美国、欧洲GD&T
2016年世界各国GDP(美元)一览表

91
刚果(金)
非洲
371.35亿 (37,134,799,974)
0.0486%
92
土库曼斯坦
亚洲
361.8亿 (36,180,000,000)
0.0474%
93
巴拉圭
美洲
360.54亿 (36,054,281,572)
0.0472%
94
科特迪瓦
非洲
352.97亿 (35,296,977,343)
0.0236%
115
波黑
欧洲
169.13亿 (16,913,330,693)
0.0221%
116
老挝
亚洲
158.06亿 (15,805,692,545)
0.0207%
117
博茨瓦纳
非洲
156.46亿 (15,646,354,089)
0.0205%
118
巴勒斯坦
亚洲
154.05亿 (15,405,400,000)
0.0270%
111
津巴布韦
非洲
205.49亿 (20,548,678,100)
0.0269%
112
柬埔寨
亚洲
200.17亿 (20,016,747,754)
0.0262%
113
塞内加尔
非洲
190.4亿 (19,040,312,815)
0.0249%
114
阿富汗
亚洲
180.18亿 (18,017,749,073)
0.0563%
87
突尼斯
非洲
418.01亿 (41,801,210,428)
0.0547%
88
1980-2011年世界10大经济体GDP及所占世界经济比重列表_国际货币基金组织(IMF)

11,867.750 4,605.940 2,748.820 2,203.580 2,060.580 1,931.650 1,730.100 1,045.670 992.227 759.777
美国
日本
德国
英国
法国
中国 意大利 西班牙 加拿大 墨西哥
2003 11,142.180 4,229.100 2,446.890 1,862.770 1,804.410 1,640.960 1,510.060 885.358 865.903 700.324
1998 8,793.480 3,857.030 2,187.480 1,474.240 1,456.160 1,218.670 1,019.480 841.296 616.782 601.625
美国
日本
德国
法国
英国 意大利
中国
巴西 加拿大 西班牙
1997
8,332.350 4,261.840 2,163.230 1,425.800 1,359.440 1,193.620 952.649 871.524 637.529 573.376
美国 5,100.43
美国 4,736.35
美国 4,460.05
美国 4,217.48
美国 3,930.93
美国 3,534.60
美国 3,253.18
美国 3,126.85
美国 2,788.15
日本 2,950.00
日本 2,429.60
日本 2,003.32
日本 1,352.06
日本 1,262.98
1980-2011 年世界十大经济强国及 GDP 列表
国际货币基金组织(IMF)数据,单位:10 亿美元
1980-2018世界各国GDP来自IMF数据库

Country Subject DescriptorCyprus Gross domestic product, current prices Syria Gross domestic product, current prices United States Gross domestic product, current prices China Gross domestic product, current prices Japan Gross domestic product, current prices Germany Gross domestic product, current prices Brazil Gross domestic product, current prices Russia Gross domestic product, current prices France Gross domestic product, current prices United Kingdom Gross domestic product, current prices India Gross domestic product, current prices Italy Gross domestic product, current prices Canada Gross domestic product, current prices Australia Gross domestic product, current prices Korea Gross domestic product, current prices Mexico Gross domestic product, current prices Spain Gross domestic product, current prices Indonesia Gross domestic product, current prices Turkey Gross domestic product, current prices Netherlands Gross domestic product, current prices Saudi Arabia Gross domestic product, current prices Sweden Gross domestic product, current prices Taiwan Province of China Gross domestic product, current prices Switzerland Gross domestic product, current prices Poland Gross domestic product, current prices Thailand Gross domestic product, current prices Norway Gross domestic product, current prices Argentina Gross domestic product, current prices Belgium Gross domestic product, current prices Colombia Gross domestic product, current prices Islamic Republic of Iran Gross domestic product, current prices Austria Gross domestic product, current prices Malaysia Gross domestic product, current prices South Africa Gross domestic product, current prices Philippines Gross domestic product, current prices United Arab Emirates Gross domestic product, current