2009年9月英语高级口译真题答案
2009年9月国家公共英语(三级)真题试卷(精选)(题后含答案及解析)
2009年9月国家公共英语（三级）真题试卷（精选）(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1.Many people want to become famous, but don’t know how. Here I’d like to tell about how to become known or get closer to people. There are certain qualities that you have to remember while【C1】______people, be it a friend, a neighbour or anybody【C2】______you. The first thing is to remember their names and birthdays and never【C3】______them if you want to get closer to them, because this is【C4】______you start getting closer to people. You will have to reduce【C5】______about yourself and start listening a lot. One of the important【C6】______which can be used to get closer to people is to listen to them.【C7】______in today’s management studies, listening is a very basic necessity in【C8】______such as business negotiations and international exchanges.【C9】______people to speak about themselves and be【C10】______interested in them. Another quality you will have to【C11】______is to appreciate people because everybody needs appreciation, but do not【C12】______it too far. If you are appreciating, let it be from the【C13】______of your heart. Everybody has got some good qualities or other which can be【C14】______.So appreciate the good qualities. See to it that they don’t feel【C15】______. Always remember to have a smile【C16】______your face whenever you meet people, because people don’t like crying faces. Develop a good【C17】______of humour. Most important of all is to be【C18】______.So by all these you must know the【C19】______to reach people. Try those essentials【C20】______you will see people getting closer to you.1．【C1】A．treatingB．introducingC．handlingD．greeting正确答案：A解析：本题考查对上下文的理解。
2009年考研英语真题及其答案
2009年考研英语真题及其答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank a nd mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart huma ns are. 1 _______ the fruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer’s piec e in the Science Times on Tuesday. Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter th an the average fruit fly 2 _______ to live shorter lives. This suggests that 3 _______ bulbs burn longer, that there is an 4 _______ in not being too terrifically bright.Intelligence, it 5 _______ out, is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow 6 _______ the starting line because it d epends on learning — a gradual 7 _______ — instead of instinct. Plenty of o ther species are able to learn, and one of the things they’ve apparently learn ed is when to 8 _______.Is there an adaptive value to 9 _______ intelligence? That’s the questi on behind this new research. I like it. Instead of casting a wistful glance 10 _______ at all the species we’ve left in the dust I.Q.-wise, it implicitl y asks what the real 11 _______ of our own intelligence might be. This is 1 2 _______ the mind of every animal I’ve ever met.Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments anim als would 13 _______ on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an own er, 14 _______, is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. we b elieve that 15 _______ animals ran the labs, they would test us to 16 ___ ____ the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain. They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really 17 _______, not m erely how much of it there is. 18 _______, they would hope to study a 19 _______ question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in? 20 _______ the results are inconclusive.1. [A] Suppose [B] Consider [C] Observe [D] Imagine2. [A] tended [B] feared [C] happened [D] threatened3. [A] thinner [B] stabler [C] lighter [D] dimmer4. [A] tendency [B] advantage [C] inclination [D] priori ty5. [A] insists on [B] sums up [C] turns out [D] puts forwa rd6. [A] off [B] behind [C] over [D] along7. [A] incredible [B] spontaneous [C]inevitable [D] gradual8. [A] fight [B] doubt [C] stop [D] think9. [A] invisible [B] limited [C] indefinite [D] different10. [A] upward [B] forward [C] afterward [D] backward11. [A] features [B] influences [C] results [D] costs12. [A] outside [B] on [C] by [D] across13. [A] deliver [B] carry [C] perform [D] apply14. [A] by chance [B] in contrast [C] as usual [D] for instance15. [A] if [B] unless [C] as [D] lest16. [A] moderate [B] overcome [C] determine [D] reach17. [A] at [B] for [C] after [D] with18. [A] Above all [B] After all [C] However [D] Otherwise19. [A] fundamental [B] comprehensive [C] equivalent [D] hostile20. [A] By accident [B] In time [C] So far [D] Better stillSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by cho osing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text1Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. “Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd,” William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word “habit”carries a negative connotation.So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creat ivity and innovation. But brain researchers have discovered that when we consci ously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative track s.But don’t bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedu re are worn into the hippocampus, they’re ther e to stay. Instead, the new habi ts we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can byp ass those old roads.“The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,” say s Dawna Markova, author of “The Open Mind” and an e xecutive change consultant for Professional Thinking Partners. “But we are taught instead to ‘decide,’ just as our president calls himself ‘the Decider.’” She adds, however, that “to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. A good innovational thi nk er is always exploring the many other possibilities.”All of us work through problems in ways of which we’re unaware, she says. Researchers in the late 1960 covered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationa lly (or collaboratively) and innovatively. At puberty, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have s eemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and proce dure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative mo des of thought. “This breaks the major rule in the American belief system — t hat anyone can do anything,” explains M. J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book “Th is Year I Will...” and Ms. Markova’s business partner. “That’s a lie that w e have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. Knowing what you’re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.” This is where d eveloping new habits comes in.21. The view of Wordsworth habit is claimed by beingA. casualB. familiarC. mechanicalD. changeable.22. The researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can beA. predictedB. regulatedC. tracedD. guided23.” ruts”(in line one, paragraph 3) has closest meaning toA. tracksB. seriesC. characteristicsD. connections24. Ms. Markova’s comments suggest that the practice of standard testing ?A, prevents new habits form being formedB, no longer emphasizes commonnessC, maintains the inherent American thinking modelD, complies with the American belief system25. Ryan most probably agree thatA. ideas are born of a relaxing mindB. innovativeness could be taughtC. decisiveness derives from fantastic ideasD. curiosity activates creative mindsText 2It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom –or at least confirm that he’s the kid’s dad. All he needs to do is shell our $30 for paternity testing kit (PTK) at his loc al drugstore – and another $120 to get the results.More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fog, chief operat ing officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. More than twodozen companies sell DNA tests Directly to the public , ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.Among the most popular : paternity and kinship testing , which adopted c hildren can use to find their biological relatives and latest rage a many passi onate genealogists-and supports businesses that offer to search for a family’s geographic roots .Most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and s ending it to the company for testing. All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.But some observers are skeptical, “There is a kind of false precision be ing hawked by people claiming they a re doing ancestry testing,” says Trey Dust er, a New York University sociologist. He notes that each individual has many a ncestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited thr ough men in a father’s line or mitochondrial DNA, which a passed down only fro m mothers. This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancest ors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grand parents.Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as th e reference collections to which a sample is compared. Databases used by some c ompanies don’t rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects. This means that a DNA database may differ depending on the company that processes the results. In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.26.In paragraphs 1 and 2 , the text shows PTK’s ___________.[A]easy availability[B]flexibility in pricing[C] successful promotion[D] popularity with households27. PTK is used to __________.[A]locate one’s birth place[B]promote genetic research[C] identify parent-child kinship[D] choose children for adoption28. Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to__________.[A]trace distant ancestors[B] rebuild reliable bloodlines[C] fully use genetic information[D] achieve the claimed accuracy29. In the last paragraph ,a problem commercial genetic testing faces is _ _________.[A]disorganized data collection[B] overlapping database building30. An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be__________.[A]Fors and Againsts of DNA testing[B] DNA testing and It’s problems[C]DNA testing outside the lab[D] lies behind DNA testingText 3The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor coun tries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike progress in b oth area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual de velopment of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid eco nomic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that is it, beca use new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to imp rove economic performance would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countriescan be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a res ult, radically higher standards of living.Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United Stat es. Not long ago, with the country entering a recessing and Japan at its pre-bu bble peak. The U.S. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor U.S. economic performance. Japan was, and remains, the globa l leader in automotive-assembly productivity. Yet the research revealed that th e U.S. factories of Honda Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the p roductivity of their Japanese countere pants a result of the training that U.S. workers received on the job.More recently, while examing housing construction, the researchers discove red that illiterate, non-English- speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, c onsistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexi ty of the building industry’s work.What is the real relationship between education and economic development? We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don’t force it. After all, that’s how educati on got started. When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didn’t have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. Onl y when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time f or other things.As education improved, humanity’s productivity potential, they could in tu rn afford more education. This increasingly high level of education is probablya necessary, but not a s, ufficient, condition for the complex political syste ms required by advanced economic performance. Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possib le only with broader formal education. A lack of formal education, however, doe sn’t constrain the ability of the developing world’s workforce to substantial ly improve productivity for the forested future. On the contrary, constraints o n improving productivity explain why education isn’t developing more quickly t here than it is.31. The author holds in paragraph 1 that the important of education in poo r countries ___________.[A] is subject groundless doubts [B] has fallen victim of bias[C] is conventional downgraded [D] has been overestimated32. It is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new education syste m __________.[A]challenges economists and politicians [B]takes efforts of generations[C] demands priority from the government [D] requires sufficient labor fo rce33.A major difference between the Japanese and U.S workforces is that ____ ______.[A] the Japanese workforce is better disciplined[B] the Japanese workforce is more productive[C]the U.S workforce has a better education[D] ]the U.S workforce is more organize34. The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged __________.[A] when people had enough time[B] prior to better ways of finding food[C] when people on longer went hung[D] as a result of pressure on government35. According to the last paragraph , development of education __________.[A] results directly from competitive environments[B] does not depend on economic performance[C] follows improved productivity[D] cannot afford political changesText 4The most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world ar e the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New Eng land. According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowh ere else in colonial America was “So much important attached to inte llectual pursuits ” According to many books and articles, New Englan d’s leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an un folding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start with the Puritans’ theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the ch urch-important subjects that we may not neglect. But in keeping with our examin ation of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as c arriers of European culture adjusting to New world circumstances. The New Engla nd colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely unde rstood ideals of civility and virtuosity.The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive educa tion and influence in England. `Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts church in the decade after 1629,There were political lead ers like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crow n before he journeyed to Boston. There men wrote and published extensively, rea ching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosph ere of intellectual earnestness.We should not forget , however, that most New Englanders were less well educated. While few crafts men or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed, The in thinking often had a tradition al superstitions quality. A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated in the late 1 630s, left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with si gns. sexual confusion, economic frustrations , and religious hope-all name toge ther in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his father the first l ine he saw would settle his fate, and read the magical words: “come out from a mong them, touch no unclean thing , and I will be your God and you shall be my people.” One wonders what Dane thought of the careful sermons explaining the B ible that he heard in puritan churched.Mean while , many settles had slighter religious commitments than Dane’s, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that t hey had not come to the New world for religion . “Our main end was to catch fi sh. ”36. The author notes that in the seventeenth-century New England__________ _.[A] Puritan tradition dominated political life.[B] intellectual interests were encouraged.[C] Politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors.[D] intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment.37. It is suggested in paragraph 2 that New Englanders__________.[A] experienced a comparatively peaceful early history.[B] brought with them the culture of the Old World[C] paid little attention to southern intellectual life[D] were obsessed with religious innovations38. The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay________ __.[A] were famous in the New World for their writings[B] gained increasing importance in religious affairs[C] abandoned high positions before coming to the New World[D] created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England39. The story of John Dane shows that less well-educated New Englanders we re often __________.[A] influenced by superstitions[B] troubled with religious beliefs[C] puzzled by church sermons[D] frustrated with family earnings40. The text suggests that early settlers in New England__________.[A] were mostly engaged in political activities[B] were motivated by an illusory prospect[C] came from different backgrounds.[D] left few formal records for later referencePart BDirections:Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Q uestions (41-45), choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into ea ch of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection. 41.____________.American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan, along with Tylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspe cts of culture changed together in the evolution of societies.42._____________.In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist F ranz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology. 43._____________ .Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evo lutionary stage or type of culture. 44._______________.Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of cultur e in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of B oas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the parti cularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gif ted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures. 45. ________________.Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist ?mile Durkheim developed a the ory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed tha t religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in t he relationship between the function of society and culture—known as functiona lism—became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.[A] Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inve ntions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.[B] In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropo logy, the study of human biology and anatomy.[C] He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he call ed the “survival of the fittest,” in which weaker races and societies must ev entually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.[D] They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a peo ple’s social structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify ch ildren’s entrance into adulthood.[E] Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure o f families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, fo rms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as s ocieties evolved.[F]Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts tha t work together to keep a society functioning.[G] For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Pe rry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused th roughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separa tely at different times in many parts of the world.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segmen ts into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10 points)There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets fr om living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not t he express reason of the association.46It may be said that the measure of the w orth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experie nce; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. Religious associatio ns began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers a nd to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of e nslavement to others, etc. 47Only gradually was the by-product of the instituti on noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directi ve factor in the conduct of the institution. Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world's wo rk is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immedi ate human fact, gains in importance.48 While it is easy to ignore in our contac t with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too evident; the pressure to a ccomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these co nsequences wholly out of account. 49Since our chief business with them is to en able them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability. If humanity has made so me headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its dis tinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned l argely through dealings with the young.50 We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process wh ich we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed d ispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the ad ults loyal to their group.Section III WritingPart A51.Directions:Restrictions on the use of plastic bags have not been so successful in som e regions. “White pollution ”is still going on. Write a letter to the editor(s) of your local newspaper to1) give your opinions briefly and2) make two or three suggestionsYou should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.Part B52. Directions:In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)2009年参考答案Section I: Use of English (10 points)Section II: Reading Comprehension (60 points) Part A (40 points)Part B (10 points)Part C (10 points)46.可以说，要衡量任何社会制度的价值，就要看它对扩大和改进经验方面的影响，但是这种影响并不是其原来动机的一部分。
2009年考研英语真题原文与答案完整版
2009年考研英语真题原文及答案完整版Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are. 1 the fruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer's piece in the Science Times on Tuesday. Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly 2 to live shorter lives. This suggests that 3 bulbs burn longer, that there is an 4 in not being too terrifically bright.Intelligence, it 5 out, is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow 6 the starting line because it depends on learning - a gradual 7 - instead of instinct. Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they've apparently learned is when to 8 .Is there an adaptive value to 9 intelligence? That's the question behind this new research. I like it. Instead of casting a wistful glance 10 at all the species we've left in the dust I.Q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real 11 of our own intelligence might be. This is 12 the mind of every animal I've ever met.Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would 13 on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner, 14 , is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. we believe that 15 animals ran the labs, they would test us to 16 the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain.They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really 17 , not merely how much of it there is. 18 , they would hope to study a 19 question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in? 20 the results are inconclusive.1. [A] Suppose [B] Consider [C] Observe [D] Imagine2. [A] tended [B] feared [C] happened [D] threatened3. [A] thinner [B] stabler [C] lighter [D] dimmer4. [A] tendency [B] advantage [C] inclination [D] priority5. [A] insists on [B] sums up [C] turns out [D] puts forward6. [A] off [B] behind [C] over [D] along7. [A] incredible [B] spontaneous [C]inevitable [D] gradual8. [A] fight [B] doubt [C] stop [D] think9. [A] invisible [B] limited [C] indefinite [D] different10. [A] upward [B] forward [C] afterward [D] backward11. [A] features [B] influences [C] results [D] costs12. [A] outside [B] on [C] by [D] across13. [A] deliver [B] carry [C] perform [D] apply14. [A] by chance [B] in contrast [C] as usual [D] for instance15. [A] if [B] unless [C] as [D] lest16. [A] moderate [B] overcome [C] determine [D] reach17. [A] at [B] for [C] after [D] with18. [A] Above all [B] After all [C] However [D] Otherwise19. [A] fundamental [B] comprehensive [C] equivalent [D] hostile20. [A] By accident [B] In time [C] So far [D] Better stillSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text1Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. "Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd," William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word "habit" carries a negative connotation.So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.But don't bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus, they're there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads."The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder," says Dawna Markova, author of "The Open Mind" and an executive change consultant for Professional Thinking Partners. "But we are taught instead to 'decide,' just as our president calls himself 'the Decider.' " She adds, however, that "to decide is to kill off allpossibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities."All of us work through problems in ways of which we're unaware, she says. Researchers in the late 1960 covered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. At puberty, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. "This breaks the major rule in the American belief system - that anyone can do anything," explains M. J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book "This Year I Will..." and Ms. Markova's business partner. "That's a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. Knowing what you're good at and doing even more of it creates excellence." This is where developing new habits comes in.21. The view of Wordsworth habit is claimed by beingA. casualB. familiarC. mechanicalD. changeable.22. The researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can beA. predictedB. regulatedC. tracedD. guided23." ruts"(in line one, paragraph 3) has closest meaning toA. tracksB. seriesC. characteristicsD. connections24. Ms. Markova's comments suggest that the practice of standard testing ?A, prevents new habits form being formedB, no longer emphasizes commonnessC, maintains the inherent American thinking modelD, complies with the American belief system25. Ryan most probably agree thatA. ideas are born of a relaxing mindB. innovativeness could be taughtC. decisiveness derives from fantastic ideasD. curiosity activates creative mindsText 2It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom - or at least confirm that he's the kid's dad. All he needs to do is shell our $30 for paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore - and another $120 to get the results.More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fog, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests Directly to the public , ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.Among the most popular : paternity and kinship testing , which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and latest rage a many passionate genealogists-and supports businesses that offer to search for a family's geographic roots .Most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing. All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.But some observers are skeptical, "There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing," says Trey Duster, a New York University sociologist. He notes that each individual has many ancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a father's line or mitochondrial DNA, which a passed down only from mothers. This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. Databases used by some companies don't rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects. This means that a DNA database may differ depending on the company that processes the results. In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.26.In paragraphs 1 and 2 , the text shows PTK's ___________.[A]easy availability[B]flexibility in pricing[C] successful promotion[D] popularity with households27. PTK is used to __________.[A]locate one's birth place[B]promote genetic research[C] identify parent-child kinship[D] choose children for adoption28. Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to__________.[A]trace distant ancestors[B] rebuild reliable bloodlines[C] fully use genetic information[D] achieve the claimed accuracy29. In the last paragraph ,a problem commercial genetic testing faces is __________.[A]disorganized data collection[B] overlapping database building30. An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be__________.[A]Fors and Againsts of DNA testing[B] DNA testing and It's problems[C]DNA testing outside the lab[D] lies behind DNA testingText 3The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that is it, because new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States. Not long ago, with the country entering a recessing and Japan at its pre-bubble peak. The U.S. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor U.S. economic performance. Japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. Yet the research revealed that the U.S. factories of Honda Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese countere pants a result of the training that U.S. workers received on the job.More recently, while examing housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English- speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry's work.What is the real relationship between education and economic development? We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don't force it. After all, that's how education got started. When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didn't have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.As education improved, humanity's productivity potential, they could in turn afford more education. This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance. Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education. A lack of formal education, however, doesn't constrain the ability of the developing world's workforce to substantially improve productivity for the forested future. On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn't developing more quickly there than it is.31. The author holds in paragraph 1 that the important of education in poor countries ___________.