参考译文：美国梦对于新一代年轻人越来越远
It_was_the_best_of_times
I t was the best of times, it was the worst of times; it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness; it was the epo ch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity; it was the season of light, it was the season of darkness; it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair; we had everything before us, we had nothing before us; we were all going direct to He aven, we were all going direct the other way.Excerpt from A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens参考译文这是一个最好的时代，也是一个最坏的时代；这是明智的年代，这是愚昧的年代；这是信任的纪元，这是怀疑的纪元；这是光明的季节，这是黑暗的季节；这是希望的春日，这是失望的冬日；我们面前应有尽有，我们面前一无所有；我们都将直下地狱……Equality and GreatnessBetween persons of equal income there is no social distinction except the distinction of merit. Money is nothing;character,con duct,and capacity are everything.Instead of all the workers bei ng leveled down to low wage standards and all the rich levele d up to fashionbale income standards,everybody under a syste m of equal incomes would find his or her own natural level.Th ere would be great people and ordinary people and little peolp e,but the great would always be those who had done great th ings,and never the idiot whose mother had spoiled them and whose father had left a hunred thousand a year;and the little would be persons of small minds and mean characters,and no t poor persons who had never had a chance.That is why idiot s are always in favour of inequality of income(their only chanc e of eminence),and the really great in favour of equality.收入相当的人除了品性迥异以外没有社会差别。
新视野大学英语第三版第三册第一到第六单元翻译
英译汉UNIT 1Global citizen is someone who identifies with being part of an emerging world munity and whose actions contribute to building this munity's values and practices、Global citizenship believes that humankind is essentially on and each individual has the power to change things、 In our interdependent world, global citizenship encourages us to recognize our responsibilities toward each other and learn from each other、 Global citizens care about education, disease, poverty, and environmental issues around the world、 Today, the forces of global engagement are helping some people identify themselves as global citizens who have a sense of belonging to a world munity、 This growing global identity in large part is made possible by the forces of modern information, munications and transportation technologies、 Global citizenship aims to empower people to lead their own action、 Along with the knowledge and values that they have gained from learning about global issues, people need to be equipped with the necessary skills to give themselves the ability and confidence to be pro-active in making a positive difference in the world、世界公民就是指一个人承认自己就是新兴得全球社区得一分子,而且其行动对全球社区得价值打造与实践活动有所贡献。
研究生英语高级教程课文参考译文
Unit 1Waking Up from the American Dream Background Information1. The American dream: The American Dream is the concept widely held in the United States of America, that through hard work, courage and determination, one can achieve prosperity (often associated with the Protestant work ethic). These were the values of the original pioneers who crossed the American plains when Northern Europeans first came to America. What the American dream has become is a question under constant discussion.History of the American dream: The origin of the American dream stems from the departure in government and economics from the models of the Old World. This allowed unprecedented freedom, especially the possibility of dramatic upward social mobility. Additionally, from the Revolutionary War well into the later half of the nineteenth century, many of America's physical resources were unclaimed and often undiscovered, allowing the possibility of coming across a fortune through relatively little, but lucky investment in land or industry. The