warm weather duringwhich glaciers melted. These melted glaciers sent a large amount of coldfreshwater into the Gulf Stream, a large ocean current that strongly affectsEarth’s climate. Some scientists believe that this freshwater was enough totemporarily disrupt the Gulf Stream. Such a disruption could have caused theLittle Ice Age.Second, volcanic eruption could have caused the Little Ice Age. Whenvolcanoes erupt, they send dark clouds of dust and sulfur gas into theatmosphere. These clouds, which can spread over great areas, block some sunlightfrom reaching Earth’s surface. This can decrease the global temperatures.Scientists know of several volcanic eruption that took place during the LittleIce Age.Third, substantial decreases in human populations may have contributedindirectly to the cooling of the climate. For a variety of reason(disease, warfare, social disruption), the human population just before the Little Ice Age and during the early part of it was lower than it had been in a long time.Forest trees started growing on fields that were no longer used for agriculture.Since trees absorb carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, they decrease thegreenhouse effect that keeps Earth warm. With more forest trees carbon dioxide, earth became cooler.托福TPO27综合写作题目 Listening Part:Unfortunately，the arguments of the reading passage are a little out of date.Scientists now have new information that shows that none of the ideas the reading passage discusses could account for the Little Ice Age.First，about the Gulf Stream.Scientists now know that disrupting the Gulf Stream would cause cooling only in Europe and North America，but the Little Ice Age also affected the Southern hemisphere，in places like New Zealand and Southern Africa for example.Since the disruption of the Gulf Stream cannot explain why these southern areas became colder，it cannot explain the Little Ice Age.Second, the volcanoes theory.It’s true that if volcanic eruptions put enoughdust into the atmosphere.the result can be a cooler climate.But large amounts ofvolcanic dust in the atmosphere would have also produced striking visual effectthat people would have noticed at the time.For example.Dramatically colorfulSunsets or snow being grey or brown instead of white.But there are almost no reports of anything like that routinely happening during the Little Ice Age.So it seems that the volcanic eruptions during that period were simply not strong enough to release the large amounts of dust needed to lower globaltemperatures.Third, about forests on farmland stopping the warming greenhouse effect by removing carbon dioxide.There just was not enough time for this effect to work.The human population grew back to previous levels fairly quickly，which meant that forests were soon being cut down again to clear fields for the crops needed to feed the growing population.As a result，we know that the forests mentioned in the reading passage were not there long enough to cause the long—term global cooling of the climate.托福TPO27综合写作题目 Question:Summarize the point made in the lecture ， being sure to explain how the cast doubt on specific points made in the reading passage.托福TPO27综合写作答案解析：In the reading passage, the author claims that the cause of the Little IceAge was due to three main reasons. The lecturer, however, reputes the writer’sopinion one by one with strong arguments.Firstly, the passage argues that the Gulf Stream formed in the previous warmperiod was responsible for the appearance of the unexpected Little Ice Age. Yet, the speaker argues that the so-called Gulf Stream only contributed to the cooling weather in Northern hemisphere while Little Ice Age took place all over the world. Thus, global Little Ice Age cannot be Next, according to the reading material, dust and sulfur gas caused by volcanic eruptions would block sunlight, and resulted in Little Ice Age. he lecturer, however, holds that volcanic eruptions should have led to other visual phenomena than cooling weather, like colorful sunsets or grey snow. But unfortunately none of them were reported. Once taken this into consideration, volcanic eruptions seems not strong enough to release the large amounts of dusts needed to lower global temperatures. Last but not least, the writer states that the substantial decrease in human population may cause the unusual Little Ice Age. Again the speaker argues.。
托福阅读真题第27套
