中国地质大学考博英语阅读翻译摘录
04年中国地质大学(武汉)英语考博真题英语听力
ke2004年Part 1Speaker A税务人员No, I don’t suppose you could say my profession is a popular one. The fact is people generally don’t like to give money to the government. As a result, they don’t care for officials like me. We make sure the citizens are actually giving the money that the government expects them to give. Speaker B 营养学专家I advise people on what to eat, that are a very important concern, you know. First of all, there are sick people who have to be careful about what they eat, but then there are many other kinds of people who need advice on food. All of them turn to us for advice.Speaker C 律师When I was a teenager, I became interested in the rules that the glove society. I used to think a lot about justers and about how we could attend it. Later when I began to think about career for myself, it occur to me that a group of tennis have pretty a respectable income. It is true that I work hard and have to know a lot, but my career went to me to contact all sort of interesting people whether I am studying in the contract of my office or represent a client in court .I celebrate a boring day.Speaker D 外交家In my life of work, you have to enjoy visiting abroad, that’s what weusually are; we represent our country’s government all around the globe. Right now, I resigned to absent in Beijing, most of the time, we work with other people like ourselves. Our catacries for other countries or government officials other foreign country where we are stationed. Speaker E 编故事的人：故事大王I mean I am a weird man. I like to take what I see around me. And then use my imagination to create a story that my reader who think fresh and interesting. My books are usually two to four hundreds long, some times longer.Speaker F 旅行代理商Traveling can be wonderful. But it can also be a nightmare. My job is to make sure that people made a good a regiment when they travel. I am a sort of deploy small businessman. I have a service shop or office. People come to buy tickets with their hotel rooms and discuss their plans.I try to provide good reliable services. So people like to trust me and come back again and again.Speaker G 机械修理师I am all happy that I am a round engineer. I can mention it and repair it. I know some people get nervous about engines. I love them. I love the tools and book shar, the smell and feel the lub fill.Speaker H 电影评论员People probably think I have a easy job, that is because they don’t whatmy job evolves. Of course, I watch a lot of movies, but then I have to find something interesting inside all of them. Let’s specific, like Hollywood movies, that is very different from one another. Readers want me to shark to say about each of them. It is not a super problem believe me. Speaker I 厨师My whole world is all around food and use food to make people happy. I got interested in cooking about 20, I went to cooking school, then work in the series of restaurants and hotels. I spent 16 years working in Europe. Most people enjoy my work specialize. My specialty is the food iggly. If you don’t know the real food .Visit me some time and I will make your stomach sin.Speaker J 空姐When I was small, I used to think my job was so glamorous. Fly in jet plains day after day , going from one city to another, all making sure the passengers satisfy and safe. Let me tell you, that is not my glamour there, but it certainly is a lot of work, just smelling all way long is a soar, and many of the air plain passengers ideal with I never smell a lot that I want to do so.Speaker K 管道修理工To tell the truth, I don’t think many people consider my job very interesting. But that don’t take away my importance. Few things make people so unhappy as toilet doesn’t work or the sint was blocked. ifanything goes wrong with water pips and solar system. I am the man they want to see and quickly.Speaker L 收音机里的广播员Talk, talk, talk, that’s what I do all day. Actuall, that is my exaguation .because all the things I broadcast must be served before hand. My job is people know my voice, not how I look. The different if I were on TV. I like be well known and yet ,also like to walking in the street without being recognized.Speaker M 会计师Some people think I have the most boring job imaginable. Actually it is not ture. I was always like to working with numbers. And big proportions need people like me. No organization can function without the attention of numbers. I work in the finance department of the major company, with a little luck, may oneday I was the people in the talk in the firm, though I never be the CEO.Speaker N 计算机硬件设计人员It is thanks to tectonical people like me that the computers can be so powerful and so small in the last two decays. I am basically a sercate specific, I get ways to make the move efficiently. When I was in high school, I was interested in physics, then became interested in logical. Now I design chifs in computersSpeaker O 巡警If you enjoy walking and driving around, and also talking to people, you would like my job. Of course, I often have to work at night. That is when the criminals I try to control, I am most actively. I am loyal employment. But my destiny job is headquarters. The job I do is really for young man or young man and woman. And I would n’t young forever.2005年Part 1Speak A 士兵I can see a lot of little boy I used to like to play soldier, sooner or later, most people like to play what the soldier do. But I never did. After I graduated from college, I joined the army which has become my career for the after 10 years. At the moment, I was in charge of about 80 men. Actually, 80 men or women save the soldiers’ command from male and female.Speaker B 与旅行有关的人员In the modern world, millions of people travel everyday. Of course, when we out of home, we want to stay in a comfortable place. That is what I want to the picture. I am in charge of human facility with 500 rooms. Most of them are business men. When they check in, they are absolutely in comfortable room. My job is make sure make the man happy.Speaker C 机械师I was to going to school; fortunately I have skill of guarantee. When I was young, I was fascinated about machines. I liked to take them apart and put them together. Now I make a living for storing them, more often by repairing them.Speaker D 精神病医生The human mind is my study. People sometime say me psyphisician . but in fact my job in no connection with medicine. I do research on mental aspect of human life. At some times, clime penny do life. My job is always with thinking and mind or human modlezation.Speaker E 古生物学家Some scientist fascinated about animals. Well I fascinated about animals most probably disappeared. Used to fossils. TimeDinosaurs.Speaker F 陪审员After I got out of law school, I practice law for two decades. That is what my present position. I no longer argue legal cases. In stead, I listen to them and I supervise legal files. I preside over criminal court, so on most days I asking lawyers to asking questions of victices. But I am not the one who decide whether they are guilty or not. In our system of justice, my job is a jury.Speaker G 电影评论人员Most people like movies. But who watch as many as I do. Y ou may not find them are interesting. My job is to tell the people which movie is interesting or which are not. Of course that means I offer my opinion which they can pay attention to or ignore as they like. I have to write good reviews of movies, even including the ones you can tell in just 5 minutes are awful.Speaker H 制片人Y ou can figure me on both an artist and a business man. I try to make money by providing people with music they enjoy listening to. I record the sound I seen in the studio. And the company I work with then produces the tapes or disks to the market. I usually don’t like the sounds, I just perform them. Occasionally, my group and I like to give concerts which help to boost their sale.Speaker I 宠物医生I am fund of animals. And I would always be a good science in school. So it seems natural for me to enter this profession. Some times people ask me if I would be rather happy be human patience, but it prove this I really enjoy the sick animals that I treated in my clinic. Even though they can not talk, I can talk them a lot. If you know what he or she looked for. Speaker J 外交翻译Claim, claim, claim. I am on always over time. I must you know, I speak four languages. So I always sign international routes. I move a lot to routeto route to where I am needed, one routes probably from Beijing to New Y ork. It is so long and the requires usually to be packed. Some many people take care of them, some other don’t to do. I must for fix my hours.I had to try to sit down.Speaker K 巡警It is important for my job to know my neighborhood in detail. Sometime I walk on foot, sometimes in the car with a partner, but I always keep my eyes open. I am looking for anything unusual, anything like criminal activity. Because my job is to prevent. The more I know my neighborhood, the better to my job.Speaker L 小学教师I have been with teenagers everyday for twenty years now, everyday except on weekends and the summer when thanks god I have on vocation.I don’t know who is happier to see the vocation come, my colleges and I or the teenagers in our classes?Speaker M 医院门诊室内设计Buildings are my life. But I don’t put up them, I design them. I suppose you could call me designer, but in some ways I am engineers, too. I specialize is hospital and clinics. The trip in designing rolls is make medical stuff convenient and we are sure we are in patients. Y ou may say my job involves psychology, too. Because I have to imagine the patients to use the buildings I designed.Speaker N 导游一类的人I earn my living by helping people to set up their trips, trips for business or trips for pleasure. In my vocation, I sold picnics, book hotel rooms; I also give people a lot of advice. Fortunately, I enjoy going to new places.I also recommend air lines used myself.Speaker O 医药学某一领域方面的专家As you know, there are many different medical special places. But there is not anymore interesting when I mean. I don’t think so. Who else got the open up body directly inside? And when you are working successful, patients are tremendous great. It took me long years training to acquire special medicinal skill but I never read the time that I devoted to acquire it.Speaker GPeople always assume that I can solve their computer problems; it’s true that I think about computing all the time. I design chips, not programs. I am sort of electronic engineer or apply physics, not someone who give you advice and tell you how to use computer more efficiently.人们总是认为我可以解决他们的计算机问题；是的，我一直在考虑计算的问题。
考博英语翻译笔记
8. Certain it is that all essential processes of plant growth and development occur in water.分析：本句为表语前置，表示强调。
正常语序应为：It is certain that…。
译文：植物发育生长的全部根本过程当然是在水中发生的。
9. We rally should not resent being called paupers. Paupers we are, and paupers we shall remain.译文：我们确实不应因为被称作穷光蛋而愤愤不平。
我们确实是穷光蛋，而且还会继续是穷光蛋。
10. Then, down the crowed thoroughfare comes the University of Cambridge ’s most distinctive vehicle, bearing its most distinguished citizen.分析：正常语序应为：The vehicle came down the thoroughfare 。
为使语言生动形象，文学作品中常用这类倒装。
在翻译时要尽量翻译出原句的语言效果。
这里bear=carry 。
译文：从拥挤的街道上驶来了一辆剑桥大学最有特色的车，车上坐着学校最著名的人物。