development of the Industrial Revolution defined the mineral and land wealth which was there in abundance, contrary to the environmental riches such as huge herds of bison and diversity of forests, for the original Native Americans.Many early Americans prospectors headed west of the Rocky Mountains to buy acres of cheap land in hopes of finding deposits of gold. The American dream was a driving factor not only in the Gold Rush of the mid to late 1800s, but also in the waves of immigration throughout that century and the following.Impoverished western Europeans escaping the Irish potato famines in Ireland, the Highland clearances in Scotland and the aftermath of Napoleon in the rest of Europe came to America to escape a poor quality of life at home. They wanted to embrace the promise of financial security and constitutional freedom they had heard existed so widely in the United States.The American dream today: In the 20th century, the American dream had its challenges. The Depression caused widespread hardship during the Twenties and Thirties, and was almost a reverse of the dream for those directly affected. Racial instability did not disappear, and in some parts of the country racial violence was almost commonplace. There was concern about the undemocratic campaign known as McCarthyism carried on against suspected Communists. Since the end of World War II, young American families have sought to live in relative bourgeois comfort in the suburbs that they built up. This was aided as a vision by the apparent winning of the Cold War.2. Wal-Mart:Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. was founded by Sam Walton, a legend of American retail industry, in Arkansas in 1962. After 44 years of growth, it has become the world‘s largest private employer and retailer. The company employs over 1.8 million associates worldwide and operates more than 6,600 units in 15 countries. Wal-Mart serves more than 176 million customers worldwide per week.Language Points1.run out of steam: become exhausted2.Upward mobility diminished even more in the 1980s as globalization and technologyslammed blue-collar wages: ―Slammed‖ here means ―make…slip rapidly‖. 3.…minting dot-com millionaires by the thousands, …: A lot of people became millionairesby running websites in 1990s when the economy was booming.4.It’s hard to find a job with a career ladder these days, and a B.A. would be an edge: It‘shard to find a job that can provide opportunity to move up these days and those with a B.A.would have advantage over others.5.Restoring American mobility is less a question of knowing what to do than of making ithappen: Restoring American mobility is a question of making it happen rather than a question of knowing what to do.Answer keysI. Reading ComprehensionA. 1. A 2. D 3. D 4. C 5. A 6. D 7. C 8. D 9. A10. BB.Open.II. VocabularyA. 1. C 2. D 3. A 4. B 5. D 6. C 7. C 8. C 9. D 10. AB. 1. A 2. B 3. C 4. A 5. B 6. D 7. A8. D 9. B 10. C III. Cloze1. A2. B3. D4. A5. C6. A7. B8. C9. B 10. DIV. TranslationA. 壳牌公司努力构建的管理风格是让雇员直接参与影响其工作的决策。
研究生英语系列教材上 第9单元 A篇课文翻译参考
研究生英语系列教材上第9单元 A 篇参考译文住房危机走向郊区在过去的五年里;弗吉尼亚州费尔法克斯县的住房价格增长速度是家庭收入增长速度的12倍。
今天，该县中等家庭不得不将其收入的54%用于购买位于该县的普通住房;在2000这个数字是26%。
形势如此严峻，以至于费尔法克斯县最近开始对年收入90，000美元的家庭提供住房补贴;很快，这个数字可能提高到I10，000美元。
1. 富兰克林·罗斯福总统曾经说经济大萧条造成1/3的美国人住房简陋、衣衫楼兰、营养不良，然而70午后的今天，美国人却是穿着考究、营养日益过剩。
但是，廉价房稀缺是一场日益加深的民族危机，而不仅仅是依靠福利为生的城市家庭的危机。
这个问题己经波及中产阶级，并向郊区蔓延，在那里服务工作者及其家属挤在过于狭小的公寓里，大学毕业生不得不借宿在父母家，而消防队员、警察和教师在他们所服务的社区也买不起房。
2．住房拥有率接近历史最高位，但有房户和无房户之间的差距越来越大，有房子离工作单位80英里远的有房户之间的差距也越来越大。
现在，1／3的美国人花费至少30%的收人用于住房，联邦政府将这种情况定义为"无力支付"的负担，而有一半的穷打工仔花费至少50%的收人用于租房，这种情况被称为"极其严重"的负担。
在过去10午里，房地产迅猛发展，这使得在此之前就已经购置房产的美国人大赚特赚了一把，但现在廉价房对中、低收人的美国人来说，是一个比税收、社会保险、汽油价、格更严重的问题。
3美国曾经非常关注廉价房间题。
1934午和1937午，罗斯福签署了住房立法，提供抵押贷款、攻府公寓，并为那些穷困潦倒的工人提供建筑工作。
1949午，国会树立了官方目标---- "让每一个美国家庭都能拥有一个体面的家和宜居环境，"而到了1974年，尼克松总统开始对数以百万计的低收入租户在私有住房方面提供租金补贴凭单。