第27套BirdsongParagraph1Birdsong is the classic example of how genes(hereditary information)and environment both have a crucial role to play in the behavioral development of animals. Since the pioneering work of W.H.Thorpe on chaffinches(a common European bird), many species have been studied,and it has become clear both that learning plays an important role for all species and also that there are constraints on what they are able to learn.1.The word“pioneering”in the passage is closet in meaning torecentfamousoriginalcontroversialParagraph2Thorpe was able to show that learning from others was involved in chaffinch birds through a series of experiments on hand-reared chicks(young birds).As in most other species,only the males sing.Thorpe found that,if he raised young males in total isolation from all others,the song they produced was quite different from that of a normal adult.It was about the right length and in the correct frequency range.It was also split up into a series of notes as it should be.But these notes lacked the detailed structure found in wild birds,nor was the song split up into distinct phrases as it usually is.This suggested that song development requires some social ter experiments in which researchers played recordings of songs to young birds showed just how precise this influence was:many of them would learn the exact pattern of the recording they had heard.A remarkable feature here was that birds were able to copy precisely songs that they only heard in the first few weeks of life,yet they did not sing themselves until about eight months old.They are thus able to store a memory of the sound within their brain and then match their own output to their recollection of it when they mature.2.The word“distinct”in the passage is closet in meaning toshortsimpleseparatesimilar3.According to paragraph2,all of the following are characteristics of the songs ofthe young chaffinches in Thorpe’s experiment EXCEPT:They were not identical to the songs of normal adult chaffinches.They lacked the complex form of the songs of wild chaffinches.They were as long as the songs of normal adult chaffinches.They were clearly different from each other.4.According to paragraph2,researchers discovered which of the following byplaying recordings of songs to chaffinches?Chaffinches could no longer be taught to reproduce sounds after the first few weeks of life.Chaffinches could not reproduce songs with exactly the same patterns of recorded songs.Chaffinches at the age of eight months could recall and reproduce a song that they heard in the first few weeks of life.Chaffinches that learned a song from recordings in the first few weeks of life were later unable to copy the sounds of mature chaffinches.5.All of the following are mentioned in paragraph2as characteristics of wildchaffinches EXCEPT:They are able to copy songs very precisely.Their song development requires interaction with other chaffinches.Their songs are not as well-structured as the songs of other birds.It is the males of the species that do the singing.Paragraph3Young chaffinches normally learn only chaffinch song,though Thorpe found they could be trained to sing the song of a tree pipit(another type of bird),which is very similar to that of their own species.In general,however,the constraints on learning which birds have ensure that they only learn songs appropriate to the species to which they themselves belong.These constraints may be in their brain’s circuitry,the young bird hatching with a rough idea of the sounds that it should copy.The crude song of a bird reared in isolation gives some clues as to what this rough idea may be:the length, the frequency range and the breaking up into notes are all aspects of chaffinch song shared between normal birds and those reared in isolation.In other cases the constraints are more social,young birds only being prepared to learn from individuals with whom they have social interactions.Thus,in a number of species,it has been found that they will not copy from recordings,but will do so from a live tutor.In some cases this may occur when they are young birds,but in others the main learning period is when they set up their territories and interact with neighbors for the first time,enabling them to match their neighbor’s songs and so countering with them. Whatever the nature of the learning rules in a particular species,there is no doubt that they are effective;it is very unusual to hear a wild bird singing a song which is not typical of its own species despite the many different songs which often occur in a small patch of woodland.6.The word“enabling”in the passage is closet in meaning toallowingchallengingforcingpreparing7.It can be inferred from paragraph3that one of the functions of songs in birds is to bring together birds living in groups with birds living in isolationhelp young birds distinguish other young birds from adultsmake possible interactions between birds of different specieshelp birds to establish territories8.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in thehighlighted sentence in the passage?