北京大学2007年博士研究生入学考试英语试题
北京大学2007年博士研究生入学考试英语试题Part One:Listening Comprehension略Part Two:Structure and Written Expression(20%)Directions:For each question decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked.Mark your choices on the ANSWER SHEET.21．_________before we leave the day after tomorrow,we should have a wonderful time together.[A]Had they arrived[B]Would they arrive[C]Were they arriving[D]Were they to arrive22．_________last year and is now earning his living as an advertising agent.[A]He would leave school[B]He left school[C]He had left school[D]He has left school23．Some people viewed the findings with caution,noting that a cause-and-effect relationship between passive smoking and cancer remained_________.[A]to be shown[B]to have been shown[C]to have shown[D]being shown24．__________that should be given priority to.[A]It is the committee has decided[B]It is only the committee has decided[C]It is what the committee has decided[D]It is what has the committee decided25.The most interesting new cars may owe__________the simple wisdom of hiring a few talented people and allowing them to work.[A]less local free-spiritedness than[B]less local free-spiritedness than to[C]to less local free-spiritedness than to[D]less to local free-spiritedness than to26.Over the years,Jimmy Connors__________phenomenal displays of tennis and temper—and at the U.S.Open last week,he exhibited both again.[A]has treated spectators with[B]has treated spectator for[C]has treated spectators[D]has treated spectators to27.Summer holidays spent on the hot ghetto streets are__________the time middle-class students devote to camps,exotic vacations and highly organized sports.[A]as hardly culturally enriching as[B]as hardly enriching culture as[C]hardly as culturally enriching as[D]hardly as cultural enriching as28.The major obstacle to the reform in New Orleans,__________,is money.[A]as is it across the country[B]as it is across the country[C]as it were across the country[D]as were it across the country29．Nearly all trees have seeds that fall to the earth,take root,and eventually__________.[A]generate new seeds[B]new seeds generated[C]generates new seeds[D]new seeds are generated30.The well-maintained facility in San Francisco_________leagues in virtually every sport.[A]were home to[B]was the home of[C]was home to[D]was home of31.Students at these schools test far below the state average in reading,and their scores have improved only__________.[A]marginally[B]marvelously[C]martially[D]markably32.I was in some doubt as to whether the Corporal had__________us accidentally on his way out of the town or if he'd been deliberately tasked.[A]crashed on[B]bumped into[C]fallen against[D]puzzled about33.In previous time,when fresh meat was in short__________,pigeons were kept by many households as a source of food.[A]storage[B]reserve[C]supply[D]provision34.The hospital denies there is any connection between the disciplinary action and Dr.Reid’s __________about health problems.[A]allegiance[B]alliance[C]allegations[D]alliteration35.The organization issued a cry of alarm last week,citing“__________evidence”that those children are not receiving the same quality of education as their richer peers.[A]comparing[B]completing[C]compelling[D]composing36.Since no one could__________his scribbling,the chief editor decided to replace him with another columnist.[A]encode[B]decipher[C]clear[D]identify37．Many Fine Art graduates take__________professional practice as artists,and this course encourages them to consider their role as artists in the community by providing opportunities for short-term placements outside the Faculty.[A]down[B]up[C]out[D]in38.The statement said the people of Srebrenica__________to the presidents of the United States and France to help halt the offensive.[A]aroused[B]ascribed[C]acclaimed[D]appealed39.The professor stopped for a drink and then__________with his lecture on the Indian culture.[A]proceeded[B]processed[C]preferred[D]presented40.Although the false banknotes fooled many people,they did not__________close examination.[A]put up with[B]keep up with[C]stand up to[D]look up toPart Three:Reading ComprehensionI.Directions:Each of the following three passages is followed by some questions.For each question four answers are given.Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each question.Mark your choices on the ANSWER SHEET.(10%)Passage OneIn science the meaning of the word“explain”suffers with civilization’s every step in search of reality.Science cannot really explain electricity,magnetism,and gravitation;their effects can be measured and predicted,but of their nature no more is known to the modern scientist than to Thales who first speculated on the electrification of amber.Most contemporary physicists reject the notion that man can ever discover what these mysterious forces“really”are.Electricity, Bertrand Russell says,“is not a thing,like St.Paul’s Cathedral;it is a way in which things behave. When we have told how things behave when they are electrified,and under what circumstances they are electrified,we have told all there is to tell.”Until recently scientists would have disapproved of such an idea.Aristotle,for example,whose natural science dominated Western thought for two thousand years,believed that man could arrive at an understanding of reality by reasoning from self-evident principles.He felt,for example,that it is a self-evident principle that everything in the universe has its proper place,hence one can deduce that objects fall to the ground because that’s where they belong,and smoke goes up because that’s where it belongs.The goal of Aristotelian science was to explain why things happen.Modern science was born when Galileo began trying to explain how things happen and thus originated the method of controlled experiment which now forms the basis of scientific investigation.41.Bertrand Russell’s notion about electricity is__________.[A]disapproved of by most modern scientists[B]in agreement with Aristotle’s theory of self-evident principles[C]in agreement with scientific investigation directed toward“how”things happen[D]in agreement with scientific investigation directed toward“why”things happen42.The passage says that until recently scientists disagreed with the idea that__________.[A]there are self-evident principles[B]there are mysterious forces in the universe[C]man cannot discover what forces“really”are[D]we can discover why things behave as they do43.The expression“speculated on”(line4)means__________.[A]considered[B]suspected[C]expected[D]engaged in buying and sellingPassage TwoThe concept of personal choice in relation to health behaviors is an important one.An estimated 90percent of all illnesses may be preventable if individuals would make sound personal health choices based upon current medical knowledge.We all enjoy our freedom of choice and do not like to see it restricted when it is within the legal and moral boundaries of society.The structure of American society allows us to make almost all our own personal decisions that may concern our health.If we so desire,we can smoke,drink excessively,refuse to wear seat belts,eat whatever foods we want,and live a completely sedentary life-style without any exercise.The freedom to make such personal decisions is a fundamental aspect of our society,although the wisdom of these decisions can be questioned.Personal choices relative to health often cause a difficulty.As one example,a teenager may know the facts relative to smoking cigarettes and health but may be pressured by friends into believing it is the socially accepted thing to do.A multitude of factors,both inherited and environmental,influence the development of health-related behaviors,and it is beyond the scope of this text to discuss all these factors as they may affect any given individual.However,the decision to adopt a particular health-related behavior is usually one of personal choice.There are healthy choices and there are unhealthy choices.In discussing the morals of personal choice,Fries and Crapo draw a comparison.They suggest that to knowingly give oneself over to a behavior that has a statistical probability of shortening life is similar to attempting suicide.Thus,for those individuals who are interested in preserving both the quality and quantity of life,personal health choices should reflect those behaviors that are associated with a statistical probability of increased vitality and longevity.44.The concept of personal choice concerning health is important because__________.[A]it is essential to personal freedom in American society[B]it helps raise the level of our medical knowledge[C]personal health choices help cure most illnesses[D]wrong decisions could lead to poor health45.Sound personal health choice is often difficult to make because__________.[A]current medical knowledge is still insufficient[B]there are many factors influencing our decisions[C]people are usually influenced by the behavior of their friends[D]few people are willing to trade the quality of life for the quantity of life46.According to Fries and Crapo,sound health choice should be based on__________.[A]personal decisions[B]society’s laws[C]friends’opinions[D]statistical evidencePassage ThreeFor gathering data about individuals or groups at different developmental levels,researchers can use two related research designs:longitudinal and cross-sectional.A longitudinal study is one that measures a behavior or a characteristic of an individual over a period of time,perhaps decades.An example of such a study is the Berkeley Growth Study begun in1928by Nancy Bayley.The study focused on a group of74white,middle-class newborns.As they grew older,extensive measures of their intellectual,personality,and motor development were recorded.The subjects were studied for more than thirty years.The longitudinal research design is a powerful technique for seeking understandings of the effects of early experiences on later development.Also,differences in or stability of behaviors or characteristics at different ages can be determined.Longitudinal studies,however,are expensive to conduct,time-consuming,and heavily contingent on the patience and persistence of the researchers.The findings of a longitudinal study may be jeopardized by relocation of subjects to another part of the country and by boredom or irritation at repeated testing.Another disadvantage is that society changes from one time to another and the subjects participating in the study reflect to some degree such changes.The methods of study or the questions guiding the researchers may also change from one time to another.If properly conducted,however,longitudinal studies can produce useful,direct information about development.A cross-sectional study is one in which subjects of differing ages are selected and compared on a specific behavior or characteristic.They are alike with respect to socioeconomic status,sex,or educational level.For example,a researcher may be interested in looking at changes in intelligence over a thirty-year period.Three groups of subjects,ages ten,twenty,and thirty,may be selected and tested.Conclusions are drawn from the test data.The cross-sectional research design has the clear advantage of being less expensive to conduct and certainly less time-consuming.The major disadvantage is that different individuals who make up the study sample have not been observed over time.No information about past influences on development or about age-related changes is secured.Like longitudinal studies,the cross-sectional methods cannot erase the generational influence that exists when subjects studied are born at different time.Psychologists are now beginning to use an approach that combines longitudinal and cross-sectional research methods.47.Which of the following is NOT one of the disadvantages of a longitudinal research?[A]The subjects may become irritated at repeated testing.[B]The participants in the study may not stay in one place for many years.[C]The behavior of a subject in the study may be measured continuously for many years.[D]Social changes may be reflected in the behaviors of the subjects participating in the study.48.The word“contingent”in the third paragraph probably means__________.[A]dependent[B]consecutive[C]determined[D]continual49.Which of the following statements is true?[A]The subjects in a cross-sectional research are not of the same age group.[B]The methods of study in longitudinal research will not change over time.[C]Longitudinal research is reliable only in seeking understandings of the effects of early experiences on later development.[D]Cross-sectional methods are not usually adopted in studying,for example,the changes in intelligence over a thirty-year period.50.One of the differences between cross-sectional research and longitudinal research is that __________.