1. Most novelists and historians writing in the early to mid-twentieth century who considered women in the West, when they considered women at all, fell under Turner’s spell.分析：本句的主干结构是：Most novelists and historians…fell under Turner’译文：从本世纪初到本世纪中叶从事写作的小说家和历史学家只要描写妇女，就会描述西部妇女，而且都被特纳迷住。
中国地质大学考博英语阅读理解摘录
中国地质大学考博英语阅读理解摘录Directions:Read the following text carefully and then translate theunderlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be writtenclearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10points)It is not easy to talk about the role of the mass media in thisoverwhelmingly significant phase in European history.History andnews become confused,and one’s impressions tend to be a mixture ofskepticism and optimism.46)Television is one of the means by whichthese feelings are created and conveyed--and perhaps never beforehas it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as inthe recent events in Europe.The Europe that is now forming cannotbe anything other than its peoples,their cultures and nationalidentities.With this in mind we can begin to analyze the Europeantelevision scene.47)In Europe,as elsewhere,multi-media groupshave been increasingly successful:groups which bring togethertelevision,radio,newspapers,magazines and publishing houses thatwork in relation to one another.One Italian example would be theBerlusconi group,while abroad Maxwell and Murdoch come to mind.（PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ:772678537) Clearly,only the biggest and most flexible television companiesare going to be able to compete in such a rich and hotly-contestedmarket.48)This alone demonstrates that the television business isnot an easy world to survive in,a fact underlined by statistics thatshow that out of eighty European television networks,no less than50%took a loss in1989.Moreover,the integration of the European community will oblige television companies to cooperate more closely in terms of both production and distribution.49)Creating a“European identity”that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice--that of producing programs in Europe for Europe.This entails reducing our dependence on the North American market,whose programs relate to experiences and cultural traditions which are different from our own.In order to achieve these objectives,we must concentrate more on co-productions,the exchange of news,documentary services and training.This also involves the agreements between European countries for the creation of a European bank for Television Production which,on the model of the European Investments Bank,will handle the finances necessary for production costs.50)In dealing with a challenge on such a scale,it is no exaggeration to say“United we stand,divided we fall”--and if I had to choose a slogan it would be“Unity in our diversity.”A unity of objectives that nonetheless respect the varied peculiarities of each country.本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。
北京地大考博专业英复习材料
1 Description of Igneous RocksThe classification of igneous rocks is based first on the size of grains and second on the mineralogical composition. A coarsegrained rock is one in which the grain size is large enough for us to recognize individual minerals either with the naked eye or with the aid of a low-power magnifying lens. A fine-grained rock is one in which the grains are too small to be distinguished from each other and in which the "groundmass" appears homogeneous. Rock characteristics such as the sizes and shapes of grains and their arrangement are generally referred to in the broad category of texture.Once we have subdivided the igneous rocks into coarse and fine grained, the next major breakdown is made on the basis of mineralogical composition. To describe coarse-grained rocks①, we shall use the name granite for all rocks containing quartz; diorite for rocks without quartz but having a preponderance of feldspar (generally plagioclase); and gabbro for rocks in which dark minerals such as hornblende and augite predominate over other minerals. Actually the percentages of quartz, orthoclase or microcline, plagioclase, hornblende, augite, and olivine vary gradually from one rock to another, and the boundaries we have placed to delineate the various rock types are arbitrary. Thus, most rocks containing large amounts of quartz are also rich in potassium feldspar and comparatively impoverished in dark minerals such as hornblende and augite. Olivine occurs only in rocks comparatively rich in hornblende and augite, or in the special and rather rare rock peridotite. Olivine and quartz cannot occur together, because the two would react to form a pyroxene.The fine-grained rocks have a range of chemical composition nearly identical to that of the coarse-grained rocks②. The classification, however,is not based on chemical composition but on the presence of visible and readily identifiable minerals. Consequently, the rocks which are completely fine grained are virtually unclassifiable except under very high-power magni-fication. Most fine-grained rocks, however, contain a small percentage of grains which are sufficiently coarse to be identified with the aid of a hand lens. These grains which are larger than their surrounding minerals are called phenocrysts, and a rock containing phenocrysts is said to have a porphyritic texture. The classification of fine-grained rocks, then, is based on the proportion of minerals which form phenocrysts and these phenocrysts reflect the general composition of the remainder of the rook. The fine-grained portion of a porphyritic rock is generally referred to as the groundm ass of the phenocrysts. The terms "porphyritic" and "phenocrysts" are not restricted tofine-grained rocks but may also apply to coarse-grained rocks which contain a few crystals distinctly larger than the remainder.The term obsidian refers to a glassy rock of rhyolitic composition. In general, fine-grained rocks consisting of small crystals cannot readily be distinguished from③glassy rocks in which no crystalline material is present at all. The obsidians, however, are generally easily recognized by their black and highly glossy appearance. Pumice is a white porous glass of the same com-position as obsidian. Apparently the difference between the modes of formation of obsidian and pumice is that in pumice the entrapped water vapors have been able to escape by a frothing process which leaves a network of interconnected pore spaces, thus giving the rock a highly porous and open appearance.④Pegmatite is a rock which is texturally the exact opposite of obsidian.⑤Pegmatites are generally formed as dikes associated with major bodies of granite. They are characterized by extremely large individual crystals; in some pegmatites crystals up to several tens of feet in length have been identified, but the average size is measured in inches. Most mineralogical museums contain a large number of spectacular crystals from pegmatites.Peridotite is a rock consisting primarily of olivine, though some varieties contain pyroxene in addition. It occurs only as coarse-grained intrusives, and no extrusive rocks of equivalent chemical composition have ever been found.Tuff is a rock which is igneous in one sense and sedimentary in another⑥.A tuff is a rock formed from pyroclastic material which has been blown out of a volcano and accumulated on the ground as individual fragments called ash.Two terms are useful to refer solely to the composition of igneous rocks regardless of their textures. The term silicic signifies an abundance of silica-rich and light-colored minerals, such as quartz, potassium feldspar, and sodic plagioclase. The term basic signifies an abundance of dark colored minerals relatively low in silica and high in calcium, iron, and magnesium. Such minerals would include hornblende, augite, and calcic plagioclase. Some geologists refer to olivine-rich rocks as ultrabasic.New wordsaccumulate [☜kju:mjuleit] v. 堆积appearance [☜pi☜r☜ns] n. 外表arbitrary [ a:bitr☜ri] a. 人为的ash [✌☞] n. 火山灰augite [ :d✞ait] n. 辉石basic [ beisik] a. 基性的breakdown [ breikdaun] n. v. 分解calcic [ k✌lsik] a. 钙的calcium [ k✌lsi☜m] n. 钙category [ k✌ti♈☜ri] n. 类型，范畴classification [kl✌sifi kei☞☜n] n. 分类crystal [ kristl] n. 晶体crystalline [ krist☜lain] a. 晶质的dike [daik] n. 岩墙diorite [ dai☜rait] n. 闪长岩distinctly [dis ti☠ktli] ad. 明显地entrap [in tr✌p] v. 圈闭，feldspar [ feldspa:] n. 长石fragment [ fr✌♈m☜nt] n. 碎片frothing fr i☠] n. 沸腾，发泡gabbro [ ♈✌br☜u] n. 辉长岩glassy [ ♈la:si] a. 玻璃质的glossy [ ♈l si] a. 有光泽的granite [ ♈r✌nit] n. 花岗岩groundmass [ ♈raundm✌s] n. 基质homogeneous [ֽh m☜d✞i:ni☜s] 均匀的hornblende [ h :nblend] n. 角闪石igneous [ i♈ni☜s] a. 火成的impoverish [im p v☜ri☞] vt. 使无力，使枯竭intrusive [in tru:siv] n. 侵入体interconnect [ int☜k☜nekt] vt. 使相互连接（连通）iron [ ai☜n] n. 铁magnesium [m✌♈ni:zj☜m] n. 镁magnification [m✌♈nifi kei☞☜n] n. 放大镜microcline [ maikr☜uklain] n. 微斜长石network [ netw☯:k] n. 网状物，网络obsidian [☜b sidi☜n] n. 黑耀岩olivine [ livi:n] n. 橄榄石orthoclase [ : ☜ukleis] n. 正长石pegmatite [ pe♈m☜tait] n. 伟晶岩peridotite [ p☜ri d☜utait] n. 橄榄岩phenocryst [ fi:n☜krist] n. 斑晶plagioclase [ pleid✞i☜ukleis] n. 斜长石porous [ p :r☜s] a. 多孔的porphyritic [ֽp :fi ritik] a. 斑状的potassium [p☜t✌si☜m] n. 钾pumice [ p✈mis] n. 浮岩pyroclastic [ֽpair☜u kl✌stik] a. 火成碎屑的pyroxene [pai r ksi:n] n. 辉石quartz [kw :ts] n. 石英remainder [ri meind☜] n. 剩余，残余silica [ silik☜] n. 二氧化硅silicic [si lisik] a. 硅质的sodic [ s☜udik] a. 钠的surrounding [s☜raundi☠] a. 周围的texture [ tekst☞☜] n. 结构tuff [t✈f] n. 凝灰岩ultrabasic [ֽ✈ltr☜beisik] a. 超基性的unclassifiable [ֽ✈n kl✌sifai☜bl] a. 不可分类的volcano [v l kein☜u] n. 火山2 Description of Sedimentary RocksIn the case of sedimentary rocks we can start with a broad two-fold classification. The first group consists of those rocks in which the component materials have been derived from preexisting rocks, and have been moved-perhaps great distances-to the ultimate site of deposition①. Rocks of this type are commonly referred to as clastic or detrital. A second broad group of sedimentary rocks consists of those rocks whose component materials have been formed either in or very close to the ultimate site of deposition. Such rocks include chemical precipitates and certain types of sediments which consist largely of the broken shells of organisms that lived in or near the depositional environment. This second group of rocks includes the limestones and dolomites and is commonly referred to as chemical.Clastic rocks are generally subdivided largely on the basis of the grain size of the component material. The commonly used terms are: CONGLOMERATES AND BRECCIAS. These are rocks which consist of pebble-and cobble-sized material. In a conglomerate the grains are reasonably smooth and rounded. In a breccia the grains areirregular and angular. Conglomerates and breccias generally develop in areas quite close to their source rocks.SANDSTONES. Sediments consisting primarily of sand-sized materials constitute approximately one-fourth of the sedimentary rocks exposed on the continents. The predominant minerals of sandstones are quartz and feldspars, and in many sandstones quartz constitutes virtually the entire sediment. Minerals such as biotite, hornblende, and augite, which are common in igneous source rocks, are comparatively unstable in contact with the air and water of the earth's