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.Songs produced by chaffinches reared in isolation are cruder than the songs of wild birds.The song of a bird reared in isolation suggests which aspects of chaffinch song may be inborn.Comparing the crude songs of chaffinches reared in isolation to the songs of wild chaffinches suggests differences as well as similarities.Studying the song aspects of chaffinches reared in isolation,researchers have gained a better understanding of the songs produced by wild birds.9.According to paragraph3,in some species,young birds do not copy songs fromrecordings becausethey learn to sing only by live interactions with other birdstheir ability to learn from recordings occurs later in lifethey can only learn the songs of the birds living in their area of woodlandthey can only learn songs from other birds of their own species10.Why does the author mention that it is very unusual to hear a wild bird singing asong which is not typical of its own species?To explain why a variety of different bird songs are often heard in a relatively small areaTo argue that social constraints have a greater impact upon learning than do genetic constraintsTo provide an example of how the process of learning rules varies from one species to anotherTo illustrate how effective the different constraints upon learning are in young birdsParagraph4However,not all birds show the same learning pattern as do chaffinches.There are some species which produce normal sounds even if deaf,so that they cannot hear their own efforts,much less copy those of others.The cooing of doves and the crowing ofcocks are examples here.In other cases,such as parrots and hill mynahs,birds can be trained to copy a huge variety of sounds,though those they learn in the wild are usually more restricted.The amazing capability of mynahs has apparently arisen simply because birds in an area learn a small number of their calls from each other, males from males and females from females,and these calls are highly varied in structure.The ability to master them has led the birds,incidentally,to be capable of saying“hello”and mimicking a wide variety of other sounds.11.The word“restricted”in the passage is closet in meaning toimportantpopularlimitedaccurate12.According to paragraph4,why are mynahs able to learn to make a wide variety ofsounds?They have the ability to imitate any sound that they are exposed to.The frequency with which mynahs travel from one small area to another exposes them to a wide variety of sounds.They are exposed in the wild to calls that are very different from each other.An acute sense of hearing allows them to listen to and copy many different sounds.13.Look at the four squares[■]that indicate where the following sentence can beadded to the passage.Are these constraints genetic,environmental,or both?Where would the sentence best fit?Click on a square[■]to add the sentence to the passage.Paragraph3Young chaffinches normally learn only chaffinch song,though Thorpe found they could be trained to sing the song of a tree pipit(another type of bird),which is very similar to that of their own species.■In general,however,the constraints on learning which birds have ensure that they only learn songs appropriate to the species to which they themselves belong.■These constraints may be in their brain’s circuitry,the young bird hatching with a rough idea of the sounds that it should copy.■The crude song of a bird reared in isolation gives some clues as to what this rough idea may be: the length,the frequency range and the breaking up into notes are all aspects of chaffinch song shared between normal birds and those reared in isolation.■In other cases the constraints are more social,young birds only being prepared to learn from individuals with whom they have social interactions.Thus,in a number of species,it has been found that they will not copy from recordings,but will do so from a livetutor.In some cases this may occur when they are young birds,but in others the main learning period is when they set up their territories and interact with neighbors for the first time,enabling them to match their neighbor’s songs and so countersing with them.Whatever the nature of the learning rules in a particular species,there is no doubt that they are effective;it is very unusual to hear a wild bird singing a song which is not typical of its own species despite the many different songs which often occur in a small patch of woodland.14.Directions:An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage isprovided plete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage.Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.A.Although only male chaffinches are able to sing in the wild,Thorpe found that he could teach hand-reared females to copy songs from recordings and live tutors.B.Chaffinches reared in isolation produce songs that differ significantly from those of normal birds,suggesting that some social influence is important for learning a song precisely.C.Birds vary a great deal with respect to both the variety of sounds they are able to learn and the conditions that must be present for them to be able to learn their species’song.D.Chaffinches that are exposed only to other bird species for the first few weeks of their life are likely to learn the songs of those species instead of the chaffinch song.E.Researchers believe that both the circuitry or a bird’s brain and its interactions with other birds of the same species may prevent birds from learning the songs of other species.F.The ability of deaf birds to produce their normal species’song suggests that genes play a much greater role than environment in determining the behavior of most bird species.The Role of DiapauseParagraph1If conditions within an organism’s environment occasionally or