prices Hong Kong SAR Gross domestic product, current prices Nigeria Gross domestic product, current prices Chile Gross domestic product, current prices Venezuela Gross domestic product, current prices Egypt Gross domestic product, current prices Iraq Gross domestic product, current prices Peru Gross domestic product, current prices Denmark Gross domestic product, current prices Kazakhstan Gross domestic product, current prices Singapore Gross domestic product, current prices Israel Gross domestic product, current prices Finland Gross domestic product, current prices Pakistan Gross domestic product, current prices Greece Gross domestic product, current prices Ukraine Gross domestic product, current prices Ireland Gross domestic product, current pricesPortugal Gross domestic product, current prices Vietnam Gross domestic product, current prices Algeria Gross domestic product, current prices Czech Republic Gross domestic product, current prices New Zealand Gross domestic product, current prices Bangladesh Gross domestic product, current prices Kuwait Gross domestic product, current prices Angola Gross domestic product, current prices Hungary Gross domestic product, current prices Morocco Gross domestic product, current prices Azerbaijan Gross domestic product, current prices Libya Gross domestic product, current prices Slovak Republic Gross domestic product, current prices Ecuador Gross domestic product, current prices Sri Lanka Gross domestic product, current prices Turkmenistan Gross domestic product, current prices Sudan Gross domestic product, current prices Belarus Gross domestic product, current prices Oman Gross domestic product, current prices Myanmar Gross domestic product, current prices Uzbekistan Gross domestic product, current prices Kenya Gross domestic product, current prices Costa Rica Gross domestic product, current prices Croatia Gross domestic product, current prices Dominican Republic Gross domestic product, current prices Ghana Gross domestic product, current prices Guatemala Gross domestic product, current prices Bulgaria Gross domestic product, current prices Luxembourg Gross domestic product, current prices Ethiopia Gross domestic product, current prices Uruguay Gross domestic product, current prices Panama Gross domestic product, current prices Tunisia Gross domestic product, current prices Lithuania Gross domestic product, current prices Lebanon Gross domestic product, current prices Serbia Gross domestic product, current prices Slovenia Gross domestic product, current prices Yemen Gross domestic product, current prices Jordan Gross domestic product, current prices Tanzania Gross domestic product, current prices Paraguay Gross domestic product, current prices Bolivia Gross domestic product, current prices C魌e d'Ivoire Gross domestic product, current prices Latvia Gross domestic product, current prices Cameroon Gross domestic product, current prices Zambia Gross domestic product, current prices Trinidad and Tobago Gross domestic product, current prices Bahrain Gross domestic product, current prices Uganda Gross domestic product, current prices Estonia