surface. Hence the proportion of quartz and feldspar is increased in sedimentary rocks over its percentage in igneous rocks. Geologists commonly subdivide sandstones into three different groups: orthoquartzites, arkoses and graywackes.SILTSTONES. These are rocks that are composed of hardened silt.SHALE. Shale is best defined as consisting of extremely fine--grained minerals in the size range designated as clay. In addition to this size definition for shale particles, many of the minerals that are found in the shale are commonly referred to as clay minerals. In fact, fine-grained muscovite is one of the major clay minerals and is probably the most common component of the ordinary shale. Nearly two-thirds of all sedimentary rocks are shale.The chemical rocks are primarily limestones, consisting of the mineral calcite and dolomite. Carbonate rocks comprise approximately five percent of all of the known sediments. Limestones are classified as chemical largely by a terminological convention, and because it②is felt that the material constituting limestones has generally been deposited by some type of chemical precipitation from water.Apparently almost all limestones were originally deposited in the ocean. One of the best pieces of evidence for a marine origin for the average limestone is the fact that the bulk of the calcite in most limestones consists of small pieces of shells of marine invertebrates③. Many limestones, in fact, consist almost exclusively of pieces ofbrachiopods, mollusks, corals, or other organisms. In addition to shell fragments, limestones contain a large variety of other types of material. Oolites, for example, are small spherical aggregates of calcium carbonate.Dolomites are less common than limestones, although they are extremely abundant in deposits of certain periods. There appear to be two major types of dolomites. The first occurs as broad extensive beds of relatively finegrained homogeneous material. It looks almost identical to fine-grained limestone and can be distinguished only by simple chemical tests. The other type of dolomite consists generally of more coarsely crystalline material. This type of dolomite generally does not form extensive beds but may occur as irregular patches within a sequence of limestones. In many cases these patches cut across the bedding or other original features of the limestones, and the dolomite quite clearly has formed after deposition of limestone.Halite, gypsum, and related materials constitute a very small portion of the geologic record and occur in only a few places on the earth's surface. These minerals are generally grouped together under the term evaporites.Two other sediments of extremely restricted occurrence should also be mentioned. One of these is a rock which consists exclusively of fine-grained SiO2 and is called chert. In most cases, this SiO2 is not in the crystalline form of quartz, and in some rocks the material is completely amorphous. Another minor but highly important, type of sediment is referred to as iron formation. Iron formation generally consists of iron oxides, such as magnetite and hematite, interbedded with chert. The importance of these rocks is that a small amount of chemical alteration converts them into highly concentrated hematite rocks, generally by a partial removal of the chert, and the resulting hematite rock forms the major iron ore deposits of the world.New Wordsaggregate [ ✌grigeit] n. 集合体amorphous [☜m :f☜s] a. 非晶质的arkose [ a:k☜us] n. 长石砂岩augite [ :d✞ait] n. 辉石biotite [ bai☜tait] n. 黑云母breccia [ bret☞☜] n. 角砾岩broad [br :d] a. 概括的chert [t☞☜:t] n. 燧石coarsely [ k :sli] ad. 粗, 粗糙地cobble [k bl] n. 中砾石convention [k☜n ven☞☜n] n. 惯例definitely [ definitli] ad. 确定地description [dis krip☞☜n] n. 描述detrital [di trait☜l] a. 碎屑的evaporite [i v✌p☜rait] n. 蒸发岩extensive [iks tensiv] a. 广阔的group [♈ru:p] n. 群，类，分类hardened [ ha:d☜nd] a. 变硬的，固结的hematite [ hem☜tait] n.赤铁矿hornblende [ h :nblend] n. 角闪石mollusk [ m l☜sk] n. 软体动物muscovite [ m✈sk☜vait] n. 白云母oolite [ ☜u☜lait] n. 鲕石partial [ pa:☞☜l] a. 部分的patch [p✌t☞] n. 碎片,团块pebble [pebl] n. 卵石predominant [pri d min☜nt] a. 主要的，占优势的sand-sized 砂粒级的terminological [ֽt☜:min☜l d✞ik☜l] a. 术语学的two-fold 二倍的，二重的3 Origin of Metamorphic RocksThe composition, texture, and structure of metamorphic rocks are affected by a number of factors. One of the primary factors is, of course, the composition of the parent or original material before metamorphism. Thus a limestone cannot be converted into a quartzite, and a quartzite cannot be converted into an eclogite. Rocks of identical chemical composition, however, may be quite different after metamorphism depending upon the conditions of the metamorphic process itself. Metamorphictemperatures range over several hundreds of degrees; pressures range over several thousands of atmospheres, and directed stress may or may not be present. A fourth factor which may have considerable effect on the nature of the minerals formed is the presence or absence of large amounts of water vapor in pores between the minerals during metamorphism. This vapor, being highly mobile, may be present during metamorphism and then lost subsequently, possibly upon exposure of the rock to the earth's surface.Most geologists feel that the major factor affecting the composition and mineralogy of a metamorphic rock is temperature. As a sediment such as shale is exposed to gradually increasing temperature, a whole series of reactions take place. Clay minerals tend to form such minerals as muscovite and biotite; and upon increasing temperature the muscovite and biotite may react further with other materials to yield minerals such as feldspar, garnet, and perhaps amphibole or pyroxene. Rocks of similar chemical composition but different mineralogy are said to be metamorphose d to a different degree or to have a different metamorphic rank. Another effect of the increase of temperature is the formation of larger mineral grains. In metamorphic reactions the sizes of minerals may also be controlled in part by the direction of major stress.The typical metamorphic sequence starts with an ordinary sediment and finishes with a rock of vastly different mineralogy, density, and texture. With increase in temperature and pressure, the ordinary shaly sediment is converted into a slate, further into a schist, and finally into a gneiss.Let us, for example, assume that in some metamorphic area we find a trend from slates on the east to gneisses and other more highly metamorphosed rocks on the west; we would then say that metamorphic rank has increased from east to west. As indicated above, many geologists would correlate this increase in rank with an increase in temperature, though other factors may complicate the decision. The metamorphic process we have just described has led to the development of a series of foliated rocks in which the foliation surfaces are generally considered to be perpendicular to the major compressional stress. Metamorphism under these conditions is ordinarily termed regional, for such sequences of metamorphic rock are deve1oped over very wide areas, in many cases measured in terms of thousands of square miles.Another type of metamorphism may be called contact metamorphism. This represents a series of changes that take place in wall rocks surrounding intrusions. Where a magma is injected into much colder wall rocks, the rocks tend to change mineralogically in adjustment to the higher temperatures and develop a suite minerals rather similar in most aspects to those developed during regional metamorphism. The major difference between contact and regionally metamorphosed rocks is the virtual absence of foliation or other directional features in contact rocks. The absence of directional features implies an absence of major directional stress, and at first sight, the absence of such stress seems to contradict the concept of a melt being thrust into a sequence of preexisting rocks. Apparently, however, most intrusions are formed in areas where the wall rocks may be shoved aside by the magma with sufficient ease so that directional stresses are soon lost, and the metamorphism attendant upon increased temperature in the slowly heated wall rock takes place in a situation of almost uniform pressure.New Wordsthrust [ r✈st] n. v. 逆掩amphibole [ ✌mfib☜ul] n. 角闪石aside [☜said] ad. 旁边,开atmosphere [ ✌tm☜sfi☜] n. 大气圈attendant [☜tend☜nt] a. 伴随的complicate [ k mplikeit] vt. 使复杂化compressional [k☜m pre☞☜nl] a. 压性的compressional stress 压应力contact metamorphism 接触变质作用contradict [k ntr☜dikt] n. 矛盾directed [di rektid] a. 定向的directed stress 定向应力eclogite [ ekl☜d✞ait] n. 榴辉岩feature [ fi:t☞☜] n. 特征，要素，构造feldspar [ feldspa:] n. 长石foliated [ f☜ulieitid] a. 叶片状的garnet [ ♈a:nit] n. 石榴石gneiss [nais] n. 片麻岩in terms of 以……方式inject [in d✞ekt] v. 贯入intrusion [in tru:✞☜n] n. 侵入，侵入体melt [melt] 熔体metamorphic [met☜m :fik] a. 变质的pyroxene [ pai☜r ksi:n] n. 辉石metemorphic rank 变质级别regionally [ ri:d✞☜n☜li] ad. 区域上schist [☞ist] n. 片岩shove [☞✈v] v. 推，挤浆，强使slate sleit] n. 板岩soda [ s☜ud☜] n. 氧化钠suite [swi:t] n. 一套, 一组4 FaultsA fault is a planar discontinuity between blocks of rock that have been displaced past one another, in a direction parallel to the discontinuity. A fault zone is a tabular region containing many parallel or anastomosing faults (Fig. 7.9.b). A shear zone, in the sense preferred here, is a zone across which blocks of rock have been displaced in a faultlike manner, but without prominent development of visible faults. Shear zones are thus regions of localized ductile deformation, in contrast to fault zones that are regions of localized brittle deformation. Another distinction is the normal component of displacement, which is negligible for faults and fault zones, may be appreciable for shear zones. The displacement across a shear zone can be inclined at any angle, other than 90°, to the boundaries of the zone. In another common usage [Dennis (1967, p. 133)] the term shear zone refers to a tabular region of pervasively faulted rock, that is, a fault zone containing a very large number of closely spaced and anastomosing fault surfaces.The rock immediately above and below any nonvertical fault is referred to, respectively, as the hanging wall and the footwall of the fault. The displacement vector connecting originally contiguous points in the hanging wall and footwall is called the net slip. The components of the net slip parallel to the strike and dip of the fault are the strike slip and the dip slip.The offset shown by a planar feature in a vertical cross section perpendicular to the fault is called the dip separation. The vertical and horizontal components of the dip separation are the throw and the heave. Notice, by comparing Figure 7.11 with Figure 7.10，that the dip separation is not equivalent to the dip slip, the former depending on the orientation of the offset surface as well as on the nature of the fault displacement.A fault with dominant strike slip displacement is called a strike slip fault. A fault with dominant dip slip displacement is a dip slip fault. Strike slip faults usually have very steep or vertical dips and are then referred to as transcurrent faults or wrench faults. A large transcurrent fault that terminates in another large structure, such as an oceanic