[A] is subject groundless doubts[B] has fallen victim of bias[C] is conventional downgraded[D] has been overestimated32. It is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new education system __________.[A]challenges economists and politicians[B]takes efforts of generations[C] demands priority from the government[D] requires sufficient labor force33.A major difference between the Japanese and U.S workforces is that __________.[A] the Japanese workforce is better disciplined[B] the Japanese workforce is more productive[C]the U.S workforce has a better education[D] ]the U.S workforce is more organize34. The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged __________.[A] when people had enough time[B] prior to better ways of finding food[C] when people on longer went hung[D] as a result of pressure on government35. According to the last paragraph , development of education __________.[A] results directly from competitive environments[B] does not depend on economic performance[C] follows improved productivity[D] cannot afford political changesText 4The most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was "So much important attached to intellectual pursuits " According to many books and articles, New England's leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start with the Puritans' theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church-important subjects that we may not neglect. But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture adjusting to New world circumstances. The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in England. `Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts church in the decade after 1629,There were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston. There men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.We should not forget , however, that most New Englanders were less well educated. While few crafts men or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literarycompositions to be analyzed, The in thinking often had a traditional superstitions quality.A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated in the late 1630s, left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs. sexual confusion, economic frustrations , and religious hope-all name together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his father the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read the magical words: "come out from among them, touch no unclean thing , and I will be your God and you shall be my people." One wonders what Dane thought of the careful sermons explaining the Bible that he heard in puritan churched.Mean while , many settles had slighter religious commitments than Dane's, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New world for religion . "Our main end was to catch fish. "36. The author notes that in the seventeenth-century New England___________.[A] Puritan tradition dominated political life.[B] intellectual interests were encouraged.[C] Politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors.[D] intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment.37. It is suggested in paragraph 2 that New Englanders__________.[A] experienced a comparatively peaceful early history.[B] brought with them the culture of the Old World[C] paid little attention to southern intellectual life[D] were obsessed with religious innovations38. The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay__________.[A] were famous in the New World for their writings[B] gained increasing importance in religious affairs[C] abandoned high positions before coming to the New World[D] created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England39. The story of John Dane shows that less well-educated New Englanders were often __________.[A] influenced by superstitions[B] troubled with religious beliefs[C] puzzled by church sermons[D] frustrated with family earnings40. The text suggests that early settlers in New England__________.[A] were mostly engaged in political activities[B] were motivated by an illusory prospect[C] came from different backgrounds.[D] left few formal records for later referencePart BDirections:Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions (41-45), choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection. 41.____________.American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan, along with Tylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies.42._____________.In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology. 43._____________ .Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture. 44._______________.Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures. 45.________________.Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist ?mile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture-known as functionalism-became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.[A] Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.[B] In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.[C] He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the "survival of the fittest," in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.[D] They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people's social structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children's entrance into adulthood.[E] Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.[F]Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning.[G] For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points) There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the association.46It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. 47Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of humanassociation under which the world's work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact, gains in importance.48 While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account. 49Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability. If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.50 We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group.Section Ⅲ WritingPart A51. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points) Part B52. Directions:In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points) 答案Section I Use of English1-5 BADBC 6-10 ADCBD11-15 DBCDA 16-20 CBAACSection II Reading ComprehensionPart A21-25 ABCAA 26-30 ACDAB31-35 DBBAC 36-40 BBDACPart B41-45 CEABGPart C46. 可以说，任何社会制度的价值在于它对扩大和改进经验方面的影响，但是这种影响并不是它原来的动机的一部分。
2009年秋季的口试真题及答案汉译英
2009年秋季的口试真题及答案汉译英：（此题摘自江总书记于一九九九年十月二十二日在英国剑桥大学的演讲）Passage 1:中华民族历来尊重人的尊严和价值。
还在遥远的古代，我们的先人就已提出“民为贵”的思想，认为“天生万物，唯人为贵”，社会的发展和进步，取决于人的发展和进步，取决于人的尊严的维护和价值的发挥。
今天中国所焕发出来的巨大活力，是中国人民拥有广泛自由、民主的生动写照。
中国确保十三亿多人的生存权和发展权，是对世界人权事业的重大贡献。
集体人权与个人人权、经济文化权利与公民政治权利紧密结合和协调发展，这适合中国国情，是中国人权事业发展的必然道路。
The Chinese nation has always respected human dignity and value. Even in the anci ent days, our ancestors came up with the idea of “people being the most importan t,” believe that “man is the most valuable among all the t hings that heaven foster s.” The progress and development of a society hinge on human progress and devel opment and depend on how well human dignity is maintained and how much huma n value is realized. The immense vitality displayed by China today is a vivid reflecti on of the broad freedoms and democtatic rights enjoyed by the Chinese people.Chins has a population of over 1.3 billion, and to ensure our people the rights to s ubsistence and development is in itself a major contribution to the progress of the world human rights cause. Collective and individual human rights should be consider ed together and their coordinated development should be pursued, and the same co nsiderations should be given to the development of economic and cultural rights on the one hand and of civil and political rights on the other. This is dictated by Chin a’s specific national conditions and therefore, is the only way to progress in human rights cause in Chins.英译汉：Passage 2:On behalf of all the membership of the United Nations, I hereby reaffirm the r ole of this international organization. When ti was created more than 60 years ago, the United Nations reflected humanity’s greatest hopes for a just and peaceful glob al community. It still embodies that dream. We remain the only world institution wit h the legitinacy and scope that derive from global membership, and a mandate that encompasses development, secutiry and human rights as well as the envoronment.I restate that we are an organization without independent military capability, and we dispose of relatively modest resources in the economic realm. Yet our influence and impact on the world is far greater than many believe to be the case, and of ten more than we ourselves realize. This influence derives not from any exercise of power, but from the force of the values we represent. Among these values are th e maintenance of the world order and the establishment of world harmony.（参考答案）我谨代表联合国所有成员国，在此重申这个国际组织的作用。
09届高三英语上学期9月考试试题
09届高三英语上学期9月考试试题英语试题第Ⅰ卷第一部分：听力（共两节，满分10分）第一节（共5小题：每小题0.5分，满分2.5分）：听下面5段对话。
每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。
听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来同答有关小题和阅读下一小题。
每段对话仅读一遍。
现在你有5秒钟的时间阅读第l小题的有关内容。
1. How much is the man given as a tip?A. $8.5B. $10C. $1.52. How will the man and his friend go to visit Los Angeles?A. by air.B. by train.C. by sea.3. What did the woman buy for her husband?A. A stamp.B. A watch.C. A toy.4. What are the two speakers doing?A. Learning driving.B. Practising typing.C. Surfing the Internet,5. Why does the woman refuse the invitation?A. she will be taking an exam on Friday.B. She has to study at home on Friday.C. She doesn’t enjoy tours very much.第二节（共15小题；每小题0.5分，满分7.5分）听下面5 段对话或独自。
每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。
听每段对话或独白前，你都有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟；听完后，各个小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。
每段对话或独白读两遍。
听第6段材料，同答第6至7题。
9月英语高级口译真题+答案