Gross domestic product, current prices El Salvador Gross domestic product, current prices Afghanistan Gross domestic product, current pricesDemocratic Republic of the Congo Gross domestic product, current prices South Sudan Gross domestic product, current prices Mozambique Gross domestic product, current prices Cambodia Gross domestic product, current prices Bosnia and Herzegovina Gross domestic product, current prices Georgia Gross domestic product, current prices Gabon Gross domestic product, current prices Botswana Gross domestic product, current prices Mongolia Gross domestic product, current prices Honduras Gross domestic product, current prices Republic of Congo Gross domestic product, current prices Jamaica Gross domestic product, current prices Senegal Gross domestic product, current prices Brunei Darussalam Gross domestic product, current prices Zimbabwe Gross domestic product, current prices Iceland Gross domestic product, current prices Burkina Faso Gross domestic product, current prices Namibia Gross domestic product, current prices Mauritius Gross domestic product, current prices Lao P.D.R.Gross domestic product, current prices Albania Gross domestic product, current prices Madagascar Gross domestic product, current prices Mali Gross domestic product, current prices Chad Gross domestic product, current prices Nicaragua Gross domestic product, current prices FYR Macedonia Gross domestic product, current prices Equatorial Guinea Gross domestic product, current prices Tajikistan Gross domestic product, current prices Armenia Gross domestic product, current prices Haiti Gross domestic product, current prices Rwanda Gross domestic product, current prices Moldova Gross domestic product, current prices Benin Gross domestic product, current prices Malta Gross domestic product, current prices Kyrgyz Republic Gross domestic product, current prices Niger Gross domestic product, current prices The Bahamas Gross domestic product, current prices Guinea Gross domestic product, current prices Kosovo Gross domestic product, current prices Suriname Gross domestic product, current prices Mauritania Gross domestic product, current prices Sierra Leone Gross domestic product, current prices Timor-Leste Gross domestic product, current prices Barbados Gross domestic product, current prices Eritrea Gross domestic product, current prices Malawi Gross domestic product, current prices Togo Gross domestic product, current prices Montenegro Gross domestic product, current prices Swaziland Gross domestic product, current prices Fiji Gross domestic product, current prices Burundi Gross domestic product, current prices Bhutan Gross domestic product, current pricesLesotho Gross domestic product, current prices Maldives Gross domestic product, current prices Central African Republic Gross domestic product, current prices Cape Verde Gross domestic product, current prices Liberia Gross domestic product, current prices Djibouti Gross domestic product, current prices San Marino Gross domestic product, current prices Belize Gross domestic product, current prices Antigua and Barbuda Gross domestic