[A]the latter usually focuses on only one subject,while the former involves groups of subjects[B]the former can be free from the influence of social changes[C]the latter can be free from the influence of social changes[D]the former costs less money and takes less timeII.Directions:Read the following passage carefully and then explain in your own English the exact meaning of the numbered and underlined parts.Put your answers on ANSWER SHEET(2).(15%)(51)It is useful to remember that history is to the nation as memory is to the individual.As persons deprived of memory become disoriented and lost,not knowing where they have been and where they are going,so a nation denied a conception of the past will be disabled in dealing with its present and its future.History is the best antidote to delusions of omnipotence and omniscience.(52)Self-knowledge is the indispensable prelude to self-control,for the nation as well as for the individual.History should forever remind us of the limits of our passing perspectives.It shouldstrengthen us to resist the pressure to convert momentary impulses into moral absolutes.It should lead us to recognition of the fact,so often and so sadly displayed,that the future outwits all our certitudes and that the possibilities of the future are more various than the human intellect is designed to conceive.(53)A nation informed by a vivid understanding of the ironies of history is best equipped to manage the tragic temptations of military power.Let us not bully our way through life,but let a sensitivity to history temper and civilize our use of power.In the meantime, let a thousand historical flowers bloom.(54)History is never a closed book or a final verdict.It is forever in the interests of an ideology,a religion,a race,and a nation.The great strength of history is its capacity for self-correction.This is the endless excitement of historical writing:the search to reconstruct what went before.(55)A nation’s history must be both the guide and the domain not so much of its historians as its citizens.Part Four:Cloze Test(10%)Directions:Read the following passage carefully and then fill in each numbered blank with ONE suitable word to complete the passage.Put your answers on ANSWER SHEET(2).In Microsoft’s latest attempt to reach out to bloggers,the company recently gave away expensive laptops loaded(56)__________its new Windows Vista operating system.But the gifts generated controversy as well as good(57)__________,with some bloggers accusing Microsoft of bribery and their peers(58)__________unethical behavior.Several bloggers reported last week that they had received Acer Ferrari laptops,which can sell(59)__________more than$2,200,from Microsoft.A spokeswoman for Microsoft confirmed Friday that the(60)__________had sent out about90computers to bloggers(61)__________wrote about technology and other subjects that could be(62)__________by the new operating system,like photography and,oddly, parenting.But while those on Microsoft’s mailing list initially greeted the machines with enthusiasm,many(63)__________bloggers soon objected–not because they had been left off the list but,they said,because bloggers are bound by the(64)__________rules as traditional journalists,who should not accept(65)__________gifts from companies they cover.Part Five:Proofreading(10%)Directions:In the following passage,there are altogether10mistakes,ONE in each numbered and underlined part.You may have to change a word,add a word,or just delete a word.If you change a word,cross it with a slash(/)and write the correct word beside it.If you add a word,write the missing word between the words(in brackets)immediately before and after it.If you delete a word,cross it out with a slash(/).Put your answers on ANSWER SHEET(2).Examples:eg.1(66)The meeting begun2hours ago.Correction put on the ANSWER SHEET(2):(66)begun beganeg.2(67)Scarcely they settled themselves in their seats in the theatre whenthe curtain went up.Correction put on theANSWER SHEET(2):(67)(Scarcely)had(they)eg.3(68)Never will I not do it again.Correction put on the ANSWER SHEET(2):(68)not(66)Prosperous alumni helped make2006a recorded fund-raising year for colleges and universities,which hauled in$28billion—a9.4percent jump from2005.(67)There were increases across the board,but for usual it was the already wealthy who fared best.(68)Stanford's $911million was the most ever collected by a single university,and rose the possibility of a billion-dollar fund-raising year in the not-too-distant future.(69)"There were a set of ideas and a set of initiatives that the university is undertaking that people wanted to invest,"said Martin Shell, Stanford's vice president for development.(70)"This is an unbelievably generous response from unbelievably philanthropic set of alumni,parents,and friends."(71)Harvard ranked two in fund-raising last year with$595million.(72)National,donations from alumni rose18.3percent from2005,according to figures released yesterday by the Council for Aid to Education.(73) Alumni donations account about30percent of giving to higher education.(74)Giving from other groups,such as corporations and foundations,increased by much small amounts.(75)Survey director Ann Kaplan said the strong economics played a role,but universities also were asking more aggressively as part of formal fund-raising campaigns.Part Six:Writing(15%)Directions:Read the following paragraph and then write a response paper of about250to300 words.Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET(2).Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM)is a lawful institution in China and is still very popular.The Chinese government has a department in charge of TCM and there are a lot of TCM hospitals and pharmaceutical factories in the country.Yet TCM is never short of opponents,including fierce opponents calling for its abolition.Please comment on the controversial status of TCM.Structure and Written Expression:(1point each)21-25D B A C D26-30D C B A C31-35A B C C C36-40B B D A CReading:(1point each)41-45C C A D C46-50D C A A DParaphrasing:(3points each)51.It is helpful for us to remember that history is very important to a country just as memory is very important to a person./If we remember that history is just as important to a country as memory is to a person,it will be very helpful to us.52.To know oneself very well is the necessary first step before one can control oneself.This is true for both the nation and the individual.53.A nation that is fully aware of the twists and turns of history has the power to resist using military power,which will bring tragic results.54.History is never final but open to revision.People can always rewrite history.55.Not only people who study history should take a nation’s history as their guide and field of study,but the ordinary citizens should also do so.Cloze:(1point each)56.with57.will58.of59.for60. company61.who62.affected63.other64.same65.expensiveProofreading:(1point each)(66)recorded record(67)for as(68)rose raised(69)invest(in)(70)from(an)unbelievably(71)two second(72)national(ly)(73)account(for)about (74)small(er)(75)economics economy。
博士研究生英语考试题型及试卷
博士研究生英语考试题型及试卷2018博士研究生英语考试题型及试卷博士研究生入学考试英语初试内容一般包括听力、词汇、语法、完形填空、阅读理解、语言运用(配伍题)、翻译(英译汉/汉译英/英汉互译)、写作等几个部分，各部分出题方式及题量分值由各招生院校自行确定，以下yjbys店铺列举部分院校试题结构供各位考生参考。
首都师范大学2008年博士研究生入学考试英语试卷Section I Vocabulary Test(20%)Directions：In this part, there are 20 incomplete sentences.Below each sentence, there are 4 choices respectively marked by letters A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase which best completes each sentence. There is only ONE right answer. Mark the corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET l with a single line through the centre.1. After the snow storm, the government plans to ______the run-down houses in the rural area as soon as possible.A. reviveB. replaceC. renovateD. remove2. The doctor assured her that the pain would _________in a few days.A. die offB. wear offC. get offD. go off3. The speeding woman’s _______________for some mercy could not change the policeman’s decision to giv e her a fine.A. pleaB. flatteryC. distressD. demonstration4. Owing to lack of money, these experiments must now be _______before the objective has been achieved.A. transferredB. transformedC. terminatedD. testified5. Quite unexpectedly, the young man __________ with success, the problem which had baffled his forerunner.A. tickledB. trickedC. trickledD. tackled6. The Space Age _____ in October l957when the first artificial satellite—was launched by the Soviet Union.A. embarkedB. initialedC. commencedD. originated7. Indoor or roof space antennae do not ___________give satisfactory performance even in strong signal areas.A. faithfulB. invariablyC. voluntarilyD. habitually8. These old houses are in good state of ________ except for the wooden floors.A. preservationB. observationC. compensationD.conservation9. She works bard at her task before she felt sure that the result would ______her long effort.A. verifyB. rectifyC. testifyD. justify10. The country is now undergoing an economic _________in which business activity is greatly reduced and the unemployment rate is high.A. sanctionB. accessionC. flourishD. recession11. The river is already ____its banks because of excessive rainfall and the town is threatened with a likely flood.A. level inB. flat onC. parallel toD. flush with12. Because of his outstanding achievements, the university _____ an honorary degree upon Mr. Adams.A. conferredB. dedicatedC. awardedD. presented13. It is one of the paradox of social intercourse that a ___________is much harder to respond to than an insult.A. complimentB. condemnationC. complementD. complaint14. The shop assistant was straight with his customers. If an article was of _______quality he’d tell them so.A. minerB. inferiorC. awkwardD. humble15. A terrible traffic accident happened;people were saddened when they watched the ______sight on TV.A. periodicB. panicC. patheticD. patriotic16. Even you were not in the mood, you should have known better than to refuse a lady this way. You could have _______her instead.A. deniedB. declinedC. denotedD. denounced17. As the nation attaches excessive importance to football, the triumph or frustration of the national team is most likely to drive many of her nationals ______________.A. overexcitedB. turbulentC. overwhelmedD. hysterical18. On Labor Day the workers will march in __________though the town.A. processB. procedureC. processionD. progress19. Although we had lord them not to keep US waiting, they made no _____to speed up deliveries.A. trialB. actionC. attemptD. progress20. Mr.Moore is one of the most prosperous persons in the town, yet he does take _____at questioning the way he makes money.A. offenceB. rageC. hostilityD. revengeSection II Reading Comprehension(40%)Directions：There are 5 passages ill this section. Each passage is followed by 4 questions. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Please choose the best one for each question and mark the corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET l with a single line through the centre.Passage 1An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students’ career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform. Very few writers Oil the subject have explored this distinction—indeed, contradiction—which goes to the heart of what is wrong with the campaign to put computers in the classroom.An education that aims at getting student a certain kind of job is a technical education, justified for reasons radically different from why education is universally required by law. It is not simply to raise everyone’s job prospects that all children are legally required to attend school into their teens. Rather, we havea certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently assess now his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself. But this was not always the case. Before it was legally required for all children to attend school until a certain age. It was widely accepted that everyone is fit to be educated. Computer-education advocates forsake this optimistic notion for a pessimism that betrays their otherwise cheery outlook. Banking on the confusion between educational and vocational reasons for bringing computers into schools, computer-education advocates often emphasize the job prospects of graduates over their educational achievement.There are some good arguments for a technical education given the right kind of student. Many European schools introduce the concept of professional training early in order to make sure children are properly equipped for the professions they want to join. It is, however, pre-sumptuous to insist that there will only be so many jobs for so many scientists, so many business-men, and so many accountants. . Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations.But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well-developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not. Of course, the basics of using any computer these days are very simple. It does not take a lifelong acquaintance to pick up various software programs. If one wanted to become a computer engineer, that is, of course, all entirely different story. Basic computer skills take—at the very longest—a couple ofmonths to learn. In any case, basic computer skills are only complementary to the host of real skills that are necessary to becoming any kind of professional. It should be observed, of course, that no school, vocational or not, is helped by a confusion over its purpose.21. The author thinks the present rush to put computers in the classroom is ________________.A. far-reaching B self-contradictoryC. dubiously orientedD. radically reformatory22. The belief that education is indispensable to all children ______________________.A. originated from the optimistic attitude of industrialized countriesB. is deeply rooted in the minds of computer education advocatesC. came into being along with the arrival of computersD. is indicative of a pessimism in disguise23. It could be inferred from the passage that in the author, s country the European model of professional training is __________________________.A. dependent upon the starting age of candidatesB. worth trying in various social sectionsC. attractive to every kind of professionalD. of little practical value24. According to the author, basic computer skill should be ______________________.A. highlighted I acquisition of professional qualification5B. included as an auxiliary course in schoolC. mastered through a lifelong courseD. equally emphasized by any school, vocational or otherwisePassage 2The prevention of illness through exercise and nutrition was a small step from movements like hydreopathy (which advocated the ‘‘natural" healing powers of water), to the idea that flesh air, healthy food, and exercise could be beneficial. The physical fitness movement in America followed the influx of a large number of German immigrants who fled their country due to the 1848 revolution. The movement began there with Fredrich Ludwig Jahn who unified exercise and sport with German history and tradition and saw a connection between mental and physical health. Charle Pollen, Jahn’s student, led the movement in America, organizing the Round Hill School at Harvard, which stressed rigorous mental and physical exercise. In the mid-west the Germans established their first gymnastic institution called the Turnverein in Cincinnati in l848. Later called the Turners, these groups developed nationally and organized outings of picnics, games, gymnastics, and celebrations of German culture.Catherine Beecher promoted physical fitness for women, and felt that corsets (束腹) not only made such exercise impossible, but actually deformed wo men’s bodies, and could even be passed on to future generations and degrade the race. She was also in advocate of improving nutrition and an early opponent of gluttony (暴食), believing condiments on food stimulated the appetite towards excess. Others championed vegetarianism, or saw lack of sunshine as a cause of stomach discomfort. Regardless of their particular inclination, all of the food reformers had a common philosophy: bad eating habits led to social disorder. Like physical fitness proponents, they saw a connection between reshaping the body and reshaping American society to improve the individual and the country.The physical fitness movement declined in the years preceding the Civil War, then revived, as Americans became city dwellers and took sedentary jobs. Advocates promoted "Muscular Christianity," a movement begun in England, which stressed that the best and most moral Christians were those with sound bodies. Indian clubs became a favorite exercise tool with entire books written for club exercises. Team sports became popular after l 865, reflecting America’s growing urbanization. The most popular was baseball, and in l 869 the Cincinnati Red Stockings became the country’s first professional team. By the l 900s, Luther Gulick transformed the Young Men’s Christian Association (VMCA) into the epitome of typical "Muscular Christianity.’’ It became the largest organization of urban gymnasiums and fitness centers in America.25. It can be inferred from the first paragraph that as to the physical fitness movement in the 19th century _____________________.A. hydropathy was popularB. not all groups had a German focus、C. Germans were fitter than AmericansD. Harvard became a leader in America26. It can be inferred from the passage that the Tumverein was ________________.A. successful in the mid-westB. 1imited to GermansC. 1ater named Turners because it was too difficult to pronounceD not popular with many non=Germans because they celebrated German culture27. Why did the physical fitness movement revive after theCivil War?A. Because people returned to their usual occupationsB. Because ‘‘Muscular Christianity" became popular.C. Because of urbanization.D. Because of physical injuries caused by the war.28. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. The prevention of illness through exercise and nutrition.B. The German and Christian influences on nutrition and physical fitness.C. Development of the physical fitness movement.D. The nutrition and physical fitness movements.Passage 3An industrial society, especially one as centralized and concentrated as that of Britain, is heavily dependent on certain essential services, for instance, electricity supply, water, rail and road transport, the harbours. The area of dependency has widened to include removing rubbish, hospital and ambulance services, and, as the economy develops, central computer and information services as well. If any of these services ceases to operate, the whole economic system is in danger.It is this economic interdependency of the economic system that makes the power of trade unions such an important issue. Single trade unions have the ability to cut off many countries’ economic blood supply. This can happen more easily in Britain than in some other countries, in part because the labour force is highly organized. About 55 percent of British workers belong to unions, compared to under a quarter in the United States. For historical reasons, Britain’s unions have tended to develop along trade and occupational lines, rather than on an industry-by-industry basis, which makes a wages policy, democracy inindustry and the improvement of procedures for fixing wage levels difficult to achieve.There are considerable strains and tensions in the trade union movement, some of them arising from their outdated and inefficient structure. Some unions have lost many members because of their industrial changes. Others are involved in arguments about who should represent workers in new trades. Unions for skilled trades are separate from general unions, which means that different levels of wages for certain jobs are often a source of bad feeling between unions. In traditional trades which are being pushed out of existence by advancing technologies, unions can fight for their members’ disappointing jobs to the point where the jobs of other union members are threatened or destroyed. The printing of newspapers both in the United States and in Britain has frequently been halted by the efforts of printers to hold on to their traditional highly-paid jobs.Trade unions Nave problems of internal communication just as managers in companies do, problems which multiply in very large unions or in those which bring workers in very different industries together into a single general union Some trade union officials have to be reelected regularly; others are elected, or even appointed for life: Trade union officials have to work with a system of "shop stewards" in many unions, "shop stewards" being workers’ elected by other workers as their representatives at factory or works level.下载文档。
北京大学考博英语(有答案)
北京大学2004年博士研究生入学考试试题Part One Listening Comprehension （略）Part Two Structure and Written ExpressionDirections: In each question decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Put the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. (20%)41. The beauty of the reflected images in the limpid pool was the poignant beauty of things that are__________, existing only until the sunset.A. equitableB. ephemeralC. euphoniousD. evasive42. Brooding and hopelessness are the__________of Indians in the prairie reservations most of the time.A. occupationsB. promisesC. frustrationsD. transactions43. What__________about that article in the newspaper was that its writer showed an attitude cool enough, professional enough and, therefore, cruel enough when facing that disaster-stricken family.A. worked me outB. knocked me outC. brought me upD. put me forward44. __________considered the human body aesthetically satisfactory.A. Neither prehistoric cave man nor late-industrial urban manB. Nor prehistoric cave man or late-industrial urban manC. No prehistoric cave man nor late-industrial urban manD. Neither prehistoric cave man or late-industrial urban man45. Not until the 1980's__________in Beijing start to find ways to preserve historic buildings from destruction.A. some concerned citizensB. some concerning citizensC. did some concerning citizensD. did some concerned citizens46. The buttocks are__________most other parts in the body.A. likely less to cause fatal damage thanB. likely less causing fatal damage toC. less likely to cause fatal damage thanD. less likey to cause fatal damage to47. The concept of internet,__________has intrigued scientists since the mid-20th century.A. the transmission of images, sounds and messages over distancesB. transmitting of images, sounds and messages along distancesC. to transmit images, sounds and messages on distanceD. the transmissibility of images, sounds and messages for distances48. Because of difficulties in getting a visa, the students had to__________the idea of applying for study in the United States.A. reduce B. yield C.relinquish D. waver49. His request for a day off__________by the manager of the company.A. was turned offB. was turned downC. was put downD. was put away50. The index of industrial production__________last year.A. raised up by 4 per centB. rose up with 4 per centC.arose up with 4 per centD. went up by 4 per cent51. Please__________if you ever come to Sydney.A. look at meB. look me upC. look me outD. look to me52. British hopes of a gold medal in the Olympic Games suffered__________yesterday, when Hunter failed to qualify during the preliminary heats.A. a sharp set-backB. severe set-backC. a severe blown-upD. sharp blown-up53. By the end of the year 2004, he__________in the army for 40 years.A. will have servedB. will serveC. will be servingD. will be served54. __________there was an epidemic approaching, Mr. Smith__________the invitation to visit that area.A. If he knew, would have declinedB. If he had known, would declineC. Had he known, would declineD. Had he known, would have declined55. In the dark they could not see anything clear, but could__________.A. hear somebody mournB. hear somebody mourningC. hear somebody mournedD. hear somebody had been mourning56. The team leader of mountain climbers marked out__________.A. that seemed to be the best routeB. what seemed to be the best routeC. which seemed to be the best routeD. something that to be the best route57. The scheme was so impracticable that I refused even__________.A. to consider supporting itB. considering to support itC. to considering to support itD. considering supporting it58. Among the first to come and live in North America__________, who later prospered mainly in New England.A. had been Dutch settlersB. Dutch settlers were thereC. were Dutch settlersD. Dutch settlers had been there59. The cargo box has a label__________on it. Please handle it with care.A. “flexible”B. “break”C.“fragile” D. “stiff”60. __________we wish him prosperous, we have objections to his ways of obtaining wealth.A. Much asB. As muchC. More asD. As well asPart Three Reading ComprehensionⅠ. Directions: Each of the passages is followed by some questions. For each question four answers are given. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each question. Put your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (10%)Passage OneWhat Makes a “Millennial Mind”?Since 1000 AD, around 30 billion people have been born on our planet. The vast majority have come and gone unknown to all but their friends and family. A few have left some trace on history: a discovery made, perhaps, or a record broken. Of those, fewer still are remembered long after their death. Yet of all the people who have lived their lives during the last 1, 000 years, just 38 have achieved the status of “Millennial Minds” -that's barely one in a billion. Those whose lives Focus has chronicled have thus become members of possibly the most exclusive list of all time. And choosing who should be included was not easy.From the beginning, the single most important criterion was that the “Millennial Minds” are those who did more than merely achieve greatness in their own time, or in one field. Thus mere winners of Nobel Prizes had no automatic right to inclusion, nor artists who gained fame in their own era, but whose reputation has faded with changing fashion. The achievements of the genuine “Millennial Mind” affect our lives even now, often in ways so fundamental that it is hard to imagine what the world was like before.Not even transcendent genius was enough to guarantee a place in the Focus list. To rate as a “Millennial Mind”, the life and achievements also had to cast light on the complex nature of creativity: its origins, nature, and its personal cost.61. The first paragraph tells us that__________.A. Focus had a list of “Millennial Minds” worked out in secretB. Focus had compiled a biographical book of the lives of “Millennial Minds”C. Focus's list of the “Millennial Minds” consists of a strictly selected fewD. Focus tried hard to exclude most of the famous lives from the list of the “Millennial Minds”62. According to the second paragraph, which of the following statements is TRUE?A. Nobel Prize winners are not qualified for the “Millennial Minds”.B. A “Millennial Mind” needs only to have a great influence on the lives of the people of his time.C. Only those whose achievements still greatly affect our lives today can be included in the list of the “Millennial Minds”.D. The “Millennial Minds” are those who have changed human lives so much that people of later generations can not remember what things were likein the past.63. In the first sentence of the third paragraph, “transcendent genius” means__________.A. people who are exceptionally superior and great in talentB. people whose achievements are not forgotten by later generationsC. people whose genius has been passed down to the present timeD. people who have guaranteed themselves a place in the Focus list64. In the third paragraph, t he phrase “cast light on” can be replaced by__________.A. shine overB. light upC. shed light onD. brighten upPassage TwoTribute to Dr. Carlo Urbani, Identifier of SARSOn the 29th of March, 2003, the World Health Organization doctor Carol Urbani died of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, the fast-spreading pneumonia that had killed 54 people worldwide.http:The 46-year-old Italian doctor was the first WHO officer to identify the outbreak of this new disease in an American businessman. Dr. Urbani first saw the US businessman on Feb. 28, two days after the patient had been admitted to a hospital in Hanoi. Although Urbani had worn a mask, he lacked goggles and other protective clothing. He began demanding that Hanoi hospitals stock up on protective gear and tighten up infection control procedures. But he was frustrated at how long it was taking to teach infection-control procedures to people in hospitals. There were shortages of supplies, like disposable masks, gowns, gloves.After three weeks of round-the-clock effort, Urbani's superior urged him to take a few days off to attend a medical meeting in Bangkok, where he was to talk on childhood parasites. The day after he arrived, he began feeling ill-with symptoms of the new disease. He called his wife, now living in Hanoi with their three children. He said:“Go back to Italy and take the children, because this will be the end for me.” Dr. Urbani developed a fever and was put into isolation where he remained until his death. The WHO representative in Hanoi said:“He was very much a doctor, his first goal was to help people.”He was buried on April 2, 2003 in Castelplanio, central Italy, leaving behind his wife and children. The measures he helped put in place before his death appear to have doused the SARS wildfire in Vietnam.65. Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE?A. Dr. Urbani caught SARS from an American businessman who was hospitalized in Hanoi.B. There were not enough disposable masks, gowns, gloves and protective equipment.C. He knew he had little hope to survive after he was found infected.D. Dr. Urbani had helped combating the new disease by putting in place a series of infection-control measures.66. In the third paragraph, “three weeks of round-clock effort”means__________.A. for three weeks the hospital was taking in SARS patients without stoppingB. Dr Urbani worked day and night for three weeks, trying to get SARS under controlC. for three weeks Dr. Urbani did not have any time to sleep, trying hard to fight the new diseaseD. After three weeks hard work to control SARS, the hospital superior thought it was time to stop the clock67. According to the context, the word “doused” in the last sentence of this passage could be best replaced with__________.A. extinguishedB. eliminatedC. solvedD. delugedPassage ThreeGlassSince the Bronze Age, about 3000 B. C., glass has been used for making various kinds of objects. It was first made from a mixture of silica, lime, and an alkali such as soda or potash, and these remained the basic ingredients of glass until the development of lead glass in the seventeenth century.When heated the mixture becomes soft and moldable and can be formed by various techniques into a vast array of shapes and sizes. The homogeneous mass thus formed by melting then cools to create glass, but in contrast to most materials formed in this way (metals, for instance), glass lacks the crystalline structure normally associated with solids, and instead retains the random molecular structure of a liquid. In effect, as molten glass cools, it progressively stiffens until rigid, but does so without setting up a network of interlocking crystals customarily associated with that process. This is why glass shatters so easily when dealt a blow.Another unusual feature of glass is the manner in which its viscosity changes as it turns from a cold substance into a hot, ductile liquid. Unlike metals that flow or “freeze” at specific temperatures, glass progressively softens as the temperature rises, going through varying moldable stages until it flows like a thick syrup. Each of these stages allows the glass to be manipulated into various forms, by different techniques, and if suddenly cooled the object retains the shape achieved at that point. Glass is thus open to a greater number of heat-forming techniques than most other materials.68. According to the passage glass cools and becomes rigid differently from metalsbecause__________.A. it has an unusually low melting temperatrueB. it does not set up a network of interlocking crystalsC. it has a random molecular structure of a liquidD. it is made from a mixture of silica, lime, and soda69. In the phrase “without setting up a network of interlocking crystals customarily associated with that process” in the second paragraph, a substitute for the word “customarily” may be__________.A. continuouslyB. certainlyC. eventuallyD. usually70. Glass can be easily molded into all kinds of forms because__________.A. it melts like liquid when heatedB. it softens gradually through varying stages when heatedC. it retains the shape at the point when it is suddenly cooledD. various heating techniques can be used in making glassⅡ. Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then explain in your own English the exact meaning of the numbered and underlined parts. Put your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (15%)No one gets out of this world alive, and few people come through life without at least one serious illness. (71) If we are given a serious diagnosis, it is useful to try to remain free of panic and depression. Panic can constrict blood vessels and impose an additional burden on the heart.(72) Depression, as medical researchers way back to Galen, an ancient Greek doctor, have observed, can set the stage for other illnesses or intensify existing ones. It is no surprise that so many patients who learn that they have cancer or heart disease-or any other catastrophic disease-becomeworse at the time of diagnosis. (73) The moment they have a label to attach to their symptoms, the illness deepens. All the terrible things they have heard about disease produce the kind of despair that in turn complicates the underlying condition. (74) It is not unnatural to be severely apprehensive about a serious diagnosis, but a reasonable confidence is justified. Cancer today, for example, is largely a treatable disease. A heavily damaged heart can be reconditioned. (75) Even a positive HIV diagnosis does not necessarily mean that the illness will move into the active stage.Part Four Cloze TestDirections: Fill in each numbered blank in the following passage with ONE suitable word to complete the passage. Put your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10%)Flowers for the DeadSince flowers symbolize new life, it may seem inappropriate to have them at funerals. Yet people in many cultures top coffins or caskets with wreaths and garlands and put blossoms on the graves of the (76) __________. This custom is part of a widespread, long-lived pattern. Edwin Daniel Wolff speculated that floral tributes to the dead are an outgrowth of the grave goods of ancient (77)__________. In cultures that firmly believed in an (78)__________, and believed further that thedeparted could enter that afterlife only (79) __________they took with them indications of their worldly status, it was a necessity to bury the dead with material goods: hence the wives and animals that were killed to accompany (80)__________rulers, the riches (81)__________with Egyptian pharaohs, and the coins that Europeans used to place on the departed person's eyes as payment for the Stygian ferryman. In time, as economy modified tradition, the actual (82)__________goods were replaced (83)__________symbolic representations. In China, for example, gold and silver paper became a stand-in (84)__________real money. Eventually even the symbolic significance became obscured. Thus, Wolff said, flowers may be the (85)__________step in “three well-marked stages of offerings to the dead: the actual object, its substitute in various forms, and —finally —me re tributes of respect.”Part Five ProofreadingDirections: This part consists of a short passage. In this passage, there are altogether 10 mistakes, one in each underlined sentence or part of a sentence. You may have to change a word, add a word or just delete a word. If you change a word, cross it out with a slash (\) and write the correct word near it. If you add a word, write the missing word between the words (in brackets) immediately before and after it. If you delete a word, cross it out with a slash (\). Put your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10%)Examples:e.g.1 (86) The meeting begun 2 hours ago.Correction in the ANSWER SHEET: (86) begun begane.g.2 (87) Scarcely they settled themselves in their seats in the theatre when the curtains went up.Correction in the ANSWER SHEET: (87) (Scarcely) had (they)e.g.3 (88) Never will I not do it again.Correction in the ANSWER SHEET: (88) not(86) Homes could start been connected to the Internet through electrical outlets. (87) In this way, consumers and business may find easier to make cheaper telephone calls under new rules that the Federal Communications Commission began preparing on Thursday. (88) Taking together, the new rules could profoundly affect the architecture of the Internet and the services it provides. (89) They also have enormous implications for consumers, the telephone and energy industries, equipment manufacturers. Michael K. Powell, the F. C. C. chairman, and his two Republican colleagues on the five-member commission said that (90) a 4-to-1 vote on Thursday to allow a small company providing computer-to-computer phone connections to operate in different rules from ordinary phone companies, would ultimately transform the telecommunications industry and the Internet.(91) “This is a reflecting of the commission's commitment to bring tomorrow's technology to consumers today,” said Mr. Powell. He added that (92)the rules governing the new phone services sought to make them as wide available as e-mail, (93) and possibly much less expensive than traditional phones, and given their lower regulatory costs. At the same time, (94) once while the rules allowing delivery of the Internet through power lines are completed, (95) companies could provide consumers with the ability to plug their modems directly into wall sockets, just like they do with a toaster, or a desk lamp.Part Six WritingDirections: Write a short composition of about 250 to 300 words on the topic given below. And write the composition on the ANSWER SHEET. (15%)Topic: Epidemic Diseases and Public Health Crises试题详解Part One Listening Comprehension(略）Part Two Structure and Written Expression41. B 42. A 43. B 44. A 45. D 46. C 47. A 48. C 49. B 50. D51. B 52. A 53. A 54. D 55. B 56. B 57. A 58. C 59. C 60. APart Three Reading ComprehensionⅠ. Passage One61. C 62. C 63. A 64. CPassage Two65. D 66. B 67. APassage Three68. B 69. D 70. BⅡ. (71) If you are seriously ill, it's good for you not to be panic and depressed.