半个世纪以来，在华盛顿发生的大多数住房方面的辩论都围绕着一个主题:即应该在多大程度上扩大联邦政府的资助。
全新版大学英语第二版综合教程Unit4课后题参考答案及B参考译文
美国梦对不同的人有着不同的含义。
但对许多人，尤其是对移民而言，它意味着改善自己生活的机会。
对于他们，美国梦的含义就是才能与勤劳能让你从小木屋走向白宫。
托尼·特里韦索诺并没有爬那么高，但他成功地使自己的梦想成真。
托尼·特里韦索诺的美国梦弗雷德里克·C·克罗弗德他来自意大利罗马以南某地的一个遍地是石头的农庄。
他什么时候以及怎么到美国的，我不清楚。
不过，有天晚上，我看到他站在我家车库后面的车道上。
他身高五英尺七、八左右，人很瘦。
“我割你的草坪，”他说。
他那结结巴巴的英语很难听懂。
我问他叫什么名字。
“托尼·特里韦索诺，”他回答说。
“我割你的草坪。
”我对托尼讲，本人雇不起园丁。
“我割你的草坪，”他又说道，随后便走开了。
我走进屋子，心里有点不快。
没错，眼下这大萧条的日子是不好过，可我怎么能把一个上门求助的人就这么打发走呢？等我第二天晚上下班回到家，草坪已修整过了，花园除了草，人行道也清扫过了。
我便问太太是怎么回事。
“有个人把割草机从车库里推出来就在院子里忙活起来，”她回答说。
“我还以为是你雇他来的。
”我就把前晚的事跟她说了。
我俩都觉得奇怪，他怎么没提出要工钱。
接下来的两天挺忙，我把托尼的事给忘了。
我们在尽力重整业务，要让一部分工人回厂里来。
但在星期五，回家略微早了些，我又在车库后面看到了托尼。
我对他干的活夸奖了几句。
“我割你的草坪，”他说。
我设法凑了一小笔微薄的周薪，就这样托尼每天轻扫院子，有什么零活，他都干了。
我太太说，但凡有重物要搬或有什么要修理的，他挺派得上用场。
夏去秋来，凉风阵阵。
“克罗先生，块下雪了，”有天晚上托尼跟我说。
“等冬天到了，你让我在厂里干扫雪的活。
”啊，对这种执着与期盼，你又能怎样呢？自然，托尼得到了厂里的那份活儿。
几个月过去了。
我让人事部门送上一份报告。
他们说托尼干得挺棒。
一天我在车库后面我们以前见面的地方看到了托尼。
“我想当学徒，”他说。
美国梦英文作文
美国梦英文作文美国梦英文作文美国梦(英文：American Dream)自1776年以来，世世代代的美国人都深信不疑，只要经过努力不懈的奋斗便能获得更好的生活，即人们必须通过自己的勤奋、勇气、创意和决心迈向繁荣，而非依赖于特定的社会阶级和他人的援助。
下面小编为大家带来美国梦英文，仅供参考，希望能够帮到大家。
美国梦英文作文篇一：Three hundred years ago,the emigrants from England arrived at Maryland acrossing the Atlantic by "May Flower" to search for a "pure"land for the puritans to live.Since then American Dream has come up.America gives every person all over the world equal rights.people can achieve their dreams by hardworking.Three hundred years later,this country has become a rich state.However,American Dream doesn't fade away.With the development of the history,it has many meanings today.What is the American Dream?different people hold different interpretations.but at any rate,American Dream contains several factors below:America offers every person an opportunity to succeed;Success depends on one's ability and effort regardless of the fortuitous circumstances of birth or position;Every person has equal rights;Every person has free belief.When it comes to the 21st century-the information age,Bill Gates's success indicated that only if you have wisdom and talent,you can succeed in America.But American Dream has changed,compared with its original meanings.What's the true motivation behind American Dream?Some historians considered it the thirst for wealth .Pursuing money is the eternal theme of American Dream.However,the over pursuit of wealth makesAmerican Dream turn bad and lost its attraction to people worldwide gradually.As the changes of the times,the influence of American Dream may become less and less.An increasing number of people confess to having lost faith in the American Dream.美国梦英文作文篇二：What Is American Dream?什么是美国梦?What is the American Dream? Is it the same for all Americans? Is it a myth? Is it simply a search for a better life? How has the American Dream changed over time? Some see their dreams wither and die while others see their dreams fulfilled. Why? Everyone has dreams abut a personally fulfilled life... and what is your dream?什么是美国梦?所有的美国人都是一样的吗?它是虚构的事吗?它是为了追求更好的生活吗?美国梦随着时间是如何改变的?有些人的梦想破灭了而有些人却实现了梦想。
2017 年 12 月英语四级阅读真题(第二套) 美国梦
2017 年 12 ⽉真题（第⼆套）美国梦 The American DreamFor the past several decades, it seems there's been a general consensus on how to get ahead in America:Get a , find a reliable job, and buy your own home.But do Americans still believe in that path, and if they do, is it attainable?The most recent National Journal poll asked respondents about , what it takes to achieve their goals, and whether or not they felt a significant amount of control over their ability to be successful.Overwhelmingly, the results show that today, the idea of the American dream — and what it takes to achieve it — looks quite different than it did in the late 20th century.By and large, people felt that their actions and hard work — not outside forces — were the deciding factor in how their lives turned out.But respondents had decidedly mixed feelings about what actions make for a better life in the current economy.In the last seven years, Americans have grown more pessimistic about the power of education to lead to success.Even though they see going to college as a fairly achievable goal, a majority — 52 percent — think that young people do not need a four-year college education in order 在过去的⼏⼗年⾥，对于如何在美国取得成功，⼈们似乎达成了⼀个普遍的共识：college education 接受⼤学教育，找⼀份可靠的⼯作，买⾃⼰的房⼦。