product, current prices St. Lucia Gross domestic product, current prices Seychelles Gross domestic product, current prices The Gambia Gross domestic product, current prices Solomon Islands Gross domestic product, current prices Guinea-Bissau Gross domestic product, current prices Vanuatu Gross domestic product, current prices Grenada Gross domestic product, current prices St. Kitts and Nevis Gross domestic product, current prices St. Vincent and the Grenadines Gross domestic product, current prices Comoros Gross domestic product, current prices Samoa Gross domestic product, current prices S鉶 Tom?and Pr韓cipe Gross domestic product, current prices Dominica Gross domestic product, current prices Tonga Gross domestic product, current prices Micronesia Gross domestic product, current prices Marshall Islands Gross domestic product, current prices Kiribati Gross domestic product, current prices Tuvalu Gross domestic product, current prices International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook Database, April 2013Units Scale U.S. dollars Billions U.S. dollars Billions U.S. dollars Billions U.S. dollars Billions U.S. dollars Billions U.S. dollars Billions U.S. dollars Billions U.S. dollars Billions U.S. dollars Billions U.S. dollars Billions U.S. dollars Billions U.S. dollars Billions U.S. dollars Billions U.S. dollars Billions U.S. dollars Billions U.S. dollars Billions U.S. dollars Billions U.S. dollars Billions U.S. dollars Billions U.S. dollars Billions U.S. dollars Billions U.S. dollars Billions U.S. dollars Billions U.S. dollars Billions U.S. dollars Billions U.S. dollars Billions U.S. dollars Billions U.S. dollars Billions U.S. dollars Billions U.S. dollars Billions U.S. dollars Billions U.S. dollars Billions U.S. dollars Billions U.S. dollars Billions U.S. dollars Billions U.S. dollars Billions U.S. dollars Billions U.S. dollars Billions U.S. dollars Billions U.S. dollars Billions U.S. dollars Billions U.S. 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See notes for: Gross domestic product, current prices (National currency).1980198119821983198419851986198719882.127 2.061 2.132 2.134 2.25 2.43.049 3.6584.21812.9816.65217.41518.64919.17121.17725.42832.49716.538 2,788.153,126.853,253.183,534.603,930.934,217.484,460.054,736.355,100.43 303.365286.979281.28301.803310.686307.017297.59323.973404.149 1,086.991,201.471,116.841,218.111,294.611,384.532,051.062,485.243,015.39 826.142695.074671.155669.573630.853639.695913.6411,136.931,225.73 148.915171.141182.97146.702145.992231.757268.846292.624326.902 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 691.253608.535577.691552.891523.281547.856759.844918.8581,003.21 542.452520.036492.334466.362441.025468.958570.884704.094855.776 181.416195.861202.861219.166220.154227.873250.595276.155302.221 470.04426.26421.268437.165431.921446.033631.723792.881878.449 274.425306.856314.233340.677354.297363.032376.462430.211508.42 162.879188.357186.997179.428197.081174.336181.427213.04271.03364.38572.39977.52485.96294.94598.502113.737143.378192.113226.56290.984211.17172.16203.027215.443149.166163.581200.119 