ridge or trench or triplejunction, is called a transform fault.Transform faults are discussed in detail in Section 10.2.3.The sense of the strike slip part of displacement on a fault is described by the terms sinistral and dextral, or alternatively, left lateral and right lateral. A fault is sinistral or left lateral if, to an observer standing on one block and facing the other, the opposite block appears to have been displaced to his left. The strike slip component of the displacement in Figure 7.10 is sinistral.Faults dipping more or less than 45°are called, respectively, high angle faults and low angle faults.A normal fault is a high angle, dip slip fault on which the hanging wall has moved down relative to the footwall. A fault of similar type but with a dip less than 45°is sometimes called a lag [Rickard (1972)].A reverse fault is a dip slip fault, either high or low angle [Gill (1971)], on which the hanging wall has moved up relative to the footwall. The terms normal fault and reverse fault, while strictly defined for faults with zero strike slip displacement, can also be used for faults with small strike slip displacements accompanying much larger dip slip displacements [Rickard (1972)). Where the strike slip and dip slip displacements are similar in magnitude, as in Figure 7.10, the fault can be called an oblique slip fault.A (relatively) downfaulted topographic trough between high angle faults is a graben. An upfaulted block between high angle faults is a horst. The faults bordering horsts and grabens are usually normal faults.A thrust fault is a low-angle reverse fault, according to one common usage [see Dennis (1967)]. The term is also used by many geologists for low angle faults that are presumed to have involved reverse dip slip displacement but where this has not been demonstrated. A window (or fenster) is an exposure of the rock below a thrust fault that is completely surrounded by rock above the thrust. A klippe is an exposure of the rock above a thrust completely surrounded by rock below it.Fault planes are commonly filled with fragmental material known as fault breccia, or microbreccia if the fragments are microscopic. Some microbreccias are soft and are designated by terms such as pug or gouge. Others, particularly in metamorphic rocks, are hard and characterized by a platy or streaky "flow" structure in thin section. Such microbreccias, which occur as fault fillings and in wider zones of intense deformation (Section 9. 14), are called mylonites [Lapworth (1885); Waters and Campbell (1935); Christie, (1960)]. Some rocks that look like mylonites in the field are seen in thin section to be highly recrystallized, so that it is not clear whether or not they were ever microbreccias. The original meaning of the term mylonite can be broadened to include any fine-grained metamorphic rock with well-developed "flow" structure [Theodore and Christie, (1969)] or the special term blastomylonite can be used for such rocks. Blastomylonites have not necessarily suffered any of the brittle fragmentation or "milling" envisioned for ordinary microbreccias. Their fine-grain size and distinctive microstructure may be due entirely to ductile deformation accompanied by recrystallization [Bell and Etheridge (1973)]. This subject is discussed more fully in Section 9.14. Yet another kind of fault filling, present in thin films on some large faults, is a glassy material called pseudotachylyte, formed by melting as a consequence of frictional heating [Francis (1972); McKenzie and Brune (1972)].New Wordsaccompanying [☜k mp☜ni☠] a. n. 伴随的anastomose [☜n✌st☜m☜uz] n. 汇合, v. 使吻合blastomylonite[ֽbl✌st☜u mail☜nait] n. 变晶糜棱岩brittle [britl] a. 脆性的contiguous [k☯n tikju☯s] a. 接触的，相邻的deformation [di:f : mei☞☜n] n. 变形dextral[ dekstr☜l] a. 右旋的dip separation 倾向分离，倾向断距dip slip 倾向滑动discontinuity [ disk nti nju:iti] n. 不连续displace [dis pleis] v. 位移down fault ed 断落的upfaulted 断隆的envision [in vi✞☯n] v. n. 想象ductile [ d✈ktail] a. 韧性的fault breccia [ f :lt bret☞☜] 断层角砾岩fault like [ f :ltlaik] a. 断层状的fenster [ fenst☜] n. 构造窗，蚀窗filling [ fili☠] n. 充填（物）footwall[ futw :l] n. 下盘fragmental [ fr✌♈ment☜l] a. 破碎的frictional [ frik☞☜n☯l] a. 摩擦的, 由摩擦产生的gouge [♈aud✞] n. 断层泥graben [ ♈ra:b☜n] n. 地堑hanging wall [ h✌☠i☠ w :l] 上盘heave [hi:v] n. v. 平错（错距的水平分量）horst [h :st] n. 地垒incline [in klain] v. 使倾斜，倾向于klippe [ klip☜] n. 飞来峰lag [l✌♈] n. v. 滞后（断层）lateral [ l✌t☜r☜l] a. 侧向的melting[ melti☠] n. 熔融microbreccia [ maikr☜u bret☞☜] n. 显微角砾岩milling [ mili☠] n. 磨碎mylonite [ mail☜nait] n. 糜棱岩negligible [ ne♈lid✞☯bl] a. 可忽略的，不重要的normal fault正断层oblique slip fault 斜滑断层offset [ fset] v. n. 位移orientation [ :ri☜n tei☞☜n] n. 定向pervasively [ p☯:v☯sivli] ad, 扩大，蔓延，盛行platy [ pleiti] a. 板状的pseudo tachylyte [ sju:d☜u t✌kilait] n. 假玄武玻璃pug [p✈♈] n. 断层泥re crystallize [ ri: krist☜laiz] v. 重结晶reverse fault逆断层shear zone 剪切带sinistral [si nistr☜l] a. 左旋的slip [slip] v. 滑动streaky [ stri:ki] a. 有条纹的，条状的strike [straik] n. 走向strike slip 走向滑动tabular [ t✌bjul☜] a. 板状的throw [ r☜u] n. 垂直断距thrust fault逆掩断层transcurrent fault [tr✌ns k✈r☜nt f :lt]] n. 横推断层transform fault [tr✌ns f :m] n. 转换断层vector [ vekt☜] n. 向量，失量，导航，引导wrench fault [rent☞ f :lt] 平挫断层，扭断层5 Crustal Structure and Crustal MovementThe problem of crustal movement is that of the struggle between the different aspects of both internal and external contradictions of the earth. The earth's crust constitutes but a thin veneer of the whole earth's structure. Its formation is resulted from the following factors: first, those from outside the earth’s crust, e.g., the atmosphere that envelops the solid cru st, the sun and the moon, as well as various radiations from the stars may all have exerted some effect on it. Besides, the interstellar dust and meteoritic materials, and the kind falling upon the earth may also have some slight effect. Secondly, the change and movement of materials within the earth’s interior underneath the crust, e.g., the physical and chemical changes of earth materials at high temperatures and high pressures; the movement of materials under the actions of gravity and the solar and lunar tides, predominantly body tide (sometimes called solid tide, but what state of matter now exsists in the deep interior is still unknown) and the influence of the earth's rotation, all these will inevitably be found reflected in the earth's crust.From the point of view of geomechanics, elastic and inelastic deformations can be distinguished, although both are produced by the action of forces. Generally speaking, rocks are elastic when subjected to stress of short duration not exceeding their strength, but behave plastically under long-continued stress, even if their elastic limit is not exceeded; the longer the time of action of stress, the larger the plasticity they exhibit. The elastic response of rocks to stress will largely recover with the release of stress, leaving little or no records in the rocks. Inelastic deformation on the other hand will be inevitably permanently preserved. Different magnitude of stress and different manner of its action will give correspondingly permanent deformations of different nature and dimensions. There are many kinds of permanent rock deformation, including warpings, flexures, folds and fractures of different nature and extent, namely compressive, tensile, shearing, compresso-shearing and tensoshearing fractures, and cleavages, schistosities, etc.From these structural features, we can trace the action of stresses and from how forces are applied we can trace the manner of the movement of the crust. In the study of crustal movement, it seems a correct road for its solution.Summarizing the characteristics of the crustal structure in the peri-Pacific region of China and of eastern Asia, we have recognized the following prominent structural types:(1)Gigantic latitudinal structural system. In this type are included a number of gigantic, complex E-W structural zones, each forming a structural system of itself. Their main part is composed of composite strongly compressed zones of E-W trend comprising fold belts and compressive fractures of the same trend, together with oblique shear fractures and transverse tensile fractures. These are the important structural features of this kind of structural system.(2)Meridional structural system. Their main part consists of N-S compressed zones, i.e., simple or composite intense folds, with shear and tensile fractures running oblique and perpendicular to them respectively. Phenomena of strong compression are manifested especially concentratedly in some parti-cular regions such as the mountainous land of Sikang and Tibet.(3)NNE-SSW trending parallel structural zones, collectively known as the Neocathaysian structural system. The main part of this system is composed of NNE extending upwarps or fold belts and subsidence zones containing uplifts therein, with shear and tensile fractures oblique and perpendicular to them respectively. It is a kind of special structural phenomena in the peri-Pacific region of China and of eastern Asia.(4)An assemblage of parallel fold belts trending NE-SW, generally called the Cathaysian or Cathaysoid structural system. It consists mainly of NE-SW folds, compressive and compressoshear fractures or cleavages and schistosities, etc. There also frequently occur oblique shear fractures and transverse tensile fractures where folding is well developed. These structural systems are mostly present in older formations and are generally older than the Neocathaysian system. But in formations in which the latter develops, the former is also occasionally found. This comparatively new quasi-Cathaysian structure is called cathaysoid structure.(5) Shear structural system. The patterns of this kind of structural system are varied. Nevertheless, they have one characteristic in common: they all reflect that the areas in which they occur have been。
中国地质大学 考博真题 英语 1994-1997及答案