9 月英语高级口译真题+ 答案(4)SECTION 3: TRANSLATION TEST (30 minutes)Directions: Translate the following passage into Chinese and write your version in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET.A proposal to change long-standing federal policy and deny citizenship to babies born to illegal immigrants on U.S. soil ran aground this month in Congress, but it is sure to resurface-kindling bitter debate even if it fails to become law.At issue is “ birthright citizenship -pr〞ovided for since the Constitutio n' s14th Amendment was ratified in 1868. Section 1 of that amendment, drafted with freed slaves in mind, says: “ All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subj to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States. 〞Some conservatives in Congress, as well as advocacy groups seeking to crack down on illegal immigration, say the amendment has been misapplied over the years, that it was never intended to grant citizenship automatically to babies of illegal immigrants. Thus they contend that federal legislation, rather than a difficult-to-achieve constitutional amendment, would be sufficient to end birthright citizenship.“ MostAmericans feel it doesn 'mt ake any sense for people to come into the country illegally, give birth an d have a new U.S. citizen, 〞said the spokesman of th federation of American immigration reform. “ But the advocates for illegal immi will make a fuss; they ' lcllaim you ' repunishing the children, and I suspect the leadership doesn ' t want to deatlhwaitt.h 〞SECTION 4: LISTENING TEST (30 minutes)Part A: Note-taking and Gap-fillingDirections: In this part of the test you will hear a short talk. You will hear the talk ONLY ONCE. While listening to the talk, you may take notes on the importa nt points so that you can have enough information to complete a gap-filling task on a separate ANSWER BOOKLET. You will not get your TEST BOOK and ANSWER BOOKLET until after you have listened to the talk.The doctor-patient relationship is one of the __________ 〔1〕relationships in life, but many people say this relationship is beyond _____________ 〔2〕. Can this relationship be saved? The answer is __________ 〔3〕yes, because it must. And if that is lost, medicine becomes a technology and is _________ 〔4〕. In part the crisisin medicine began with doctors __________ 〔5〕themselves from patients.The more critical work of a doctor happens in the taking of the human 〔6〕. 〔7〕is the most important and most difficult single transaction. The studies show that 〔8〕of all the valuable informationthat leads to correct diagnosis comes from the history. Another __________ 〔9〕comes from the physical examination, 10% comes from simple __________ 〔10〕tests, and 5% comes from all the complex __________ 〔11〕. So listening is vital, because listening is not merely listening, but to establish a _________ 〔12〕.But some doctors think listening is _________ 〔13〕. They like to use complex and costly __________ 〔14〕, and use ___________ 〔15〕that create adversereactions and require _________ 〔16〕. They don 't like to listen. Because there premium on listening and that there 's no __〔__1_7_〕___fo_r_listening.Even so, the doctor-patient relationship is not _________ 〔18〕saving. Because people may ask, what is good health? And good health begins first and foremost with 〔19〕. If you don 't care for a _______ 〔__2_0_〕, be somebody else,but don ' t be a doctor!Part B: Listening and Translation1. Sentence TranslationDirections: In this part of the test, you will hear 5 English sentences. You will hear the sentences ONLY ONCE. After you have heard each sentence, translate it into Chinese and write your version in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET.〔1〕〔2〕〔3〕〔4〕〔5〕2. Passage TranslationDirections: In this part of the test, you will hear 2 English passages. You will hear the passages ONLY ONCE. After you have heard each passage, translate it into Chinese and write your version in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET. You may take notes while you are listening.〔1〕。
2009年高考英语真题解析(全国卷I)
2009年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语答案及解析本试卷分第一卷（选择题）和第二卷（非选择题）两部分。
第一卷1至14页。
第二卷15至16页。
考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
第一卷注意事项：1.答题前，考生在答题卡上务必用直径0.5毫米黑色墨水签字笔将自己的姓名、准考证号填写清楚，并贴好条形码。
请认真核准条形码上的准考证号、姓名和科目。
2.每小题选出答案后，用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑，如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选图其他答案标号，在试题卷上作答无效。
第一节（共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分）听下面5段对话。
每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。
听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。
每段对话仅读一遍。
例：How much is the shirt?A. ￡19.15B.￡9.15C. ￡9.18答案是B。
1. What do the speakers need to buy?A. A fridgeB. A dinner tableC. A few chairs2. Where are the speakers?A. In a restaurant.B. In a hotelC. In a school.3. What does the woman mean?A. Cathy will be at the party.B. Cathy is too busy to come.C. Cathy is going to be invited4. Why does the woman plan to go to town?A. To pay her bills in the bank.B. To buy books in a bookstore.C. To get some money from the bank5. What is the woman trying to do ?A. Finish some writing.B. Print an article.C. Find a newspaper.第二节（共15小题，每小题1．5分，满分22．5分）听下面5段对话或独白。
2009年9月_听力_上海高级口译笔试真题答案与听力原文
2021年9月上海高级口译笔试真题答案与听力原文2021年9月上海高级口译笔试听力原文Spot DictationFor more than two centuries, American's colleges and universities have been the backbone of the country's progress. They have educated their technical, managerial and professional work force, and provided generation after generation of national leaders.Today, educators from around the country are up to find many reasons for the excellence of the American universities.But four historic acts stand out as watersheds.First, education for the mass. In 1862, congress enacted the Land-Grand College Act, which essentially extended the opportunity of higher education to all Americans, including women and minorities.Each state was permitted to sell large tracts of federal land, and use the proceeds to endow at least one public college.Second, competition breeds success. Over the years, the decentralization and diversity of the America's colleges and universities have promoted competition for students and resources.Competitive pressure first arose during the Civil War, when President Lincoln created the National Academy of Science, to advice congress on any subject of science and art.The academy's impact really grew after World War 2, when alandmark report commissioned by the then president, argue that it was the Federal government's responsibility to provide adequate funds for basic research.Instead of been centralized in government's laboratories, scientific researches became decentralized in the American universities, and generated increasing investment.It also gave graduate students research opportunities, and help spread scientific discoveries far and wide, to the benefit of industry, medicine, and society as a whole.Thirdly, investing in the future. The end of World War 2, saw the passage of Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944.The law, which provided for college or vocational education for returning veterans, made the higher education system accessible in ways that were inconceivable in Europe, opening the door of the best universities to men and women who had never dreamed of going to college.Finally, promoting diversity. The creation of federal loan and subsidy programs, as well as outright grand for college students, brought much needed diversity to higher education, and further help to democratize access.Since it's funded in 1965, Federal Family Education Loan Program has funded more than 74 million student loans, worth more than 180billion dollars.Listening ComprehensionQuestions 1-5A: Grace, what's interesting to you about living in the city? Why do you like it?B: Well, I'm just a city girl. One time I bought a house in the country to escape from the urban ills, and then found myself totally bored with country life. Because you have to drive everywhere, and there's not much to do. I'm used to the fast pace of the city. There's a whole variety of museums, movies, coffee shops, and places to interact with people. But sitting alone in the country, you know, unless you like to grow a garden, or patter around and build things with your hands.A: Okay, but what about your vacation? I mean, a lot of city people rent vacation houses in the country.B: But to me, going to the country for a vacation makes no sense at all. There's so much work to do. First you have to get there, and then, I don't know. I think I can relax better in the city. Besides, the country has bugs. There you are supposedly enjoying yourself in the fresh country air, but you are been eaten alive by a variety of different bugs. You can't enjoy yourself. You are been stung and eaten to death. You can't relax. Let's putit this way. If you like boredom, you'll like the country. People who like a lot of stimulation, you know, can't hack it. And then there's the transportation thing, I mean, to get a carton of milk, you have to drive three miles. So the whole car culture thing kicks in. Gives me the city any time.A: Well, what would you say is the one thing you like most about the city?B: The interactive social life. People get together. I like it when you call up and people say "come on over", and you hang out together. And it's just fun.A: Yah, and what about the suburbs?B: Well, that's even more hateful than the country to me.A: Why?B: Well, the suburbs don't even have any of the good country air. There's nothing to do. You just stuck there. And for young people, there are all sorts of problems, alcohol, drugs, you have to drive everywhere... Look, I go to my friend's house in the suburbs. Do you ever see anyone walking in the street? No, it's totally zero. There's nothing going on. What can I say?! You know, it's not for me. I do have one or two suburban friends who like it, because they make a barbeque and the birds are chirping, but not me. And then there's another thing I really hate, in the city, you can make mistakes but you always get a second chance; But in the countryand the suburbs, you are labeled. You feel like "wow, that's it!" you are labeled. And that label doesn't come off easily.A: Well, do you think the city is lonely, or dangerous?B: NO! In the city, people live in little communities, they