the-sad-young-men-课文和翻译
The Sad Young MenRod W. Horton and Herbert W. Edwards1 No aspect of life in the Twenties has been more commented upon and sensationally romanticized than the so-called Revolt of the Younger Generation. The slightest mention of the decade brings nostalgic recollections to the middle-aged and curious questionings by the young: memories of the deliciously illicit thrill of the first visit to a speakeasy, of the brave denunciation of Puritan morality, and of the fashionable experimentations in amour in the parked sedan on a country road; questions about the naughty, jazzy parties, the flask-toting "sheik," and the moral and stylistic vagaries of the "flapper" and the "drug-store cowboy." "Were young people really so wild?" present-day students ask their parents and teachers. "Was there really a Younger Generation problem?" The answers to such inquiries must of necessity be "yes" and "no"--"Yes" because the business of growing up is always accompanied by a Younger Generation Problem; "no" because what seemed so wild, irresponsible, and immoral in social behavior at the time can now be seen in perspective as being something considerably less sensational than the degenerauon of our jazzmad youth.2 Actually, the revolt of the young people was a logical outcome of conditions in the age: First of all, it must be remembered that the rebellion was not confined to the Unit- ed States, but affected the entire Western world as a result of the aftermath of the first serious war in a century. Second, in the United States it was reluctantly realized by some- subconsciously if not openly -- that our country was no longer isolated in either politics or tradition and that we had reached an international stature that would forever prevent us from retreating behind the artificial walls of a provincial morality or the geographical protection of our two bordering oceans.3 The rejection of Victorian gentility was, in any case, inevitable. The booming of American industry, with its gigantic, roaring factories, its corporate impersonality, and its largescale aggressiveness, no longer left any room for the code of polite behavior and well-bred morality fashioned in a quieter and less competitive age. War or no war, as the generations passed, it became increasingly difficult for our young people to accept standards of behavior that bore no relationship to the bustling business medium in which they were expected to battle for success. The war acted merely as a catalytic agent in this breakdown of the Victorian social structure, and by precipitating our young people into a pattern of mass murder it released their inhibited violent energies which, after the shooting was over, were turned in both Europe and America to the destruction of an obsolescent nineteenth-century society.4 Thus in a changing world youth was faced with the challenge of bringing our mores up to date. But at the same time it was tempted, in America at least, to escape its responsibilities and retreat behind an air of naughty alcoholic sophistication and a pose of Bohemian immorality. The faddishness , the wild spending of money on transitory pleasures and momentary novelties , the hectic air of gaiety, the experimentation in sensation -- sex, drugs, alcohol, perversions -- were all part of the pattern of escape, an escape made possible by a general