CHINA UNIVERSITY OF GEOSCIENCESPhD Entrance Examination in English11 May 1994PART 3. T he sentences below contain one or more blanks. Write one appropriate word in each blank. There may be several appropriate choices, but you must write only one. Your choice must be logical, grammatically correct and properly spelled. In other words, it must be acceptable real English. Any answer in good English is correct.Put only ONE word in each blank. Contractions like he’s or they’ve are considered one word. If you put more than one word in a blank, your answer will automatically be wrong.++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++1. Yesterday I gave my mother ___________ orange sweater for _________ birthday.2. I was hungry, _________ I went into a restaurant and ordered ________food. The waiter _______ a longtime to bring me _______ I had ordered. When he finally brought it, he _______for the delay.3. Someone________ just given me a typewriter. Do you think you could _______me to type?4. Look at the time! It’s already 5:10, and we have to be at the station by 5:45! If we don’t _______ up,we’ll _________ our train.5. The stores are so crowded today and the file at the theatre is terrible. _______ just stay home and________television instead. Of course, if you’d really ________ go out, we can do that. I’ll leave it up to you.6. These documents are all in Chinese. We need to _______them translated _______ English in time_________ the meeting with the foreign businessmen _________ Friday.7. My parents have been __________ me to ___________married for the last two years, but I still haven’tmade up my ___________.8. __________ to the weather report on the radio, it’s raining in Shanghai , but that ________ be true. I wasjust on the phone to shanghai and the _________ I spoke with said it was sunny there.9. After I ________ the university entrance exam I was extremely upset, because I was almost sure I had_________ the test. To my ________, it __________ out that I had gotten the highest score in theprovince!10. This man claims that he’s from Beijing, but he speaks with a strong southern ________. It’s obviousthat he is just ________ to be from Beijing. I ________ where he’s really from.11. I __________ to speak Russian fluently, but that’s not true now. In fact, I can no ________carry on evena simple conversation in the language. I _________be able to get back my former fluency if I stayed inRussia for a __________ months.12. Our research team is _________ to complete a major project. Our findings will be _________in a series ofarticles scheduled to appear next year. I will also _________ the results at a conference being _________ in Sydney later this year.13. We are having some _________ with the machine that we imported__________ Japan last year. It has__________down twice already. Each time we have ________to ask a technician to come to Beijing to __________it. The good news is that our technicians have__________ completed their training in Tokyo.The next time we have a __________ , we won’t need to send for a Japanese specialist.14. __________ he studied in America for three years, he can’t write English very well. He is ratherembarrassed by this now. He _________ he had spent more time ___________his written English while he was abroad.15. You and I don’t need anyone else’s assistance. We can solve these problems by __________.CHINA UNIVERSITY OF GEOSCIENCESPHD ENTRANCE EXAMINATION IN ENGLISHMAY 1995PART 3. Each question in this part consist of one or more sentences in which four words or phrases are underlined. The four underlined parts of the sentence are marked A, B, C, D. Decide which one of the four parts is not good English. Then write the letter under that part in the space on the left side of the page.If the four underlined parts are all good English (in other words, if there is no error in the sentence), write E in the space.REMEMBER: You have five possible choices—A, B, C, D or E (= no error).ANSWERS1 ______ I hope the boss will agree to replace the furnitures in our office soon. The office shouldA B Clook more modern.D2 ______ You are suppose to finish writing your report by Friday if you want it to be printed inA B Ctime for the conference.D3_______ Even though he is already half an hour late, don’t you think it would be a good idea toA B Cwait a few minutes before we give up on him.D4 _______ There is a chart at the bottom of the page illustrates the surprising discrepancies in theA B Cfindings of the two research teams.D5________ Next week I am scheduled to fly to St Petersburg for a five-days internationalA Bconference on key recent development in geophysics.C D6________ Because research funds have become much harder to obtain in the past two years, soA B Cwe have decided to focus on smaller projects.D7________ The minerals that the human body require are usually obtained from plants and, to aA B Clesser extent, from animals.D8________ Although I’ve often seen him on our campus, but I’m not sure who he is.A B C D9________ One of the most interesting things about San Francisco is the way the city’s streets goA B Cup and down over its numerous hills.D10_______ The laboratory in which we do most of our experiments is located on the third floor ofA B Cthe building across the street.D11_______ To improve my English, I ever read scientific articles and jot down useful words andA B Cphrases in a notebook I keep just for that purpose .D12_______ Yesterday I had some free time, so I took a bus downtown and went to an exhibitionA B Cof Chinese new products.D13_______ I don’t think it would be a good idea for me to do fieldwork this summer, since myA B Cwife is having a baby.D14_______ It’s pity you can’t go to the movies with me. I really believe you would enjoy the filmA B Cthat’s being shown.D15_______ I’m very glad that I have an excuse for not going to the meeting tomorrow morning. IA Bcan’t stand such kind of meetings. They are a complete waste of time.C D16_______ According to the government’s plan, our university campus is set to undergo extensiveA Bchanges. About six millions of dollars will be spent on new buildings over the next five years.C D17_______ It is obviously that we will be unable to carry out the next phase of our research unlessA Bwe can get access to a more powerful electron microscope.C D18_______ These two young scientists are clearly responsible for most of significant researchA Bdone in this institute since the death of Professor Qin.C D19_______ Be very, very quiet! See if you can remove the papers without make a sound.A B COtherwise you’ll wake the baby.D20_______ I was almost killed in a terrible traffic accident that occurred late last year near theA B Cgate of our university. I am very strange that you haven’t heard about it!DPART 3. The sentences below contain one or more blanks. Write one appropriate word in each blank. There may be several appropriate choices, but you must write only one. Your choice must be logical, grammatically correct and properly spelled. In other words, it must be acceptable real English. Any answer in good English is correct.Put only ONE word in each blank. Contractions like he’s or they’re are considered one word. If you put more than one word in a blank, your answer will automatically be wrong.++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++1.________ your friend ever visited the Great Wall?2.In _____ to find out if a hypothesis is true or not, scientists normally conduct _______.3.I _____ eating dinner when the telephone rang.4.As you can see, this building is a restaurant. It ______ to be a shop, but about three years ___ the ownerdecided he could ____ more money if he changed it into a restaurant.5.There _____ three people in the room. The one ______ the book is my brother. The _____ two areschoolmates of his Guangzhou.6.Which would you ______ drink, tea or coffee?7.How _____ beer does a bottle of this size hold?8.Professor Wang’s plane is ______ to arrive at 10 o’clock. Do you know if anyone is _________ him atthe airport?9.People say this is _______ informative articles. Have you read it _______ ?10.The director is very pleased _______ Ms Cui’s work, so he has decided to ______ her. Starting new week,she will be our supervisor.11._________ a few Russians have blond hair. It’s not at all rare.12.The State Science and Technology Commission is giving our research team an ________ for the projectwe completed _______ January. Some experts say that our research results will ________ China to increase its gold production by fifteen percent.13.Word and stone were the first materials _______ for tools.14.I’m putting the object on the scale to find out how much it ______ .15.I was a student at Zhejiang University from 1985 to 1990. Since ________ I have worked ________anengineer in a factory that ________ motors for cars and trucks.16. A square is a shape with four ________ sides.17._________ Australia and Canada are huge countries, they have rather small populations. _______ of theland in both nations is uninhabited.18.When our oil drill broke down, it _______ us over a month to _______ it.19.I think all Chinese scientists _______ be able to read and speak English, Russian or Japanese . Do you______ with me?20.Japanese culture is very _______ to that of China and Korea. This is because the Japanese _____ much oftheir East Asian neighbors until the last century.21.Our research team tried ________ ten months to find the money to continue our project. We finally________ in getting funds from a company in Shanghai. We completed the project last month. The results will be ______ in a well-known international scientific journal.22.My sister is ambitious and works very ______ , whereas my brother is so lazy that he _______ works at all.23.Next summer an international geological congress will be ______ in Berijing. The organizers ________thousands of scientists to come to Beijing from all over the globe. Unfortunately I will be _______ all summer, so I’ll have to miss the event. What about you? Are you planning to _______ it? I certainly would be there if I ___ you. It will be a wonderful _______ to meet some of the greatest geologists of our generation.24.It is possible to see _______ a window, but not a mirror.25.I had a lot of _______ opening the door to our lab this morning. I don’t know why it was so _______ .Neither my key nor the door seems to be damaged.CHINA UNIVERSITY OF GEOSCIENCESPhD Entrance Examination in EnglishMay 1996PART 2. Each question in this part consists of one or more sentences in which four words or phrases are underlined, The four underlined parts of the sentence are marked A,B,C,D.Decide which one of the four parts is not good English. Then write the letter under that part in the space on the left side of the page .If the four underlined parts are all good English (in other words,if there is no error in the sentence ).write E in the space.REMEMBER : You have FIVE possible choices-----A,B,C,D or E (=no error).ANSWERS1._______ Over half of soldiers in the Chinese army come from rural areas. Those whoA B Cleave the army often go back to their villages and set up small businesses.D2._______ I am not sure that the door to our lab is enough wide to allow the workmen toA B Cmove in the bigger pieces of equipment.D3._______ If we can persuade the foundation to grant us just a little more money ,so we willA B Cbe able to finish this project in time for the conference.D4._______ Professor Harris certainly isn't much of a lecturer .I am always very boring then IA Bhave to sit through one of his long dull presentations.C D5._______ Since the roads in the region are so poor,even with three geological teams it willA B Cprobably take at least five or six months to complete all the fieldworks.D6._______ On the staff of our institute are some 180 technicians, half of whom have little orA B C Dnothing to do.7._______Which of them is going to accompany with Professor Hart when he travels toA Beastern Tibet this fall.C D8._______ In the article I included a drawing illustrates the geology beneath the surface ofA B Cour main drilling site.D9._______ I'd like to find the phone number of the Beijing office of a engineering firmA Bnamed Bechtel,but I don't know what it's called in Chinese.Do you happen toC Dknow?10._______ It was hard to get to our hotel from the airport .As we couldn't afford a taxi,firstA Bwe took a bus,and later we change to the underground.C D11._______ Several of the people in my chemistry class suddenly got sick last night and had toA Bgo to the hospital .Three other classmates of mine were