have interactive social lives. And I don't think the city is particularly dangerous.Q1 There are several reasons why the woman likes living in the city, which of the following is NOT one of the reasons?Q2 What does the woman think of vacation in the country?Q3 What does the woman like most about the city?Q4 Which of the following is true about living in the suburbs according to the woman?Q5 How does the woman describe the city life?Questions 6-10London, the United KingdomThe Left-Leaning Think Tank, the institute for public policy research (IPPR), has warned UK chancellor not to use green taxes to plug the hole in government finances. Its new research shows that the government could gain 3.5 billion pounds a year through a carbon tax on homes and vehicles. But IPPR says this would harm the poor, unless ministers give back all the cash in the form of benefits, tax breaks and home insulation. IPPR has developed a computer model to assess the benefits and drawbacks of environmental taxes. The preliminary findings suggest thattaxes can prove a useful tool and achieving environmental objectives. But IPPR says it would be a mistake to use them to raise money because unless they are counter-balanced, they inevitably hit the poorest hardest and are mistrusted by the public.Munich, GermanyGerman business confidence rose less than expected in May, as sluggish demand weighed on construction and manufacturing. Go out look for the six-month ahead improved, a closely watched survey showed.The Munich-based IFO institute's business climate index increased to 84.2 points in May from 83.7 points in April. That’s a steady increase from 82.2 points in March, the lowest level in 26 years. IFO said in a release that manufacturers reported a poorer business situation this month than in April, but expecting improvement in the next 6 months. Germany’s economy went into recession last fall as the global economic crisis sapped demand for its exports.Washington, the United StatesPresident Obama’s tougher new fuel efficiency standards bring industry, environmentalists and states together to start cutting green house gas emissions from cards. But the reductions would represent only a drop in the bucket of what’s needed to address global warming. White House officials say the proposal would cut green house gas emissions by about9oo million metro tons, as the total reduction of pollution from the 5 model years of cars and trucks covered by the proposal. Environmental protection agency chief Lisa Jackson notes that even though the pollution reductions are big, they are dwarfed by the massive challenge of global warming, "This action alone, I don’t want to mislead anyone, is not going to change global temperatures. " Obviously, it is one step on the long road.OPEC, AsiaAlthough it adds lower last week, oil price rose to 61 dollars a barrel Monday in Asia, as investors add an OPEC meeting this week and wait evidence of a global economic recovery. Trading was light because US markets are closed Monday for Memorial Day. Benchmark crude for July delivery was 61 dollars 32 cents a barrel by midday on the New York Mercantile exchange. On Friday, the contract rose to settle at 61 dollars 67 cents. Oil has rallied on investor optimism that the worst of the global economic downturn is over. In Asia, there are signs that the drop in exports has bottomed, although the outlook remains murky.L‘Aquila, ItalyScores of people were killed and tens of thousands left homeless in central Italy today after a powerful earthquake shook a mountain region, severely damaging a historic city ad leaving hundreds feared trapped in rubble. At least 92 people were known to have died, and more than 1,500people had been injured, the Italian Prime Minister, Silvio Berlusconi, told a press conference in L’aquila, the badly damaged capital of the Abruzzo region, close to the epicenter. The 6.3-magnitude tremor was the country’s deadliest since the Irpinia quake in the south in November 1980, which killed more than 2,500 people.Q6 Why has the left-leaning IPPR warned the government not to use green taxes to raise money?Q7 Which of the following best describes Germany’s current economy? Q8 Which of the following statement is true about President Obama’s proposal about new fuel efficiency standards?Q9 What price was oil on Monday in Asia?Q10 At least how many people were known to have died in the recent earthquake in central Italy?Questions 11-15A: BMW, STARBUCKS and NOKIA, they are all brands easily recognizable around the world and getting even more so, according to a new survey of the top 100 global brands. Of all, Tech. company seem to beginning dominants. Coca Cola still holds the No.1 spot. Microsoft is No. 2. And IBM comes in at No. 3. Business week and Inter-brands team up annually to determine these rankings. And joining us now to discuss them is Inter-brand's chief executive John Albert. John, thanks for being here. Very briefly, what is the criteria?B: The criteria is that we need brands that have strong franchise with consumers, but importantly, businesses underline those brands that have very large amounts of revenue.A: Large amounts of revenue, so basically you look at the matter numerically?B: Well, it's a combination of numerical factors, and more soft marketing factors. So we look at the degree of resilience that the consumers have with a particular brand proposition, and that allows us to actually discount from an entire group of earnings. How many of those earnings are attributable to the brand?A: Let's take a look at some of these. Coca Cola, for instance, because it's more than just a brand, I think for a lot of people, it almost has certain nostalgia.B: Yeah, look, Coke is obviously famous for a proposition around refreshment. What Coke's been able to do cleverly is to take that through generations, but also take it through different ethnographies, and through different market demographics. So people around the world buy into the Coke proposition.A: Microsoft. A lot of people hate Microsoft, you know? Because they feel that it's monopolistic, and so on and so forth. Yeah, it runs most of the software for computers, or has the software that runs most of computers.B: Microsoft is a good lesson. And I'm not sure whether people hate Microsoft. I mean Microsoft is great.A: Well, a percentage of people do. I mean, you know, a lot of anti-competitive practices and so forth. I'm not expressing an opinion here. But you know, talk to somebody who has an APPLE computer, for instance.B: Sure, as I have had. Microsoft actually has a fantastic product underneath its brand. And of course, without a fantastic product, you can't build a valuable brand. And we've seen that, through some of the great rises in the table this year, with the likes of E-bay, which has a fantastic product; the likes of Google, which has a fantastic product.A: It really does come down to the functionality of the product.B: Well, it's not just a functionality. It's about delivering on the promise and brands obviously are promoted to build a promise to consumers. And if they continuously deliver on that promise, people will go back again and again, and build loyalty with those brands.A: Why do you think some companies have been so successful at building a brand while some aren't able to do it?B: Well, I guess the product is critical, but a number of these brand market has been around for a long time.A: Let me just go back. You say the product is critical. Now Starbucks would say their coffee is certainly different than what you'll get from one of the competitors, but the basic coffee is not that different. So there's some atmosphere that's also created that makes people want to buy this brand.B: Sure, what I mean is product is an entry level criteria. If you don't have a good product, you can't build a strong brand. So in the case of Starbucks, what they have been able to do is to build a motional place on top of that product that people have bought into, and understand that Starbucks has been something more than just functional coffee.Q11 According to the new survey, at the top of 100 global brands, which of the following brands holds the number 1 spot?Q12 There are several factors involved in ranking the brands. Which of the following is NOT one of the factors?Q13 According to the woman, why do a lot of people hate Microsoft?Q14 Which of the following best explains the huge success of Starbucks? Q15 What do top global brands have in common according to the interview?Questions 16-20Today I'd like to talk about the work of Pedal Power, a small charity based mainly in the UK. I'll be giving our contact details at the end, if anyone would like to find out more about how to support us. The first,how the charity began. I got the idea of exporting bicycles to developing countries while I was in Ecuador. I went there in 2001, just after graduating from university. After three years of studying, I wanted adventure. I love travelling, so I decided to join a voluntary organisation and we were sent to Ecuador to carry out land service. The project came to an end after 5 years and when I returned to the UK in 2006, I started planning Pedal Power. Where I lived in Ecuador was a very rural area. My neighbour had the only bicycle in the village. Whereas anyone else walked to anywhere, my neighbour's business was usually successful. And for years I couldn't understand why. Then I realised having a bike meant he could get wherever he wanted to go without much trouble. Other local carpenters could only accept jobs in a three-kilometre radius. So no matter how skilled they were, they could never do as many jobs as my neighbour. At Pedal Power, we collect second hand bikes in the UK and send them to some of the poorest regions of the world. When we distribute bikes overseas, we don't give them away for free. We'd like to. But long term that doesn't help the local ecomony. The demand for bikes is enomours, which makes them very expensive locally. So we sell them for 5% of the normal price. But in order to continue operating, we need to have a constant supply of bikes which we send out very six months. One example of a town that perceived bicycles from Pedal Power is Rivers. It was the first place I sent a full container