prosperity and a post-war fatigue with politics,economic restrictions, and international responsibilities. Prohibition afforded the young the additional opportunity of making their pleasures illicit , and the much-publicized orgies and defiant manifestoes of the intellectuals crowding into Greenwich Village gave them a pattern and a philosophic defense for their escapism. And like most escapist sprees, this one lasted until the money ran out, until the crash of the world economic structure at the end of the decade called the party to a halt and forced the revelers to sober up and face the problems of the new age.5 The rebellion started with World War I. The prolonged stalemate of 1915 -- 1916, the increasing insolence of Germany toward the United States, and our official reluctance to declare our status as a belligerent were intolerable to many of our idealistic citizens, and with typical American adventurousness enhanced somewhat by the strenuous jingoism of Theodore Roosevelt, our young men began to enlist under foreign flags. In the words of Joe Williams, in John Dos Passos' U. S. A., they "wanted to get into the fun before the whole thing turned belly up." For military service, in1916-- 1917, was still a romantic occupation. The young men of college age in 1917 knew nothing of modern warfare. The strife of 1861 --1865 had popularly become, in motion picture and story, a magnolia-scented soap opera, while the one hundred-days' fracas with Spain in 1898 had dissolved into a one-sided victory at Manila and a cinematic charge up San Juan Hill. Furthermore, there were enough high school assembly orators proclaiming the character-forming force of the strenuous life to convince more than enough otherwise sensible boys that service in the European conflict would be of great personal value, in addition to being idealistic and exciting. Accordingly, they began to join the various armies in increasing numbers, the "intellectuals" in the ambulance corps, others in the infantry, merchant marine, or wherever else they could find a place. Those who were reluctant to serve in a foreign army talked excitedly about Preparedness, occasionally considered joining the National Guard, and rushed to enlist when we finally did enter the conflict. So tremendous was the storming of recruitment centers that harassed sergeants actually pleaded with volunteers to "go home and wait for the draft," but since no self-respecting person wanted to suffer the disgrace of being drafted, the enlistment craze continued unabated.6 Naturally, the spirit of carnival and the enthusiasm for high military adventure were soon dissipated once the eager young men had received a good taste of twentieth- century warfare. To their lasting glory, they fought with distinction, but it was a much altered group of soldiers who returned from the battlefields in 1919. Especially was this true of the college contingent, whose idealism had led them to enlist early and who had generally seen a considerable amount of action. To them, it was bitter to return to a home town virtually untouched by the conflict, where citizens still talked with the naive Fourth-of-duly bombast they themselves had been guilty of two or three years earlier. It was even more bitter to find that their old jobs had been taken by the stay-at-homes, that business was suffering a recession that prevented the opening up of new jobs, and that veterans were considered problem children and less desirable than non-veterans for whatever business opportunities that did exist. Their very homes were often uncomfortable to them; they had outgrown town and families and had developed a sudden bewildering world-weariness which neither they nor their relatives couldunderstand. Their energies had been whipped up and their naivete destroyed by the war and now, in sleepy Gopher Prairies