already in the hospitalCwith a mysterious illness.D12._______ The best months in which to go Beijing are May and October,when the skies areA B Cclear and the average temperature is pleasantly cool.D13._______ Everybody hopes that tomorrow would be sunny .If not ,we will be forced to callA Bour picnic off or else to eat indoors.C D14._______ The businessmen standing over there speaking English are mostly from the USA Band Canada,but one of them is a British and three are Australians.C D15._______ The director has frequently said that we should make better use of ourAcomputers,however, the older employees still have not received adequateB Ccomputer training.D16._______ A Chinese ancient thinker once said that a picture is worth a thousand words .TheA Bpublishers who put out textbooks for Chinese university students should heedCthis excellent advice.D17._______ I am eating in dining halls for the last six weeks ,because neither I nor myA Broommate has time to cook while we prepare for our qualifying exams.C D18._______ Only a handful of fossils of this sort have been found in all parts of the world .OurA Bmuseum is remarkably fortunate to have five of the twelve known specimens inC Dits collection.19._______We are conducting this series of experiments in order to seek more nowledges.TheA B Cresults thus far have been most impressive.D20._______ This newly-published article is extremely useful.I think I will give the author aA Bletter to tell him how interested I am in his work. Perhaps we can undertake someC Djoint research in the future.PART 3. In this part of the test you are asked to complete an analogy.For instance,on your paper you may see this :BLACK :: WHITEBIG :: _________You should interpret this as " The word black has the same relation to the word white as the word big has to the "word __________".First you should think about black and white .How are they related,logically and grammatically?You decide that they are both adjectives and that they are opposite in meaning.Then ask yourself what adjective is the opposite of big.There are several words you could choose,but you must give only one.You could choose small or little or tiny,etc.Each is the opposite of big.You decide to use the word small ,so you write that word in the space provided.Now you analogy is complete .black and white are opposite in neaning but grammatically similar,and so are big and small.Remember to put only one word or short phrase (e.g. on time) in each blank+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +1 PEN :: WRITETRUCK :: ______________2 PALACE :: HOUSEMOUNTAIN :: _____________3 FLOAT :: SINKMOVE :: _____________4 SCATTERED :: CONCENTRATEDOPTIONAL :: ______________5 MESS :: DISORDERPROPOSAL ::______________6 RICH :: MONEYCURIOUS :: _______________7 INSTRUMENT ::MICROSCOPESTRUCTURE::______________8 MUSEUM :: DISPLAYSDICTIONARY :: ______________9 BEHIND SCHEDULE :: LATESIGNIFICANT :: _____________10 ENORMOUS :: LARGEFURIOUS ::_____________PART 4.In this section you must write some questions. You will see a sentence with an underlined part . This underlined part is the answer to the question you should make .For example,suppose you see this:Q _________________________________________________A His name is John Forstner.What question (Q) will produce the answer (A) in which John Forstner is the key information ?You decide that the question must be "What is his name ?" and you then write that question in the space above the answer .You could make other correct choices.For instance,if you were to write "What is he called?",that would also be acceptable. Please give only one question,however .Don't forget to write the question mark(?) where you need it . Sometimes the answer will be very short ,the kind of very short reply you might make in spoken English.Just make sure your question can logically produce that answer,whatever it is.+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +1 Q ________________________________________________________________A He took the city bus.2 Q ______________________________________________________________A It's located in western Hubei.3 Q _____________________________________________________________A 2022244,extension 99750.4 Q ______________________________________________________________A They examined the samples under the electron microscope.5 Q __________________________________________________________A He got there 45 minutes late.6 Q ___________________________________________________________A It's published every 4 months.7 Q ______________________________________________________________A They gave it to the policeman.8 Q ___________________________________________________________A They gave it to the policeman.9 Q ___________________________________________________________A I grew up in a town about 450 km west of Moscow.10 Q ________________________________________________________A The town I grew up in was a small, friendly,sleepy place on the Volga River,85km from the nearest railway.PART 5. The sentences below contain one or more blanks. Write one appropriate word in each blank .There may be several appropriate choices,but you must write only one. Your choice must be logical,grammatically correct and properly spelled. In other words,it must be acceptalbe real English.Any answer in good English is correct.If no word is needed or appropriate , write zero (0) in the blank. You must use this symbol to show that nothing is needed in the blank Empty blanks, with no word or zero in them , will count as errors.+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +1 The meter is used internationally to _________ distance.2 I studied at Qinghua University from 1989 to 1994 .Since __________ I have been _______for theSiemens Corporation in Shanghai as ________ industrial engineer.3 This is the clearest textbook I've___________ studied.4 __________Russians can speak Chinese, even ___________Russia and China have been neighbors forover three _________now.5 Wood, coal and __________ gas are all used for _______in different parts of China.6 My watch is very ________. It's never fast or slow .7 The film made a deep _________on me. In fact,I was so __________by it that I went to see it______seven times.8 He said he would be at the meeting today, but I _________whether he'll actually come.9 _________intends to wear a black dress to the party this evening .________husband is going in a greysuit.10 We didn't arrive until 6 o'clock. The delay was ______by the repairs being made on the highway_________Jinan and Tianjin. We were quite __________to find the repair work still in progress, because we heard that the work on the road had been completed ________ three weeks earlier .11 Mistakes are hard to ________when one is inexperienced.12 Our article has been __________by the journal, but the editors haven't ________us when it will be published.13 Steel is manufactured ________iron ore.14 My father _______mathematics in a Chengdu secondary school until he ______in 1993.Now he_________most of ________time working in the garden behind our house.15 Qomolangma (Mt Everest) is the ______tallest mountain, if I'm not mistaken.16 I ______basketball almost every day when I was a teenager. Nowadays I get very __________exercise.As a _______I'm beginning to put on weight.17 _______the conference English will be used ________the main working language. Anyone who can'tspeak English will have to rely on ________.18 The__________ in our lab is getting old. I think it should all be ________with new instruments.19 Most people__________ the summer weather in Wuhan very unpleasant.20 The government of China tries to promote scientific research, ___________research likely to contribute to economic growth.。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国地质大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷(带答案)试题号：84
2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国地质大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.填空题After I （1）the university entrance exam, I was extremely upset, because I was almost sure I had（2） the test. To my（3） , it （4）out that I had gotten the highest score inthe province!句意: 大学入学考试考完，我感到非常沮丧，因为我几乎确信自己考试没有通过。
然而令我感到意外的是自己最后的实际成绩是省里的最高分。
【答案】1.finished2.failed3.surprise4.tumed【解析】1.语义题。
句意为高考结束，动词finish合适，根据时态为过去式，故用finished。
2.固定搭配。
fail the exam 考试失败。
这里用过去完成时。
3.固定搭配。
to one’s surprise 令某人惊讶的是。
4.固定搭配。
It turns out that 结果是…。
2.单选题I am told that Professor Atkins has already visited this site for five times since the area was opened to geologists in 2007.问题1选项A.I am toldB.has already visitedC.for five timesD.was opened to geologistsE.没有错误【答案】D【解析】固定搭配。
opened应改为open, be open to对…开放。
3.单选题The clerk I spoke with insisted over and over that we had been charged the normal rate for the hotel room, so I asked to speak with his manager.问题1选项A.insisted over and overB.had been chargedC.rate forD.so I asked to speak with his managerE.没有错误【答案】E【解析】没有错误。
中国地质大学(北京)考博英语阅读解析
中国地质大学（北京）考博英语阅读解析Passage Nine（Holmes' Knowledge）His ignorance was as remarkable as his knowledge. Of contemporary literature, philosophy and politics he appeared to know next to nothing. Upon my quoting Thomas Carlyle, he inquired in the naivest way who he might be and what he had done. My surprise reached a climax, however, when I found incidentally that he was ignorant of the Copernican Theory and of the composition of the Solar system."You appear to be astonished, " Holmes said, smiling at my expression. "Now that I do know it I shall do my best to forget it. You see, I consider that a man's brain originally is like a little empty attic, and you have to stock it with such furniture as you choose： A fool takes in all the lumber of every sort that he comes across, so that the knowledge which might be useful to him gets crowded out, or at best jumbled up with a lot of other things, so that he has difficulty in laying his hand upon it. It is a mistake to think that the little room has elastic walls and can distend to any extent. Depend upon it, there comes a time when for every addition of knowledge you forget something that you know before. It is of the highest importance, therefore, not to have useless facts elbowing out the useful ones.""But the Solar System！ " I protested.（PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ: 772678537) "What the deuce is it to me？" he interrupted impatiently.One morning, I picked up a magazine from the table and attempted to while away the time with it, while my companion munched silently at his toast. One of the articles had a pencil mark at the heading, and I naturally began to run my eye through it.Its somewhat ambitious title was "The Book of Life, " and it attempted to show how much an observant man might learn by an accurate and systematic examination of all that came in his way. It struck me as being a remarkable mixture of shrewdness and of absurdity. The reasoning was close and intense, but the deduction appeared to me to be far-fetched and exaggerated. The writer claimed by a momentary expression, a twitch of a muscle or a glance of an eye, to fathom a man's inmost thought. Deceit, according to him, was impossibility in the case of one trained to observation and analysis. His conclusionswere as infallible as so many propositions of Euclid. So startling would his results appear to the uninitiated that until they learned the processes by which he had arrived at them they might well consider him as a necromancer."From a drop of water, "said the writer, "a logician could infer the possibility of an Atlantic. So all life is a great chain, the nature of which is known whenever we are shown a single link of it. Like all other arts, the science of Deduction and Analysis is one which can be acquired by long and patient study, nor is life long enough to allow any mortal to attain the highest possible perfection in it. "This smartly written piece of theory I could not accept until a succession of evidences justified it.1. What is the author's attitude toward Holmes？[A]Praising.[B]Critical.[C]Ironical.[D]Distaste.2. What way did the author take to stick out Holmes' uniqueness？[A]By deduction.[B]By explanation.[C]By contrast.[D]By analysis.3. What was the Holmes' idea about knowledge-learning？[A]Learning what every body learned.[B]Learning what was useful to you.[C]Learning whatever you came across.[D]Learning what was different to you.4. What did the article mentioned in the passage talk about？[A]One may master the way of reasoning through observation.[B]One may become rather critical through observation and analysis.[C]One may become rather sharp through observation and analysis.[D]One may become practical through observation and analysis.本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。