of bicycles to. Most people therenow own a bicycle. The local economy has developed so much, you wouldn't recognise it as the same place. In fact, there are more bikes than on the streets of Amsterdam, if you've ever been there. But Pedal Power still needs your help. You may have read about some of our recent problems in the British media. In August 2007, we simply run out of money. We have containers of bikes ready to sent, but no money to pay the bills. It was a terrible situation. We managed to ensure the bikes went out on time, but the other problems carried on for several months. Fortunately in October 2007, we won an enterprise award which helped us enormously. We invested 15 of the 75,000-pound-prize money to help secure our future. Winning the award helped rise our profile, and the money enabled us to pay all our shipping cost which represent our greatest expense. Pedal Power changes lives when someone gets a bicycle from us. They see a 14% increase in their income. We are currently looking to investing computers so that our office staff can do an even better job. Because of our work, people in a number of countries now have a better standard of living. So far we have provided 46,000 people with bikes. But we'd like to send more, at least 50,000 by the end of the year. Now there are many ways in which you can support the work of Pedal Power, not just by taking a bike to a collection in your area. I should also like to say, if you do have a bike to donate, it doesn't matter what condition it's in. If we can't repair it, we'll strip it down for spareparts. Of course to do that we also need tools which are expensive to buy. So we welcome any that you can give. Also, you could organise to bring in funds for us. People do all kinds of things, including of course sponsored bike rides. Also, we are always interested to hear of other places that would benefit from receiving a consignment of bikes. And welcome suggestions from people who've been to developing regions on their travels. We hope by talking on radio programmes like this, we will be able to raise public awareness, which will lead to government organisations also giving us regular financial support, something that we really need.Q16 What type of institution is Pedal Power?Q17 What's the work of Pedal Power?Q18 How does Pedal Power distribute the bikes they collect in the UK? Q19 How many people has Pedal Power provided with bicycles so far?Q20 The speaker mentions several ways people can support the work of Pedal Power, which of the following is not one of these ways?Note-taking & Gap-fillingMany employees complain that they are being watched while they work during the day. The majority of US companies keep watch on their workers with video cameras, tape recorders, computer surveillance. If you send personal e-mail on your office computer, there's a good chance theboss is keeping an eye on you.In a new survey of more than 900 major US companies, nearly 2/3 of them acknowledged using a range of surveillance methods to monitor their employees. Some employers issue that warning, but others do not. In the most worrisome findings of the survey, up to a quarter of the companies that monitor their work force do it secretly, and the practice is on the rise. According to the ACLU workplace rights project, the number of employees been monitored has doubled in the last five years.What's driving this increase? Partly it’s competition. If everyone else in an industry is keeping tags on their workers, there's pressure to join in. But to a large extend, companies have stepped up monitoring, simply because it could be done cheaply and efficiently. Most employers insist that these are legitimate and even necessary business practices. According to these employers, even as surveillance becomes more wide spread, there's nothing sinister about the practice itself.They claim that these practices we are talking about for the most part are very legitimate forms of performance monitoring. They say employers have a right to know how equipment they provide is been used on the job, if rules are being obeyed, if employees are getting the job done.That helps explain why banks routinely take customer service calls, and why the US postal service is testing a satellite system to track howlong it takes to get the mail delivered.The National Association of Manufactures says companies are using technology to accomplish other important goals. Video cameras were recently installed in his building to deter theft. And the association keeps a log of all phone calls, so employees can pay the company for their personal calls. According to the association, monitoring can be used for the worker's own protection. If an employee is sending pornography from an employer's computer, obviously the employer will be expected to go through there.If somebody complains about sexual harassment, that somebody sending out visual slurs over the e-mail, the employer has a right to take action. In fact, the Chevron cooperation which sued by female employees who said they were sexually harassed through company e-mail. But many attorneys are arguing that employees do not give up their privacy rights when they show up for work. Rebecca Lock, the legal director of the ACLU’s work place rights project doesn't agree.She concedes there are legitimate uses of monitoring programs. But too often surveillance practices demean workers for no good reason. Lock argues that employee should not have to leave their human dignity at the work place door. And she says they’re entitled to a few safe guards in this area. Employees should always been informed when they are monitored. Some employees even emphasize that there should be no monitoringwhatsoever in purely private areas.Yet so far, there's only one state—Connecticut—that forbids surveillance in areas such as locker rooms, or the employee lounge. In other states, employers do secretly video tape private places if faces theft or criminal activities such as drug dealing.There's only one federal statute, in 1986, Electronic Communication's Privacy Act that safeguard employee privacy. But according to the National Association of Manufacturers, the scope of the Act is limited to eavesdropping on private telephone calls.Employee rights' attorney Penny Nathan Keen isn't involved in the case over this very issue. She says as the companies continue to expand employee monitoring, workers are turning to the court to protect their rights. There may even be good business reasons for companies to think twice about increase surveillance.Studies link electronic monitoring to higher levels of worker stress which can lead to lower productivity.Sentence Translation1. We have limited our production to certain medicines which are prescribed in large quantities. At the same time, we have been expanding our marketing activities abroad, including Asia, North America, and Australia.2. I really must insist that it’s impossible to view the performance of the company solely from the point of view of Europe. We have nearly 2/3 of our workforce and subsidiaries and associated companies overseas.3. Every business, no matter how large or small, depends on advertising to attract and keep customers, advertisements are everywhere because the media are everywhere, we cannot escape their influence, they effect us everyday of our lives.4. We have a message for divers traveling south, and accident on a southbound carriage way of the M6 in Lancashire is causing congestion and delays. The road should be clear in about an hour’s time.5. As rescue work continues in wide areas of southern Mexico, it is becoming increasingly more likely that the present toll of 650 dead will rise much higher. The worst damage appears to be in small isolated towns and villages.Passage Translation1. How to write a good news story? Unless the correspondent is an eye witness, it is rare to trust any single source. Rumor and gossip can confuse the situation. So you have to check information as much as possible. Using commonsense and experience as final checks to help establish just what is likely to be the truth or close to it. Once the information is avalable, it has to be written in an interesting and easilyunderstood way. Particularly for a radio, since while a newspaper reader can turn back and reread a sentence or two, the radio listener has only one chance. So there should be an element of repetition.2. V olvo, Sweden’s largest car-making group, has announced plans to make 500 staff redundant at its U.K. –based subsidiary in Scotland. The redundancies are part of a move by V olvo to improve productivity. But the news of redundancy has been badly received here in Scotland. I spoke to some of the workers at a V olvo subsidiary factory. They say these are unnecessary job losses. It’s devastating. It will destroy entire communities. V olvo strongly denies that communities will collapse as the result of the job losses. They say they will improve investment and business. The group’s cost-cutting measure also extends to Spain, where they will make job cuts at its other subsidiary factory, which employed 30.000 people.。
2009年9月英语高级口译真题答案
答案：1.managerial and professional2.excellence of American universitiescation for the mass4.women and minorities5.one public college6.decentralization and diversitypetition for students and resources8.the National Academy of Sciencemissioned by10.provide adequate funds11.scientific research became decentralized12.gave graduate students research opportunities13.to the benefit of industry14.investing in the future15.for returning veterans16.were inconceivable in Europe17.never dreamed of going to college18.loan and subsidy programs19.helped to democratize access20.more than 180 billion dollarsSecion 2CADBA DABCB CACBD BDCCB09年9月上海高级口译英译中原文及答案Amid the hubbub over a few less-bad-than-expected statistics, America’s economic debate has turned to the nature of the recovery. Optimists expect a vigorous rebound as confidence returns, pent-up demand is unleashed and massive government stimulus takes effect. Most observers are bracing for a long slog, as debt-laden consumers rebuilt their savings, output growth remains weak and unemployment continues to rise. There is, however, something that eventually will have a much bigger impact on Americans’ prosperity than the slope of the recovery. That is the effect of the crisis on America’s potential rate of growth itself.An economy’s long-term speed limit （its “trend ”or “potential” rate of growth ）is the pace at which GDP can expand without affecting unemployment and, hence, inflation. It is determined by growth in the supply of labor along with the speed with which productivity improves. The pace of potential growth helps determine the sustainability of everything from public debt to the prices of shares. Unfortunately, the outlook for America’s potential growth rate was darkening long before the financial crisis hit. The IT-induced productivity revolution, which sent potential output soaring at the end of the 1990s, has waned. More important, America’s labor supply is growing more slowly as the population ages, the share of women working has leveled off and that of students who work has fallen.由于一小部分经济数据显示当前经济状况并没有预期的那样坏，一些人就骚动起来，开始讨论起美国经济的复苏之路。