regularly become harsh,it may be advantageous for an organism to have a resistant stage built into the life cycle.In such a life history strategy,the organism suspends any growth, reproduction,or other activities for a period of time so that they may occur at a later, more hospitable time.This genetically determined resting stage,characterized by the cessation of development and protein synthesis and suppression of the metabolic rate, is called diapause.Many other kinds of resting stages,with different levels of suppression of physiological activities,are known.Some of these resistant stages can be extremely long-lived.In one case,seeds of the arctic lupine,a member of the pea family recovered from ancient lemming burrows in the Arctic,germinated in threedays even though they were carbon-dated at more than10,000years old!1.According to paragraph1,why do some organisms have a resting stage during their life cycle?A.To recover from injuries suffered during harsh conditionsB.To devote all of their energy to a period of growth and reproductionC.To wait for local conditions to become favorable for important life eventsD.To prepare to move to a different environment if conditions become harsh2.Why does the author mention“seeds of the arctic lupine”？A.To argue that members of the pea family are extremely resistant to cold temperaturesB.To provide information about what ancient lemmings ate during their long resting periodsC.To provide an example of an organism with a resting stage that has many different levels of suppression of physiological activities.D.To support the claim that some resting stages last an extremely long time Paragraph2Unfavorable conditions that are relatively predictable probably pose a simpler problem for organisms than do unpredictable conditions.Adaptations to the regular change of seasons in the temperate and polar regions may be relatively simple.For example,many seeds require a period of stratification,exposure to low temperatures for some minimum period,before they will germinate.This is a simple adaptation to ensure that germination occurs following the winter conditions rather than immediately prior to their onset.In contrast,unfavorable conditions that occur unpredictably pose considerable problems for organisms.In fact,unpredictability is probably a greater problem than is the severity of the unfavorable period.How can organisms cope with the unpredictable onset of good or poor conditions?3.According to paragraph2,why do many seeds require a period of stratification?A.To slowly build up a tolerance for lower and lower temperaturesB.To guarantee that the seeds grow after and not beforeC.To make sure that the seeds can deal with unpredictable conditionsD.To give the seeds enough time to germinate before winter begins4.The word“severity”in the passage is closest in meaning toA.lengthB.harshnessC.unexpectednesspletenessParagraph3Many adaptations to this general problem are based on a resting stage that awaitsfavorable conditions.We will consider two examples from the vertebrates.The first is the red kangaroo.This marsupial inhabits the deserts of central Australia where the onset of rains and the resulting sudden growth of vegetation are extremely unpredictable.Obviously,it is advantageous for a kangaroo female to produce young at a time when plant productivity is sufficient to support her offspring.For such a relatively large mammal,however,gestation(the period of development during pregnancy)is so long that if a female waited to mate and carry the young until after the rains came,the favorable period might be past.The kangaroo’s life history adaptation to this problem involves the use of embryonic diapause during gestation (development in the uterus).(第三段未直接出题，但主旨题可能考到里面的选项)Paragraph4After a31-day gestation period,the female gives birth to a tiny helplessyoung typical of marsupials.The newborn crawls into the mother’s pouch and attaches to a teat where it continues to grow and develop.After235days it leaves the pouch but remains with the mother and obtains milk from her.Two days after giving birth,the female mates again.The fertilized egg enters a204-day period of diapause during which it remains in the uterus but does not attach.It then implants,and31days later,birth of the second young occurs.Note that the first young leaves the pouch at just this time.Again,the female mates,fertilization occurs,and another diapause follows.The eventual result is that at any one time,the female has three young at various stages of development one in diapause,one in the pouch,and one outside the pouch.Among other benefits,this allows her to freeze the development of an embryo during times of drought and food shortage until the offspring in the pouch is able to leave.5.According to paragraph4,all of the following statements are true about the young offspring of the red kangaroo EXCEPT:A.After birth,a newborn crawls into the mother’s pouch where it grows and develops.B.After a young kangaroo leaves its mother’s pouch,it still needs its mother’s milk.C.A mother usually gives birth to three baby kangaroos at the same time.D.A