中国地质大学 考博真题 英语 2002及答案
C H I N A U N I V E R S I T Y O F G E O S C I E N C E SPhD Entrance Examination in English21April 2002LISTEN TO THIS!Good morning! You are about to take the English test for people who wish to enter the doctoral program in the earth sciences at this school. The test may be rather different from any exam you’ve taken in the past. The first part is a timed listening exercise. The other four sections test your knowledge of grammar, elementary writing skills and basic vocabulary, plus your reading ability. You can have as much time as you like for the last four parts of the test—within reason, of course.The test has five sections, worth a total of 130 points in all; the answers in part 5, the reading test, are worth three points each.The answers for parts 1,2,3 and 5 (in other words, every part except 4) should be marked on your answer sheet. The answers for part 4 should be written directly on this test paper.Make sure you READ AND FOLLOW THE DIRECTIONS for each part of the test!The results of this exam will enable us to compare your preparation in English with that of the other candidates. The “passing” grade is relative; in other words, it will depend on the scores for the whole body of test-takers. You should just relax and do as well as you can.We shall now begin. Turn the page to part 1. Good luck!PART 1. Imagine that you are on a train to Shanghai. In the seats in front of you there are two foreigners, and you can hear their conversation. One of them is telling the other about his job. He says what he does, not what he is or what field (profession or occupation) he is in.On your paper you see a list of the names of people in 60 different occupations or professions. As you listen, decide what the speaker is. Then find the correct word on the list and write the number beside it in the proper blank on your answer sheet.For instance, suppose you hear this: (Speaker P) “Well, I don’t enjoy lecturing very much, especially to younger students, but I do love my research. I’d be so happy if I could spend every day in the lab with my graduate students and postdocs. However, that’s just not the way university departments operate.”You decide that the speaker must be a professor, so you find “a professor” on your list. You see that the number beside it is 61; you then write the number 61 in the blank beside P on your answer sheet.By the way, in reality there is no P and no 61, and “a professor” is not one of the choices on your list. This is just a theoretical example. You will now have three minutes to read the list. [SILENCE]All right, now let’s begin! [15 points]+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++1an accountant 会计31 a librarian2an actor 32 a mathematician 数学家3an airline pilot 民航驾驶员33 a mechanic 机修工（技工）4an architect 建筑师34 a mechanical engineer 机械工程师5an astronomer 天文学家35 a military officer6 a biologist 36 a novelist 小说作家7 a chef 烹调师37 a nurse8 a civil engineer 土木工程师（建筑）38 a paleontologist 古生物学家9 a concert pianist 高级钢琴演奏师39 a press photographer 新闻摄影师10 a construction worker 40 a plumber 管道维修工（水暖工）11 a corporate executive 企业执行总裁41 a poet 诗人12 a dentist 牙医42 a police detective 侦探（刑警）13 a dietician 营养师43 a police patrolman 普通警察（巡警）14 a diplomat 外交官44 p pop singer 流行歌手15an electrician 电工45 a postman 邮递员16 a fashion designer 时装设计师46 a private businessman 私营企业家（个体商人）17 a film critic 电影评论家47 a private detective 私人侦探18 a film director 电影导演48 a psychiatrist 心理医生19 a flight attendant 飞机乘务员49 a psychologist 心理学家20 a florist 花店老板50 a publisher 出版商21 a geologist 51 a radio announcer 电台播音员22 a geophysicist 52 a schoolteacher (primary)23 a graphic designer 图形设计员53 a schoolteacher(secondary)24 a hairdresser 发型设计师54 a software engineer25 a hardware engineer 硬件工程师55 a store clerk/shop assistant26 a hotel manager 56 a surgeon 外科医生27 a journalist 57 a tax official 税务员28 a judge 法官58 a travel agent 旅行社职员29 a lab technician 59 a university student30 a lawyer 60 a vet 宠物医生（兽医）PART 2. In each of the ten sentences below there is an underlined words (or words). Decide which of the words in the list at the bottom of the page can be used to replace the underlined words without changing the meaning of the sentence. The underlined words and the words that you choose must be synonyms. In each case, writer the number found next to the synonym in the appropriate blank on your answer sheet.A.How do you account for the recent drop in the price of oil? 11.explainB.Professor Hillman is the acting director of the institute. 53.temporaryC.We need find a solution quickly or the situation will get worse. 46.seekD.They would like to make some adjustments in the experimental procedure. 21.modifyE.Speakers usually refer to the work of other geologists in their presentations. 20.mentionF.I think you would ask an expert for advice. 7.consultG.This work has to be finished by Friday. 26.no late thanH.We will resume our discussion after a 45-minute break for lunch. 15.go on withI.Where are going to get the money for their research? 14.fundsJ.I don’t claim to be an expert in this field, but I do know something about it. 3.arthorityThe five sentences below also contain underlined words. Find the words in the list at the bottom of the page that mean the OPPOSITE of these underlined words. Again, write the number found next to each item you choose in the appropriate space on your answer sheet.K.They advise us to pay attention to the data from the Indian laboratories. 17.ignoreL.He was educated in a well-known university in southeastern Australia. 27.obscureM.Can we replace kerosene with diesel fuel to run the generator? 33.preserveN.I expect the committee to adopt his proposal at the meeting this afternoon. 55.turn downO.The research he is working on now is fascinating. 28. of little interesting++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++POSSIBLE SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS (=OPPOSITES)1.accept 21. modify 41. reflect on2.after 22. modulate 42. refreshing3.authority 23. monitor 43. responsible for4.before 24. more abundant 44. run out of5.calculate 25. neglect 45. safere up with 26. no later than 46. seek7.consult 27. obscure 47. snack8.counsel 28. of little interesting 48. study9.eminent 29. Optional 49. substitute10.enlightening 30. other choice 50. substitute … by11.explain 31. overturn 51. substitute … for12.foundation 32. ponder 52. summarize13.fund 33. preserve 53. temporary14.funds 34. prior to 54. think about15.go on with 35. profound 55. turn down16.ignorant 36.profundity 56. unprecedented17.ignore 37. prominent 57. utilize18.many 38. questionable 58. versatile19.meal 39. reckon 59. versatile20.mention 40. reduce 60. very interestingPART 3. Each question in this part consists of one or more sentences in which four words or phrases are underlined. The four underlined parts are marked A, B, C or D. Decide which one of the four parts is not good English. Then write the letter found under that part in the proper space on your answer sheet.If the four underlined parts are all good English and there is no error in the sentence, then write E in the space on your answer sheet. REMEMBER! You always have FIVE possible choices: A, B, C, D or E (= no error).1I’ve fallen behind in my studies because I’ve been so sick latterly. I hope you would help me to catch up.2Li Ping has some very powerful family connections in the official world. For example, one of her uncles is the minister of the Minister of Finance and she has a cousin in the prime minister’s office.3It’s not always wise to give a honest answer to delicate questions. There are people in this world whom it’s not a good idea to offend.4A Chinese famous scientist is scheduled to give a lecture this afternoon on our campus. Would you be interested in attending?5Their experiment was almost ruined by the power surge in their lab during the violent thunderstorm just after midnight. Fortunately no damage was done, so the experiment can continue as scheduled.6John was reluctant at first to take this course, but you can see that he begins to enjoy it. The instructor isa first-rate lecture and even the students, who ask good questions, are rather stimulating to have asclassmates.7According to many observers, avoiding open disagreement is a character not only of Chinese people, but also of other East Asia. In fact the tendency may be even more marked among the Japanese.8Zhang Weidong has had a number of articles published on the China Day, the main English-language newspaper in northern China. As a result, his name is familiar to many Chinese university students, who read the paper to practice their English.9When we returned from Europe, we had to bargain with the headmaster of the school to persuade him to accept our son in last October, when the students had started the semester for nearly two months.10He achieved great progresses during his 1.5 years of research in California. After his return to China, he threw himself into his work with fresh enthusiasm and quickly produced a series of excellent papers, two of which were published in major science journals.11When I told John about all the problems I was having with Leonard, my new boss, he asked me several questions about Leonard’s personality and attitudes and then suggested me to quit my job and find another.12Recently we have noticed great changes in John’s relations with his classmates, which shall be traced back to the two weeks he spent doing fieldwork with them in Yunnan over the holiday.13When one of Tom’s closets friends decided to transfer to another university, he had felt unhappy about it for quite a while. Now he seems happy again.14It says in this brochure that the program in environmental studies at the China University of Geosciences is