224.368198.921192.168168.068167.607176.59244.343309.571363.70786.3196.35198.91689.65991.81491.52783.91579.51488.27994.25895.49686.76682.91180.64290.38101.797117.176122.128 177.197149.508144.847141.021131.26133.171185.595227.326243.118 163.968183.561152.594128.604119.054103.68186.70785.40687.957 131.305119.848105.56197.039100.915105.705139.921170.458192.59342.22549.14349.61654.11560.97463.16777.629103.372122.027 112.531103.06105.633105.254100.502101.9146.074182.939197.90856.61953.64765.18775.40675.50770.77573.67763.71468.61232.35334.84836.59140.04341.79938.943.09750.53561.66763.71462.86761.8560.7861.09964.25777.20292.448100.057 209.031169.7784.302103.996116.76688.193106.051108.731127.358 121.97510188.86484.00280.24883.439115.638143.641156.17246.38250.53254.11253.78353.12148.45948.52550.51154.45593.772106.589133.393162.432168.41179.86483.33695.98684.16780.10669.41369.40270.31566.3367.93196.391120.541132.22324.56725.08426.88230.06534.05231.327.82331.70334.74780.54782.79775.93984.68774.93757.27365.42485.79292.23535.95439.49541.1536.79734.76833.90933.0936.77841.97540.41545.00241.84838.34538.01237.3129.56832.46632.99929.25231.41132.67830.23333.85636.06841.52651.22660.49960.59362.31253.93436.50826.47625.96620.56321.91224.31129.30734.725.87321.01620.43717.52418.83922.21926.19369.84378.3698079.67557.82759.86760.87846.85560.37922.37124.49928.98635.4339.83746.4551.42973.57188 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a20.64924.95224.8119.29119.88417.20625.81442.62833.72769.70960.37458.93759.20557.71561.20486.366107.366113.23 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a12.04614.32315.81217.93519.44718.46318.73221.55226.47822.63724.14625.83828.76527.24725.32131.17137.23246.06453.05251.93552.46150.33252.22955.2972.39190.191107.34628.63230.83831.30332.33933.76234.94136.43238.98342.24153.64149.50151.65546.70345.48345.13353.10361.78571.951 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a21.00720.02420.89720.21619.49820.76227.84133.00736.167.8298.6617.597 6.468 6.704 6.272 4.95 5.216 5.004。
美国欧洲几何尺寸和公差(gd&t)高级培训

课程简介上海美国/欧洲几何尺寸和公差(GD&T)高级培训美国/欧洲几何尺寸和公差(gd&t)高级培训-2天强化(美国和欧洲机械图纸理解和提高-新版asmey14.5m-2009)二天课程,3600元/人。
近期开班时间:2011年4月25-26日该课程根据美国机械图纸形状和位置公差(gd&t)标准asme y14.5m-2009和欧洲机械图纸iso1101关于形状和位置公差的要求和具体内容,详细说明了北美制造业对gd&t要求,并结合奥曼克公司在北美汽车行业的丰富的案例,剖析gd&t以及相关基准在设计,生产,公差分配和计算以及检具设计,检测过程(包括传统检测,投影仪和cmm测量中的基准建立、测量数据分析和判定)的应用和理解,并比较北美gd&t标准asme y14.5m-2009 与欧洲形位公差标准(iso1101)以及中国形位公差标准(gb/t 1182) 的主要差异。
gd&t广泛的应用于设计和质量部门,包括机械图纸读图,解释和理解。
gd&t是产品实现过程的重要工具,是实现和理解客户要求的专业语言。
培训特色根据客户提供及奥曼克提供的大量北美汽车行业案例,介绍gd&t的具体内容和要求,以及在设计,生产和cmm/投影仪检测中的实际应用,并提供现场的辅导,包括图纸理解、检具设计、cmm测量等。
参加人员:项目经理,设计、质量,工艺和制造工程师,质量检验员。
直接负责准备ppap的人员或apqp小组成员。
培训教材:每位参加人员将获得一套培训手册,小组练习及案例精选。