all over the country, they were being asked to curb those energies and resume the pose of self-deceiving Victorian innocence that they now felt to be as outmoded as the notion that their fighting had "made the world safe for democracy." And, as if home town conditions were not enough, the returning veteran also had to face the sodden, Napoleonic cynicism of Versailles, the hypocriticaldo-goodism of Prohibition, and the smug patriotism of the war profiteers. Something in the tension-ridden youth of America had to "give" and, after a short period of bitter resentment, it "gave" in the form of a complete overthrow of genteel standards of behavior.7 Greenwich Village set the pattern. Since the Seven-ties a dwelling place for artists and writers who settled there because living was cheap, the village had long enjoyed a dubious reputation for Bohemianism and eccentricity. It had also harbored enough major writers, especially in the decade before World War I, to support its claim to being the intellectual center of the nation. After the war, it was only natural that hopeful young writers, their minds and pens inflamed against war, Babbittry, and "Puritanical" gentility , ,should flock to the traditional artistic center (where living was still cheap in 1919) to pour out their new-found creative strength, to tear down the old world, to flout the morality of their grandfathers, and to give all to art, love, and sensation.8 Soon they found their imitators among the non-intellectuals. As it became more and more fashionable throughout the country for young persons to defy the law and the conventions and to add their own little matchsticks to the conflagration of "flaming youth", it was Greenwich Village that fanned the flames. "Bohemian" living became a fad. Each town had its "fast" set which prided itself on its unconventionality , although in reality this self-conscious unconventionality was rapidly becoming a standard feature of the country club class -- and its less affluent imitators --throughout the nation. Before long the movement had be-come officially recognized by the pulpit (which denounced it), by the movies and magazines (which made it attractively naughty while pretending to denounce it), and by advertising (which obliquely encouraged it by 'selling everything from cigarettes to automobiles with the implied promise that their owners would be rendered sexually irresistible). Younger brothers and sisters of the war generation, who had been playing with marbles and dolls during the battles of Belleau Wood and Chateau-Thierry, and who had suffered no real disillusionment or sense of loss, now began to imitate the manners of their elders and play with the toys of vulgar rebellion. Their parents were shocked, but before long they found themselves and their friends adopting the new gaiety. By the middle of the decade, the "wild party" had become as commonplace a factor in American life as the flapper, the Model T, or the Dutch Colonial home in Floral Heights.9 Meanwhile, the true intellectuals were far from flattered. What they had wanted was an America more sensitive to art and culture, less avid for material gain, and less susceptible to standardization. Instead, their ideas had been generally ignored, while their behavior had contributed to that standardization by furnishing a pattern of Bohemianism that had become as conventionalized as a Rotary luncheon. As a result,their dissatisfaction with their native country, already acute upon their return from thewar, now became even more intolerable. Flaming diatribes poured from their pensdenouncing the materialism and what they considered to be the cultural boobery of our society. An important book rather grandiosely entitled Civilization in the United States, written by "thirty intellectuals" under the editorship of J. Harold