(72) Medical researchers, among whom Galen, an ancient Greek doctor, is the first one, have found out that depression can not only result in other illness but also aggravate existing ones.(73) Once they know what illness they've got, they get worse.(74) For most people, it's difficult to accept the terrible fact and remain sensible, but we should at least have confidence in ourselves.(75) Even if you get a HIV diagnosis, it is still possible for you to avoid the outbreak.Part Four Cloze Test(76) dead (77) traditions (78) afterlife (79) if (80) the(81) or(82) grave (83) by (84) for (85)lastPart Five Proofreading(86) been being (87) (finD. it (easier) (88) taking Taken(89) (industries), and (equipment) (90) in under (91) reflecting reflection(92) wide widely (93) and given given (94) while (95) like asPart Six WritingEpidemic Diseases and Public Health CrisesWhen SARS epidemic swept across China and stirred up even the entire globe last year, people finally came to realize the concept of public health crises, which in reality have already affected our life in various ways. Why didn't we recognize this until our life has been endangered? Surely, epidemic diseases as a kind of public health crises, have contributed to people's perception of public health crises.Public health itself is not new, but the term ”public health crises “has been fresh for most people in China. It includes not only outbreaks of diseases, but also water erosion, deforestation, desertification and many other problems which mankind as a whole must face. Ever since the industrial revolution and great economic expansion, people's life has been challenged in one way or another due to lots of irresponsible behaviors of mankind. Most of the time, people have accustomed to their ordinary way of life and do not spare time in comprehending the imminent crises.On the other hand, epidemic outbreaks always take on a very severe outlook and thus pose direct dangers to common people. They affect people's daily activities and even their lives, and that is why they can successfully arouse people's concerns about their own health. To some extent, our awareness of our dining habits and carelessness in protecting the environment can be attributed to the outbreak of some epidemics, like SARS and bird flu.We should all be gratitude for this awareness brought about by some epidemics. As China and the world's economy continue to expand, governments and people are fully aware that some measures have to be taken to fend off any possible danger to public health.A. is to send them to clinicsB. offers recapture of earlier experiencesC. is in the provision of clockwork toys and trainsD. is to capture them before they are sufficiently experienced47. The child in the nursery__________.A. quickly learns to wait for foodB. doesn't initially sleep and wake at regular intervalsC. always accepts the rhythm of the world around themD. always feels the world around him is warm and friendly48. The encouragement of children to achieve new skills__________.A. can never be taken too farB. should be left to school teachersC. will always assist their developmentD. should be balanced between two extremes49. Jigsaw puzzles are__________.A. too difficult for childrenB. a kind of building-block toyC. not very entertaining for adultsD. suitable exercises for parent-child cooperation50. Parental controls and discipline__________.A. serve a dual purposeB. should be avoided as much as possibleC. reflect the values of the communityD. are designed to promote the child's happinessQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage:More than half of all Jews married in U. S. since 1990 have wed people who aren't Jewish. Nearly 480, 000 Americanhildren under the age of ten have one Jewish and one non-Jewish parent. And, if a survey compiled by researchers at the University of California at Los Angeles is any indication, it's almost certain that most of these children will not identify themselves as “Jewish” when they get older.That survey asked college freshmen, who are usually around age 18, about their own and their parents' religious identities. Ninety-three percent of those with two Jewish parents said they thought of themselves as Jewish. But when the father wasn't Jewish, the number dropped to 38 percent, and when the mother wasn't Jew, just 15 percent of the students said they were Jewish, too.“I think what was surprising was just how low the Jewish identification was in these mixed marriage families.” Linda Sax is a professor of education at UCLA. She directed the survey which was conducted over the course of more than a decade and wasn't actually about religious identity specifically. But Professor Sax says the answers to questions about religion were particularly striking, and deserve a more detailed study. She says it's obvious that interfaith marriage works against the development of Jewish identity among children, but says it's not clear at this point why that's the case. “This new study is necessary to get more in-depth about their feelings about their religion. That's something that the study that I completed was not able to do. We didn't have information on how they feel about their religion, whether they have any concern about their issues of identification, how comfortable they feel about their lifelong goals. I think the new study's going to cover some of that,” she says.Jay Rubin is executive director of Hilel, a national organization that works with Jewish college students. Mr. Rubin says Judaism is more than a religion, it's an experience. And with that in mind, Hillel has commissioned a study of Jewish attitudes towards Judaism. Researchers will concentrate primarily on young adults, and those with two Jewish parents, and those with just one, those who see themselves as Jewish and those who do not. Jay Rubin says Hillel will then use this study to formulate a strategy for making Judaism more relevant to the next generation of American Jews.51. The best title of this passage is__________.A. Jewish and Non-Jewish in AmericanB. Jewish Identity in AmericaC. Judaism-a Religion?D. College Jewish Students52. Among the freshmen at UCLA__________thought themselves as Jewish.A. mostB. 93% of those whose parents were both JewishC. 62% of those only whose father were JewishD. 15% of those only whose mother were Jewish53. The ph rase “interfaith marriage” in the Paragraph 3 refers to the__________.A. marriage of people based on mutual beliefB. marriage of people for the common faithC. marriage of people of different religious faithsD. marriage of people who have faith in each other54. Which of the following statements is NOT true about professor Sax's research?A. The research indicates that most students with only one Jewish parent will not think themselves as Jewish.B. The survey was carried out among Jewish Freshmen.C. The research survey didn't find out what and how these Jewish students think about their religion.D. The research presents a new perspective for the future study.55. Which of the following is true according to the last paragraph?A. Mr. Rubin is the founder of Hillel.B. Mr. Rubin thinks that Judaism is not a religion and it's an experience.C. Hillel is an organization concerned with Jewish college students in the world.D. Hillel has asked certain people to carry out a study about Jewish attitudes towards Judaism.Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage:Governments that want their people to prosper in the burgeoning world economy should guarantee two basic rights: the right to private property and the right to enforceable contracts, says Mancur Olson in his book Power and Prosperity. Olson was an economics professor at the University of Maryland until his death in 1998.Some have argued that such rights are merely luxuries that wealthy societies bestow, but Olson turns that argument around and asserts that such rights are essential to creating wealth. “In comes are low in most of the countries of the world, in short, because the people in those countries do not have secure in dividual rights,” he says.Certain simple economic activities, such as food gathering and making handicrafts, rely mostly on individual labor; property is not necessary. But more advanced activities, such as the massproduction of goods, require machines and factories and offices. This production is often called capital-intensive, but it is really property-intensive, Olson observes.“No one would normally engage in capital-intensive production if he or she did not have rights that kept the valuable capital from being taken by bandits, whether roving or stationary,”he argues. “There is no private property without government—individuals may have possessions, the way a dog possesses a bone, but there is private property only if the society protects and defends a private right to that possession against other private parties and against the government as well.”Would-be entrepreneurs, no matter how small, also need a government and court system that will make sure people honor their contracts. In fact, the banking systems relied on by developed nations are based on just such an enforceable contract system. “We would not deposit our money in banks...if we could not rely on the bank having to honor its contract with us, and the bank would not be able to make the profits it needs to stay in business if it could not enforce its loan contracts with borrowers,” Olson writes.Other economists have argued that the poor economies of Third World and communist countries are the result of governments setting both prices and the quantities of goods produced rather than letting a free market determine them. Olson agrees there is some merit to this point of view, but he argues that government intervention is not enough to explain the poverty of these countries. Rather, the real problem is lack of individual rights that give people incentive to generate wealth. “If a society has clear and secure individual rights, there are strong incentives (刺激，动力）to produce, invest, and engage in mutually advantageous trade, and therefore at least some economic advance,” Olson conc ludes.56. Which of the following is true about Olson?A. He was a fiction writer.B. He edited the book Power and Prosperity.C. He taught economics at the University of Maryland.D. He was against the ownership of private property.57. Which of the following represents Olson's point or view?A. Protecting individual property rights encourages wealth building.B. Only in wealthy societies do people have secure individual rights.C. Secure individual rights are brought about by the wealth of the society.D. In some countries, people don't have secure individual rights because they're poor.58. What does Olson think about mass production?A. It's capital intensive.B. It's property intensive.C. It relies on individual labor.D. It relies on individual skills.59. What is the basis for the banking system?。
北京大学区域经济学专业考博真题考博英语-育明考博
北京大学政府管理学院区域经济学专业考博参考书推荐一、北京大学区域经济学专业考博专业课参考书区域经济学经济学1（微观经济学）主要参考书目Varian.H.微观经济学(Microeconomic Analysis).北京：经济科学出版社，1997年版年版经济学２（宏观经济学）主要参考书目1.Romer.D.：《高级宏观经济学》.北京：商务印书馆，1999年版2.保罗·克鲁格曼：《国际贸易新理论》.北京：中国社会科学出版社，2001年版经济学２（经济地理学）主要目参考书目：1.李小建等：《经济地理学》（第二版），北京：高等教育出版社，2006年版2.〔英〕彼得·迪肯：《全球性转变——重塑21世纪的全球经济地图》，北京：商务印书馆，2007年版3.〔日〕藤田昌久、〔比〕雅克-弗朗科斯·蒂斯：《集聚经济学(城市、产业区位与区域增长)》，成都：西南财经大学出版社，2004年版育明考博辅导中心张老师解析：1、参考书是理论知识建立所需的载体，北大区域经济学专业考博指定的参考书数量非常多，考生在复习的时候一定要有所侧重，很多参考书是可以直接不看的。
如何从参考书抓取核心书目，从核心书目中遴选出重点章节常考的考点，如何高效的研读参考书、建立参考书框架，如何灵活运用参考书中的知识内容来答题，是考生复习的第一阶段最需完成的任务。
2、专业知识的来源也不能局限于对参考书的研读，整个的备考当中考生还需要阅读大量的paper，读哪一些、怎么去读、读完之后应该怎么做，这些也会直接影响到考生的分数。
（北京大学政府管理学院考博资料获取、课程咨询育明教育张老师叩叩：柒柒贰陆，柒捌，伍叁柒）二、北京大学政府管理学院历年考博复试分数线（育明考博课程中心）育明考博辅导中心张老师解析：1、2016年北京大学实行“申请—考核制”，没有提供雅思、托福等英语成绩等级证明的同学，需要参加“北京大学博士研究生英语水平考试”。
北京大学博士英语试题及答案
北京大学博士英语试题及答案一、词汇与语法（共20分，每题2分）1. The company has been ________ for over a century.A. establishedB. establishingC. to establishD. being established答案：A2. Despite the heavy rain, the match will be held as ________.A. planB. plannedC. planningD. to plan答案：B3. The professor suggested that we ________ a meeting to discuss the issue.A. arrangeB. arrangedC. arrangingD. will arrange答案：A4. The book is worth ________.A. to readB. readC. readingD. being read答案：C5. The problem is too difficult for us ________.A. to solveB. solvingC. solvedD. being solved答案：A二、阅读理解（共30分，每题3分）阅读以下短文，然后回答问题。