课程内容新版asme y14.5m-2009的主要更新o增加了新的概念和符号,例如:双边不对等公差标注移动基准(moveable datum target)自由轮廓基准o澄清或拓展了1994版的概念,例如:尺寸公差、规则#1,理论尺寸、同轴度控制o解释了1994版混淆和含糊的概念o导入了美国asme y14系列中其它概念∙gd&t介绍,符号和术语o历史,目的,范围o工程图纸 (engineering drawing)o标注标准 (dimensioning standard)o实体原则和补偿因子 (material condition)o公差调整因子 (modifier)o传统正负公差对标注位置的弊端o gd&t与传统坐标的关系和差异o gd&t 层次(gd&t hierarchy)o形位公差之间的等级和相互约束关系o半径和可控半径 (controlled radius)公差介绍 (tolerancing introduction)∙规则和概念 (rules and concept)o规则#1, #2 (rule #1, #2)o基本尺寸 (basic dimension)o实效边界条件 (virtual condition)o材料实体原则: mmc/lmc/rfso公差补偿 (bonus tolerance)∙基准 (datum)o基准的定义, 基准形体(feature)o基准的定义原则:装配、检测、加工、设计?o基准的正确标注:杜绝含糊的基准标注o基准错误标注对零件检测的影响o基准要素误差对零件检测结果判断的影响o基准模拟(datum simulator)o符号位置(symbol placement)o基准目标(datum target)o基准指导(datum guidline)o自由状态(free state)o基准偏移 (datum shift)o实体基准应用: rfs (fos datum: rfs)o实体基准应用: mmc (fos datum: mmc)o基准最大实体和最小实体对检具的影响o基准的实体补偿对位置公差检测的影响∙形状公差 (form)o平面度 (flatness)o直线度 (straightness)直线度: 面 (surface)直线度: 中心面 (center surface)o圆度 (roundness)o圆柱度 (cylindricity)o形状公差之间的相互制约关系o尺寸公差和形状公差之间的相互制约关系∙定向公差 (orientation)o垂直度 (perpendicularity)o平行度 (parallelism)o倾斜度 (angularity)o切面公差 (tangent plane)o尺寸公差和定向公差之间的相互关系∙定位公差 (position)o位置度定义 (top definition)o位置度要求 (top theories)o位置度应用: rfs (top: rfs)o位置度应用: mmc (top: mmc)o位置度计算: (top calculation)o复合位置 ( composite position)o同轴度 (coaxiality):轴线位置控制o对称度 (symmetry):中面位置控制o松动螺栓连接 (fixed fasteners)o固定螺栓连接 (floating fasteners)∙轮廓 (profile)o面轮廓度 (surface profile)o线轮廓度 (line profile)o复合轮廓 (composite profile)o共面法 (coplanarity applications)o轮廓度计算 (calculation)∙同心度和对称度(concentricity/symmetry)o同心度 (concentricity):中点位置控制o对称度 (symmetry control):中点位置控制o同心度和同轴的区别,测量的差异∙跳动度 (runout)o圆跳动度 (circular runout)o全跳动度 (total runout)o跳动度计算 (calculation)∙gd&t测量实现:传统测量和cmm测量 (gd&t measurement: 投影仪/cmm,该部分内容结合在所有的gd&t的讲解过程中)o测量基准建立 (measurement datum setup)o基准选择对测量误差的影响o基准自身误差对测量误差的影响o测量误差分析 (measure error analysis)o形状公差测量 (form measurement)o定向公差测量 (orientation measurement)o位置度测量 (top measurement)o位置度基准建立 (top datum setup)o复合位置测量 (composite top measurement)o位置度应用实体原则的测量,包括公差补偿和基准偏移(top with mmc/lmc measurement, include bonus tolerance, datum shift)o轮廓度测量(profile measurement)o轮廓度基准建立 (profile datum setup)o轮廓度应用实体原则的测量:只有基准偏移 (profile with mmc measurement, only datum shift) ∙案例分析和练习包含在以上所有内容∙现场辅导:检具设计(gage), 测量分析(cmm)和图纸理解(gd&t print reading)问题解答.学员背景要求:∙具备基本的机械图纸阅读的基础并在实际工作中有基本的机械图纸应用经验,质量管理体系和先期产品知识,以及基本的产品生产过程知识,。
美媒发布全球十强国家名单最新

美媒发布全球十强国家名单最新美媒发布全球十强国家名单2022年“全球最强国家”前三名是美中俄。
其次是德国、英国、韩国、法国、日本、阿联酋和以色列。
全球前十GDP国家1、美国,GDP总量为22.94万亿;2、中国,GDP总量为16.86万亿;3、日本,GDP总量为5.1万亿;4、德国,GDP总量为4.23万亿;5、英国,GDP总量为3.11万亿;6、印度,GDP总量为2.95万亿;7、法国,GDP总量为2.94万亿;8、意大利,GDP总量为2.12万亿;9、加拿大,GDP总量为2.02万亿;10、韩国,GDP总量为1.82万亿;我们可以看到,国家之间的经济总量差距巨大。
美国以22.94万亿美元排名第一,并且美国从1894年以来,一直保持着世界第一大经济体的位置,到目前已经超过百年了。
而我国的发展也不逞多让,自2001年加入世贸组织以来,我国经济高速发展,从2001年的11.09万亿人民币到现在的114.37万亿人民币,中国的发展让世界为之侧目。
前两名的美国和中国GDP,远远甩开3-8名。
而前十名的国家经济总量占据了全球80%的份额,国家之间贫富差距如此之大。
全球最富有的国家前十名从2022年世界货币基金组织的最新数据可以看到,加拿大人均GDP(PPP)国际美元为$47,569,位于24位,中国为$17,206,位于76位。
全球最富裕的10个国家则分别是:1 、卢森堡,欧洲人口:63万, 当前人均国际美元:$112,875卢森堡的经济主要****于银行,科技、工业和旅游等部门。
卢森堡将其财富的很大一部分用于为其人民提供更好的住房,医疗保健和教育,该国民众迄今为止在欧元区享有最高的生活水平。
2、新加坡, 亚洲人口:585万, 当前人均国际美元:$95,603新加坡的地理位置,熟练的劳动力,低税率,先进的基础设施以及对腐败的零容忍,吸引了大量的外国投资,许多跨国公司在此设有地区办事处,金融服务占新加坡经济的大部分。
美国GD空压机中文介绍

1.
2.
优点 安装费用低 --”免费”冷却空气,无需进/排 水管道,泵和冷却塔等设施 清洗简单 --只需用压缩空气”反吹” 缺点 易受环境温度影响
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优点 不易受环境温度影响,尤其适用于高温环境 缺点 安装费用高 --需安装进/排水管道,泵和冷却塔等设施 运行费用高 --冷却水需定期更换,软化和防冻 清洗不易 --需拆卸,定期除垢处理
残油量: 残油量 1-2PPM
Copyright Gardner Denver 2002
SAV250/350 螺杆压缩机
1. 最小压力阀(65PSI) 目的: --维持润滑油循环 --确保分离效果 止回阀 目的: --防止母管压力倒灌
1.