Stearns, was therallying point of sensitive persons disgusted with America. The burden of the volumewas that the best minds in the country were being ignored, that art was unappreciated,and that big business had corrupted everything. Journalism was a mere adjunct tomoneymaking, politics were corrupt and filled with incompetents and crooks, andAmerican family life so devoted to making money and keeping up with the Joneses that it had become joyless, patterned, hypocritical, and sexually inadequate. These defectswould disappear if only creative art were allowed to show the way to better things, butsince the country was blind and deaf to everything save the glint and ring of the dollar,there was little remedy for the sensitive mind but to emigrate to Europe where "they do things better." By the time Civilization in the United States was published (1921), most of its contributors had taken their own advice and were Wing abroad, and many more of the artistic and would-be artistic had followed suit.10 It was in their defiant, but generally short-lived, European expatriation that ourleading writers of the Twenties learned to think of themselves, in the words of Gertrude Stein, as the "lost generation". In no sense a movement in itself, the "lost generation"attitude nevertheless acted as a common denominator of the writing of the times. Thewar and the cynical power politics of Versailles had convinced these young men andwomen that spirituality was dead; they felt as stunned as John Andrews, the defeatedaesthete In Dos Passos' Three Soldiers, as rootless as Hemingway's wanderingalcoholics in The Sun Also Rises. Besides Stein, Dos Passos, and Hemingway, therewere Lewis Mumford, Ezra Pound, Sherwood Anderson, Matthew Josephson, d. Harold Stearns, T. S. Eliot, E. E. Cumminss, Malcolm Cowley, and many other novelists,dramatists, poets, and critics who tried to find their souls in the Antibes and on the Left Bank, who directed sad and bitter blasts at their native land and who, almost to a man,drifted back within a few years out of sheer homesickness, to take up residence oncoastal islands and in New England farmhouses and to produce works ripened by thetempering of an older, more sophisticated society.11 For actually the "lost generation" was never lost. It was shocked, uprooted for atime, bitter, critical, rebellious, iconoclastic, experimental, often absurd, more oftenmisdirected- but never "lost." A decade that produced, in addition to the writers listedabove, such fisures as Eugene O'Neill, Edna St. Vincent Millay, F. Scott Fitzserald,William Faulkner, Sinclair Lewis, Stephen Vincent Benét, Hart Crane, Thomas Wolfe, and innumerableothers could never be written off as sterile ,even by itself in a momentof self-pity. The intellectuals of the Twenties, the "sad young men," as F. Scot Fitzserald called them, cursed their luck but didn't die; escaped but voluntarily returned; flayed the Babbitts but loved their country, and in so doing gave the nation the Iiveliest, freshest,most stimulating writing in its literary experience.•二十年代社会生活的各个方面中，被人们评论得最多、渲染得最厉害的，莫过于青年一代的叛逆之行了。
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美国梦对于新一代年轻人越来越远麻省，格拉夫顿——早饭过后，父母都出门去工作了，斯科特.尼克尔森独自留在波斯顿西郊这栋舒适的房子里。
他走到客厅的笔记本电脑前，他把电脑放在一张小桌子上，那是过去母亲放花瓶的地方，直到她失业的儿子不情愿地滞留在家里。
日常程序几乎不变。
尼克尔森，24岁，是科尔盖特大学的毕业生，因学业优秀而获得院长奖。
他早上浏览公司网页寻找合适的工作机会。
找到之后，发邮件寄简历和求职信——每周四五封，周而复始。
过去五个月中，只有一份工作有着落。
几轮面试之后，位于伍斯特市附近的汉诺瓦保险集团请他担任理赔理算助理，年薪4万美金。
但在拿到正式的聘请信之前，尼克尔森已经决定不做这份工作。
他觉得，与其把头几年浪费在没有前途的工作上，还不如继续等待能用上他大学的训练并适合他的职位，像他想的，上到职业阶梯的第一级。
他说：“既然我推掉了这份工作，我和父母要谈的就不只是推掉一份工作这么简单了。
”他特别为和父亲的对话做好了准备。
斯科特认为汉诺瓦的工作很可能会阻碍他的事业发展，而57岁的大卫.尼克尔森习惯了好世道和灵活机动，认为这是一个机会。
每次在家的时候，父亲总是对儿子说，机会会自动出现的——因为他在工作35年之后升为一家制造业公司的总经理就是这样。
父亲说：“你要灵活应变，不要担心改变的结果。
要知道会有好事情等着你。
”让隔代分歧更复杂的是斯科特的祖父威廉姆斯.尼克尔森，他是一位二战的退伍老兵，一位退休的股票经纪人。
他目睹了他所说的美国曾经强有力的经济引擎在全球经济中失去了制高点。
祖父鼓励他失业的儿子去国外——也就是“去西边”。