baby kangaroo spends235days in the mother’s pouch after its birth.6.Paragraph4supports all of the following statements about the red kangaroo of central Australia EXCEPT:A.A female kangaroo mates again shortly after her newborn enters her pouch.B.During diapause,a young kangaroo stays in the female’s pouch and growth of a second fertilized egg inside the uterus is delayed.C.A female kangaroo can freeze the development of her young at each stage of their development.D.The adaptation of diapause enables female kangaroos to ensure the survival of theiryoung during periods of environmental stress.7.What is the main purpose of paragraph4in the passage?A.To give the details of an adaptation mentioned in paragraph3B.To describe an adaptation different from the one explained in paragraph3C.To introduce an adaptation that is described in detail in paragraph5D.To discuss an adaptation that is not as successful as the one discussed in paragraph 5Paragraph5A similar strategy-accelerated development combined with a resting stage-has also allowed amphibians to inhabit deserts.The spadefoot toads,such as Couch’s spadefoot toad,inhabit some of the most severe deserts in North America.Adults of this species burrow deeply into the substrate where it is cooler and perhaps more moist.Here they enter into a resting state in which they are covered with a protective layer of dead skin.When it rains,the adults emerge and congregate to mate at temporary ponds.Development is greatly accelerated:the eggs hatch within48hours, and the tadpoles change into toads at16-18days.Consequently,they can complete the life cycle during the brief window of favorable conditions,then return to the resistant resting stage to await the next rainfall.Resting stages thus comprise a series of adaptations that allow the species to avoid the most difficult conditions for life.8.The word“congregate“in the passage is closest in meaning toA.beginB.gatherC.hurryD.Expect9.The word“Consequently“in the passage is closest in meaning toA.EventuallyB.In additionC.As a resultD.However10.The word“comprise”in the passage is closest in meaning toA.consist ofB.bring aboutC.are similar toD.take the place of11.According to paragraph5,how do amphibians such as spadefoot toad survive the severe heat conditions in the North American deserts?A.They dig down into the ground and go into a resistant resting state.B.They remain in the ponds that develop after it has rained.C.They lose their outer layer of skin.D.Their eggs lie dormant until the desert air becomes cooler and more moist.12.According to paragraph5,which of the following occurs during the life cycle of the spadefoot toad?A.The female’s’eggs hatch under the surface of the desert.B.The adults mate during the dry period.C.The newborn grows into an adult before unfavorable conditions.D.The newborn enters a resting stage before it becomes an adult.13.Look at the four squares[■]that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Where would the sentence best fit?Such adaptations to predictable conditions can also be made by animals,such as by hibernating during the coldest months.Unfavorable conditions that are relatively predictable probably pose a simpler problem for organisms than do unpredictable conditions.Adaptations to the regular change of seasons in the temperate and polar regions may be relatively simple.For example,many seeds require a period of stratification,exposure to low temperatures for some minimum period,before they will germinate.■This is a simple adaptation to ensure that germination occurs following the winter conditions rather than immediately prior to their onset.■In contrast,unfavorable conditions that occur unpredictably pose considerable problems for organisms.■In fact,unpredictability is probably a greater problem than is the severity of the unfavorable period.■How can organisms cope with the unpredictable onset of good or poor conditions?14.Directions:An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided plete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage.Some sentences do not belong in the summary because the express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.This question is worth2points.Some organisms adapt to periodic harsh conditions by building a resistant stage,or diapause,into their life cycle.A.The diapause stage evolved very early and is most common in species that first appeared more than10,000years ago.B.Unpredictable conditions are more problematic for organisms than are fairly predictable changes such as the seasons.C.The female red kangaroo adapts to unfavorable conditions by delaying the development of her fertilized egg until an embryo would be able to move into the pouch.D.Some seeds may germinate in three days even if they have been exposed to very low temperatures for a long time.E.Some marsupials can care for three newborns in their pouch at the same time,allowing the young to leave the pouch only when conditions are favorable for their growth.F.Some amphibians adapt to desert life by combining accelerated development with resting stages deep underground.第三篇The Plow and the Horse in Medieval Europe同2015年混编第一套中的第二篇1.Birdsong答案：CCDCC,ADBAD,CCB（BCE）2.The Role of Diapause答案：1.C2.D3.B4.B5.C6.C7.A8.B9.C10.A11.A 12.C13.B14.B C F。