The rise of artificial intelligence has brought about significant changes in various industries. Companies are now using AI to improve efficiency, reduce costs, and enhance customer experiences. However, with the rapid advancement of technology, there are concerns about job displacement and privacy issues.6. What is the main focus of the passage?A. The impact of AI on industriesB. The benefits of AIC. The concerns about AID. The advancement of technology答案：A7. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a benefit of AI?A. Improved efficiencyB. Reduced costsC. Enhanced customer experiencesD. Increased job opportunities答案：D8. What is the concern associated with AI?A. Job displacementB. Increased efficiencyC. Reduced costsD. Enhanced customer experiences答案：A9. What can be inferred from the passage?A. AI is only used in certain industries.B. AI is a threat to privacy.C. AI is being embraced by companies.D. AI has no benefits.答案：C10. What is the purpose of the passage?A. To promote AIB. To criticize AIC. To inform about AID. To encourage debate about AI答案：C三、完形填空（共20分，每题2分）In the past, people used to believe that the world was flat. However, with the discovery of new lands and the development of navigational tools, this belief was gradually __11__.11. A. changedB. alteredC. modifiedD. transformed答案：A12. The explorers' voyages led to a __12__ understanding of the world.A. clearB. distinctC. preciseD. accurate答案：D13. As a result, the concept of a spherical Earth became__13__.A. acceptedB. acknowledgedC. recognizedD. known答案：A14. Today, we take for granted the fact that the Earth is round, but in the past, it was a __14__ idea.A. revolutionaryB. radicalC. groundbreakingD. innovative答案：A15. The __15__ of the Earth's shape has had a profound impact on science and exploration.A. realizationB. perceptionC. understandingD. comprehension答案：A四、翻译（共30分，每题10分）16. 随着互联网的普及，人们获取信息的方式发生了巨大变化。
北大教育学院教育管理(教育博士)考博真题参考书复习资料考试内容考试重点-育明考博
北京大学教育学院教育管理（教育博士）考博指导-育明考博一、2016年考博英语复习资料推荐（育明教育考博分校课程辅导中心）2.1关于考博英语资料虽然说北京大学自己命题，但是考试的难度和题型是非常中规中矩的，和其他学校没有什么大的区别，其实各个学校的考博英语都没有多大的区别。
为什么每一个学校都不公布考博英语的真题呢？很大一个原因就是存在互相抄袭的情况，有的都到了让人叹为观止的地步。
英语这门学科和专业课的准备方法很不相同，英语必须要有实力，我们提倡“高能高分，高分高能”，实力是最重要的。
但是不是让大家漫无目的的学，准备考博英语是有方法的，我们聘请了研究考博英语的专家北外英语系系主任夏岩教授作为考博英语课题组长，在研究各个学校的考题的基础上，发现了各个学校出题很有共性，在此基础上夏教授牵头编写了一套资料，包括词汇、完型、翻译、作文、语法等九部分，凡是用过的同学无不受益匪浅。
其中《考博英语真题解析》这本书已经由河北工业大学出版社正式出版了，这本书是夏岩教授精心挑选的引用率最高的学校的试题，大家务必好好做做，考试的时候说不定就有惊喜。
2.2关于考博英语资料《2016年考博英语复习资料》由育明考博的英语辅导专家组共同编写。
该套资料针对考博英语的题型、考察重点、出题形式、出题范围，并结合了具有代表性的各大院校考博英语试题命题组老师的著作、上课课件以及英语等级考试试题，从而可以在短期内有效地提升广大考生的英语应试能力。
（资料可以邮寄）全套资料目录：（一）、2016版《考博英语真题解析》，育明考博编著河北大学出版社出版，北外教授夏岩主编，育明考博资料中心共同编著。
包含全国20多所具有代表性的院校考博英语真题集最为详尽的答案解析、作文模板，是广大考博人必备的考博英语复习资料。
（二）、考博英语各专项复习资料1.词汇备考资料：（1）考博英语词汇讲义及真题举例（2）博士研究生英语考试大纲重点词汇（3）考博英语高频词汇、短语汇总（4）全国重点院校博士英语词汇真题精选（5）英语教授讲座稿件（考博英语词汇）2.完形填空备考资料：（1）考博英语完形填空讲义及指导练习（2）考博英语完形填空基础夯实练习3.阅读理解备考资料：（1）考博英语阅读理解讲义及指导练习（2）考博英语阅读理解精选精练精讲（中级）（3）考博英语阅读理解精选精练精讲（高级）4.翻译备考资料：（1）考博英语翻译讲义及指导练习（2）考博英语翻译重要方法分析（3）考博英语翻译常见单词和词组的正确处理方式（4）考博英语翻译精讲与强化（5）考博英语翻译致胜押题20篇5.写作备考资料：（1）考博英语写作讲义及指导练习（2）育明老师考博英语作文评分等级点评参考（3）考博英语写作各部分优秀参考公式（4）考博英语优秀范文精选（5）育明优秀学员作文笔记精选及写作模板（6）2015考博英语作文押题35篇（三）、精选考博英语命题可参照院校的考博真题及解析1.北京大学考博英语真题解析（一套）2.清华大学考博英语真题解析（一套）3.复旦大学考博英语真题解析（一套）4.中科院考博英语真题解析（一套）5.厦门大学考博英语真题解析（一套）6.同济大学考博英语真题解析（一套）7.武汉大学考博英语真题解析（一套）（四）、2016年考博英语名师押题及解析（共3套）二、北京大学教育博士考博专业课参考书教育管理综合：1.《现代教育学基础》，（日）筑波大学教育学会编，钟启泉译，上海教育出版社20032.《教育哲学》，张楚廷著，教育科学出版社，20063.《高等教育理念》，（英）罗纳德.巴尼特著，蓝劲松主译，北京大学出版社，20124.《教育政策研究基础》，陈学飞主编，人民教育出版社，20115.《大学运行模式》，[美]伯恩鲍姆，别敦荣译，中国海洋大学出版社，20036.《高等教育运行机制研究》，闵维方主编，人民教育出版社，20027.《高等教育系统》，[美]伯顿·克拉克，杭州大学出版社，1994育明教育考博课程部陈老师解析：1、参考书是理论知识建立所需的载体，如何从参考书抓取核心书目，从核心书目中遴选出重点章节常考的考点，如何高效的研读参考书、建立参考书框架，如何初步将参考书中的知识内容对应到答题中，是考生复习的第一阶段最需完成的任务。
001_北京大学数学科学学院考博参考书和考试要求-博士.doc
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《抽象代数》II徐明曜、赵春来，北京大学出版社，2007年 第一版
《黎曼儿何初步》伍鸿熙、沈纯理、虞宣林著北京大学出版
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Munkres, J. R. Elements of Algebraic Topology,
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谭小江
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北大中国现当代文学专业考博真题-育明考研考博
北京大学中文系中国现当代文学考博复习资料备考指南-育明考博一、北大中文系中国现当代文学专业考博考试内容分析（育明考博辅导中心)专业招生人数初审复审内容050106中国现当代文学2013年14人2014年9人2015年2人申请—考核制1、学术水平的考查：笔试（100分）现代文学专业及基础当代文学专业及基础面试（100分）2、思想政治素质和品德的考核：政治态度、思想表现、学习（工作）态度，道德品质、遵纪守法等方面。
育明考博辅导中心张老师解析：1、北京大学中文系中国现当代文学专业考博的报录比平均在7:1左右（竞争较激烈）。
2、本专业有2个研究方向：01.现代文学02.当代文学。
3、同等学力申请者加试政治课（哲学）。
4、2016年北京大学实行“申请—考核制”，没有提供雅思、托福等英语成绩等级证明的同学，需要参加“北京大学博士研究生英语水平考试”；俄语、日语、法语、德语要求：北京大学组织的博士生外语考试过及格线。
外语考试后中文系根据研究生院提供的建议分数线确定外语及格线。
掌握少数民族语言的少数民族申请者的外语成绩要求可适当降低。
5、复试总成绩计算方法：外语成绩20%+学科笔试成绩30%+面试成绩50%。
育明教育考博分校针对北京大学中国现当代文学专业考博开设的辅导课程有：考博英语课程班·专业课课程班·视频班·复试保过班·高端协议班。
每年专业课课程班的平均通过率都在80%以上。
根植育明学校从2006年开始积累的深厚高校资源，整合利用历届育明优秀学员的成功经验与高分资料，为每一位学员构建考博成功的基础保障。
（北京大学中文系考博资料获取、课程咨询育明教育张老师叩叩：七七二六、七八、五三七）二、北京大学中文系历年考博复试分数线（育明考博课程中心）年份复试分数线进入复试人数/录取人数（不含硕博连读）2013年外语44分专业一60分专业二60分51人/44人2014年外语50分专业一60分专业二60分55人/43人2015年外语45分专业课60分52人/36人育明考博辅导中心张老师解析：1、2016年北京大学实行“申请—考核制”，没有提供雅思、托福等英语成绩等级证明的同学，需要参加“北京大学博士研究生英语水平考试”；俄语、日语、法语、德语要求：北京大学组织的博士生外语考试过及格线。
北京大学考博英语2013年试题及答案解析
北京大学2013年博士研究生入学考试英语试题Part One: Listening ComprehensionSection A (10%)Directions: In this section you will hear 3 passages. Each passage will be read only ONCE. At the end of each passage, there will be a pause. Listen carefully to the passagesand then answer the questions that follow. Mark your choice on the AnswerSheet.Passage OneQuestions 1 to 3 are based on the passage you have just heard.1. Which of the following statements is true about heart disease?A. It kills 2.6 million people all over the world each year.B. It is a major disease in Western countries.C. It is caused by the blood supply that nourishes the heart muscle.D. It can cause the blood vessels to become blocked.2. What can we learn from the study in England and Scotland?A. There are more meat and fish eaters than vegetarians in the study.B. 32% of the people in the study are vegetarians.C. People who have normal blood pressure and a healthy weight-are eligible for the study.D. No vegetarians died from heart disease in the study.3. What did Tracy Parker from the British Heart Foundation suggest?A. Eating more vegetables would result in a healthy heart.B. Vegetarians should eat foods high in saturated fat and salt, too.C. We should try to avoid meat in our diet.D. Vegetarians had better eat meat to compensate for any lost vitamins and minerals. Passage TwoQuestions 4 to 6 are based on the passage you have just heard.4. Which of the following statements in NOT true about the Chinese version of James Joyce’snovel Finnegans Wake?A. It took the translator 8 years to translate.B. It was so popular among readers that a second edition was being printed.C. The first run of 8,000 copies sold out in less than a month.D. It was one of the bestsellers in Shanghai last week.5. What did the translator Ms. Dai say about her work?A. Her work was not faithful to the original intent of the novel.B. She had tried to make her work as complex as the original.C. She had tried to make her work easy to understand.D. She was not surprised that her work had become a hit in the country.6. How did some critics explain the “Finnegans Wake” phenomenon in China?A. It’s because the stream of consciousness style was warmly received by Chinese readers.B. It’s because the demand for translation of foreign-language novels exploded.C. It’s because the translation of the highbrow novel tickled some Chinese readers’ vanity.D. It’s because Chinese readers were interested in the novelist who was mentally ill. Passage ThreeQuestions 7 to 10 are based on the passage you have just heard.7. Talking about the world’s most prolific killers, which of the following is NOT mentioned by thespeaker?A.SharksB.LionsC.Cats D.Rodents8. How many birds do domestic cats kill each year?A. Between 1.4 billion and 3.7 billionB.20billionC. 33 bird speciesD. 14% of all bird species9. Why have researchers called on authorities to deal with cats?A. Because the population of cats is increasing.B. Because cats are finely tuned killers under the guise of cute, cuddly friends.C. Because cats have caused species extinctions and affect the integrity of our ecosystems.D. Because cats don’t play integral roles in our ecosystems.10. Which of the following statements is true about free-ranging domestic cats?A. They have the same hunting strategies as lions and tigers do.B. They are allowed to leave home and go anywhere they want.C. Their owners usually watch over them.D. Their owners are pleased when they take dead animals home.Section B (10%)Directions: In this section you will hear a talk about American literature. While listening, focus on the major points and do not forget to take notes. After that, complete the following outline by filling in the blanks numbered from B1 to B20 with key words. The talk will be read TWICE.There will be a One Minute pause between the first and the second reading. Then you will have another One Minute to check your work after the second reading. Write your answers on ANSWER SHEET (2).--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- OUTLINEMoveme nt Title TimePeriodOrigins Core Beliefs and Important FiguresTranscen dentalis m B1s–1860sNewB2,the northeasternpart ofthe USThe writers showed a difference from British writers,British cultural tradition and B3.Individuals did not need B4B5.Individuals were encouraged to be B6on themselves.Ralph Waldo Emerson: published Nature in B7 .Romanti cism 1830s–1870sBritishand B8It is centered on strong B9and imagination ratherthan B10 thought.American works also focus on the B11and on humanB12.Edgar Allen Poe: best known for tales filled withB13. We might now call his work B14 stories.B15 1870s–1920s France The writers focused on events that were usual and typical rather than B16 or B17.Many writers wrote about real conditions of real peopleto educate the B18B19.Mark Twain: wrote about everyday life in the B20 statesof the US.Part Two: Structure and Written Expression (15%)Directions: For each question decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Mark your choices on the ANSWERSHEET.11. Prince Charles, the longest-waiting to the throne in British history, has spoken of his“impatience” to get things done.A.heir B.heirship C.heritage D.heiress12. Love was in the air in a Tokyo park as normally staid Japanese husbands gathered to screamout their feelings for their wives, promising and extra tight hugs.A.attitudeB.multitude C.gratitude D.latitude13. The number of stay-at-home fathers reached a record high last year, new figures show, asfamilies saw a in female breadwinners.A. raiseB. riseC. ariseD. increase14. The market for dust masks and air purifiers is in Beijing because the capital hasbeen shrouded for several days in thick fog and haze.A. boomingB. loomingC. doomingD. zooming15. Traditional fairytales are being ditched by parents because they are too for theiryoung children, a study found.A.scarceB.scaryC.scaredD.scarred16. It has been revealed that nearly one in five degree courses has been since thetripling of tuition fees to ￡9,000 a year.A. scratchedB. scrapedC. scrabbledD. scrapped17. Microsoft founder Bill Gates has about being a parent, stating that 13 is anappropriate age for a child’s first cell phone.A.openedup B.takenup C.putupD.heldup18. Sales of mushrooms have hit an all-time high as Britons increasingly turn to the cheap andfoodstuff for their cooking.A. versatileB. multipleC. manifoldD. diverse19. “Gangnam Style”, the popular song form South Korean recording artist PSY hasjust become the most watched video on YouTube ever.A.sanelyB.insanely C.rationally D.insatiably20. The British theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking once said in an interview thatheaven is a fairy story for people afraid of the dark.A.imposing B.lofty C.prominentD.eminent21. Some might consider it an ugly truth that attractive people are often more successful thanthose_______ blessed with looks.A. lessB. moreC. mostD. least22. they think it will come to an end through the hands of God, or a natural disaster or apolitical event, whatever the reason, nearly 15 percent of people worldwide think the end of the world is coming, according to a new poll.Neither D.Whether C.IfA.B.Either23. The European Parliament has banned the terms “Miss” and “Mrs.” they offendfemale members.A. as long asB. the momentC. so thatD. in case24. Packed like sardines into sweaty, claustrophobic subway carriages, passengers can barelybreathe, move about freely.A. as well asB. disregard forC. let aloneD. not mentioning25. Japan is one of only three countries that now hunt whales and the government saysit is an important cultural tradition.D.whosewhereA.that B.whichC.Part Three: Cloze Test 15%)Directions: Read the following passage carefully and decide the best choice for each numbered blank. Mark your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Ironically, the intellectual tools currently being used by the political right to such harmful effect originated on the academic left. In the 1960s and 1970s a philosophical movement called postmodernism developed among humanities professors (26) being deposed by science, which they regard as right-learning. Postmodernism (27) ideas from cultural anthropology and relativity theory to argue that truth is (28) and subject to the assumptions and prejudices of the observer. Science is just one of many ways of knowing, the argued, neither more nor less (29) than others, like those of Aborigines, Native Americans or women. (30) , they defined science as the way of knowing among Western white men and a tool