Copyright Gardner Denver 2002
SAV250/350 螺杆压缩机
Copyright Gardner Denver 2002
SAV 螺杆压缩机
Copyright Gardner Denver 2002
SAV250/350 螺杆压缩机
机型 压力 7.5bar 8.5bar 10.5bar
EAU
SAV250
35.9
30.1
29.1
SAV300
43.3
37.3
35.1
– 全球领先的旋转节能阀技术
• 机械式的“变频”技术 机械式的“变频” • 40%~100%调节范围 调节范围 • 节省能耗19% 节省能耗
– Blow Down技术 技术
• 0~40%调节范围 调节范围 • 最大节省能耗40% 最大节省能耗
– 超长保修时间
• 螺杆总成 年保修 螺杆总成5年保修 • 电脑板2年保修 电脑板 年保修
4. 顺序控制
欧盟与美国全面对比

欧盟与美国全面对比一种观点认为世界要形成多极化,这样更安全,更有利于竞争和发展。
本文也赞同这种观点,但目前,在这个世界上仍只有美国的一极独大。
剩下的一极寄望于欧盟了,除此外的他国或组织无法达到这样的要求。
不过,我认为,欧盟难与美国抗衡,以下从各方面实力作分析对比:1、自然资源:美国领土面积963.1万平方公里(只包括50州及哥伦比亚特区,不含海外领地),欧盟25国397.6万(含马岛,不含海外领地),美国是欧盟的2.4倍。
美国的石油等能源几乎全靠进口,但实际上美国的储量并不低,只是战略考虑,暂不开采。
我想等波斯湾、俄罗斯等开得差不多了,美国再开采。
美国的其他各类资源也十分丰富,但基于同样的战略原因,美国未过多的开展矿业。
美国在太平洋上有夏威夷洲及其他小岛,按海洋法公约,拥有巨大的领海面积。
2、人口:截止2006年7月,美国人口2.98亿,欧盟人口4.57亿,欧盟是美国 1.5倍。
但人口多未必是优势,中国、印度的人口最多,任何一国比美、欧加起来还多,但有什么用呢?反而是拖累。
美国人口密度31人/平方公里,欧盟115人/平方公里。
美国的人口压力明显较小。
3、经济总量:2005年,按汇率计算,美国GDP12.49万亿,欧盟13.31万亿,欧盟稍多。
这有欧元汇率近年走强原因,若按购买力平价算,反而美国略多。
但双方的增长速度方面,近些年来,美国经济增长强劲,2005年高达3.5%(注:也许有人认为中国速度更高,但中美经济水平不在同一档次,没有可比性),欧盟仅1.7%,按此趋势,如果不考虑欧盟吸纳别国加入因素,美国不久就会把欧盟甩开。
目前,这项整体还算相当。
4、人民生活水平:2005年,美国人均GDP为4.3万,欧盟只有3.35万,美国是欧盟的1.3倍,美国高度发达,欧盟只能算中等发达。
世界各国gdp

世界各国gdp世界各国的国内生产总值(GDP)是评估一个国家经济实力和发展水平的重要指标之一。
GDP是指一个国家在某个特定时间内生产的所有最终货物和服务的总价值。
以下是对一些世界各国GDP的简要介绍。
美国是世界上最大的经济体之一。
根据国际货币基金组织(IMF)的数据,美国的GDP在全球范围内排名第一。
美国的经济多样化,包括农业、制造业、科技、金融等各个领域。
中国是世界第二大经济体。
中国的经济快速发展,以制造业为主导,出口量大,并且在最近几十年中取得了显著的增长。
日本是一个高度发达的国家,其GDP列世界第三。
日本的经济以制造业和科技创新为主导,汽车、电子产品等产业受到国际市场的认可。
德国是欧洲最大的经济体,也是全球主要出口国之一。
德国在制造业、汽车工业、金融服务等方面具有竞争力。
法国是欧洲第二大经济体。
法国的GDP主要由服务业、制造业和旅游业构成。
英国是欧洲第三大经济体,但由于脱欧的不确定性,其经济增长面临一些挑战。
印度是世界第七大经济体。
印度经济以农业为主,同时也在信息技术服务和制造业方面取得了一定的成就。
巴西是南美洲最大的经济体。
巴西的经济以农业、矿业和制造业为主导。
俄罗斯是一个重要的经济体,其GDP在全球范围内排名第十。
俄罗斯的经济主要依赖石油和天然气出口。
这只是对一部分国家的GDP简要介绍,世界上还有许多其他国家的经济也具有重要的地位和影响力。
通过对各国GDP的了解,我们可以更好地了解和比较各国的经济实力和发展水平,为贸易、经济合作和国际关系提供参考。
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——几何尺寸与公差