TPO27听力解析
TPO27听力Conversation-1What does the woman go to the information desk?A.She does not know where the library computers are located.B.She does not know how to use a computer to locate the information she needs.C.She does not have time to wait until a library computer becomes available.D.The book she is looking for was missing from the library shelf.答案：B解析：Girl:Where do I go besides the computers to look for a book on New Zealand? Assistant: Ok, you mean you don’t want to use the computer?G: Well, I hav en’t had any look on the computer area.A: OK, I mean the reason I am asking is that you pretty much have to go the computer area to find where a book is. But I am can help you on the computer if you like.G: That will be great!从女生的语气中看出她想找一本书，但是没找到，所以请求library assistant 的帮助Why does the man assume that the woman is in Professor Simpson’s class?A.The man recently saw the woman talking with Professor Simpson.B.The woman mentioned Professor Simpson’s name.C.The woman is carrying the textbook used in Professor Simpson’s class.D.The woman is researching a subject that Professor Simpson specializes in.答案：D解析：Assistant: He’s a volcano expert so I thought he might be teaching your class. 这样答案就非常明显了。
TPO27听力解析
TPO27听力Conversation-1What does the woman go to the information desk?A.She does not know where the library computers are located.B.She does not know how to use a computer to locate the information she needs.C.She does not have time to wait until a library computer becomes available.D.The book she is looking for was missing from the library shelf.答案：B解析：Girl:Where do I go besides the computers to look for a book on New Zealand? Assistant: Ok, you mean you don’t want to use the computer?G: Well, I hav en’t had any look on the computer area.A: OK, I mean the reason I am asking is that you pretty much have to go the computer area to find where a book is. But I am can help you on the computer if you like.G: That will be great!从女生的语气中看出她想找一本书，但是没找到，所以请求library assistant 的帮助Why does the man assume that the woman is in Professor Simpson’s class?A.The man recently saw the woman talking with Professor Simpson.B.The woman mentioned Professor Simpson’s name.C.The woman is carrying the textbook used in Professor Simpson’s class.D.The woman is researching a subject that Professor Simpson specializes in.答案：D解析：Assistant: He’s a volcano expert so I thought he might be teaching your class. 这样答案就非常明显了。
托福模拟试卷27(题后含答案及解析)
托福模拟试卷27(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Listening Comprehension 3. Reading Comprehension 4. SPEAKING 5. WRITINGSection One：Listening Comprehension听力原文：Sarah Hi, Bob.Bob Hi, Sarah.Sarah How is your history paper coming?Bob Not so great.Sarah Why? What happened? I thought you were almost finished last night.Bob Well, the paper is written, but it is not typed yet.Sarah Didn’t you have time?Bob No. Because all the computers at the computer center are taken. I have no choice, just wait, wait and wait. And it is due this afternoon. I don’t know what I’m gonna do.Sarah The same thing happened to me a few weeks ago on an economics project. Every time I went to the center, all the computers were being used. And I have a lot of graphs and charts that had to be done on the computer. Because I have to finish my homework on time, I ended up doing them by hand.Bob There are so few computers for all the students here.Sarah Yes, I agree.Bob And they are always breaking down too.Sarah I know. But another problem is that they close so early. Around 9:30.Bob I know. I came back last night at about 9:15 thinking the crowd might have thinned up by then. A guy at the door told me they were going to close in a few minutes. I couldn’t believe it!Sarah We should try to do something about this.Bob I’ll go along with you on this point.Sarah Why don’t we write a letter to the campus newspaper about that problem?Bob I think we should write directly to the dean. You know, we could explain the problem and make an official request that the school add more computers and that the computer rooms stay open longer.Sarah Maybe it would be a good idea to get other students’ signatures. I am sure a lot of others feel the same way we do. And that would carry more weight.Bob That is true. Do you want to get together to write the letter tonight?Sarah Sure. But I have a study group meeting at 7:30.Bob OK. Let’s meet earlier in the dining hall at 6:30. It shouldn’t take us long to write. We can start collecting signatures tomorrow at lunch.Sarah See you then. Good luck with your paper.Bob See you.Narrator Listen to a conversation between two students. Now get ready to answer the questions. You may use your notes to help you answer.1．What problem does the man have?A．He found the computer center closed early.B．He has not finished his paper yet.C．He had to stay up late typing his paper.D．His computer is not workin正确答案：B解析：本题为要点题，要求考生通过理解分散在听力材料中的关键词汇、词组和事实，对所获取的信息进行综合分析，从而确定听力材料的要点。