of cultural (31) . This argument (32) with many feminists and civil-rights activists and became widely adopted, leaking to the “political correctness” justifiably (33) by Rush Limbaugh and the “mental masturbation” lampooned by Woody Allen.Acceptance of this relativistic worldview (34) democracy and leads not to tolerance but to authoritarianism. John Locke, one of Jefferson’s” trinity of three greatest men,” showed (35) almost three centuries ago. Locke watched the arguing factions of Protestantism, each claiming to be the one true religion, and asked: How do we know something to be true? What is the basis of knowledge? In 1689, he (36) what knowledge is and how it is grounded in observations of the physical world in An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. Any claim that fails this test is “but faithful, or opinion, but not knowledge.” It was this idea—that the world is knowable and that objective, empirical knowledge is the most (37) basis for public policy—that stood as Jefferson’s foundational argument for democracy.By falsely (38) knowledge with opinion, postmodernists and ant science conservatives alike collapse our thinking back to a pre-Enlightenment ear, leaving no common basis for public policy. Public discourse is (39) to endless warring opinions, none seen as more valid than another. Policy is determined by the loudest voices, reducing us to a world in which might (40) right—the classic definition of authoritarianism.26. A. satisfied with B. angry with C. displeased at D. proud ofsharedadopted D.doubted C.27.A.discounted B.C.cultural D.subjectiverelative objective B.28.A.valuable D.variousvalidC.B.29.A.variableFurthermoreD.Otherwise30. A. However B. Therefore C.representation D.B.oppressioninhibition C.31.A.assimilationappealed D.respondedagreed C.resonated B.A.32.verified D.hatedapproved C.33.liked B.A.underminesD.produces C.strengthensA.B.34.offsetsC.whichwhy D.whatwhen B.35.A.dictated D.claimeddefined C.A.36.found B.D.equitableusefulC.37.practical B.A.equalequating D.confusingC.equipping38.A.identifying B.conduced D.reducedC.introducedA.deduced B.39.C.creatscausesD.makesB.A.40.decidesPart Four: Reading Comprehension (20%)Directions: Each of the following four passages is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each question or unfinished statement, four answers are given. Readthe passages carefully and choose the best answer to each question. Mark yourchoices on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneA considerable part of Facebook’s appeal stems from its miraculous fusion of distance with intimacy, or the illusion of distance with the illusion of intimacy. Our online communities become engines of self-image, and self-image becomes the engine of community. The real danger with Facebook is not that it allows us to isolate ourselves, but that by mixing our appetite for isolation with our vanity, it threatens to alter the very nature of solitude. The new isolation is not of the kind that Americans once idealized, the lonesomeness of the proudly nonconformist, independent-minded, solitary stoic, or that of the astronaut who blasts into new worlds. Facebook’s isolation is a grind. What’s truly staggering about Facebook usage is not its volume—750 million photographs uploaded over a single weekend—but the constancy of the performance it demands. More than half its users—and one of every 13 people on Earth is a Facebook user—log on every day. Among 18-to-34-year-olds, nearly half check Facebook minutes after waking up, and 28 percent do so before getting out of bed. The relentlessness is what is so new, so potentially transformative. Facebook never takes a break. We never take a break. Human beings have always created elaborate acts of self-presentation. But not all the time, not every morning, before we even pour a cup of coffee.Nostalgia for the good old days of disconnection would not just be pointless, it would be hypocritical and ungrateful. But the very magic of the new machines, the efficiency and elegance with which they serve us, obscures what isn’t being served: everything that matters. What Facebook has revealed about human nature—and this is not a minor revelation—is that a connection is not the same thing as a bond, and that instant and total connection is no salvation, no ticket to a happier, better world or a more liberated version of humanity. Solitude used to be good for self-reflection and self-reinvention. But now we are left thinking about who we are all the time,without ever really thinking about who we are. Facebook denies us a pleasure whose profundity we had underestimated: the chance to forget about ourselves for a while, the chance to disconnect.41. Which of the following statements regarding the power of Facebook can be inferred from the passage?A. It creates the isolation people want.B. It delivers a more friendly world.C. It produces intimacy people lack in the real world.D. It enables us to be social while avoiding the mess of human interaction.42. Which of the following statements about the underside of Facebook is supported by theinformation contained in this passage?A. It imprisons people in the business of self-presentation.B. It causes social disintegration.C. It makes people vainer.D. It makes people lonelier.43. Which of the following best states “the new isolation” mentioned by the author?A. It is full of the spirit of adventure.B. It is the extension of individualismC. It has a touch of narcissism.D. It evolves from the appetite for independence.44. Which of the following belongs to the category of “something that matters” according to thepassage?A. Constant connectionB. Instant communicationC. Smooth sociabilityD. A human bond45. Which of the following conclusions about Facebook does the author want us to draw?A. It creates friendship.B. It denies us the pleasure of socializing.C. It opens a new world for us.D. It draws us into a paradox.Passage TwoMost scholars agree that Isaac Newton, while formulating the laws of force and gravity and inventing the calculus in the late 1600s, probably knew all the science there was to know at the time. In the ensuing 350 years an estimated 50 million research papers and innumerable books have been published in the natural sciences and mathematics. The modern high school student probably now possesses more scientific knowledge than Newton did, yet science to many people seems to be an impenetrable mountain of facts.One way scientists have tried to cope with this mountain is by becoming more and more specialized. Another strategy for coping with the mountain of information is to largely ignore it. That shouldn’t come as a surprise. Sure, you have to know a lot to be a scientist, but knowing a lot is not what makes a scientist. What makes a scientist is ignorance. This may sound ridiculous, but for scientists the facts are just a starting place. In science, every new discovery raises 10 new questions.By this calculus, ignorance will always grow faster than knowledge. Scientists and laypeoplealike would agree that for all we have come to know, there is far more we don’t know. More important, everyday there is far more we know we don’t know. One crucial outcome of scientific knowledge is to generate new and better ways of being ignorant: not the kind of ignorance that is associated with a lack of curiosity or education but rather a cultivated, high-quality ignorance. This gets to the essence of what scientists do: they make distinctions between qualities of ignorance. They do it in grant proposals and over beers at meetings. As James Clerk Maxwell, probably the greatest physicist between Newton and Einstein, said, “Thoroughly conscious ignorance ... is a prelude to every real advance in knowledge.”This perspective on science—that it is about the questions more than the answers—should come as something of a relief. It makes science less threatening and far more friendly and, in fact, fun. Science becomes a series of elegant puzzles and puzzles within puzzles—and who doesn’t like puzzles? Questions are also more accessible and often more interesting than answers; answers tend to be the end of the process, whereas questions have you in the thick of things.Lately this side of science has taken a backseat in the public mind to what I call the accumulation view of science—that it is a pile of facts way too big for us to ever hope to conquer. But if scientists would talk about the questions, and if the media reported not only on new discoveries but the questions they answered and the new puzzles they created, and if educators stopped trafficking in facts that are already available on Wikipedia—then we might find a public once again engaged in this great adventure that has been going on for the past 15 generations.46. Which of the following would most scholars agree to about Newton and science?A. Newton was the only person who knew all the science in the 1660s.B. Newton’s laws of force and gravity dominated science for 350 years.C. Since Newton’s time, science has developed into a mountain of facts.D. A high school student probably knows more science than Newton did.47. Which of the following is best supported in this passage?A. A scientist is a master of knowledge.B. Knowledge generates better ignorance.C. Ignorance is a sigh of lack of education.D. Good scientists are thoroughly ignorant.48. Why is it a relief that science is about the questions more than the answers?A. Because people like solving puzzles.B. Because questions make science accessible.C. Because there are more questions than answers.D. Because questions point the way to deep answers.49. The expression “take a backseat” (line 1, paragraph 5) probably means .A. take a back placeB. have a different roleC. be of greater priorityD. become less important50. What is the author’s greatest concern in the passage?A. The involvement of the public in scienceB. Scientists’ enjoyment of ignoranceC. The accumulation of scientific knowledgeD. Newton’s standing in the history of sciencePassage ThreeInformation technology that helps doctors and patients make decisions has been around for a long time. Crude online tools like WebMD get millions of visitors a day. But Watson is a different beast. According to IBM, it can digest information and make recommendations much more quickly, and more intelligently, than perhaps any machine before it—processing up to 60 million pages of text per second, even when that text is in the form of plain old prose, or what scientists call “natural language.”That’s no small thing, because something like 80 percent of all information is “unstructured.” In medicine, it consists of physician notes dictated into medical records, long-winded sentences published in academic journals, and raw numbers stored online by public-health departments. At least in theory, Watson can make sense of it all. It can sit in on patient examinations, silently listening. And over time, it can learn and get better at figuring out medical problems and ways of treating them the more it interacts with real cases. Watson even has the ability to convey doubt. When it makes diagnoses and recommends treatments, it usually issues a series of possibilities, each with its own level of confidence attached.Medicine has never before had a tool quite like this. And at an unofficial coming-out party in Las Vegas last year, during the annual meeting of the Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society, more than 1,000 professionals packed a large hotel conference hall, and an overflow room nearby, to hear a presentation by Marty Kohn, an emergency-room physician and a clinical leader of the IBM team training Watson for health care. Standing before a video screen that dwarfed his large frame, Kohn described in his husky voice how Watson could be a game changer—not just in highly specialized fields like oncology but also in primary care, given that all doctors can make mistakes that lead to costly, sometimes dangerous, treatment errors.Drawing on his own clinical experience and on academic studies, Kohn explained that about one-third of these errors appear to be products of misdiagnosis, one cause of which is “anchoring bias”: human beings’ tendency to rely too heavily on a single piece of information. This happens all the time in doctors’ offices, clinics, and emergency rooms. A physician hears about two or three symptoms, seizes on a diagnosis consistent with those, and subconsciously discounts evidence that points to something else. Or a physician hits upon the right diagnosis, but fails to realize that it’s incomplete, and ends up treating just one condition when the patient is, in fact, suffering from several. Tools like Watson are less prone to those failings. As such, Kohn believes, they may eventually become as ubiquitous in doctors’ offices as the stethoscope.