“我看见斯科特的沮丧，”祖父说。
他总结道——部分根据阅读《经济学家》，欧洲在给有抱负的年轻人提供机会方面已经超过了美国。
“我们不想让他离开，”祖父说，“但是他得离开。
”祖父的强硬让孙子震惊。
但几周之后，像海军征募海报上的长官一样英俊的斯科特.尼克尔森渐渐意识到他的事业不会像父亲和祖父回忆中的那样，在大波斯顿区理所当然地轻易展开——或者美国的任何地方。
而且斯科特也觉得这是他2008年完成学业之后的命运。
“我不能完全了解毕业之后的处境安全。
”他说道，实际上说出了所谓的千禧年一代人——18-29岁年龄群的处境。
这个年龄段的失业率将近14%，接近大萧条时期的水平。
随后他又变得乐观，选票显示持续顽固的乐观，是今天这代年轻人的特点。
他说：“我非常确定找工作的事情最终会有好结果的。
”对于年轻人来说，工作市场的前景，即使对大学毕业生来说也是几乎渺茫的。
劳工局的统计数据表明，除了有14%的人像斯科特.尼克尔森一样失业，正在找工作外，还有23%的人甚至不准备就业了。
37%的总数是三十多年来的最高比例，让人想起1930年代的情形。
这些年轻人中受过大学教育的，情况要好一些。
但是他们中也有破纪录的17%的人失业或者不准备就业（虽然有些人去了研究生院）。
年轻的大学毕业生的失业率为5.5%是大萧条前期，和2007年的几乎两倍，甚至超过历史记录两个百分点，劳工局自1994年开始统计至少上过四年大学的人口失业率。
但是调查表明，美国的大多数千禧年一代仍然像斯科特.尼克尔森一样相信，他们会有满意的事业。
他们有大把好日子。
皮尤研究中心的负责人Andrew Kohut说，“他们比上一代人受过更好的教育，他们的父母是婴儿潮一代，在子女身上花了很多心血。
”这有助于理解他们为什么持续的乐观，即使是在为成功挣扎的时候。
到目前为止，斯科特.尼克尔森还没有亲自体验到父亲和祖父的工作生涯中的胜利故事。
他们说是人脉而不是恒心帮助他们起步——1976年父亲的一个朋友刚刚开了一间工厂，所以雇佣了他。
祖父是通过战友，1946年一个战友的岳父在伍斯特附近拥有一家交易公司，他们需要一个股票经纪人。
从这些偶然的开始，事业展开并慢慢发展。
大卫.尼克尔森现在是一个制造工具公司的总经理，还是在制造业。
威廉姆斯.尼克尔森做了48年的股票经纪人，直到退休。
祖父说：“斯科特得找到认识大人物的人，一些能让他碰到头头的人。
”斯科特正努力尝试的时候，他感到要向来自父母的压力妥协：找一个工作，如果不是汉诺瓦那份，那么找一份差不多的。
“我开始意识到拒绝那份工作的后果，”他说，“我的父母正在暗示，除了房间和伙食，他们也支付我的其他费用，像我的手机费，还有人寿保险。
”当然斯科特.尼克尔森认识些人，但是他的家庭和朋友圈里没有一个人能够让他进入金融或者管理培训，或者是他想要的大公司里的职业起步的职位。
就是没有这样的工作。
千禧年一代（80后）的特征大萧条时代毁掉了年轻人的自信心。
根据民意调查、社会学者和经济学家的调查，同样的事情正在发生。
尤其是年轻人失去了方向，北卡罗莱纳大学社会学家Glen H. Elder Jr研究发现，“大萧条时代的孩子”有时被迫接受他们不想做的工作——就像斯科特.尼克尔森的情形。
二战时的军队服役，军人安置法案还有繁荣的经济使社会得到恢复。
到1970年代，即Elder先生做回顾调查的时代，大萧条时期的艰苦基本看不到了。
“他们怀着人生目标走出战场，到四十多岁的时候，大多数人过得都不错。
”他在最近关于调查的采访中说。
现在的状况却不是很明朗。
千禧年一代找不到薪水理想的工作，倾向于在大学里、军营里，还有推迟结婚生子来逃避现实。
有工作的人通常呆在原来的位置上，而不是像正常情况下寻求晋升的年轻人那样，跳到工资更高但是缺乏安全感的职位上。
越来越多的人放弃升迁，而愿意在小职位上安定下来。
耶鲁管理学院的经济学家Lisa B. Kahn说；“明显，他们越不愿承担风险，越可能落后。
”在最近的研究中，她发现那些在80年代早期的经济危机时期毕业的大学生在毕业头三年，比繁荣时期做第一份工作的应届毕业生薪水少了超过30%，即便是15年后，他们的年收入也低百分之8到10。
许多饱受压力的千禧年一代，像斯科特一样回到了父母身边。
而他没有很多人背负的助学贷款（祖父支付了他所有的学费和生活费），贷款迫使他们回到家里。
皮尤调查中心显示，2008年，经济不景气的第一年，至少两代人住在一起的家庭增长了近一个百分点，达到16%；1940年大萧条结束时期，最高比例达24.7%，1980年最低比例是12%。
力争独立“能够独立”，“养活自己”——这是斯科特.尼克尔森和他的朋友们的模糊概念。
他说，在20个他有联系的大学同学中，12个人找到了工作，其中只有一半是他们真正喜欢的工作。
三个人在找工作受挫之后，将在今年秋季入读法学院。
“还有5个像他一样正在找工作。
”和他的大多数同学一样，斯科特试着花极少的钱，并打些零工支付基本费用。
几乎什么工作都做。
他和一个朋友最近为一个邻居安装白色木栅栏，将支柱镶入水泥，一天可以挣125美元。
他为格拉夫顿六户人家修剪草坪和花园，他们中一些是父母的朋友，此外他还是个积极的义务消防员。
斯科特说：“虽然现在我很沮丧，可我从来也没想要住在家里，我在很多方面都不错。
”“我基本不花什么钱，也没有贷款，因为我没有贷款，所以我找工作的时候可以更灵活。
否则，我必须找一份全职的工作。
”Kohut先生认为，这一代人的乐观部分是因为他们的父母是溺爱孩子的婴儿潮一代。
大卫.尼克尔森和他的太太56岁的苏珊就属于这一代，苏珊是一家拥有电影院公司的行政人员。
尼克尔森夫妇两人的年收入超过17.5万美元。
他们给了三个孩子很多关爱，现在他们的注意力主要放在维护二儿子的自信心上。
尼克尔森太太说：“我们两家里没有人经历过这个，我想是我不够耐心。
我知道他受过良好教育，有很好的职业道德，想开始做些贡献，但是我不知道怎么办。
”她的大儿子，26岁的小大卫确实找了一份好工作。
他2006年从明德学院毕业，差不多3年前，经济危机之前，在波斯顿保险公司工作，主要负责再保险。
他说：“我很幸运在一家相对比较稳定的公司，他补充说支持斯科特为了好工作坚持的决心。
这位哥哥说，“一旦你开始工作，你就陷在工作里了，你要付各种账单，然后你就看不到自己真正想要的东西了。
”他现在年薪7.5万美元——这个数字远远超过今天斯科特的能力范围，但并没有超过他的预期。
斯科特说：“我在高中时一路努力进入我上的大学，然后我很努力地从大学毕业，我有找一个好工作所需的好成绩和学位。
”（他的专业是政治学，辅修历史。
）正是为了一份好工作，斯科特申请了汉诺瓦国际集团的管理培训项目。
结果他被通知去参加一个索赔部门里的低级职位的面试。
“我和经理在一起，他问我怎么对保险有兴趣。
我提到了再保险领域的哥哥的工作。
那个经理回答说，‘哦，那是比你现在面试的工作高15级的职位’，”斯科特说着，眼睛睁大，声音也起了波动。
斯科特承认他是在和他的兄弟们竞争，尤其是哥哥，而斯科特比他们更有好胜心。
最小的弟弟布拉德利，22岁，在佛蒙特大学，还有一年毕业。
父母和祖父母支付他上学的费用，就像他的哥哥们一样。
旧日时光上大学对于祖父不是问题，至少他这么说。
二战临近了，他高中毕业后不久就参军了，在意大利的一场战役中，一个战时任命让他一夜之间从士兵升为中尉。
他现在觉得，“那和上大学是一样的”。
在那个年代，股票经纪人简历上的大学教育有点用，但不是很重要。
他的事业期基本处在一个蒸蒸日上的市场阶段，让客户买当时红利丰厚的股票，几年前在房地产投资上挣了很多钱，当时格拉夫顿还是半个乡下。
雇佣他的经纪公司几次易主，但他一直在伍斯特市的同一间办公室里工作。
当他的儿子大卫1976年从巴森学院毕业的时候，美国的制造业正处在长期衰败的早期，但伍斯特市仍然是砂纸，金刚石和其他磨料的生产中心。
他加入了朋友家拥有的一家公司——一直呆在制造业，尤其是制作手工工具的公司。
一开始，他和妻子就买了这座他们养育三个儿子的房子，一座19世纪早期的殖民地特色的白色房子，和北街上的众多房子相似，祖父祖母也住在这条街上的几户之外。
父亲大卫.尼克尔森干的最长的一份工作是在斯坦利工厂。
他离开是为了升职，一个在“毅力”工具公司的朋友请他去做那里的总经理，就是他现在的工作。
要是情况好的时候，斯科特的父亲可以给儿子在这个公司找份工作，但是父亲现在正在辞退工人，而且在斯科特的眼里，找一份制造业的工作也不会有好结果。
斯科特说：“你找20个人，你会发现只有一个人是制造业的，其他人都是干金融或者别的。
”计划斯科特.尼克尔森几乎避开了经济危机。
他计划参加海军陆战队，成为一名少尉。
他大一的暑假参加了“排长”训练。
去年秋天他通过了长官训练的身体检查，通知他1月16号去报到。
如果一切顺利的话，再过10周他就会成为一名校尉，服四年兵役。
他说：“我会找一份海军之外的职业，四年后，我会为工作做好充分准备的。
结果事与愿违。
1月初海军陆战队的医生注意到他小时候得过哮喘。
他被刷下来了。
斯科特说：“他们最后告诉我，如果我愿意可以重新申请。
可我已经过了那个劲了。