ASME标准、ISO标准、GB标准
美国、加拿大等国在全球的公司使用美国ASME 标准。 欧洲公司及其在全球的公司大多数使用国际ISO 标准,少数欧洲公司使用美国ASME标准。日本 、中本国课澳使程大CH用按利ENG新亚BS标等标HA准国准N A等。DSI 同ME或Y1等4效.5C使MH-2用E0N国0S9H际、AIINSSDOOI标11准01。2012、ISO 8015-2011、ISO 5459-2011等和 GB/T16671-2009、 GB/T1182-2008 授课。
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CHE方向N
线轮廓度
SH面倾A轮斜廓度N度DI
垂直度
位置
收集平面
CHEN SHAN DI
(a)
CHEN SHAN DI
(b)
半径和受控半径
CHEN(Sa)HAN DI
CHEN (SbH)AN DI
(c)
(d)
局部被测要素、局部基准要素
(a)
(b)
CHEN SHAN DII
(c)
CHEN SHAN DI
(d)
(e)
(f)
基准目标
CHEN SHAN DI
基准体系中的基准顺序
CHEN SHAN DI
(a)
CHEN SHAN DI
(b)
基准体系中的基准顺序
CHEN SHAN D(Ia)
CHEN SHAN DI
(b)
(c)
阵列形体基准
CHEN SHAN DI
(a)
CHEN SHAN DI
(b)
多基准体系
CHEN SHAN DI
CHEN SHAN DI
()Biblioteka t( )CHENt(-S) HAN DI
t
(a)
t(+)
t
(b)
(c)
基准符号
A
CHEN SH(Aa)N DI
A
CHE(Nb)SHAN DI
A
(c)
公差框格(要素控制框)
CHEN(SaH)AN DI
(b)
CHEN
SHAN
DI
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
被测要素的标注
轮廓要素
(a)
中心要CH素EN
(g)
(h)
(i)
(j)
螺纹、花键或齿轮轴线的标注
CHEN SHAN DI
(a)
CHEN SHAN DI
(b)
扩孔符号、锪面符号、深度符号
CHEN SHAN DI
(a)
CHEN SHAN DI
(b)
(c)
沉头符号、正方符号
CHEN(Sa)HAN DI
CHEN(SbA)HNANDIDI
(c)
连续形体符号
两者之间
(a)
CHEN SHAN
DI
(b)
CHEN SHAN
DI
(c)
方向要素
CHEN SHAN DI
CHEN SHAN DI
相交平面
(a)
CHEN SHAN DI
(b)
CHEN SHAN
DI
(c)
(d)
取向平面
CHEN CSHHAENN SDHI AN DI
(a)
CHEN SHAN DI
(b)
基准坐标系
CHEN SHAN DI
CHEN SHAN DI
自定义基准
CHE(Na)SHAN DI
(b)
CHEN
SHAN
DI
(c)
(d)
(e)
基准平移
CHEN SHAN DI
CHEN SHAN DI
目标基准移动
CHEN CHEN
SHAN SHAN
DI DI
(a)
CHEN SSHHAANNDDII
(b)
百分表检测法
a
c
b
CHEN SHAN DI 可调支撑
平板
c bCHEN SHAN DI
平板
d
可调支撑
(a)百分表三远点等高法
(b)百分表对角等高法
平面度
平面平晶检测法
用平晶干涉法检测平面度适用于高精度小平
面。检测时,将平晶紧帖在被测平面上,由于光
波的干涉作用,会出现干涉条纹。根据干涉条纹
的数目和条纹的形状,经过计算得到平面度误差
f=CaHλEN/2SbHAN DI
CHEN SHAN DI
(a)
b
(b)
平面度
斑点显示检测法
将被测平面均匀地涂上一层薄薄的显示 剂(如红丹粉),然后将该平面放置在标准 平板的工作面上,用手带动零件作前后、左 右摩面的积擦往内C去H复的,EN移斑并SH动点成A数,N为D及则黑I 分被亮布测斑的平点均面,CH匀高根E度点N据S来的2H5A评显mNm定示×DI被剂25测被mm 表面的平面度误差。
A
(a)
CHEN
SHAN (DbI)
φ
φ
φ
P
(c)
CHENM
SHAN
A
DI
(d)
C
Sφ E