“Watson fills in for some human limitations,” Kohn told me in an interview. “Studies show that humans are good at taking a relatively limited list of possibilities and using that list, but are far less adept at using huge volumes of information. That’s where Watson shines: taking a huge list of information and winnowing it down.”51. What is Watson?A. It is a person who aids doctors in processing medical record.B. It is an online tool that connects doctors over different places.C. It is an intelligent computer that helps doctors make decisions.D. It is beast that greets millions of visitors to a medical institution.52. Which of the following is beyond Watson’s ability?A. Talk with the patient.probability.B.CalculateC. Recommend treatment.D. Process sophisticated data.53. Marty Kohn .A. gave a presentation at an academic conferenceB. works for the IBM Training DivisionC. is a short person with a husky voiceD. expressed optimism for Watson54. “Anchoring bias” .A. is a device ubiquitous in doctor’s officesB. is less likely to be committed by WatsonC. happens in one third of medical treatmentsD. is a wrong diagnosis with incomplete information55. Which of the following may be the best title of the passage?A. Watson as a shining starB. The risks of misdiagnosisC. The Robot Will See You NowD. IBM’s IT solution to medicinePassage FourThe contribution genes make intelligence increases as children grow older. This goes against the notion most people hold that as we age, environmental influences gradually overpower the genetic legacy we are born with and may have implications for education. “People assume the genetic influence goes down with age because the environmental differences between people pile up in life” says Robert Plomin. “What we found was quite amazing, and goes in the other direction.”Previous studies have shown variations in intelligence are at least partly due to genetic. To find out whether this genetic contribution varies with age, Plomin’s team pooled date from six separate studies carried out in the US, the UK, Australia and the Netherlands, involving a total of 11,000 pairs of twins. In these studies, the researchers tested twins on reasoning, logic and arithmetic to measure a quantity called genetic cognitive ability, or “G”. Each study also included both identical twins, with same genes, and fraternal twins, sharing about half their genes, making it possible to distinguish the contributions of genes and environment to their G scores.Plomin’s team calculated that in childhood, genes account for about 41 percent of the variation in intelligence. In adolescence, this rose to 55 percent; by young adulthood, it was 66 percent. No one knows why the influence from genes should increase with age, but Plomin suggests that as children get older, they become better at exploiting and manipulating their environment to suit their genetic needs, and says “Kids with high G will use their environment to foster their cognitive ability and choose friends who are like-minded.” Children with medium to low G may choose less challenging pastimes and activities, further emphasizing their genetic legacy.Is there any way to interfere with the pattern? Perhaps. “The evidence of strong heritability doesn’t mean at all that there’s nothing you can do about it,” says Susanne Jaeggi, “Form our own work, the ones that started off with lower IQ scores had higher gains after training.”Plomin suggests that genetic differences may be more emphasized if all children share an identical curriculum instead of it being tailored to children’s natural abilities. “My inclinationwould be to give everyone a good education, but put more effort into the lower end,” he says. Intelligence researcher Paul Thompson agrees: “It shows that education needs to steer kids towards things drawing out their natural talents.”56. What is the common notion that people hold about genes?A. Humans can do little to change the genetic differences between people.B. Genetic influence becomes stronger when people receive education.C. Genes contribute more to one’s intelligence than environmental factors.D. Environmental factors lesson the influence of genes on one’s intelligence.57. The study by Plomin’s team aims to find out .A. whether variations in intelligence are caused by genetic differencesB. how to overpower genetic factors with new educational approachesC. whether genetic contribution to one’s intelligence varies with ageD. the relationship between environment and genes58. From the experiment with twins, Plomin’s team draws a conclusion that .A. genetic contribution increases when one grows olderB. genetic influence decreases when age increasesC. environment has more impact on fraternal twins than identical twinsD. it remains a mystery how genes and environment co-influence people59. The word “patter” in paragraph four is closest in meaning to .cognitiveabilityA.B. strong heritabilityC. genetic legacyD. challenging pastimes60. Which of the following might Plomin’s team least agree to?A. An identical curriculum to school childrenB. A differentiated course design to children with varied IQC. More effort directed at children with medium or low GD. Education tailored to children’s natural abilitiesPart Five: Proofreading (15%)Directions: In the following passage, there are altogether 15 mistakes, ONE in each numbered and underlined part. You may have to change a word, add a word, or just delete a word. If you change a word, cross it out and write the correct word beside it. If you add a word, write the missing word between the words (in brackets) immediately before and after it. If you delete a word, just cross it out. Put your answers on ANSWER SHEET (2).Examples:eg. (61) The meeting begun 2 hours ago.Correction put on the ANSWER SHEET (2): (61) begun beganeg. (62) Scarcely the settled themselves in their seats in the theatre when curtain went up. Correction put on the ANSWER SHEET (2): (62) (Scarcely) had (they)eg. (63) Never will I not do it again.Correction put on the ANSWER SHEET (2): (63) not(61)The economic growth that many nations in Asia and increasingly Africa have experienced over the past couple of decades has transformed hundreds of millions of lives — almost entire for。
北京大学数学科学学院考博参考书和考试要求博士
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应试生20人。
其中拟招收本科起点直博生20人，本校硕博连读生招生人数：48 ％。
复试权重为50 招生研究方向及考试科目一、拓扑学 1.英语2.抽象代数3.有限群及其模表示论张继平1拓扑学、代数3.1.英语2.抽象代数方新贵、冯荣权置换群及代数组合论 2组合论任选一门实分析、复分3.1.英语2.离散数学宗传明球堆积与密码；数的几何3 析任选一门1.英语2.抽象代数3.拓扑学拓扑学姜伯驹、丁帆4王诗宬低维拓扑同上5莫小欢 2.微分几何3.拓扑学微分几何及其应用1.英语6小波及其在图像处理中的应用泛函分析1.英语2. 3.实分析刘和平7刘和平调和分析与小波分析同上8王长平 3.拓扑学微分几何2.1.英语微分几何9谭小江 3.复分析多复分析微分几何英语1. 2.101.英语张恭庆、蒋美跃偏微分方程非线性分析3.2.泛函分析11丁伟岳、史宇光几何分析偏微分方程微分几何英语1. 2. 3.12偏微分方程、2.英语微分几何3.1. PDE微分几何与田刚、朱小华13拓扑学任选一门偏微分方2.1.英语常微分方程3.李伟固、柳彬、杨常微分方程与动力系统14 家忠程、实分析、复分析任选一门偏微分方2.1.英语3.常微分方程动力系统与复杂性理论郑志明15 程、高等概率论任选一门1.英语复分析3.泛函分析2.复分析伍胜健161 / 83.拓扑学英语2.常微分方程1.微分动力系统文兰、甘少波17同上孙文祥微分遍历论18夏志宏动力系统和哈密顿系统同上193. 非线性偏微分方程王保祥偏微分方程英语2.泛函分析1.20代数几何同上蔡金星213.偏微分方程英语偏微分方程及其应用 2.泛函分析1.王冠香、周蜀林22计算机软件和3.英语2.抽象代数1. 冯荣权密码学与信息安全理论23理论、密码学任选一门抽象代数、微分几何任选2.1.英语田青春进上同调数论：算术几何，p-24 一门3.拓扑学王保祥调和分析及应用1.英语2.泛函分析3.实分析253.偏微分方程英语2.计算方法1.张平文多尺度模型与计算及自适应方法 1随机过程、计算方法任选英语2.1. 科学计算与随机PDE 鄂维南2 偏微分方程一门3. 偏微分方程2.计算方法3.1.偏微分方程数值解王鸣、许进超英语3最优化方法2.计算方法3. 矩阵计算及其应用1.英语徐树方 4偏微分方程计算方法3.微分方程数值解与计算流体力学 1.英语汤华中、李若2.5最优化方法最优化方法及其应用计算方法3.1.英语高立 2.6偏微分方程、计算方法3.1.英语2. 随机模型、算法及应用李铁军7 高等概率论任选一门 3.信号处理郭百宁英语计算机图形学2.计算方法1.83. 图像处理与图像重建偏微分方程英语1. 2. 周铁计算方法9概率论与随机分析，随机图与随机复1 高等概率论2.随机过程、3.英语、马志明 1. 杂网络同上马氏过程与相互作用粒子系统陈大岳 2测度值马氏过程与非线性偏微分方程任艳霞同上33.何书元生存分析、时间序列分析 2.1.英语高等统计学高等概率论42 / 8同上军刘生物信息学与统计学 5同上耿直因果推断及生物医学统计6郁彬同上统计推断、机器学习、遥感7同上刘力平生存分析8可靠性、质量检测与控制、生物医学9 同上房祥忠数据分析同上李航、沈向洋统计机器学习、互联网搜索10 同上实验设计与分析、应用统计艾明要11随机过程及其应用、非平衡统计物12 高等概率论随机过程3.蒋达权1.英语2. 理、系统生物学高等概率论生物信息学1.英语2.高等统计学3.邓明华133.偏微分方程英语2.计算方法1.张恭庆、姜明图像重建与图像分析 1拓扑学2.泛函分析3.1.英语李群表示论及其应用王正栋 2实分析2.抽象代数3.1.数学物理刘旭峰英语3偏微分方程、3. 2.微分几何英语1. 刘张炬辛几何与可积系统4 拓扑学任选一门微分流形随机动力系统与光滑遍历论常微分方程刘培东 3.1.英语2.5计算机软件和离散数学3. 2.1.英语林作铨人工智能与智能软件6 理论程序理论、软件形式化方法同上裘宗燕7随机数理方程、计算机科学的数学基8 偏微分方程3.英语2.抽象代数李未 1. 础信号处理统计学习与智能信息处理模式识别3.英语马尽文 1. 2.93.密码学杨义先、徐茂智 2.1.密码学与信息安全理论英语抽象代数10计算机软件和3.离散数学1.英语2. 杨义先、徐茂智信息安全工程11 理论抽象代数、离散数学任选1.英语2. 符号计算与自动推理夏壁灿12 3.一门计算机软件和理论3 / 8随机过程、高等统计学任英语2.1. 扬静平精算学与信用风险管理13 3.高等概率论选一门初试参考书二、英语或法语0高等教育出版社《代数学引论》聂灵沼、丁石孙著第二版2000抽象代数1年徐明曜、赵春来，北京大学出版社，2007《抽象代数》II第一版北京大学出版《黎曼几何初步》伍鸿熙、沈纯理、虞言林著1989社2002陈维桓、李兴校著，北京大学出版社《黎曼几何引论》微分几何2章3 、4年，第1章、2 、北京大学出版《黎曼几何初步》伍鸿熙、沈纯理、虞言林著1989社Munkres, J.R. Elements of Algebraic Topology, Addison-Wesley, Menlo Park, California, 1984Guillemin, V. and Pollack, A., Differential Topology, Prentice- 拓扑学3Hall, New Jersey, 1974Hu, Sze-Tsen, Homotopy Theory (Chapters 1-6>, AcademicPress, New York, 1959《实变函数论》周民强实分析4陆善镇等《实分析》Ahlfors, Complex Analysis 复分析5 北京大学出版社《复分析引论》李忠泛函分析《泛函分析讲义》上册张恭庆、林源渠北京大学出版社6《常微分方程》丁同仁，李承治常微分方程7《微分方程定性理论》第章张芷芬等76 、《数学物理方程讲义》姜礼尚等偏微分方程8北京大学出版社《偏微分方程》周蜀林《二阶椭圆型方程与椭圆型方程组》陈亚浙、吴兰成K.L.Chung, A Course in Probability Theory, Second Edition, Academic Press, New York, 1974高等概率论9R.T.Durrett, Probability, Theory and Examples, SecondEdition, Duxbury Press, 19961998高等统计学《高等统计学》郑忠国，北京大学出版社，104 / 8北京大学出版社《随机过程论》第二版，钱敏平、龚光鲁，北京大学出版社钱敏平、龚光鲁，《应用随机过程》，随机过程11R.N.Bhattacharya and W.C.Waimire, Stochastic Processeswith Applications, John Wiley & Sons, 1990Michael T. Heath, (Scientific Computing: An Introductory计算方法Survey, Second Edition, McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.>12科学计算导论，清华大学出版社影印20001988 或模式识别《模式识别》，边肇祺，清华大学出版社，13<含数理逻辑，集合论与图论，代数结构）2002《离散数学教程》屈婉铃等，北京大学出版社，科学出版社《数理逻辑基础上下册》胡世华，陆钟万离散数学14 1983，》，K. Rosen《Discrete Mathematics and Its Applications1999；影印版，机械工业出版社，，McGraw-Hill1998 《最优化方法》，孙文瑜，徐成贤，朱德通，高等教育出版社最优化方法15D. R. Stinson, Cryptography, Theory and Practice, 2ndEdition.第二版），电子工业<中译本，冯登国译，密码学原理与实践密码学162003出版社，电子O. Goldreich, Foundations of Cryptography, Basic Tools,此书也有中译本）工业出版社，2003 <2001陈维桓，微分流形初步，高教出版社，第二版，William M. Boothby, An introduction to differential manifolds 微分流形17and Riemannian geometry, Second Edition, Academic Press,Inc., 1986.<含数据结构，算法与程序设计，计算理论）语言描述》，张乃孝，高等教育出版—C 《算法与数据结构2002社，, R. <2e）《Data Structure and Programming Design in C》；影印版，清华大学出版社，Prentice Hall,1997Kruse 等，1998等；影印T. Cormen (2e>，》《Introduction to Algorithm C 计算机软件与理论182002版，高等教育出版社，，》, B. Stroustrup《C++ Programming LanguageC译教出版社，2000；中；影印版，高Addison-Wesley, 199920052002 本，机械工业出版社，或者(2e>, B. W. Kernighan and 》C Programming LanguageC《清华出版社，中译本：机械工业出版影印版：D. M. Ritchie,社Introduction to Automata Theory, Languages, and《5 / 8，J. Ullman<2e），J. Hopcroft, R. Motwani，Computation》2002 社，，2001；影印版，清华大学出版Addison-Wesley》，张立昂，北京大学出版C《可计算性与计算复杂性导引1996社，2003 《数字信号处理》，程乾生，北京大学出版社，信号处理19N. Biggs, Algebraic Graph Theory, second edition, CambridgeUniversity Press, 1993.代数组合论C. Godsil, Algebraic Combinatorics, Chapman & Hall, 1993. 20C. Godsil and G. Royle, Algebraic Graph Theory, GTM 207,Springer, 2001.这时以上考试是初试，初试通过后，有关导师可以再按照自己的要求进行专业课的笔试< 以硕士生课程的水平为准），参考书见下。
全国部分高校考博英语作文
全国部分高校考博英语作文清华大学2004年博士研究生入学考试试题；PartⅤWriting(20%)；Directions:Inthispart,yo；1.在科研和学习中使我最难忘的一件事情是；2.使我难忘的原因是；3.它对我后来的影响是；北京大学2002年博士研究生入学考试试题；PartFiveWriting；Direction:Writeashortcom；Topic:Writ清华大学2004年博士研究生入学考试试题Part Ⅴ Writing (20%)Directions: In this part, you are asked to write a composition on the title of “Effect of Research Event on My Later Life and Work” with no less than 200 English words. Your composition should be based on the following outline given in Chinese. Put your composition on the ANSWER SHEET.1. 在科研和学习中使我最难忘的一件事情是。
2. 使我难忘的原因是。
3. 它对我后来的影响是。
北京大学2002年博士研究生入学考试试题Part Five WritingDirection: Write a short composition of about 250 to 300 words on the topic given below: (15%)Topic: Write in 250～300 words about China s auto industry.北京大学2003年博士研究生入学考试试题Part FiveWritingDirection: Write a short composition of about 250 to 300 words on the topic given below. (15%)Topic: Comment on the Development of the Internet北京大学2004年博士研究生入学考试试题Part SixWritingDirections: Write a short composition of about 250 to 300 words on the topic given below. And write the composition on the ANSWER SHEET. (15%)Topic: Epidemic Diseases and Public Health Crises中国人民大学2002年博士研究生入学考试试题ⅥWriting (20 points)Directions: Write an essay in no less than 200 words with the title “Op portunities and challenges with the coming of Globalization.”中国人民大学2003年博士研究生入学考试试题ⅥWriting (20 points)Write an essay in no less than 250 words with the title “Social Sciences and the Humanities should Play a More Important Role in the 21st Century”.中国人民大学2004年博士研究生入学考试试题ⅥWriting (20 points)Directions: Write an essay in no less than 250 words with the title “My Understanding of Globalization”. Your essay should be written on the Answer Sheet.武汉大学2002 年博士研究生入学考试试题Part Ⅵ Writing (15%)Directions: In this part, you are expected to write a compositon entitled Pressures of Modern Man in no less than 200 words. Your composition should be based on the following outlines.1. 现代人会遇到各种各样的压力2. 压力的来源3. 如何减轻自己的压力武汉大学2003年博士研究生入学考试试题Part Ⅵ. Writing (15%)Directions: In this part, you are expected to write a composition entitled Looking Forward to the New Reform of College English in China in no less than 200 words. Your compositon should be based on the following outlines.1. 有些人认为随着各种高水平电子课件的制作与引进，大学生基本上可以自学英语了。