unique in many aspects.15I hope that Professor Wiesner comes to China to do fieldwork in Tibet this summer. Otherwise I may not be available to accompany him, and I think that would be a pity for both of us.16I wonder if fifty dollars is still enough for the taxi ride all the way from the airport to downtown Manhattan. Perhaps you should take some extra cash just in case.17One of the most helpful things about doing research in North America or Europe for two or three years is how quickly a young East Asian scientist can increase his knowledges in his speciality.18The patient, who looks so strange, is the one undergoing chemotherapy for lung cancer. That is why he has lost all his hair and his skin has turned grey.19As you know, all rocks fall into one of three categories: igneous, metamorphic or sedimentary. In Iceland, which is a relatively new terrain, igneous rock predominated over virtually the entire island.20Even John still can’t drive, he has already bought a car. He must be very confident that he will pass his driving test next week. Needless to say, if he doesn’t, he won’t be given a driver’s license.PART 4. The sentences below contain one or more blanks. In each blank you must write ONE appropriateword. There may be several appropriate choices, but you must write only one. Your choice must be logical, grammatically correct and properly spelled. In other words, it must be acceptable real English. Any answer in good English is correct.Put one and only one word in each blank. If you put more than one word in a blank, your answer is automatically wrong. Putting nothing in a blank also counts as an error. [50 points]1.The plane was __at_ the airport for two hours. It landed at 3 o’clock and __took_ off again at 5.2.By stopping very suddenly, the tax driver managed to _avoid__ an accident. If he had hesitated, hewould have __crashed__ the car in front of him.3.Look, the streets are wet. It __must__ have rained during the night.4.She’s been doing exactly the same job for eight years. No wonder she feels _bored__! She _needs__ achange.5.Have you ever __driven___ this kind of car before? I __used__ to own one of these, but I got __rid__ ofit because it consumed __too__ much fuel. It was really quite _expensive__ to operate.6.The wedding will be held __in___ two days. __By__ then, everyone will be very busy __getting___ready for it.7.I like the song that you’re whistling. Do you know any __other___ tunes? When I was young, I knew__lots__ of popular songs, but I don’t seem to have much time for music _these____ days.8.The earthquake, which __happened__ at 17:32 on 3 November 1905, __killed___ 342 people andinjured over 12,000. It also __caused____ enormous damage to property. The local economy took almost a decade to __recover___.9.He spoke __as___ if he were in a great hurry, but in fact he __was n’t___. I __found___ out later thatthat is how he always talks.10._Whose___ bike is that, John’s or mine? I can’t _tell___ the difference between them. They’re bothten-_year___-old black “Flying Pigeon” bicycle.11.Please lower your voice! What are you _shouting__ for? None of us has any _trouble_ hearing, youknow.12._Neither__ of the two big state-owned enterprises in our town was earning any money, so the__government__ decided to __combine___ them into a single company. Quit a few works lost their _jobs__ as a result of the reorganization.13.Soil is __composed___ of a mixture of organic and inorganic. The __latter__ is derived from rock.14.Could you help me to __identify__ this mineral? This is the first time I’ve ever seem anything like it.15.The 2008 Olympic ___Games___ are scheduled to be held in Beijing. I was very excited __on___ thenight when the __announcement___ was made to hold them here.16.The earth’ crust has an __average___ thickness of 35-40 kilometers.17.I __regret__ that I wasn’t able to attend the c onference in Bangkok. Everyone tells me I _missed__ somevery interesting discussions.18.The lab has a __fame/reputation/name___ for doing high-quality analytical work, so I was__disappointed__ when I saw how carelessly they handled the rock samples I sent them.19.The students __complain___ about the food in the campus dining halls. Many dislike it so much thatthey cook for _themselves__, even though it is ___against__ the rules to do so in most of the dormitories.20.The police __warned___ us of the danger of driving on the icy road, but we had no _choice___. It wasimperative that we get to the lad to begin the next stage of the experiment on scheduled.+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++PART 5. First read the article below carefully and completely. (Notice that the paragraphs are numbered from 1 to 11.) Then answer the questions on its content. In each case write the letter of the correct answer on your answer sheet. Each answer is worth three points.You are not allowed to use a dictionary. However, we have provided a short list of difficult words with their definitions to help you read the text. Read this vocabulary list before you begin the article.+ + + + + + + + THE END + + + + + + + +。
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中国地质大学考博英语阅读翻译摘录Part BDirections:You are going to read a list of headings and a text about whatparents are supposed to do to guide their children into adulthood.Choose a heading from the list A-G that best fits the meaning of eachnumbered part of the text(41-45).The first and last paragraphs ofthe text are not numbered.There are two extra headings that you donot need to use.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10points)A.Set a Good Example for Your KidsB.Build Your Kids’Work SkillsC.Place Time Limits on Leisure ActivitiesD.Talk about the Future on a Regular BasisE.Help Kids Develop Coping StrategiesF.Help Your Kids Figure Out Who They AreG.Build Your Kids’Sense of ResponsibilityHow Can a Parent Help?（PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ:772678537) Mothers and fathers can do a lot to ensure a safe landing in earlyadulthood for their kids.Even if a job’s starting salary seems toosmall to satisfy an emerging adult’s need for rapid content,thetransition from school to work can be less of a setback if the start-upadult is ready for the move.Here are a few measures,drawn from mybook Ready or Not,Here Life Comes,that parents can take to preventwhat I call“work-life unreadiness.”You can start this process when they are11or12.Periodically review their emerging strengths and weaknesses with them and work together on any shortcomings,like difficulty in communicating well or collaborating.Also,identify the kinds of interests they keep coming back to,as these offer clues to the careers that will fit them best.Kids need a range of authentic role models-as opposed to members of their clique,pop stars and vaunted athletes.Have regular dinner-table discussions about people the family knows and how they got where they are.Discuss the joys and downsides of your own career and encourage your kids to form some ideas about their own future. When asked what they want to do,they should be discouraged from saying “I have no idea.”They can change their minds200times,but having only a foggy view of the future is of little good.Teachers are responsible for teaching kids how to learn;parents should be responsible for teaching them how to work.Assign responsibilities around the house and make sure homework deadlines are met.Encourage teenagers to take a part-time job.Kids need plenty of practice delaying gratification and deploying effective organizational skills,such as managing time and setting priorities.Playing video games encourages immediate content.And hours of watching TV shows with canned laughter only teaches kids to process information in a passive way.At the same time,listening through earphones to the same monotonous beats for long stretches encourageskids to stay inside their bubble instead of pursuing other endeavors. All these activities can prevent the growth of important communication and thinking skills and make it difficult for kids to develop the kind of sustained concentration they will need for most jobs.They should know how to deal with setbacks,stresses and feelings of inadequacy.They should also learn how to solve problems and resolve conflicts,ways to brainstorm and think critically. Discussions at home can help kids practice doing these things and help them apply these skills to everyday life situations.What about the son or daughter who is grown but seems to be struggling and wandering aimlessly through early adulthood?Parents still have a major role to play,but now it is more delicate.They have to be careful not to come across as disappointed in their child. They should exhibit strong interest and respect for whatever currently interests their fledging adult(as naive or ill conceived as it may seem)while becoming a partner in exploring options for the future.Most of all,these new adults must feel that they are respected and supported by a family that appreciates them.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10points)The study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basic intellectual discipline in European universities.However,only in recent years has it become a feature of undergraduate programs in Canadian universities.(46)Traditionally,legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers,rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.Happily,the older and more continental view of legal education is establishing itself in a number of Canadian universities and some have even begun to offer undergraduate degrees in law.If the study of law is beginning to establish itself as part and parcel of a general education,its aims and methods should appeal directly to journalism w is a discipline which encourages responsible judgment.On the one hand,it provides opportunities to analyze such ideas as justice,democracy and freedom.(47)On the other,it links these concepts to everyday realities ina manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news.For example,notions of evidence and fact,of basic rights and public interest are at work in the process of journalistic judgment and production just as in courts of law.Sharpening judgment by absorbing and reflecting on law is a desirable component of a journalist’s intellectual preparation for his or her career.(48)But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of theestablished conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.Politics or,more broadly,the functioning of the state,is a major subject for journalists.The better informed they are about the way the state works,the better their reporting will be.(49)In fact,it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.Furthermore,the legal system and the events which occur within it are primary subjects for journalists.While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly,there is an undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers.(50) While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories,it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments.These can only come from a well-grounded understanding of the legal system.本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。