09年9月上海中级口译真题及解析、答案[1]
09年9月上海中级口译真题及解析、答案[1]D大了，不适合读童话故事。
Literally true book,literally 表示“几乎”，放在这里成写实的书籍。
昂立：09年9月上海中级口译汉译英解析新东方：09年9月上海中级口译句子听译解析1. Workers who can still demonstrate their capacity to carry out their workshould not be asked to retire, simply because they have reached a certain age.2. We had only expected around 20 people to apply for that post, but twice as many showed up. So we had to work overnight for the arrangement of interviews.3. Many American companies now understand that they must study Chinese laws, trade practices and culture in order to be more effective in doing business with their new trading parnters.4. Not long ago, people were still arguing over whether or not climate change was actually taking place. Now there is broad consensus that it is happening, and that human activities are largely to blame.5. It is known that human intelligence is attributable to bothheredity and environment, but the genetic factors are more important than the environmental ones.第一句难度中等，与现实颇为贴切，不需做太多笔记即能翻译，考生应注意前后语序的调整。
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答案：1.managerial and professional2.excellence of American universitiescation for the mass4.women and minorities5.one public college6.decentralization and diversitypetition for students and resources8.the National Academy of Sciencemissioned by10.provide adequate funds11.scientific research became decentralized12.gave graduate students research opportunities13.to the benefit of industry14.investing in the future15.for returning veterans16.were inconceivable in Europe17.never dreamed of going to college18.loan and subsidy programs19.helped to democratize access20.more than 180 billion dollarsSecion 2CADBA DABCB CACBD BDCCB09年9月上海高级口译英译中原文及答案Amid the hubbub over a few less-bad-than-expected statistics, America’s economic debate has turned to the nature of the recovery. Optimists expect a vigorous rebound as confidence returns, pent-up demand is unleashed and massive government stimulus takes effect. Most observers are bracing for a long slog, as debt-laden consumers rebuilt their savings, output growth remains weak and unemployment continues to rise. There is, however, something that eventually will have a much bigger impact on Americans’ prosperity than the slope of the recovery. That is the effect of the crisis on America’s potential rate of growth itself.An economy’s long-term speed limit （its “trend ”or “potential” rate of growth ）is the pace at which GDP can expand without affecting unemployment and, hence, inflation. It is determined by growth in the supply of labor along with the speed with which productivity improves. The pace of potential growth helps determine the sustainability of everything from public debt to the prices of shares. Unfortunately, the outlook for America’s potential growth rate was darkening long before the financial crisis hit. The IT-induced productivity revolution, which sent potential output soaring at the end of the 1990s, has waned. More important, America’s labor supply is growing more slowly as the population ages, the share of women working has leveled off and that of students who work has fallen.由于一小部分经济数据显示当前经济状况并没有预期的那样坏，一些人就骚动起来，开始讨论起美国经济的复苏之路。
乐观人士认为在信心恢复、压抑已久的内需得到释放和大量的政府刺激计划奏效的背景下，将会有一个强势的反弹。
大多数专家，正准备迎来一个更加漫长的艰难之旅：债务累累的消费者正在重建他们的积蓄，产量的增长依旧迟缓，失业率仍在攀升……但是，还有一个比复苏趋势更会影响美国繁荣的东西，那就是这次危机给美国潜在的经济增长所带来的不良影响。
一个经济体长期处在最高的增长速度，是以GDP的增长不被失业率和通货膨胀所影响为条件的。
而这，决定于劳动力供应的增长和生产力发展的速度。
潜在增长的速度帮助决定了从国债到股价这一切能否持续稳定。
遗憾的是，在金融危机发生很久以前，美国经济潜在增长率的前景就十分暗淡。
IT行业引发的生产力革命，曾在上世纪90年代末使产量大幅上涨，但衰败了。
更重要的是，美国劳动力供给的增长速度正变得比人口老龄化速度慢，女性工作者的比例已经稳定，学生的已经下降。
Section 5【官方答案】1. Cerrie Burnell is a 29-year-old CBeebies host who was born disabled with her lower section of her right arm. She is a mother of a four-year-old child. She, together with Alex Winters, presided over the channel’s popular Do and Discover slot and The Bedtime Hour programme last month. She is now facing abusive comments from parents.2. Parents and carers called the broadcaster to complain about her disability. Some complaints were so vitriolic and nasty that they had to be removed. While charities reacted angrily to the criticism of the children’s presenter, calli ng the commentsdisturbing, other parents and carers labelled the remarks as disgraceful, writing in support of Burnell and setting up a “fight disability prejudice” page on the social networking site Facebook.3. Cerrie Burnell’s own view about her job as a television presenter was that she described her first television presenting role as a “dream job”. She thought the negative comments from those few parents are indicative of a wider problem of disabled representation in the media as a whole, which is why it’s so important for there to be more disabled role models in every area of the media.4. By giving the example of buying a T-shirt made of 100% organic cotton at the beginning of the passage, the author intended to point out that the T-shirt was not environmental-friendly; it may have been dyed using harsh industrial chemicals, which can pollute local groundwater.5. By saying that “our ability to make complex products with complex supply chains has outpaced our ability to comprehend the conseque nces”, the author means that nothing in evolution has prepared us to understand the cumulative impact that imperceptible amounts of industrial chemicals may have on our children's health or the slow-moving, long-term danger of climate change.6. The youn g science of “industrial technology” was described by psychologist Daniel Goleman in his forthcoming book, Ecological Intelligence. Using a young science called industrial ecology, businesses and green activists alike are beginning to compile the environmental and biological impact of our every decision - and delivering that information to consumers in a user-friendly way.The example of Coca Cola tells us some good news that industrial ecologists can now crunch those data about suppliers of goods or services, and smart companies like Coca-Cola are using the information to clean up their corporate ecology.7. By saying that “We once had the luxury to ignore our impacts”, psychologist Daniel Goleman meant that ecological intelligence is ultimately about more than what we buy. It's also about our ability to accept that we live in an infinitely connected world with finite resources. He also highlights the Tibetan community of Sher, where for millenniums, villagers have survived harsh conditions by carefully conserving every resource available to them. The Tibetans think ecologically because they have no other choice. Neither do we.8. A gravy train literally means something that requires little effort while yielding considerable profit, and here it refers to the fact that banking employees could always get bonuses first without taking the risks of losing money. The row over the early payment of bonuses at Merrill Lynch shows yet again that insiders’ interests come first.9. The author offered two suggestions to solve the major problem of current banking system. The first is that the trigger for incentives (as well as the payments themselves) need to be longer-term in nature. Bonuses could still be paid annually but based on the average performance over several years; if bankers are rewarded for increasing the size of the loan book, their pay-off should be delayed until the borrower has established a sound payment record. The effect would be to claw back profits earned by excessive risk-taking. The second is tha t the banks’ capital has to be properly allocated. If traders are given license to use leverage to buy into rising asset markets, then the trading division should be charged a cost of capital high enough to reflect the risks involved.10. The expression “In any case, the greediest employees may be the ones most likely to usher in the next banking crisis” is used to support the proposal that the banks’ capital be properly allocated and traders be restricted in their transactions andrisk-taking, because the greediest employees may bring in banking crisis again, so the banks are suggested to let them go. A threat to quit will be pretty hollow, given the state of investment banking. And few traders will have the clout to set up their own hedge funds in today’s market conditions.Section 6Over the 30 years, I have travelled on business on a yearly basis, my footprints found all across China with the only exceptions of Tibet, Inner Mongolia and Macao. It is regretful that my rushing on the long journeys leaves me heavy with the fatigue oftravel and unable to savor the soothing and pleasing landscape of mountains and waters. Their tranquil beauty fades away like floating clouds, leaving only a vague impression without the exploration of the secluded realm of beauty. I cling to my own views on everything, feeling it beneath myself to echo those of others. Whether to evaluate poetry or painting, I tend to forsake what others treasure but cherish what others abandon. According to the Buddhist, the world is as how you feel it. Thus, it all depends on your perspective whether the scenic spots are good or not. Some of them, famous as they are, are not to your taste while others, obscure as they are, are the wonderland to you. And here, I present to you, and share with you, my numerous travels in life.。